Plural in Czech. Declension of masculine nouns. Plural. Cases: Nominativ, Genitiv, Akuzativ. Case declension

For masculine nouns Czech includes nouns that end in:

hard consonant: brambor, pilot, dům, pes
into a soft consonant: nůž, konec, boj, křiz
some animate nouns ending in a vowel: neposeda, přednosta, škůdce, soudce

The masculine gender in Czech is divided into animated And inanimate nouns. This affects the endings of nouns when we work with cases. Feminine and middle are not divided into animate and inanimate.

Plural. animated

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	pan ove pan i	muž i	predsed ove	soudc ove soudc i	Jir í
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	pan ů	muž ů	predsed ů	soudc ů	Jir ich
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	pan y	muž e	predsed y	soudc e	Jir í

Following the example of the word pan– pan ove(pan i) words will be declined: syn, právník, lev, student, president, voják.

Following the example of the word muž– muž ove(muž i) the words will be declined: ředitel, držitel, uklízeč, cizinec, rodič.

Following the example of the word predseda– predsed ove the words will decline: bandita, starosta, kolega, hrdina, policista.

Following the example of the word soudce– soudc ove(soudc i) the words will be declined: správce, dárce, zrádce, vládce, průvodce.

Following the example of the word Jiri– Jir í words will be declined: krejčí, průvodčí, vedoucí, výpravčí, dozorčí.

It can be seen that the plural in the case "Who? What?" we got by adding the ending to the word -ove or -i.

Plural. inanimate

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	hrad y	stroj e
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	hrad ů	stroj ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	hrad y	stroj e

Following the example of the word hrad words will be declined: most, strom, obchod, pas, stůl, balkon.

Following the example of the word stroj words will be declined: počítač, cíl, míč, klíč, čaj, měsíc.

Now, in order to use our time even more rationally, we will put an adjective in front of these nouns in these three cases and see what ending it takes.

Inanimate masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -é : strom y(trees) jsou mlad é (young) .

Animated masculine nouns in the plural are characterized by the ending -í : muz i(men) jsou mlad í (young) .

From the topic Adjectives in Czech. Male gender. The only number we know is that in the Czech language there is also a so-called. "soft adjective"- characterized by a soft ending -í .

The most commonly used adjectives in this group are: mobilní, právní, cizí, krajní, denní, noční, místní, lokální, státní, poslední, finanční, ostatní, první, třetí.

Soft adjectives are not inflected for number and gender.

So, in order to distinguish by what type we need to inflect an adjective in the plural, we need to put the adjective from the plural into the singular - soft adjectives will remain with the ending -í , and solid in singular get their characteristic -ý .

You can double-check yourself for any word in the Czech language on the website slovnik.seznam.cz.

With adjectives, everything is very simple.
We enter them into our tables and get:

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	mlad í /ciz í	pan ove pan i	muž i	predsed ove (husite)	soudc ove soudc i	Jir í
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	mlad ech/ciz ich	pan ů	muž ů (přatel)	predsed ů	soudc ů	Jir ich
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	mlad é /ciz í	pan y	muž e	predsed y	soudc e	Jir í

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	Velk é /prvn í	hrad y	stroj e
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	Velk ech/prvn ich	hrad ů	stroj ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	Velk é /prvn í	hrad y	stroj e

Noun declension "days", "people", "guests"– common words in Czech:

Kdo? Co? Who? What?	Velk é /velcí/prvn í	dn y/dn i	lid é	host é
Koho? Cheho? Whom? What?	Velk ech/prvn ich	dn í /dn ů	lid í	host ů
Koho? Co? Whom? What?	Velk é /prvn í	dn i dn y	lid i	host y

In the masculine plural in Czech adjectives, in addition to endings, you need to pay attention to changes in letters in the word itself:

Similar endings:

As in Russian, different prepositions correspond to cases.

Whom? What? (Genitive = 2. pád)

od– odchazim od kamaradů (leaving friends)
do- do lesů (to the forest), nastupujte do vozů (get in cars)
bez– bez partnerů (without partners)
krom(e)– kromě manželů (except for husbands)
misto– misto rublů vezmi dolary (instead of rubles, take dollars)
podle– podle zakonu (according to laws)
podel / kolem– kolem hradů (around the forts)
okolo– okolo zamků (near/around castles)
u– u domů (at the houses)
bucket– zastavky vedle obchodů (stops near shops)
behem– během vikendů (during weekends/weekends)
pomoci– pomoci šroubováků (using screwdrivers)
za– za starých casů (in old times)

Whom? What? (Akuzativ = 4. pád)

pro– darky pro muže (Presents for men)
pred– dej stoly pred televizi (put tables in front of the TV)
mimo – (past, outside of something, apart from, apart from someone/something other than, beyond something)– ochrana dřevin rostoucích mimo lesy (protection of trees growing outside the forest), mimo soudy (not for ships)
na– pověste oblečení na věšáky (hang clothes on hangers)
pod(e)– všechno padá pod stoly (everything falls under the tables)
o– zvýšit o 2 stupně (upgrade by 2 levels), boje o poháry (battles for cups)
po– jsem po kotniky ve vodě (I'm ankle-deep (ankle - m. R.) in water)
v– věřit v zakony (believe in laws)

We know from school benches that in Russian the gender of a noun is not determined in the plural. Due to the fact that in Russian this gender coincides, and the endings of plural nouns do not depend on the gender of the singular noun (machine - machines ami, bus - bus ami), then for the correct declension of a noun, by and large, it doesn’t matter to us what kind of noun it is in the singular. In Czech, the situation is somewhat different. Declension (and therefore endings) of plural nouns depends on the gender of the noun. Further, animation also affects the ending, but this is not about that now.

Yes, of course, in Czech, most plural nouns retain their gender in the plural. The exceptions are the following 5 words:

Ditě, děti

The question of the gender of the noun dítě (child, child) often arises in tests in the Czech language. In the singular, dítě is neuter (to dítě) and declined like kuře, but in the plural, děti is feminine (ty děti) and declined like kost. Let's see why you need to know.

If you forget that děti - female and stick to standard rule, it turns out that in the sentence Děti běhali na zahradě. (Children were running around the garden.) The verb běhali would end in -i (supposedly because dítě is an animate noun), but it is not. We now know that in the plural, děti behaves as if díte is a feminine noun, which means that in the above sentence, the correct verb ending would be -y, i.e. Deti behal y na zahradě.

Oko, oci

The noun oko (eye) is neuter (to oko) and declines like město. In the plural, however, there are two forms: oka and oči. What is the shape of oka? The fact is that oko means not only an eye, but also a loop (for example, when knitting), a mountain lake, or even a circle of butter in soup. In case it is not about the eyes, the plural of oko is oka. Now back to the gender of the noun. If we are not talking about the eyes and the form oka is used, then the neuter gender is retained in the plural (ta oka). If we are talking about eyes, then the form oči changes its gender to feminine (as if oko in the singular is a feminine noun) and declines like the noun kost:

Má krásne oči.(incorrect: Má krásná oči.) - He/she has beautiful eyes.

Ucho, usi

The declension of the noun ucho applies exactly the same rule as for the noun oko. If we are talking about an ear that is not an organ (for example: ucho hrnce - the handle of a pot, ucho jehly - the eye of a needle), then the neuter gender is also preserved in the plural (Hrnec s velkými uchy.) If we are talking about an organ, then uši - female:

Tvůj dědeček má velké uši.(wrong: velká uši, velká uchy) - Your grandfather has big ears.

Hrabě, hrabata

The noun hrabě (count) is masculine (ten hrabě - this count), but is declined like kuře, which is neuter. In the plural (hrabata) we decline again following the example of kuře (ta hrabata!).

Knize, knizeta

The noun kníže (prince) in the singular is masculine, but, like hrabě, it is declined following the example of kuře, i.e. like it's neuter. And in the plural it is declined like kuře, that is, as if it were neuter.

The Czech language is insidious and complex - a significant proportion of the problems fall on grammar and diacritics, because of which you can become discouraged and put an end to the development of the language.

Fortunately, there is whole line online services that, with a wave of a magic wand, will decline the words you need according to cases and arrange all the gaps and cups. God forbid you use them in the future - the above services should help you quickly understand the language, do less mistakes and not to deceive teachers.

Case declension

The basis of the basics of grammar is the declension of words in all cases. The study of cases goes through the entire annual course, but foreigners begin to speak and write completely correctly, at best, only after years of stay in the country. If you are writing something serious and do not want to make a mistake, you can check yourself using case declension services. The best solution I consider it as part of the website „Internetová jazyková příručka“ (rus. Online language guide) from the Institute of the Czech Language of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, tk. it works on the basis of a dictionary and therefore does not require the specification of word attributes.

Usage is as simple as possible - first insert the text without diacritics or with partially spaced diacritics:

Then we press the button and the service magically arranges cups and gacheks. Words with questionable spellings are underlined in red so you can manually check them.

By analogy with this service, you can use the more ascetic nlp.fi.muni.cz/cz_accent/ from the Faculty of Informatics of Masaryk University. In addition, if you need to perform the reverse operation (remove diacritics), then you can use http://textmod.pavucina.com/odstraneni-diakritiky .

Total

Many of the above services are used even by the Czechs, so do not be shy to go to them in the moments when you don’t have an unambiguous answer. Of course, do not forget also about, they will save you from many typos and simple mistakes.

Many of these sites contain tools, reference sections on the grammar of the Czech language and therefore you will surely find other useful sides on them. If you know useful services for Czech grammar and I didn’t mention them in the article, write in the comments, we will make the world a better place.

Please do not use the services for homework or exams, as this is not only dishonest, but also stupid - you pay money for learning a language, and in the end your computer learns instead of you. Write smart!