(Fig. 1) can be built using various physical magnetic effects in combination with the effect of gravity. To compensate for friction losses and create undamped oscillations in a conventional gravitational pendulum, it is proposed to additionally use alternately the force interaction of two permanent magnets. The change in the nature of the power 1, 2 is carried out by the converter 6. It must ensure the attraction of the permanent magnets 1, 2 of the pendulum during the descent half-period of the pendulum's swing, at the moment of their forceful repulsion after passing the lower point of the pendulum's trajectory. This (pendulum) can be built on various principles and physical effects:
a) Using a mechanical rotation of the stationary magnet 1 by 180 degrees when the pendulum passes through the lowest point - for example: spring type with cam;
b) By abruptly reversing the magnetization of the stationary magnet 1 at the lower point of the magnet 2 (magnetic Barkhausen effect), and we obtain electricity and a magnetic field sufficient for magnetization reversal of the magnet 1 from the inductive winding located on the magnet 1 and connected to the electrical energy storage device;
c) Using a combination of the Barkhausen effect and the thermomagnetic Curie effect. In this case, at the lower point of the trajectory of the pendulum magnet 1, magnet 1 is demagnetized by pulsed heating above the Curie point with its pulsed magnetization reversal (Barkhausen magnetic trigger effect) - when magnet 2 reaches the upper point of the trajectory;
d) Mechanical action of one of the magnets in certain sections of the swing path of the pendulum magnet;
Parazit kotoryj mozhet ubity - Srochno
e) Electromagnetic control magnetic field magnet 1 - (strengthening-weakening) - magnetoelectric mechanical pendulum - addition to the device with an inductive winding wrapped around a stationary magnet 1 with a capacitor and a circuit oscillation frequency equal to the frequency of mechanical oscillations and an adjustable oscillation phase of this oscillatory electric circuit through the inductance of the counter magnetic field compensating the magnetic field of the magnet 1 on the braking sections of the trajectory with an increase in its magnetic field on the accelerating trajectory of the pendulum of magnet 2.
Other original views hours. The clocks proposed in this manual, although also electronic, use the oscillatory motion of a pendulum to keep time. This is the so-called free pendulum clock.
The accuracy of such a clock depends on the design of its pendulum, on minimizing the influence of temperature, on the method of supplying energy that supports the oscillatory motion of the pendulum and receiving energy from the pendulum. In classic mechanical watch The gripping mechanism and a set of gears are responsible for this.
For the accuracy of the clock to be as good as possible, the pendulum must oscillate absolutely freely, unencumbered by mechanisms. And energy is transferred in very small portions at the moment when the pendulum is in the lower position and only in the case when the amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations decreases below the permissible value. Transferring energy in too large doses causes an increase in the amplitude of vibrations, which leads to a decrease in accuracy. The amplitude of the pendulum's oscillations should not exceed several degrees.
Schematic diagram of the clock
The basis of a pendulum clock is a structure with a bearing with a neodymium magnet attached to the end. An induction coil is located at the base. As a result of the movement of the pendulum directly above the coil, a voltage is induced in the coil, which is transmitted to the PIC12F683 microprocessor, which analyzes the induced voltage and at the right moment supplies the coil with a voltage pulse that maintains the movement of the pendulum.
- When the magnet at the end of the pendulum approaches the coil, the induced voltage in the coil is negative,
- when it passes over the middle of the coil, the voltage has a zero value,
- when it moves away - a positive value.
The amplitude of the pulses induced in the coil depends on the speed of movement of the magnet above the coil, and, consequently, on the amplitude of the pendulum’s oscillations. By measuring the voltage after a strictly defined time of passing the equilibrium point through the pendulum, it is possible to estimate what the amplitude of the oscillations is, and therefore whether an impulse should be provided to the oscillation stimulator or not. The higher the quality factor of the system, the less often it will be necessary to create this impulse.
To display the time, a quartz clock mechanism is used, powered by a 1.5 V battery. In it, we remove the plate with the quartz resonator and the circuit, using only the mechanism itself. We connect the motor-coil leads to the microcontroller ports. The MK generates a pulse every second in turn at one or the second output of the coil.
In total, several different clocks were made with different pendulum lengths. The largest was a pendulum with a length of 1000 mm, where the half-period of oscillation was exactly 1 second. There were also oscillation half-periods of 1/3 second (110 mm) and 1/4 second (60 mm). Thus, the impetus for stepper motor was formed, respectively, for the first, third or fourth passage of the pendulum over the equilibrium point.
The clock is powered lithium-ion battery type 18650, they will last for several months of work. The processor uses an LM385-1.2 stabilizer, which produces a voltage of 1.2 volts. When the processor detects that the battery voltage has dropped below 3.28 V, it alarms every two seconds. The timer can also work with a battery that is down to 2 V, but such a deep discharge should be avoided due to the possibility of battery damage.
The induction coil must have several thousand turns. In this watch, 2000-3000 turns of 0.12 wire were wound. The coils have no core and are wound on a frame with a diameter of 6 mm. The pendulum rod must be made of a material with the lowest possible coefficient of thermal expansion; a carbon fiber rod is a good choice. The length of the pendulum should be selected so as to obtain the required period of oscillation. It is necessary to take into account the possibility of fine-tuning the period of oscillation, which is served by an additional weight placed on the pendulum - a brass nut, the rotation of which changes the distribution of mass on the pendulum.
Attention: ferromagnetic materials such as steel nails and screws should not be located near the magnet at the end of the pendulum. Also be careful with brass and copper elements. A magnet moving in their immediate vicinity excites eddy currents in them, which slow down the movement of the magnet. Therefore, the base of the watch should be made of wood, plastic, laminate, marble, etc.
The electronic circuit contains only a processor in a stand, a zener diode through a 100 kohm resistor and connectors for a battery, coil and stepper motor. The circuit was assembled on a small printed circuit board, cut from a universal plate. Hex files containing processor firmware - .
Not all of us have the ability to predict the future, learn facts from the past and present, or get answers to questions that are not on the surface. However, the beginnings of such abilities exist in each of us.
You need to develop them in order to achieve success, or you can use auxiliary attributes to help in magical matters. This article will talk about such a useful attribute as a magic pendulum, which you can make at home yourself.
Making a pendulum
The pendulum can be purchased at a specialized magic item store, but it does not contain any superpowers in itself. After all, the main thing is not the tool, but the skill and experience of using it. Essentially, a magic pendulum is an ordinary pendulum made of thread or thin rope with a weight attached. If you are planning to make a pendulum at home, then an ordinary nut, ring, stone, plumb line or any other small object can be used as a load. The main thing is that it is symmetrical, does not overhang in any direction, and hangs vertically on a thread.You can make any length of thread, but for beginners it is better to use a thread 20-30 centimeters long. It is best to tie a knot at the other end of the thread that will be comfortable to hold on to. To use such a pendulum, you need to learn how to work with it and receive information.
Receiving information from the pendulum
Eat a large number of techniques for working with a pendulum. With the help of a pendulum, you can diagnose diseases, look for water, lost things, determine different kinds energy in the home, etc. We will consider the simplest case - receiving a response to asked question. To do this, you first need to determine how the pendulum will show you “yes” and “no”. Try to retire, bring your soul and body into a calm state. Hold the pendulum by the string so that the weight at the other end hangs freely. When the weight stops oscillating and freezes in place, ask the pendulum: “Show me the answer YES.” Your pendulum will begin to oscillate from side to side or spin in a circle in one direction. Remember this movement, with this movement the pendulum will answer your questions positively. Similarly, ask the pendulum “Show me the answer NO.” Remember this movement too. After this, when you and the pendulum have agreed with each other how it will answer your questions, start asking it questions that require a YES or NO answer. Start with simple, specific questions from the past to test your pendulum. When you succeed, move on to more complex questions, to questions about the future.
Good luck with your pendulum work! And don't forget that success depends on whether you believe in what you are doing or not. After all, even signs come true only those in which you believe, because all thoughts are material.
Each of us is familiar with decoration in chinese watch, which is made in the form of an “eternal” pinwheel or pendulum. Building such a miracle is not at all difficult and will take no more than half an hour. Let's take a look at the diagram below:
When supply voltage is applied to the circuit by switch SB1, transistor VT1 will be closed, since its base will be connected to the emitter through coil L1. There is no bias, the transistor is closed, and there is no current through L2 either. Let's tie it permanent magnet to the cord and swing our improvised pendulum in close proximity to the coils L1, L2 (they are wound on the same frame). As it approaches, an EMF will begin to be induced in coil L1, which will open the transistor. The closer the magnet, the more the transistor opens and the greater the current in coil L2, which begins to attract our magnet with its magnetic field.
At the moment when the pendulum passes just above the coils, these values are maximum, and as soon as the pendulum begins to move away by inertia, the EMF changes sign and the transistor closes. Thus, the pendulum is attracted only in the first half of the period, in the second it moves by inertia. Just like a real swing, which we swing by swinging our legs during the first half of the swing. Diode VD1 prevents generation that may occur at the resonant frequency of the circuit L1, L2.
Now let's talk about the design of our swing. Coils L1 and L2 are wound simultaneously with wire with a diameter of 0.08 - 0.1 mm on a frame of suitable dimensions. For example, on this one:
We wind the more the better until it is full. The more turns, the less voltage the pendulum will require to operate. When connecting the coils, you must observe phasing - connect the beginning of the first to the end of the second. Any cutting material can be used as a core. iron bolt or even the entire bolt if it is short. Before use, this bolt must be fired - heated red-hot on gas and cooled in air.
It is better to take a transistor with the highest possible transmission coefficient. Any low-power germanium (even silicon) direct (p-n-p) conductivity will do. If the conductivity of the transistor is reversed (n-p-n), then it’s also not a problem - just change the polarity of connecting the power source and diode VD1.
Make a pendulum or swing to suit your taste. It is only important that the magnet located on the base of the pendulum passes a few millimeters from the coil core. The magnet itself can be anything, the more powerful the better, but you don’t have to look for anything special. A piece of “black” ferrite magnet from a dynamic head or an iron one from an old children’s motor will work perfectly.
A finger-type or any other galvanic element is used as a power source, which is enough for many months of operation of the structure, and you can safely discard the SB1 switch, since in the quiet position of our pendulum the transistor is closed and the current consumption of the circuit is minimal. If the magnet is very weak or the swing is too heavy for it, then you can increase the supply voltage to 3 V by connecting two elements in series.
For a child, and with good assembly, you can develop the idea into, for example, an office souvenir.
The basis of the toy is a simple overhead circuit (although it is of course better to do it on a board), consisting of a transistor, a diode and a specially wound coil hidden in the bottom. The “seat” of the swing is a magnet, it is better to choose a neodymium one, there are plenty of them now, although a regular one will do just fine.
The coil is wound with double wire, each with a cross-section of approximately 0.25-0.3, about 1500 turns, i.e. 2 copper wires are taken in parallel and wound onto a coil. The diagram shows that the end of the first wire is connected to the beginning of the second. I chose the shape of the coil for logical reasons: oval, because a magnet passing over it will interact better along the length of the larger diagonal of the ellipse. I didn't use the core, so you can experiment with it. It is better to wind it carefully, turn to turn, but it is not necessary.
A direct conduction transistor, you can take MP39...42, any diode, a regular 1.5 volt battery. For convenience, it is better to make a switch.
I apologize for the makeshift assembly, but I did it in my school years out of sheer enthusiasm using a diagram from my father’s old notebook with diagrams, so it’s not really known where it came from, and I just wanted to see how it works as quickly as possible.
It starts up simply, turn on the device and push the magnet, after a couple of seconds you will notice how intensely the pendulum begins to oscillate. The system will work better if it can create resonance, i.e. equality of the operating frequencies of the circuit and the natural frequency of the pendulum, which is calculated by the formula. Here this is achieved by adjusting all the parameters of the pendulum. It is better to secure the connecting rod on 2 bearings, and not on 1, like mine.
