[Adashevs] mind. 1556
Events
1561 death:
Notes
Alexey Fedorovich Adashev (d. 1561) - okolnichy, governor and close associate of Ivan the Terrible.
Adashev was first mentioned on February 3, 1547, together with his brother Daniil, at the wedding of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the position of lieutenant and mover, that is, he made the sovereign’s wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse.
Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, considered as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral revolution in the young, impressionable king. This is what he himself says: “Fear entered my soul and trembling into my bones, my spirit was humbled, I was touched and recognized my sins.” From that time on, the tsar, averse to noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev. Ivan found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood, and directed his thoughts for the good of Russia.
The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was a time of broad and beneficial government activity for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Council to approve the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Church Council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan (1556); the granting of charters that determined independent community courts: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553).
There is no doubt that Ivan IV, gifted by nature with brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with the consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter we must recognize the great historical merits.
In 1550, Ivan IV granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I wished for you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people given to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; despite the false tears of the poor, slandering the rich, with false tears, wanting to be right: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; elect truthful judges from the boyars and nobles” [source not specified 79 days]. In the internal affairs of the state, Adashev’s activities can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: “he was extremely useful to the common thing” [source not specified 79 days].
Adashev’s diplomatic activity also stood out in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court also created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for Adashev during the king’s illness in 1553.
Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, asserting his own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself.
Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Alexei Adashev, however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood.
John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, Sylvester’s supporters now lost the favor of Queen Anastasia, who could suspect them of not wanting to see her son on the throne. However, the tsar did not show any hostile feelings at first, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting the powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in 1553 he granted Fyodor Adashev the boyar hat.
The Tsar's trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in 1553 with the Tsarina and his son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died (drowned) on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, conveyed to the Tsar by Adashev, was fulfilled; During this trip, John met with the former ruler of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, the favorite of the father of Ivan IV, and, of course, Vassian’s conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party.
From that time on, the tsar began to feel burdened by his former advisers, especially since he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised to conquer the Crimea. The painful suspicion of Ivan IV, strengthened by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept efforts to maintain influence on the king with the threat of God's wrath gradually produced a complete break between John and his former advisers.
In May 1560, the tsar’s attitude towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Tsarina Anastasia († August 7, 1560), Ivan IV’s dislike towards Adashev intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him from royal reprisals, since in the coming years all of Adashev’s relatives were executed. This is how the Adashev dynasty ended.
And then one noble young man named Alexey Adashev entered into an alliance with him for the benefit and common good. The Tsar at that time loved this Alexei very much and was in agreement with him; Alexey was very useful to the entire state and even resembled an angel in some character traits.
Anastasia's brother, Daniil Petrovich Golovin, was married to Ulyana Fedorovna Adasheva, the sister of Alexei Adashev.
Adashev, from whom, according to the scientific research of Bantysh-Kamensky or according to family tradition, the wife of this venerable archivist came from Kupreyanov.
Sylvester and Adashev: teacher and friend
The modest priest, who had recently moved to Moscow from Novgorod, managed to do what very few people could do: surprise the young rake. While the courtiers vied with each other to console the ruler, who had experienced the deepest nervous shock during the uprising, this provincial priest acted to the contrary. Appearing to Ivan, he began to denounce the young man and slap the truth into his face.
He said that Ivan was a useless ruler and was not going to come to his senses. That if this continues, he will destroy the country, and it was to him that the Lord entrusted the fate of millions of people. That fires and riots are an unequivocal warning from the Lord to a careless shepherd - and further in the same spirit.
To everyone’s surprise, Ivan did not attack the impudent clergyman with anger, but, on the contrary, took his words seriously and subsequently brought Sylvester closer to him. Spoiled and indulged beyond measure, the young man latched on to the man who dared not to flatter, but to demand.
Tsar Ivan the Terrible and Priest Sylvester during the great Moscow fire on June 24, 1547. Artist Pavel Pleshanov
Ivan grew up to be an emotional, if not exalted, person. His whole life was an incessant storm of passions, where extreme euphoria was instantly replaced by an abyss of despair. Sylvester was a man of a similar nature: he was also distinguished by fanaticism and exaltation. The priest often saw divine visions and heard “heavenly voices.”
And young Ivan, having met someone like himself, only older and wiser, obeyed him with delight. Confidence was also facilitated by the fact that Sylvester, unlike the rest of the tsar’s entourage, never asked for anything for himself and, by the end of his life, held the same modest position of priest of the Annunciation Cathedral as before meeting Ivan.
Under the influence of Sylvester, the young crowned rake dramatically changes his lifestyle. Drunken company and meaningless fun are abandoned, the young man sits with books, communicates with administrators and meticulously delves into all issues - from military affairs to theology. It soon became clear that the “prankster” Ivan was naturally endowed with a powerful mind. The habit of studying remained with him forever, and after several decades the Russian sovereign was rightly considered one of the most educated people of his time. He debated on equal terms with recognized theological authorities, personally made corrections to historical chronicles, and his talent as a publicist surprised his contemporaries. Ivan, who by that time had become the Terrible, even left behind a musical legacy: the stichera he composed—spiritual chants—have reached us.
It also helped Ivan that he did not have to learn the basics of governing the country alone - he always had a friend next to him. The friend’s name was Alexey Adashev, and the fact that this particular man became the tsar’s right hand cannot be called anything other than a happy accident.
The Adashevs were minor Kostroma nobles, and Alexei's father, Fyodor Adashev, made the best career possible given his artistic talent. In 1538, he even headed the Moscow embassy to the Turkish Sultan, after which he was able to assign his son to the court as a solicitor for the sovereign's bed-keeper. The position is petty and not particularly honorable - and it’s all joy that you often see the king. But it was precisely this circumstance that gave Alexei Adashev a happy chance - soon a real friendship arose between the young tsar and the small patrimonial owner.
Alexey, although he was very little older than the Moscow sovereign, had already seen the world - while accompanying his father on a diplomatic mission, he fell ill and lived in Istanbul for more than a year. One can only imagine with what ecstasy Ivan, locked in the Kremlin since birth, listened to stories about overseas countries.
One way or another, Alexei Adashev soon entered the tsar’s inner circle. On the eve of Ivan’s wedding, he was accompanied to the bathhouse by three “sleepers” - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky, Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuryev and Alexey Fedorovich Adashev. And if Mstislavsky was a close relative of the Tsar, and Yuryev belonged to one of the strongest boyar clans and was the brother of the Tsar’s bride, then the noble Adashev looked superfluous in their society. Nevertheless, the boyars had to turn a blind eye to this - for the headstrong young tsar, friendship was more valuable than formalities.
And if among the favorites there were often nonentities reveling in luck, then Adashev, fortunately, turned out to be a completely different person. He was a talented administrator with strategic thinking. He seriously took up the management of the state, for many years he was at the forefront of Russian politics, his name invariably appeared in all the most important events of those years.
Elected Rada
Sylvester and Adashev, to the displeasure of the boyars, who were counting on traditional rivalry between the sovereign's confidants, quickly became friends. They were “upstarts”; all their strength lay in Ivan’s favor towards them. The boyars hated them, which is why they had to hold on to each other. As Grozny himself later wrote, “Priest Selivester became friends with Oleksei and began to advise us.”
It was these two who became the recognized leaders of that informal circle of people close to the Tsar, which one of the members of this circle, Prince Andrei Kurbsky, called the “Chosen Rada.” It was a kind of “reform government” of the first half of the reign of Ivan IV. And in just over ten years they managed to do a lot.
First of all, the tradition of Zemsky Sobors was laid - this prototype of parliamentarism. The first such council took place in February 1549, at which the king himself delivered a repentant speech from the place of execution. It was then that the “delegates” approved the need to carry out the reforms proposed by Ivan.
Soon after this, a judicial reform was carried out, the result of which was the famous Code of Laws of 1550, as well as a large-scale reform of the central authorities. The same Code of Law establishes a system of command administration in the country, which remained virtually unchanged until the time of Peter the Great. New institutions are being formed - orders, which today would be called ministries or departments. They also did not forget about the reform of local authorities - in 1556 the “feeding” system was abolished, and a system of zemstvo self-government was established - heads and kissers.
In the same 1556, with the adoption of the Code of Service, military reform was also implemented - a permanent army was created (streltsy and gunners), and a unified procedure for military service was determined. The first step was also taken to limit “localism” - a system in which, even during war, the less noble could not command the more noble, even if the noble was a military genius, and the aristocrat was a complete mediocrity.
It was during the reign of the Elected Rada that the famous Council of the Hundred Heads took place, which resolved many accumulated church problems.
But still, the main success of this period of our history was achieved not in domestic, but in foreign policy. This is, of course, the conquest of the Tatar khanates.
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1561) - statesman, Duma nobleman, okolnichy, bed servant. From Kostroma nobles. Since the late 40s. XVI century led the Elected Rada. State reforms of the mid-16th century are associated with his name. Combined government duties with court duties. He headed the Petition Order, which directed and controlled the activities of other institutions and at the same time served as the personal office of Ivan the Terrible. Led diplomatic preparations for the annexation of the Kazan Khanate. He supervised the compilation of the official Rank Book and the Sovereign's Genealogy, and edited the official chronicle. Supporter of the active eastern policy of the Russian state. Together with I.M. Viskovatym was in charge of Russia's foreign relations at the beginning of the Livonian War. He opposed the active operations of the Russian army in the West. He was a governor in Livonia. He died in disgrace caused by the court struggle between court factions.
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Adashev Alexey Fedorovich
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, a well-known favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigorievich A. "" This personality, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century, that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her" (N.P. Likhachev). A. was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3) in the position of a lieutenant and a mover, i.e. he made the sovereign's wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. A. began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle Yuri Glinsky by the indignant people. From that time on, the tsar, who was not disposed towards the noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of their time, Sylvester and A. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his spoiled childhood. nature. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and A. was a time of diversified government activities (convening the first Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, convening the Church Council of Stoglav in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1557; the granting of statutory charters that determined self-government communities; large expansion of estates, strengthening the maintenance of service people). In 1550, John granted A. a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: ““Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I heard about your good deeds, and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul; although your desire is not for this, I wished for you, and not only you, but also others like you, who would quench my sorrow and look upon the people given to me by God. I instruct you to accept petitions from the poor and offended and analyze them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; do not look at the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich, who want to be right with false tears: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing the judgment of God; elect truthful judges from the boyars and nobles." At the same time, he was in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle and participated in the compilation of a set of discharge books and the “sovereign genealogy”. In the years 1553 - 1560, being not separated from the tsar, according to Kurbsky, “he was extremely useful to the common thing.” Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1553), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and A. at court also created enemies for them, of whom the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. These enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for A. during the king’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin, Prince Vladimir Andreevich Staritsky, and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. Alexei A., however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor A., directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered, and from then on the king began to cool off towards his former friends. In May 1560, relations between the tsar and his advisers became so strained that A. found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia, the third commander of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia (died August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for A. intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here A. fell ill with a fever and died two months later. - See Kostomarova, “Russian history in biographies,” vol. I; articles by N. Likhachev about A. in the “Russian Biographical Dictionary” (ed. of the Imperial Russian Historical Society, vol. I).Excellent definition
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Adashev Alexey Fedorovich
Adashev Alexey Fedorovich(1530s - early 1561) - statesman, considered one of the leaders of Russian politics in the mid-16th century, possibly the author of the Chronicler of the Beginning of the Kingdom. A. came from among the wealthy court nobility. Family A. had an estate in Kostroma; the wealth of this family grew from the salt trade. A. appears at the court of Ivan IV in the early 1540s, after returning from Constantinople, where he was on an embassy with his father F. G. Adashev. The beginning of A.'s political career dates back to 1547. The outward expression of A.'s rise is his rapid advancement up the ladder of ranks. According to the Rank Book, in 1547 A. was a bell market (Ivan IV later called him “batozhnik”), in 1550 he was a treasurer, in 1553 he was a solicitor and a Duma nobleman. A. takes an active part in the political life of the country. Beginning in 1547, he took part in almost all military campaigns of Ivan IV; A. is present at the most important court ceremonies; Since March 1553, A. has been a member of the “close Duma” of Ivan IV. According to A. M. Kurbsky, without the advice of A. and his supporters, the tsar could not “arrange or think anything.” Ivan IV's cooling towards his favorite began in the late 1550s, although there is no sufficient reason to consider A. an active opponent of the Livonian War and see this as the reason for his disgrace. In May 1560 A. was sent to Livonia. After the death of Queen Anastasia, the king ordered A. and his brother Daniel to be left in the captured city of Fellin. According to A.M. Kurbsky, A.'s opponents accused him of poisoning the queen. Then A. was exiled to Dorpat. In September - October 1560, the estates of Alexei and Daniil A. were transferred to the royal treasury. Soon A. died in Dorpat from a “fiery illness”; only this saved him from violent death. Later, all of A.'s relatives were executed by Ivan IV.
A. is one of the promoters of the policy that S.V. Bakhrushin and A.A. Zimin considered as a policy of compromise between the main groups of feudal lords. Although we know little about the creators of this policy (the extent to which A.M. Kurbsky’s expression “elected council” is applicable to them is a debatable question: Grobovsky A. N. The “Chosen Council” of Ivan IV: A Reinterpretation. New York, 1969) - it is clear that it was supposed to streamline the life of Moscow society and that A. played an important role in it. A.’s participation in the drafting of the verdict on the registration of vacation pay (included in the additional articles of the Code of Laws of 1550 - line 12, chapter 160) and the tsar’s verdict “for the boyars on robbery” on January 18, 1555 is documented. A. undoubtedly worked to create The sovereign's genealogy of 1555, which ended with the chapter “Rod of Adashev”. A. may also have participated in the compilation of the official set of discharge records - the Sovereign's discharge of 1556 and the Yard Notebook of the 50s. XVI century Of great interest is the “Tsar’s Verdict on Feedings and Services” (1555/1556), placed in the Nikonovskaya (Obolensky’s list) and Lvov chronicles. According to A. A. Zimin, “The Verdict” is not a law on the abolition of feeding, but a monument of political journalism - a journalistic generalization of numerous practical activities in this area; The compiler of the “Sentence” may have been A.
A. was undoubtedly a very educated person. After the death of I.P. Golovin, who was married to A. Anna’s daughter, many Latin and German books remained; S. O. Schmidt suggests that these are the remains of A.’s library. There is evidence of A.’s involvement in the official chronicle. Box 223 of the Tsar’s archive contained “a search of Prince Ondrei Petrovich Telyatevsky in Yuryev Livonsky about Olekseev’s death of Adashev, and black lists, written in memory of what to write in the chronicler of new years, which were taken from Oleksey.” Box 224 contained “lists of what to write in the chronicler, new ones tidied up from the summer of 7068.” Thus, the chronicle that was kept by A. (“lists”) reached 7068 (1559/1560) and was a continuation of the Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom. A. A. Zimin made a very convincing assumption that the compilation of the Chronicler of the beginning of the kingdom should be associated with the name of A.; This assumption is confirmed by the witty considerations of B. M. Kloss, who proves that the Chronicler’s edits in Obolensky’s list of the Nikon Chronicle were made by the hand of A.
A.'s activities left a bright mark on the history of Russian social thought. If Ivan IV, in a letter to A.M. Kurbsky, calls A. a “dog” and declares his non-involvement in the events of the “elected council” (“in word he was a sovereign, but in deed he had no control”), then in other sources one reads an enthusiastic description of A. According to A. M. Kurbsky, A. “in some morals” was “like an angel.” According to the Piskarevsky chronicler, when A. “was in time, and at that time the Russian land was in great silence and in prosperity and control.”
Lit.: Likhachev N. P. 1) The origin of A.F. Adashev, the favorite of Ivan the Terrible // History. Vestn. St. Petersburg, 1890, t. 40, p. 378–392; 2) “The Sovereign’s genealogist” and the Adashev family. St. Petersburg, 1897; Schmidt S. O. Government activities of A. F. Adashev // Uchen. zap. Moscow State University. M., 1954, issue. 167, p. 25–53; 2) The Russian state in the middle of the 16th century: the Tsar’s archive and personal chronicles of the time of Ivan the Terrible. M., 1984, p. 165; Bakhrushin S.V.“The Chosen Rada” of Ivan the Terrible // Bakhrushin S.V. Favorite tr. M., 1954, vol. 2, p. 329–352; Smirnov I. I. Essays on the political history of the Russian state of the 30s–50s. XVI century M.; L., 1958, p. 212–231; Zimin A. A. 1) I. S. Peresvetov and his contemporaries. M., 1958, p. 29–41; 2) “The verdict” of 1555/56 and the liquidation of the feeding system in the Russian state // Ist. USSR, 1958, No. 1, p. 178–182; 3) State Archive of Russia of the 16th century: Experience of reconstruction. M., 1978, part 3, p. 525–527; Koretsky V.I. About the land holdings of the Adashevs in the 16th century. // IA, 1961, No. 5, p. 119–132; Andreev N. E. About the author of the notes in the facial vaults of Grozny // TODRL. M.; L., 1962, t. 18, p. 117–148 (reprint: Andreyev N. Studies in Muscovy. London, 1970, No. XI); Skrynnikov R. G. The beginning of the oprichnina. L., 1966 (Scientific journal. Leningrad State Pedagogical Institute named after A.I. Herzen, vol. 294), p. 81–85, 119–127; Kloss B. M. Nikonovsky arch and Russian chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries. M., 1980, p. 197–198; Kurukin I.V. To the study of sources about the beginning of the Livonian War and the activities of the government of Adashev and Sylvester // Source scientist. research according to the source feud. Russia. M., 1981, p. 29–48.
Additional: Grobovsky A. N. Ivan the Terrible and Sylvester: (The story of a myth). London, 1987, p. 59–61.
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Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
The son of boyar Fyodor Grigorievich, he is one of the most remarkable Russian people of the 16th century. The strong impressions that the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich IV made from the terrible Moscow fire on June 21, 1547 and the popular revolt that followed it were sharply reflected in the history of the next decade, which became one of the brightest moments of Russian state life. The passionate nature of the royal youth temporarily submitted to the court party, the soul of which was the Archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and Alexey Adashev. Both of these figures, due to their social status, did not stand at the head of the “elected council,” as Prince Kurbsky calls the circle of newly promoted tsar’s advisers, but they led it, like the tsar himself, by the power of the charm of their personalities. Tsar Ivan himself calls them party leaders in a letter to Kurbsky. If some authoritative historians, like S. M. Solovyov and K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, point out the limited political horizon of the “elected Rada” and note the pettiness of Sylvester, then regarding Adashev as a person, it seems impossible to find evidence that is not in his benefit. This personality, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her. It is not for nothing that Prince Kurbsky makes an enthusiastic review: “... and he (that Alexey) was extremely useful to the general thing, and in part, in some morals, he was like an angel. rude and worldly people." The influence of Sylvester and Adashev was so strong, so incomprehensibly irresistible, that those subordinate to him subsequently explained everything by sorcery. When Sylvester and Adashev fell into disgrace in 1560, they were convicted in absentia. The Tsar's new advisers were afraid of personal interrogation; They were convinced and expressed it that “...these driven villains and great enchantresses will charm the king and destroy us if they come!” Adashev's fame spread beyond the Moscow state. When he was sent to Livonia, his mere appearance already made an impression: many cities that had not yet been taken wanted to succumb to him “for the sake of kindness.” In 1585 in Poland, when asking the envoy Luka Novosiltsev about the “sovereign's brother-in-law,” Boris Fedorovich Godunov, they compared him with Adashev. Godunov, as the ruler of the earth and a great merciful man,” as “a reasonable and merciful man to his neighbor,” reminded the influential Archbishop Stanislav Karnkovsky of the adviser to the “former sovereign” Alexei Adashev, who “ruled the Moscow state in the same way” and was a man of the same “prosperity.” The ambassador himself had to explain to the foreigners that Godunov was no match for Adashev: “and he said to him: Alexey was reasonable, but he was not Alexey’s mile: he was a great man, a boyar and equerry, but a brother-in-law to our sovereign...”. Alexey Adashev was born into a rich, but not particularly well-born family of Kostroma patrimonial landowners. His father, thanks to his abilities and long service, emerged from among his relatives and managed to approach the court. It is not known how and when Fyodor Adashev managed to bring his sons into the palace, but the very first mentions of Alexei Adashev in the sources speak of his closeness to the young Grand Duke. It was even suggested that Alexey Adashev was brought up with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that in 1547 Adashev was already married to Anastasia Satina, one should think that he was several years older than the sovereign. The difference in age, in any case, was insignificant, which explains the rapprochement between Tsar Ivan and the young Kostroma “son of a boyar.” Two brothers - Alexey and Danila Fedorovich Adashev at the wedding of Ivan IV - on February 3, 1547, participate as solicitors and make the newlyweds' bed. Alexey Fedorovich is, in addition, sleeping bag and according to the ritual he goes with the Grand Duke to the bathhouse: “And in the soap bar we washed ourselves with the Grand Duke: boyar Prince Yurya Vasilyevich Glinskaya yes treasurer Fyodor Ivanov son bitch; sleeping bags and movniks - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavskaya yes Prince Yurya Shemyakin yes Nikita Romanov yes Alexey Adashev". In this case, one cannot help but pay attention to the nobility of all the "Movniks", except Adashev, whose name is mentioned here for the first time. In the ranks in July 1547, Alexey Fedorovich is mentioned among bell under the sovereign. These facts indicate the position of the young Adashev at the time of his rise: he was a roommate and a solicitor. As always, the sovereign's bed servants and the officials subordinate to them became close to the sovereign's person and acquired greater or lesser importance in the court world, depending on their abilities and the degree of influence on the king. Alexey Adashev is also recorded as a bell in the category of Tsar Ivan’s first campaign near Kazan, but he is no longer among the bells in the campaign of 7058 (1549-1550). The natural assumption that around this time Adashev was promoted and received a new appointment is confirmed by facts. Prince A. M. Kurbsky calls Alexei Adashev lying royal. This Polish term can designate both the position of a bed keeper and the position of a sleeping person. Was Adashev the bed servant of Tsar Ivan IV? In 1547, two bed servants are mentioned - Matvey Fedorovich Burukhin and Andrey Vladimirovich Mansurov. The first of them leaves the scene before September 1551, the second dies in 1551 and is replaced by Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov. It is quite possible to assume that Alexey Fedorovich Adashev replaced Burukhin in 1550, becoming both a bed guard and the head of the newly established Petition Prikaz in one day. This is exactly how historians interpret the famous speech of Tsar Ivan IV to the people, which has come down to us in copies and with undoubted distortions, at least, for example, in the words: “and on that day he granted okolnichy Alexey Adasheva". Sources do not call Adashev a bed servant. In the categories (handwritten) under the year 7061 in the king’s retinue it is noted: “the sovereign had attorneys in the hut there are boyars- Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, Ignatiy Mikhailovich Veshnyakov". In view of the fact that Veshnyakov at that time was undoubtedly already a bed-rider, one might think that in this case litigation connected to bedfellowship. The “Royal Book,” describing the oath of the boyars to the son of the sick king in 1553, adds: “and which noblemen were not in the sovereign’s Duma - Alexei Fedorov’s son Adashev yes Ignatius Veshnyakov and the sovereign brought them to kiss in the evening." Here again, neither Adashev nor Veshnyakov are designated by their positions, but their very comparison indicates that Adashev was the same as Veshnyakov, i.e., a bed servant. In the significant year of the conquest kingdom of Kazan, Alexey Fedorovich took an active part in all events: he negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, he himself went to Kazan (and more than once) to first imprison and then depose Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. When the proper siege of Kazan began, Adashev was entrusted with enterprises that required intelligence, knowledge and energy. Together with Prince Dmitry Paletsky, Alexey Fedorovich staged tours(August 29, 1552) against the city from the Arskoe field; together with Prince Vasily Semenovich Serebryany, he excavated under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. A few months after returning from Kazan, the tsar fell ill with fever in 1553. In moments of terrible discord over the oath, Alexey Adashev turned out to be a devoted servant: he unquestioningly swore allegiance to the baby prince. Perhaps it was precisely this fact that delayed the fall of the “elected Rada”. Upon recovery, the tsar did not change at all in his attitude towards his friend: in the last months of the same 1553, Alexey Fedorovich Adashev was told okolnichy. The new rank gave him an independent position in the Duma. Back in 1552, Adashev went on an important diplomatic mission to Tsar Shig-Aley in Kazan, but now he began to manage diplomatic relations in general, received ambassadors, and took precedence in negotiations with them. The range of activities of this talented and handsome man expanded more and more. He was put in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle, preparing what to write in the “chronicler of new years.” One can hardly be mistaken if we attribute to him an active participation both in the collection of discharge books and in the compilation of the “sovereign genealogy”, which was just completed by the Adashev family. From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Fedorovich lived constantly in Moscow, traveling only with the sovereign and accompanying him everywhere on all campaigns. Adashev's fame spread more and more, his influence, apparently, grew stronger and stronger. The revolution in the fate of the Adashevs was being prepared slowly and imperceptibly. The state activity of Alexei Adashev did not last for many years, but remained sharply noticeable, “for, as Karamzin put it, this famous temporary worker appeared along with the virtue of the tsar and died with it...”. The death of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna (August 7, 1560) disrupted the usual normal course of Tsar Ivan’s life and was the last, final push that destroyed the charm of the “elected Rada.” In recent years, this charm was maintained only by habit, and the tsar had long been burdened by his powerful advisers, who were included in everything. Since his illness in 1553, the sovereign harbored distrust of the “elected Rada,” and how could he trust it when it was almost in full force on the issue of succession to the throne for Prince Vladimir Andreevich. And then new misunderstandings arose. The Rada insisted on the conquest of Crimea, Ivan IV and the Zakharins strove for the Baltic Sea and wanted the complete conquest of Livonia. The state of affairs became more and more tense, Alexey Adashev could not stand it and, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 he was sent to Livonia as the third commander of a large regiment (the first was Prince I. F. Mstislavsky, second M. Ya. Morozov). In September of the same year, by order of the tsar, the okolniks Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev were left as governors in the newly conquered Fellin. This was already a clear fall from grace. Prince Kurbsky notes that Alexei was an “antipat” (vicar) in Fellin “for quite a while.” This is a considerable time - very relative. A few months later, Alexey Adashev was already in captivity in Dorpat. More precisely, the whole matter is explained by a handwritten digit book: “... both the Tsar and the Grand Duke wrote to the boyar and the governor to Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky with comrades, and ordered in Vilyana ( in Fellin) leave Okolnichev and governor Alexei Fedorovich Adasheva, yes Osip Vasilievich Poleva yes Romana Alferyeva. And Osip Polev on Alexey Adasheva sent to beat the sovereign with his forehead, that he mensch Alexei to be out of place, and the sovereign ordered Alexei Adashev to be in Yuryev Livonsky, and Osip Polev The sovereign ordered Roman Alferyev and Grigory to be in Vilyana and with him Nazimov to the Novgorodian..." This place of discharge, speaking about the only known case of Adashev's localism, explains the reason for Adashev's unexpected transfer to Dorpat. Tsar Ivan did not examine the localist case: he simply separated the disputants, thus satisfying the petitioner, but the very removal of Adashev from Fellin was a new insult to him, a new sign of disfavor. And indeed, the storm broke out with terrible speed: at the beginning of October 1560, the estates of Alexei Adashev were already assigned to the sovereign, he himself was imprisoned and a fierce search began, ending with the extermination of all living Adashevs from their close relatives. Testimony has been preserved that Alexei Fedorovich's daughter, Anna, who was married to Ivan Petrovich Golovin, allegedly survived the pogrom, but this also requires documentary confirmation. Among those executed there were also children: Danila Fedorovich's son, Tarkh, was only about twelve years old. Alexey Fedorovich himself escaped execution.Indignant and upset, he could not withstand the moral shock: he came down with a fever and died in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561, having been ill with a “fiery disease” for no more than two months. This meek and pure personality stands out clearly among the rude morals of his time.
"Tales of Prince Kurbsky" (St. Petersburg, 1842), pp. 215, 188, 189, 92, 42, 62, 10 and 81. "Monuments of diplomatic relations.", vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1851), art. 932-934. N. A. Polevoy, “History of Russian People,” vol. VI (M., 1833), p. 222, pr. 182; A. N. Yasinsky, “Works of Prince Kurbsky” (Kyiv, 1889), pp. 122-123. "Ancient Ros. Vivliofika", part XIII, pp. 33, 34, 38, 253, 293, 310-312 and 316; Part XX, p. 38. In the so-called “thousandth” book of 1550 Alexey Adashev z registered in first article by the son of a boyar from Kostroma. "Discharge book." P. F. Likhachev under 7055. Ibidem under 7056, page 177. Ibidem, page 190 (7058). N. S. Artsybashev, “Narrative of Russia”, vol. II, book. IV, pp. 169-170. "Description of the Simonov Monastery" (M., 1843), p. 70. "Collection of State. Gram. and Dog.", Part II, p. 45. "Royal Book", pp. 80, 285, 286, 342. N. P. Likhachev, “On the origin of Adashev” (“Historical Bulletin” for 1890, No. 5), p. 383, approx. 2. Details of Alexey’s diplomatic activities Adasheva - see Nikon Chronicle, part VII; “The Russian Chronicler” by N. Lvov (St. Petersburg, 1792), part V, pp. 24, 36, 165, 167, 210, 221, 281, 286, 311; "Collected. Imp. Russian. Ist. General.", vol. LIX (edited by G. F. Karpov); I. Gamel, “The British in Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1865), pp. 25, 26, 51, etc. “Acts of Archeogr. Expedition,” vol. I, 354; Ustryalov, approx. to "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" research by A. N. Yasinsky. Handwritten ranks under years 7063, 7064, 7065 and 7067; "Sinbirsky Collection", page 3. Rank book by P. F. Likhachev, page 287. "The village of Novospasskoye" (P. Kazansky), pp. 119-120.
N. Likhachev.
(Polovtsov)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
The son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigorievich Adashev, glorified his name during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3rd) in the position false And movnik , that is, he made the sovereign’s wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, considered as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral revolution in the young, impressionable king. This is what he himself says: “Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, my spirit was humbled, I was touched and recognized my sins.” From that time on, the tsar, averse to noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood, and directed his thoughts for the good of Russia. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was a time of broad and beneficial government activity for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Stoglav Church Council in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1862 and Astrakhan ( 1654); the granting of charters that determined independent community courts: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553). There is no doubt that John, gifted by nature with brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with the consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter must be followed recognize great historical achievements. In 1550, John granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I have heard about your good deeds and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul, although your desire is not for this, I desired you, and not just you, but also others like you, who would satisfy my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. you should receive petitions from the poor and offended and examine them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; despite the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich with false tears, who wants to be right: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing God’s judgment; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles.” In the internal affairs of the state, Adashev’s activities can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: “he was extremely useful to the common thing.”
Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1653), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court also created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for Adashev during the tsar’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin Prince Vladimir Andreevich Storitsky and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, asserting his own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself. Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Alexey Adashev, however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, Sylvester's supporters now lost the favor of Queen Anastasia, who could suspect them of not wanting to see her son on the throne. However, the tsar did not show any hostile feelings at first, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting the powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in the same 1533 he granted Fyodor Adashev the boyar hat. The Tsar’s trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in the same 1553 with the Tsarina and his son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, conveyed to the Tsar by Adashev, was fulfilled; During this trip, John met with the former ruler of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, the favorite of Father Ioannov, and, of course, Vassian’s conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party. From that time on, the tsar began to feel burdened by his former advisers, especially since he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised to conquer the Crimea. John's painful suspicion, strengthened by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept efforts to maintain influence on the king with the threat of God's wrath gradually produced a complete break between John and his former advisers. In May 1560, the tsar’s attitude towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia († August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for Adashev intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him, perhaps, from the further vengeance of the king. See "Tales of Prince Kurbsky", ed. Ustryalov, Karamzin, "Historical state of Russia." Vol. VIII; Soloviev, "Russian History", vol. VI, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "Russian History", vol. II, Encyclopedia. Words 1861, vol. I, Kostomarov, "Russian history in biographies", vol. I, XVIII.
(Brockhaus)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
okolnichy and favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible; † 1561 in Dorpat.
(Polovtsov)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
A favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, an insignificant Kostroma patrimonial owner, after the Moscow fire of 1547, together with Sylvester, a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, he became one of the leaders of the “Elected Rada” - a council elected by the boyar Duma and had great influence on the foreign and domestic policies of Grozny. In the "Elected Rada" A. was a representative of the interests of the small serving nobility who needed new lands. A.'s range of activities was very diverse: he, by order of the tsar, received petitions from the poor and offended, conducted diplomatic negotiations with Kazan, supervised engineering work during its siege; at the same time he collected material for the royal official chronicle, compiled Genealogist and vault bit books, was in charge of receiving foreign ambassadors. A.'s closeness to the tsar, separating him from his class, little by little made A. a “boyar man” and, together with the collapse of the noble-merchant bloc, prepared his downfall. In 1560, A. fell out of favor: he was sent by the governor to Fellin, and then to Dorpat, taken into custody, where he died (1561); his estates were “assigned to the sovereign,” that is, confiscated.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
The son of boyar Fyodor Grigorievich, he is one of the most remarkable Russian people of the 16th century. The strong impressions that the young Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich IV made from the terrible Moscow fire on June 21, 1547 and the popular revolt that followed it were sharply reflected in the history of the next decade, which became one of the brightest moments of Russian state life. The passionate nature of the royal youth temporarily submitted to the court party, the soul of which was the Archpriest of the Annunciation Cathedral Sylvester and Alexey Adashev. Both of these figures, due to their social status, did not stand at the head of the “elected council,” as Prince Kurbsky calls the circle of newly promoted tsar’s advisers, but they led it, like the tsar himself, by the power of the charm of their personalities. Tsar Ivan himself calls them party leaders in a letter to Kurbsky. If some authoritative historians, like S. M. Solovyov and K. N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, point out the limited political horizon of the “elected Rada” and note the pettiness of Sylvester, then regarding Adashev as a person, it seems impossible to find evidence that is not in his benefit. This personality, perhaps less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen, shines with such a bright light of kindness and integrity, is such an example of a philanthropist and humanist of the 16th century that it is not difficult to understand her charm for everything around her. It is not for nothing that Prince Kurbsky makes an enthusiastic review: “... and he (that Alexey) was extremely useful to the general thing, and in part, in some morals, he was like an angel. rude and worldly people." The influence of Sylvester and Adashev was so strong, so incomprehensibly irresistible, that those subordinate to him subsequently explained everything by sorcery. When Sylvester and Adashev fell into disgrace in 1560, they were convicted in absentia. The Tsar's new advisers were afraid of personal interrogation; They were convinced and expressed it that “...these driven villains and great enchantresses will charm the king and destroy us if they come!” Adashev's fame spread beyond the Moscow state. When he was sent to Livonia, his mere appearance already made an impression: many cities that had not yet been taken wanted to succumb to him “for the sake of kindness.” In 1585 in Poland, when asking the envoy Luka Novosiltsev about the “sovereign's brother-in-law,” Boris Fedorovich Godunov, they compared him with Adashev. Godunov, as the ruler of the earth and a great merciful man,” as “a reasonable and merciful man to his neighbor,” reminded the influential Archbishop Stanislav Karnkovsky of the adviser to the “former sovereign” Alexei Adashev, who “ruled the Moscow state in the same way” and was a man of the same “prosperity.” The ambassador himself had to explain to the foreigners that Godunov was no match for Adashev: “and he said to him: Alexey was reasonable, but he was not Alexey’s mile: he was a great man, a boyar and equerry, but a brother-in-law to our sovereign...”. Alexey Adashev was born into a rich, but not particularly well-born family of Kostroma patrimonial landowners. His father, thanks to his abilities and long service, emerged from among his relatives and managed to approach the court. It is not known how and when Fyodor Adashev managed to bring his sons into the palace, but the very first mentions of Alexei Adashev in the sources speak of his closeness to the young Grand Duke. It was even suggested that Alexey Adashev was brought up with Ivan IV. Judging by the fact that in 1547 Adashev was already married to Anastasia Satina, one should think that he was several years older than the sovereign. The difference in age, in any case, was insignificant, which explains the rapprochement between Tsar Ivan and the young Kostroma “son of a boyar.” Two brothers - Alexey and Danila Fedorovich Adashev at the wedding of Ivan IV - on February 3, 1547, participate as solicitors and make the newlyweds' bed. Alexey Fedorovich is, in addition, sleeping bag and according to the ritual he goes with the Grand Duke to the bathhouse: “And in the soap bar we washed ourselves with the Grand Duke: boyar Prince Yurya Vasilyevich Glinskaya yes treasurer Fyodor Ivanov son bitch; sleeping bags and movniks - Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavskaya yes Prince Yurya Shemyakin yes Nikita Romanov yes Alexey Adashev". In this case, one cannot help but pay attention to the nobility of all the "Movniks", except Adashev, whose name is mentioned here for the first time. In the ranks in July 1547, Alexey Fedorovich is mentioned among bell under the sovereign. These facts indicate the position of the young Adashev at the time of his rise: he was a roommate and a solicitor. As always, the sovereign's bed servants and the officials subordinate to them became close to the sovereign's person and acquired greater or lesser importance in the court world, depending on their abilities and the degree of influence on the king. Alexey Adashev is also recorded as a bell in the category of Tsar Ivan’s first campaign near Kazan, but he is no longer among the bells in the campaign of 7058 (1549-1550). The natural assumption that around this time Adashev was promoted and received a new appointment is confirmed by facts. Prince A. M. Kurbsky calls Alexei Adashev lying royal. This Polish term can designate both the position of a bed keeper and the position of a sleeping person. Was Adashev the bed servant of Tsar Ivan IV? In 1547, two bed servants are mentioned - Matvey Fedorovich Burukhin and Andrey Vladimirovich Mansurov. The first of them leaves the scene before September 1551, the second dies in 1551 and is replaced by Ignatius Mikhailovich Veshnyakov. It is quite possible to assume that Alexey Fedorovich Adashev replaced Burukhin in 1550, becoming both a bed guard and the head of the newly established Petition Prikaz in one day. This is exactly how historians interpret the famous speech of Tsar Ivan IV to the people, which has come down to us in copies and with undoubted distortions, at least, for example, in the words: “and on that day he granted okolnichy Alexey Adasheva". Sources do not call Adashev a bed servant. In the categories (handwritten) under the year 7061 in the king’s retinue it is noted: “the sovereign had attorneys in the hut there are boyars- Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, Ignatiy Mikhailovich Veshnyakov". In view of the fact that Veshnyakov at that time was undoubtedly already a bed-rider, one might think that in this case litigation connected to bedfellowship. The “Royal Book,” describing the oath of the boyars to the son of the sick king in 1553, adds: “and which noblemen were not in the sovereign’s Duma - Alexei Fedorov’s son Adashev yes Ignatius Veshnyakov and the sovereign brought them to kiss in the evening." Here again, neither Adashev nor Veshnyakov are designated by their positions, but their very comparison indicates that Adashev was the same as Veshnyakov, i.e., a bed servant. In the significant year of the conquest kingdom of Kazan, Alexey Fedorovich took an active part in all events: he negotiated with the Kazan ambassadors, he himself went to Kazan (and more than once) to first imprison and then depose Shig-Aley from the Kazan throne. When the proper siege of Kazan began, Adashev was entrusted with enterprises that required intelligence, knowledge and energy. Together with Prince Dmitry Paletsky, Alexey Fedorovich staged tours(August 29, 1552) against the city from the Arskoe field; together with Prince Vasily Semenovich Serebryany, he excavated under the Kazan cache, from where the besieged took water. A few months after returning from Kazan, the tsar fell ill with fever in 1553. In moments of terrible discord over the oath, Alexey Adashev turned out to be a devoted servant: he unquestioningly swore allegiance to the baby prince. Perhaps it was precisely this fact that delayed the fall of the “elected Rada”. Upon recovery, the tsar did not change at all in his attitude towards his friend: in the last months of the same 1553, Alexey Fedorovich Adashev was told okolnichy. The new rank gave him an independent position in the Duma. Back in 1552, Adashev went on an important diplomatic mission to Tsar Shig-Aley in Kazan, but now he began to manage diplomatic relations in general, received ambassadors, and took precedence in negotiations with them. The range of activities of this talented and handsome man expanded more and more. He was put in charge of the state archive, kept the state chronicle, preparing what to write in the “chronicler of new years.” One can hardly be mistaken if we attribute to him an active participation both in the collection of discharge books and in the compilation of the “sovereign genealogy”, which was just completed by the Adashev family. From 1553 to 1560, Alexei Fedorovich lived constantly in Moscow, traveling only with the sovereign and accompanying him everywhere on all campaigns. Adashev's fame spread more and more, his influence, apparently, grew stronger and stronger. The revolution in the fate of the Adashevs was being prepared slowly and imperceptibly. The state activity of Alexei Adashev did not last for many years, but remained sharply noticeable, “for, as Karamzin put it, this famous temporary worker appeared along with the virtue of the tsar and died with it...”. The death of Tsarina Anastasia Romanovna (August 7, 1560) disrupted the usual normal course of Tsar Ivan’s life and was the last, final push that destroyed the charm of the “elected Rada.” In recent years, this charm was maintained only by habit, and the tsar had long been burdened by his powerful advisers, who were included in everything. Since his illness in 1553, the sovereign harbored distrust of the “elected Rada,” and how could he trust it when it was almost in full force on the issue of succession to the throne for Prince Vladimir Andreevich. And then new misunderstandings arose. The Rada insisted on the conquest of Crimea, Ivan IV and the Zakharins strove for the Baltic Sea and wanted the complete conquest of Livonia. The state of affairs became more and more tense, Alexey Adashev could not stand it and, as they say, at his own request in May 1560 he was sent to Livonia as the third commander of a large regiment (the first was Prince I. F. Mstislavsky, second M. Ya. Morozov). In September of the same year, by order of the tsar, the okolniks Alexei and Danila Fedorovich Adashev were left as governors in the newly conquered Fellin. This was already a clear fall from grace. Prince Kurbsky notes that Alexei was an “antipat” (vicar) in Fellin “for quite a while.” This is a considerable time - very relative. A few months later, Alexey Adashev was already in captivity in Dorpat. More precisely, the whole matter is explained by a handwritten digit book: “... both the Tsar and the Grand Duke wrote to the boyar and the governor to Prince Ivan Fedorovich Mstislavsky with comrades, and ordered in Vilyana ( in Fellin) leave Okolnichev and governor Alexei Fedorovich Adasheva, yes Osip Vasilievich Poleva yes Romana Alferyeva. And Osip Polev on Alexey Adasheva sent to beat the sovereign with his forehead, that he mensch Alexei to be out of place, and the sovereign ordered Alexei Adashev to be in Yuryev Livonsky, and Osip Polev The sovereign ordered Roman Alferyev and Grigory to be in Vilyana and with him Nazimov to the Novgorodian..." This place of discharge, speaking about the only known case of Adashev's localism, explains the reason for Adashev's unexpected transfer to Dorpat. Tsar Ivan did not examine the localist case: he simply separated the disputants, thus satisfying the petitioner, but the very removal of Adashev from Fellin was a new insult to him, a new sign of disfavor. And indeed, the storm broke out with terrible speed: at the beginning of October 1560, the estates of Alexei Adashev were already assigned to the sovereign, he himself was imprisoned and a fierce search began, ending with the extermination of all living Adashevs from their close relatives. Testimony has been preserved that Alexei Fedorovich's daughter, Anna, who was married to Ivan Petrovich Golovin, allegedly survived the pogrom, but this also requires documentary confirmation. Among those executed there were also children: Danila Fedorovich's son, Tarkh, was only about twelve years old. Alexey Fedorovich himself escaped execution.Indignant and upset, he could not withstand the moral shock: he came down with a fever and died in Dorpat at the beginning of 1561, having been ill with a “fiery disease” for no more than two months. This meek and pure personality stands out clearly among the rude morals of his time.
"Tales of Prince Kurbsky" (St. Petersburg, 1842), pp. 215, 188, 189, 92, 42, 62, 10 and 81. "Monuments of diplomatic relations.", vol. I (St. Petersburg, 1851), art. 932-934. N. A. Polevoy, “History of Russian People,” vol. VI (M., 1833), p. 222, pr. 182; A. N. Yasinsky, “Works of Prince Kurbsky” (Kyiv, 1889), pp. 122-123. "Ancient Ros. Vivliofika", part XIII, pp. 33, 34, 38, 253, 293, 310-312 and 316; Part XX, p. 38. In the so-called “thousandth” book of 1550 Alexey Adashev z registered in first article by the son of a boyar from Kostroma. "Discharge book." P. F. Likhachev under 7055. Ibidem under 7056, page 177. Ibidem, page 190 (7058). N. S. Artsybashev, “Narrative of Russia”, vol. II, book. IV, pp. 169-170. "Description of the Simonov Monastery" (M., 1843), p. 70. "Collection of State. Gram. and Dog.", Part II, p. 45. "Royal Book", pp. 80, 285, 286, 342. N. P. Likhachev, “On the origin of Adashev” (“Historical Bulletin” for 1890, No. 5), p. 383, approx. 2. Details of Alexey’s diplomatic activities Adasheva - see Nikon Chronicle, part VII; “The Russian Chronicler” by N. Lvov (St. Petersburg, 1792), part V, pp. 24, 36, 165, 167, 210, 221, 281, 286, 311; "Collected. Imp. Russian. Ist. General.", vol. LIX (edited by G. F. Karpov); I. Gamel, “The British in Russia” (St. Petersburg, 1865), pp. 25, 26, 51, etc. “Acts of Archeogr. Expedition,” vol. I, 354; Ustryalov, approx. to "Tales of Prince Kurbsky" research by A. N. Yasinsky. Handwritten ranks under years 7063, 7064, 7065 and 7067; "Sinbirsky Collection", page 3. Rank book by P. F. Likhachev, page 287. "The village of Novospasskoye" (P. Kazansky), pp. 119-120.
N. Likhachev.
(Polovtsov)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
The son of a serviceman of insignificant origin, Fyodor Grigorievich Adashev, glorified his name during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible. Adashev was first mentioned in 1547 at the royal wedding (February 3rd) in the position false And movnik , that is, he made the sovereign’s wedding bed and accompanied the newlywed to the bathhouse. Adashev began to enjoy great influence on the Tsar together with the famous Annunciation priest Sylvester after the terrible Moscow fires (in April and June 1547) and the murder of the Tsar’s uncle, Prince Yuri Glinsky, by the indignant people. These events, considered as God's punishment for sins, produced a moral revolution in the young, impressionable king. This is what he himself says: “Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, my spirit was humbled, I was touched and recognized my sins.” From that time on, the tsar, averse to noble boyars, brought closer to himself two unborn, but the best people of his time, Sylvester and Adashev. John found in them, as well as in Queen Anastasia and Metropolitan Macarius, moral support and restraint of his nature, spoiled since childhood, and directed his thoughts for the good of Russia. The time of the so-called reign of Sylvester and Adashev was a time of broad and beneficial government activity for the land (the convening of the 1st Zemsky Sobor to approve the Code of Law in 1550, the convening of the Stoglav Church Council in 1551, the conquest of Kazan in 1862 and Astrakhan ( 1654); the granting of charters that determined independent community courts: a large expansion of estates, which strengthened the maintenance of service people in 1553). There is no doubt that John, gifted by nature with brilliant abilities and unusually imbued with the consciousness of his autocratic power, did not play a passive role in these glorious events, as some historians say, but in any case he acted on the advice of Sylvester and Adashev, and therefore the latter must be followed recognize great historical achievements. In 1550, John granted Adashev a okolnichy and at the same time gave him a speech by which it is best to judge the tsar’s relationship with his favorite: “Alexey! I took you from the poor and from the youngest people. I have heard about your good deeds and now I have sought you beyond your measure for the sake of helping my soul, although your desire is not for this, I desired you, and not just you, but also others like you, who would satisfy my sorrow and look upon the people entrusted to me by God. you should receive petitions from the poor and offended and examine them carefully. Do not be afraid of the strong and glorious, who steal honors and destroy the poor and weak with their violence; despite the false tears of the poor, who slander the rich with false tears, who wants to be right: but consider everything carefully and bring the truth to us, fearing God’s judgment; choose truthful judges from the boyars and nobles.” In the internal affairs of the state, Adashev’s activities can be characterized by the words of Kurbsky: “he was extremely useful to the common thing.”
Adashev’s diplomatic activity was also outstanding in conducting many negotiations entrusted to him: with the Kazan king Shig-Aley (1551 and 1552), the Nogais (1653), Livonia (1554, 1557, 1558), Poland (1558, 1560), Denmark (1559) . The importance of Sylvester and Adashev at court also created enemies for them, of which the main ones were the Zakharyins, relatives of Queen Anastasia. His enemies especially took advantage of the circumstances that were unfavorable for Adashev during the tsar’s illness in 1553. Having become dangerously ill, the tsar wrote a spiritual letter and demanded that his cousin Prince Vladimir Andreevich Storitsky and the boyars swear allegiance to his son, the infant Dmitry. But Vladimir Andreevich refused to take the oath, asserting his own rights to the throne after the death of John and trying to form a party for himself. Sylvester apparently leaned towards Vladimir Andreevich. Alexey Adashev, however, swore unquestioning allegiance to Dmitry, but his father, the okolnichy Fyodor Adashev, directly announced to the sick king that they did not want to obey the Romanovs, who would rule during Dmitry’s childhood. John recovered and began to look at his former friends with different eyes. Likewise, Sylvester's supporters now lost the favor of Queen Anastasia, who could suspect them of not wanting to see her son on the throne. However, the tsar did not show any hostile feelings at first, either under the joyful impression of recovery, or for fear of affecting the powerful party and breaking old relations, and even in the same 1533 he granted Fyodor Adashev the boyar hat. The Tsar’s trip to the Kirillov Monastery, undertaken in the same 1553 with the Tsarina and his son Dmitry, was accompanied by circumstances that were also unfavorable for Adashev: firstly, Tsarevich Dmitry died on the way, and thus the prediction of Maxim the Greek, conveyed to the Tsar by Adashev, was fulfilled; During this trip, John met with the former ruler of Kolomna Vassian Toporkov, the favorite of Father Ioannov, and, of course, Vassian’s conversation was not in favor of Sylvester and his party. From that time on, the tsar began to feel burdened by his former advisers, especially since he was more far-sighted than them in political matters: the Livonian War was started in spite of Sylvester, who advised to conquer the Crimea. John's painful suspicion, strengthened by the slander of people hostile to Sylvester's party, the enmity of Sylvester's supporters towards Anastasia and her relatives, Sylvester's inept efforts to maintain influence on the king with the threat of God's wrath gradually produced a complete break between John and his former advisers. In May 1560, the tsar’s attitude towards Adashev was such that the latter found it inconvenient to remain at court and went into honorable exile in Livonia as the 3rd governor of a large regiment led by Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov. After the death of Queen Anastasia († August 7, 1560), John’s dislike for Adashev intensified; the king ordered him to be transferred to Dorpat and placed in custody. Here Adashev fell ill with a fever and died two months later. Natural death saved him, perhaps, from the further vengeance of the king. See "Tales of Prince Kurbsky", ed. Ustryalov, Karamzin, "Historical state of Russia." Vol. VIII; Soloviev, "Russian History", vol. VI, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, "Russian History", vol. II, Encyclopedia. Words 1861, vol. I, Kostomarov, "Russian history in biographies", vol. I, XVIII.
(Brockhaus)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
okolnichy and favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible; † 1561 in Dorpat.
(Polovtsov)
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich
A favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, an insignificant Kostroma patrimonial owner, after the Moscow fire of 1547, together with Sylvester, a priest of the Annunciation Cathedral, he became one of the leaders of the “Elected Rada” - a council elected by the boyar Duma and had great influence on the foreign and domestic policies of Grozny. In the "Elected Rada" A. was a representative of the interests of the small serving nobility who needed new lands. A.'s range of activities was very diverse: he, by order of the tsar, received petitions from the poor and offended, conducted diplomatic negotiations with Kazan, supervised engineering work during its siege; at the same time he collected material for the royal official chronicle, compiled Genealogist and vault bit books, was in charge of receiving foreign ambassadors. A.'s closeness to the tsar, separating him from his class, little by little made A. a “boyar man” and, together with the collapse of the noble-merchant bloc, prepared his downfall. In 1560, A. fell out of favor: he was sent by the governor to Fellin, and then to Dorpat, taken into custody, where he died (1561); his estates were “assigned to the sovereign,” that is, confiscated.
Dictionary of scribes and bookishness of Ancient Rus'
Adashev, Alexey Fedorovich, a famous favorite of Ivan the Terrible, the son of an insignificant serviceman by origin, Fyodor Grigorievich A. This personality, perhaps, is less talented than some of his contemporary political businessmen... ... Biographical Dictionary
- (? 1561) okolnichy, member of the Chosen Rada. Brother of D. F. Adashev. From the end 40s led eastern Russian policy, from the middle. 50s all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms, ser. 16th century, strengthening central power. Headed the compilation of discharge... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (died 1561), Russian statesman. He came from Kostroma nobles, related to the Moscow boyars. Since the late 40s. 16th century one of the leaders of the government of the Elected Rada, which contributed to the implementation of the most important reforms... Great Soviet Encyclopedia Encyclopedic Dictionary
Brother of the favorite of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Fedorovich Adashev. In sources, Danila Adashev first appears in the category of the first wedding of Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich: on February 3, 1547, the boyar was entrusted with “making the bed” for the newlyweds... ... Large biographical encyclopedia
- (? 1561), okolnichy (from November 1553), bed servant; member of the Chosen Rada. Brother of D. F. Adashev. Headed the Petition Order. Since the late 40s. led eastern Russian policy from the mid-50s. all diplomacy. Initiator of reforms in the middle... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Alexey Adashev with his brother and father had a special influence on Ivan the Terrible. At one time, they managed to become the de facto leaders of the state. However, as often happens, a rapid rise ended in an equally lightning-fast fall.
The Adashev family turned from the tsar's best friends into dangerous traitors. This killed the representatives of the clan. Rulers often settled scores with their best advisers.
Fyodor Adashev - father of the family
Alexey Adashev was the son of Fyodor Grigorievich, who lived in the sixteenth century. It was first mentioned in a charter for 1510. He signed it instead of his father. From an early age he entered the grand ducal service. He practically did not move up the career ladder; for some time he was a steward. In 1538, he was entrusted with heading the Moscow embassy in Constantinople.
Activities of Adashev:
- described the Zamoskovsky volost with Prince Dashkov;
- became a okolnichy (1547);
- accompanied the tsar during the first campaign to Kazan;
- guarded and monitored the construction of the Sviyazhsk fortress.
Fyodor Grigorievich died in 1556. Before his death, he became a monk and was given the name Arseny.
Adashev had two sons - Alexey and Daniil. During Ivan Vasilyevich’s childhood, Fyodor Grigorievich was able to arrange for his sons to become attorneys. They were supposed to help the sovereign's bed servant. This brought the brothers closer to the Grand Duke.
The first mentions of Alexei
The name Alexey Adashev was first mentioned in 1547. With his brother, he held the position of a lieutenant, a mover. During the wedding of Ivan the Terrible, they prepared the wedding bed for the ruler and accompanied him to the bathhouse.
Alexey knew the tsar from a young age. Subsequently, together with the famous priest Sylvester, one of the brothers gained great influence on the king. This happened in 1547 after a series of Moscow fires and the murder of Yuri Glinsky.
The death of the prince's uncle at the hands of the enraged people produced a moral revolution in the soul of the young ruler. Then Ivan Vasilyevich brought Alexei and Sylvester closer to him. In them, as well as in Metropolitan Macarius and Queen Anastasia, the tsar found moral support.
Alexey Adashev (lived 1510-1561) informally managed state affairs together with Sylvester. In 1550, the tsar granted Alexei Fedorovich a okolnichy.
Not everyone liked the importance of Alexei and Sylvester at court. Their main enemies were the relatives of Queen Anastasia - Zakharyina. They managed to take advantage of the king's illness in 1553. They planted notes of distrust in their advisers in the ruler’s mind.
During his serious illness, the tsar wished that the boyars, Prince Staritsky and other associates swore allegiance to the baby Dmitry (son of Ivan the Terrible). The king's cousin refused to swear allegiance because he saw himself as the heir to the throne. Just like Staritsky did Sylvester and the elder Adashev. Okolnichy Fedor told the tsar that he did not want to obey the Romanovs, who were to rule the state during Dmitry’s childhood. Alexey is the only one of them who swore allegiance to Dmitry, but this no longer played a role.
Ivan Vasilyevich recovered from his illness. He began to look at his friends differently, remembering their betrayal. The favor of Queen Anastasia was also lost, since they did not want to see her son on the throne. The Tsar did not take any action against Sylvester and the Adashevs. Perhaps he was happy about the recovery or was not ready to break off the old relationship. He even granted Fyodor Adashev a boyar's hat.
Everything changed after Ivan the Terrible’s trip to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The Tsar took with him Anastasia and Dmitry, who drowned during the trip. The Tsar met with Vassan Toporkov (the former ruler of Kolomna), as a result of which Ivan Vasilyevich again doubted Sylvester.
After this, the king no longer trusted his former advisers. His morbid suspicion was fueled by Sylvester's enemies. Gradually, Ivan the Terrible broke off relations with Adashev and Sylvester.
Death
The biography of Alexei Adashev changed in 1560. Realizing the tsar’s dislike for himself, he decided to go into honorable exile (to serve as the third governor) to Livonia. The leaders of the large regiment were Prince Mstislavsky and Morozov.
In the same year, Queen Anastasia died. The conspirators who opposed Adashev convinced the tsar that it was Fyodor Grigorievich’s son who was behind the death of his wife. This increased the tsar's distrust of Alexei. He ordered Alexei to be transferred to Dorpat to take him into custody. While in captivity, Alexei fell ill and died two months later. If Alexei Adashev had not died a natural death, he would still have faced reprisals from the tsar. Although Adashev’s death itself also raises many questions among researchers.
The end of the line
After the death of Alexei, the tsar dealt with his relatives. They were executed, and the Adashev family was interrupted. The last to die was Daniil Fedorovich Adashev in 1562. He survived his brother by only one year. What is Alexey Fedorovich famous for?
As the leader of the Chosen Rada
The characterization of Alexey Adashev will not be complete without a description of the directions of his activities. First of all, he was engaged in public service. He came from a not very noble family of Kostroma nobles. He started as a solicitor, then became a bed servant, and headed the Petition Order. By accepting complaints from oppressed people, he established himself as an incorruptible servant. He punished those who created red tape in orders, even if they were boyars. Since 1550, he headed the Financial Department.
He became famous as the leader of the Chosen Rada. This was the name of an unofficial meeting of people who carried out reforms in the state during the reign of Ivan the Terrible.
The following reforms are associated with the name of Alexey:
- Holding a Zemsky Sobor - a meeting of representatives of the free strata of the population to consider issues important to the state. It took place for the first time in 1549.
- Holding the Stoglavy Council - representatives of the clergy, the Boyar Duma and Ivan Vasilyevich personally took part in the cathedral.
- Abolition of feeding - officials under Ivan the Terrible were not supported at the expense of the local population. This marked the beginning of a restructuring of the management system. Feeders began to be forced out locally, yielding to the nobility and the central government. However, many historians argue that the abolition of feeding did not last long.
- Compilation of the Code of Laws - a collection of laws. Contained one hundred articles. He abolished the judicial privileges of many princes.
The Tsar trusted Adashev so much that he kept the state seal with his personal archive. All this strengthened the power of Ivan the Terrible and strengthened the power of the Russian state.
Military service
The historical portrait of Alexei Adashev is also associated with military affairs. He led the army in some of the campaigns carried out by the king. He took an active part in the conquest of the Kazan Khanate in 1552. Alexey personally installed cannons directed against Kazan and dug into a cache from which Kazan residents extracted water during the siege of the city.
He was involved in the foreign policy of the state, led the diplomatic part of the annexation of significant territories - Kazan and Astrakhan - to the Moscow kingdom. He was the one who suggested that the sovereign direct his policy towards the annexation of the Crimean Khanate, but he decided to start the Levon War. Then Adashev took part in the Livonian War, carrying out the orders of the tsar. He actively helped in the war as a military leader and diplomat. However, the sovereign's suspicion and intrigue on the part of his enemies led Alexei to Dorpat, which accelerated his death.
Recognition of Adashev in Russia
Alexey Fedorovich Adashev, whose biography is connected with the reign of Ivan the Terrible, was one of the brightest statesmen in Russian history. He participated in reforming the state and strengthening its power.
Modern Russia remembers these merits. It’s not for nothing that Adashev was depicted on the Mikeshin monument called “1000th Anniversary of Russia.” It was created in Novgorod in 1862.
