Ser. 9. 2008. Issue. 4. Part I
BULLETIN OF ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY
L. M. Ulmezova
EXPERIENCE OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF POLITICS IN TURKISH AND KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGES
The interpretation of the category of voice is one of the controversial problems of both modern general and Turkic linguistics. Sections of the grammars of individual languages and dozens of special studies are devoted to the study of the functioning of voice forms and the identification of the essence of this verbal category.
In Turkic linguistics, the prevailing interpretation of voice as a word-formation category, for example, as “the formation of verbs from verbs” (N.K. Dmitriev)2. This point of view is opposed by the interpretation of the category of pledge as “formative”. A. N. Kononov3 describes how Turkish and Uzbek voices are formative. At the same time, both N.K. Dmitriev and A.N. Kononov put into the concept of “category of voice” essentially the same content coming from Russian linguistics: “The category of voice expresses various relationships between the subject (producer of the action) and the object, which are its expression in the form of a verb"4. From the point of view of S. N. Ivanov, the category of voice combines word-formative (“change the objective characteristic of the original stem”) and inflectional (“denote the characteristic of the subject of action of the original (non-derivative) stem”) meanings and therefore is lexico-grammatical5. In the stated point of view, the weak point, it seems, is the unfounded connection between the change in verb control and word formation.
Since productive Turkic voice forms are among the means of conveying connections between elements of the objective or imaginary world, and since the semantics reflecting connections is not capable of affecting the meanings of lexemes, the category of voice must be recognized as inflectional. Being one of the categories of a verb that means action, voice, naturally, should be interpreted as one of the means of conveying any types of connections into which actions enter. At the same time, voice word forms (in speech) are capable of conveying not only “the attitude of the subject to the object of the action” (A. A. Shakhmatov), but also such connections that are clearly not covered by this formula (as, for example, in a statement like We are with him we love football). It is for this reason that in this work the form of voice is understood as a morphological (that is, having its own morphemes, which are carriers of auxiliary meanings and capable of transforming the form of a word) means of conveying some kind of relationship between actions and objects associated with them. The term “category of voice” denotes the entire set of verbal voice forms, united by relatedness and homogeneity of their meanings6. This content of the concept of “pledge” somewhat expands the given definition of A. A. Shakhmatov, although it does not at all contradict it.
The study of the categories of voice in modern Turkish and Karachay-Balkar languages, on the one hand, reveals great similarities between them, on the other hand, draws attention to functional-semantic processes in the Balkar language,
© L. M. Ulmezova, 2008
which, at least at first glance, indicate the destruction of the original Turkic collateral system.
Mutually joint voice with morpheme -(I) §: an inflectional form through which an operational-grammatical (morphological) transformation of a word is carried out in order to convey information that the action is associated with any set of objects - producers, while the formulated meaning forms, most often, allows you to convey two types of specific meanings: 1) compatibility: Derviqin kaldigi evin yöresinde, büyük kügük bütün köylü, merakla bekle+$+iyordu (Aziz Nesin. Dog güne§im dog) “Both old and small, all peasants they waited with curiosity, positioned around the house where the dervish was staying” and 2) reciprocity: Qocuklar §a§kin §a§kin bak+i§+tilar (informant) “The children looked at each other in surprise.”
Mandatory voice with productive morphemes -Dir and -t: a verbal form, the meaning of which signals that there is a relationship between the action and the object associated with it, in which the object is encouraged to perform the action in question. (Possible other interpretation: a verb form, the meaning of which signals that the action is connected with another action, which grammarians conventionally call inducement, that is, the meaning of the verbal stem, say, uyu- “to sleep” through the voice form is conjugated with the meaning to induce, so that the word form of the forced voice uyu+t- represents the meaning “to induce sleep, to lull, to lull). In cases where a transitive action is expressed that passes to an object, for example, mektup yazmak “write a letter”, and the goal is to name the object prompted to action (karde^im “my brother”), the latter is expressed by a noun in dative case: Kardefim+e mektupyaz+dir+dim (informant) “I “encouraged” my brother to write a letter.”
Passive voice with morphemes -(I) n and -(I) nil: a verbal form that has two meanings: 1) proper passive, which is a certain image, an abstraction of such a relationship between an action and an object, in which the object is thought of as an object (more often all direct) influence: Kardeqim tarafindan yaz+il+an mektup (informant) “A letter written by my brother”; 2) abstract-agentive - the idea of an abstract, indefinite or generalized producer, something like “everyone who performs an action”: Buradayüksek sesle konu$+ul+maz (informant) “You can’t talk loudly here”; De+nil+dig+i gibi Hoca Ahmet hayata gözlerini kapadi (A§ik Garip) “As it was said, Hoca Ahmet closed his eyes forever.”
Reflexive voice with morphemes - (I) n: verbal form, the meaning of which signals that between the action and its producer there is not only an agentive, but also some other (additional) connection; the formulated meaning is capable of conveying as meanings (see) a direct-reflexive, indirect-reciprocal relationship between an action and its producer, as well as other connections to which the term “reflexive” may not be applicable: Haydi burdan ta^i+n+alim (Aziz Nesin. Dog güne§im dog) “Let's move from here.”
In general, the functional areas of Turkish pledge forms are clearly demarcated. The exception is verb stems ending in a vowel and stems ending in a consonant [l], which function as word forms of both the passive and
and reflexive pledges with the affix (I) p. Otherwise, Turkish pledges are not mixed.
Mutual-joint and forced voices behave in the same way in the Karachay-Balkar language as in Turkish.
Through the mutually joint voice with the morpheme -(s) w, two types of relations between producing objects associated with the action are conveyed: reciprocity (mutual direction) and compatibility. When conveying relationships of mutual direction, the value of the collateral form indicates that the action, called the initial basis, is associated with a certain set of producers, each of which is also the direct object of the same action, that is, the participants in the situation perform the action, influencing each other:
Reciprocity is expressed by formations from transitive verbs, for example: zhyg-“to dump” > zhyg+ish- “to fight each other (sport)”, zhyrt- “to tear” > zhyrt+ish- “to fight, swear”, and togetherness is expressed through word forms intransitive verbs: chab- “to run” > chab+ish- “to run”, zhy- “to collect” > zhy+ish- “to gather”.
1) Zharyk salam+la+sh+handan sora, aitama ortada zhuryuuchyu lakyrdany (MT, 2004, No. 1. P. 125). - “After we said hello, I told a common joke that was popular among us”7;
2). - “Here it was unclear who helped whom more: either the boy to the grandmother, or the grandmother to the boy, both, as if beggars, slowly entered the pharmacy.”
Word forms of the inter-joint voice also function to signal that the action called the verbal base has more than one agent, that is, to convey the comitative meaning. Word forms signaling compatibility are formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs (olturush - “to sit together (about several or many agents)”, tynchayysh - “to calm down”, karash - “to look (about several agents)”).
Thus, the speech material indicates that in the Karachay-Balkar language, as in Turkish, two types of official information are transmitted through productive word forms of mutual-joint voice, that is, two meanings: compatibility and reciprocity.
Compulsory voice is a verbal form, the meaning of which, as in Turkish, signals that the relationship between an action and the object associated with it can be interpreted as inducing the object to perform the action, in other words, that the voice meaning signals the connection of the action with the object, encouraged to commit it.
In the Balkar language, as in Turkish, this voice form has only two productive morphemes: -Д(ы)р and -(ы)т: bar- “to go” > bar+dyr- “to encourage to go”, kel- “to come” » > keltir - “to bring”,_sark- “to drip” > sark+yt- “to make flow”, ishle- “to work” > ishle+t- “to encourage to work”.
1) Kyiyamyt zhumush etgen tishiryu + gаa stolnu zhyy + holes + dy (D. Kuba-nov). - “Kiyamyt forced the woman to clean the table”;
2) Zhashchyklany ilishanga yuireted, uugya eltip, kiyikleni suire+t+ed (Kh. Kuliev). - “Teaches boys to shoot, takes them hunting (with him), makes them drag killed deer.”
The forms of the reflexive and passive voices, which show some differences from those in the Karachay-Balkar language, have common Turkic morphemes -(ы) n and -(ы) l8.
As will become clear from the further presentation, the analysis of voice formations in the speech of speakers of the Karachay-Balkar language is possible only if the researcher operates with clear concepts of “reflexive meaning” and “proper passive meaning”, “indefinitely personal” and “medial meaning”.
In this work, reciprocal is understood as a meaning that signals that between the action and its producer there is not only an agentive, but also some other (additional) connection. Most often, the formulated meaning is capable of conveying as usual meanings the direct-reflexive and indirect-reciprocal relationship between the action and its producer.
Proper passive is a meaning that signals such a relationship between an action and an object in which the object is thought of as an object of (most often direct) influence from the action, called the verb stem. This meaning is used, for example, in the proverb Chybykylykda byug+yul+me+gen kyzykylykda bug+yul+mez. “What doesn’t bend while it’s young, when it grows up, you can’t even bend it.” Wed. Turkish: A§ad ush ¡kvp v§+I+1g “The tree (easily) bends while it is (still) a sprout.”
In Karachay-Balkar speech, facts are easily found that indicate the distinction between reflexive and passive voices. Such facts include, for example, the formations: zhuu+un- “to bathe” / zhuu+ul- “to be washed”, zhasa+n- “to dress up” / zhasa+l- “to be dressed up”.
Examples with the verb zhuu - “to wash, wash”:
1) Issi kyun suu boynuna baryp zhuu+un+urga bek syuyuchyudule (informant). - “They really like to go to the river for a swim on a hot day”;
2) Zhangngy zhuu + ul + gan kuyuznyu zhaiganma (informant). - “I laid down a recently washed carpet.”
Examples with the verb zhasa - “to decorate”
1) Terekle chapirakdan zhasa+n+dyla9 (informant). - “The trees were decorated with foliage”;
2) Altyn bla zhasha+l+g'an kaama (informant). - “Dagger decorated with gold.”
In Balkar speech there are undoubtedly word forms that represent
only one of the named collaterals.
Examples with passive voice forms:
1) Ana yulyu ishley turganlay aurup kalgan ishchileden birine ber+il+di (gaz. “Zaman”). - “His ration was given to a man who fell ill while working”;
2). “And the unfinished houses stood there until the war ended.”
Vaguely personal meaning
The use of the passive voice form with an indefinite personal meaning is intended to indicate that any person can be thought of as the producer of an action.
Forms -l, formed from intransitive verbs, in the Karachay-Balkar language have an indefinite personal meaning: zhashal - “lives”, jurul - “ride, walk”, lit.: “is going, walking”.
Noteworthy is the presence in the material of examples in which the passive word form represents an indefinite personal meaning, as, for example, in the Turkish proverb Yol sormakla bul+un+ur, borg vermekle ode+n+ir. “The way is found by asking, the debt is paid by giving.”
1) Elde bek ertte tur+ul+ada (informant). - “In the village they usually get up very
2) Tauda taza hauada igi zhukla+n+a+dy (informant). - “You sleep well in the mountains in the fresh air”;
Simultaneous use of proper passive and indefinite personal meanings:
Ibrahymni atasy kolayly adamg'a sana+l+g'an+dy (Z. Tolgurov). - “Ibrahim’s father was considered a wealthy man.” Wed. tur.: Kahve boylepifir+il+ir. - “Coffee is brewed this way.”
Examples of using a refundable deposit:
1). - “Because from the many charmingly dressed, beautiful girls with a good figure, it is not so easy to choose the most worthy ones.”
2) Ali sabiliginde zhuu+un+urga syumeuchu edi (informant). - “Ali didn’t like swimming as a child.”
In the examples, the following word forms function: cue+in-, run+in-, zhuu+n-, which signal that the producers of actions (“dress”, “hide”, “swim”), called the original stems, are also thought of as their direct objects, and therefore represent a form of returnable collateral.
Common forms of reflexive and passive voices
Along with the facts of a clear distinction between the reflexive and passive voices, there are synonymous formations, that is, those that differ formally, but represent the meaning of only one voice. There are also formations that differ formally, but represent reflexive and passive meanings: (ber+il- “to give in to something, devote oneself, to be given, to be given, to be taken away”, sat+yl- “to be sold” / “to be sold ").
1) Universitetten sora zhashyny bilimge ber+il+gen+in+e atasy bolmagyancha kuuana edi (informant). - “His father was incredibly glad that his son, after school, (completely) devoted himself to science” (the word form conveys a direct-reciprocal relationship between producer and action);
2) Toida kelinge kop altyn ber+il+di (informant). - “At the wedding, the bride was given a lot of gold.”
The above facts allow us to assert that, on the one hand, the reflexive and passive voices represent different morphological means, on the other hand, the presence in the Karachay-Balkar language of a process of convergence of these verbal forms by weakening the functions of the passive voice and mixing its form with the form of the reflexive voice. There is reason to think that the passive voice is losing its position in the language,
in particular, the scope of its functioning is narrowed. This is evidenced by the impossibility of describing a completely passive situation, if we assume that it contains an action, a producer and an object of influence. In particular, the language prohibits indicating the producer of an action if the verb is in the passive voice. In other words, a speaker of the Balkar language does not construct a statement such as the ration was given to the man by my father. If the informant is given the task of literally translating such a statement into the Balkar language, he inevitably resorts to an active construction such as the father gave the ration to the man.
1 For a bibliography and analysis of existing points of view in the field of Turkic linguistics, see: Sevor-tyan E. V. Verb-formation affixes in the Azerbaijani language. Experience of comparative research. M., 1962. S. 448-544.
2 See, for example: Dmitriev N.K. Grammar of the Bashkir language. M.; L., 1948. P. 179 ff.; Dmitriev N.K. Grammar of the Kumyk language. M.-L., 1940. P. 130 pp.
3 Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Turkish literary language. M.; L., 1956. S. 192-205; Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Uzbek literary language. M.; L., 1960. S. 187-198.
4 Kononov A. N. Grammar of the modern Turkish literary language. M.; L., 1956. P. 192. The source of the above formulation may well be the teaching of A. A. Shakhmatov: “In the Russian language, according to Shakhmatov, the forms of voice express either the attitude of the subject to the object of the action, or the impossibility of combining a given verb with an object” ( Quoted from: Vinogradov V.V. Russian language (grammatical doctrine of the word): 2nd ed. M., 1972. pp. 493-494).
5 Ivanov S. N. Turkish grammar course. Grammatical categories of the verb: Textbook. pos.: Part 2. L., 1977. P. 6-34. See also: GadzhiakhmedovN. E. Grammatical categories of verbs in the Kumyk language: Textbook. village Makhachkala, 1987. pp. 16-26.
6 Guzev V. G. Essays on the theory of Turkic inflection: verb (based on the material of the Old Anatolian-Turkic language). L., 1990. P. 53.
7 Sevortyan E.V. Verb-formation affixes in the Azerbaijani language. Experience of comparative research. M., 1962. S. 478-512; Comparative-historical grammar of the Turkic languages. Morphology. M., 1988. pp. 295-309.
8 Karachay-Balkar Russian dictionary. M., 1989. P. 234.
DEPOSIT
PASSIVE VOICE (edilgen çatı)
Turkish has four voice forms of verbs (not counting the real-medial voice). They all join in directly To positive basis of the verb, forming the so-called “second-form” basis of the verb (“prime-form” is the basis with a zero voice indicator).
The passive voice is formed from any verb by adding:
1 TO consonant
basics (except for basics with -l)
affix -ıl(-il, -ul, -ül).
EXAMPLES: ver/mek-to give;
ver/il/mek - to be given, to be given,
çık/mak - to go out,
çık/ıl/mak - to go out (impersonal).
2. K vowel affix basics - n.
EXAMPLES: dinle/mek - listen,
dinle/n/mek - to be heard,
3. To the basics l affix -ın (-in, -un, -ün).
EXAMPLES; bul/mak - to find;
bul/un/mak - to be found, to be; kal/ma mak - not to stay, kal/ın/mamak - not to stay (impersonal)
The main meaning of the passive voice in Turkish and Russian is similar: it denotes an action without (obligatory) indication of the real producer of the action, for example: “Book laid down on the table" (As opposed to "I, you, him, etc. put book on the table" - active voice). In this so-called passive sentence constructions the grammatical subject can be only logical direct object. If the predicate active designs were intransitive verb (i.e. there was no direct object and was not implied), then in Turkish the corresponding
passive design in general can't have grammatical
subject (grammatically impersonal sentence). This is shown in the following diagram (cm. diagram), where the grammatical division of the phrase is indicated by letters; P-sub-subject, S-predicate, PD - direct object, CD-kos-vsnnoe object. In the impersonal proposal the verb is always in the 3rd person singular form. numbers.
Note:* Or circumstance.
** The accusative case can also be unformed: (bir) mektup (okudu).
EXAMPLES: Kitap satılıyor.-The book is on sale
(Here, as in other cases, the real producer of the action
does not play a role. Sometimes it is clear due to the situation or context
Sonra sinemaya gidildi.
Then we went (“we went”) to the cinema.
Bu odadan geçilmez.
There is no way to pass through this room (you cannot pass through). “Girilir” - the inscription on the door: “Entrance”. Bir kadına boyle bir soru sorulur mu hiç?
Are women ask a question?
In a clerical style of speech nevertheless, there is - in principle unnecessary - a construction to designate the subject (the real producer) of the action: a name in the main case (or a pronoun - except onlar, bunlar - in the genitive) + the service name taraf "side" in the form taraf(ın)dan.
EXAMPLES:(onun) tarafından - to them;
bizim itarafımızdan - by us.
Mektup bir öğrenci tarafından okundu.
The letter was read by (one) student.
The participle of the passive voice refers to the name it defines not as the subject of the action (which can only be identified by a construction with the word tarafından), but as to its direct or indirect object or circumstance (place, time, etc.).
EXAMPLES:(öğrenci tarafından) okunan mektup
The letter read (by the student); yazılmayan kitap - unwritten book; yazılan adam - a person to whom (or about whom) they wrote, write (cf. yazan adam - wrote,
writing man); gidilen yer
The place where we went (lit.:"gone place") Dönülen saatte burada kimse yoktu.
At the hour when they returned (not specified,
who exactly), there was no one here..
From monosyllabic vowel stems in the passive voice, the present-future tense is formed, contrary to the general rule, by means of the affix -ır, -ir (and not -ar, -er).
EXAMPLES: denir (de+n+ir) - it is said, yenir - eaten.
A verb with a passive voice indicator can sometimes have a medial meaning: at ıl mak l) “to be thrown”; 2) “to rush, to rush” (ileri atıldı “he rushed forward”); çek il mek l) “to be stretched out”; 2) “remove; move away" (çekil oradan! "get away from there!").
REFUNDABLE DEPOSIT (dönüşlü çatı)
The reversible pledge shows that the action extends (transfers) to the producer of the action (for example, “he washes himself,” that is, he washes himself). The scope of use of the reflexive voice is much narrower than that of the passive voice, since it cannot, like the passive voice, be mechanically formed from any verb.
The reflexive voice is formed by adding the affix -n (for a final vowel) or -ın(-in, -un, -ün) (for a final consonant) to the stem of the verb. Thus, the indicators of the reflexive and passive voices partially coincide.
EXAMPLES: yıka-mak - to wash;
yıkan-mak - to wash, wash
(and be washed, washed); gez-mek - to walk; gezin-mek - to take a walk; giy-mek - to put on, dress; giyin-mek - to dress. Ahmet güzel giyinir. -Ahmed dresses well.
A verb with a reflexive voice indicator can remain transitive. In this case, the indicator -ın has the meaning “for oneself” or “for oneself”, “to oneself”.
EXAMPLES: Palto(yu) giyindi. - He put on his coat.
(You can also say simply: Palto(yu) giydi. - He put on his coat.)
Bir dost edindim . - I made a friend.
(buke. I made myself a friend.)
Two or even three voice affixes can be attached to one verb stem, and the passive voice indicator always closes this row.
EXAMPLE: Böyle giyinilir (giy+in+ il+ir) mi?
Is this how they dress?
In the combination n+ıl(-nıl) the first and second components can have the same meaning: yenmek, ye nil mek - to be eaten.
In some cases, joining -ın simply leads to the formation of a new (usually intransitive) verb. NOTE: sev “to love” + in = sevinmek - “to rejoice.”
On the other hand, some verbs with a passive voice indicator can have a reflexive meaning. EXAMPLE: katılmak - to join (to something).
1. Carry out a syntactic and morphological analysis of the following sentences and translate them into Russian:
1. Burası kitapçı dükkânı değildir, kitap satılmaz. 2. Polis tarafından
tutulduk. 3. Böyle havada şapkasız dışarı çıkılır mı hiç? 4. Derse
saat kaçta başlandı? 5. Bu soruya kısa bir cevap verildi: “Maç
oynanmayacak." 6. Beşiktaşa 22 ve 23 numaralı tramvaylarla varılır.
7. Cumartesi akşamı geliniz. Yeni bir piyes okunacak. 8.Bu oda
pek dardır. Burada oturulmaz. 9. Çocuklar biraz sonra gelecek,
daha kalkılmadı. 10. Bu kapıdan (içeri) girilmez, yalnız (dışarı) çıkılır.
11. Sabahlan yataktan kalkılır, jimnastik yapılır, yıkanıldıktan sonra
kahvaltı edilir. 12. Uzakta bir otomobil göründü. 13. Bize anlatır
mısınız, yabancı dil nasıl öğrenilir? 14. Böyle bir soru bir genç kıza
sorulur mu hiç? 15. Bu yazı bir arkadaşımız tarafından Rusça"ya
çevrildi. 16. Bak, bir mektup geldi. Demek henüz unutulmadım.
17. Nereye götürüyorlar, biliyor musunuz? 18. Filim seyredildikten sonra parka mı gidildi? 19. Buna ne denir? Tuhaf... 20. Biliyor musunuz, “Unutulan adam” piyesini yazan kim? 21. Allah Allah, böyle adamlara inanılır mı hiç? 22. Çabuk giyinin. Biraz sonra çıkılacak. 23. Ne çıkılan saati biliyorum, ne de gidilen kenti... 24. Boş ver yahu. Karıdan da korkulur mu? (Orhan Kemal)
2. Without changing the tense, form the passive voice form from the following verbs, write down the verbs that will lose their personal affix; Translate the original and received forms into Russian:
tutacaksınız, yürüdük, dolaşmasın, yer, inmem, seviyorsun, seyretmedi, düşmez miyim?, ölecekler, unutmayız.
3. Convert the active structure to passive:
Sample: Arkadaşım bir kitap satın aldı. - Arkadaşım tarafından bir kitap satın alındı.
1. Bu kitabı önce ablam, sonra da teyzemin oğlu okudu.
2. Dayım dün yolda bir kol saati buldu. 3. Aksam yeme-ğinden
sonra radyodan son haberleri dinlerler. 4. Devlet komitemiz
bütün bu meseleleri yarın konuşacaktır.
4. Based on the meaning of the following sentences, construct using
underlined words, participial phrases:
Sample: l Adam buradan gitti.- Buradan giden adam... 2. Ben de ona hediyemi verdim. - Ona verilen hediye...
1. Tam bu serada gok gürledi. 2.Bu adama there inanırım. 3. Kız kitap okumak için sedire yattı. 4. Bense kitap okumak için bir sandalyeye oturdum. 5. Kış mevsimini üç ay teşkil eder. 6. Boyle havada herkes üşüdu. 7. Kitabını neden okumuyorsun?
5. Translate the following sentences into Turkish:
1. They get to Edirnekapi by tram number 37.
2. We do not sell this book. 3. He put (on) a new one
costume. 4. Foreign languages are studied here. 5. I was grabbed
chen police on Kyzyl Elma Street. 6. Is that really the way to talk?
dating an elderly person? 7. They worked day and night. On the-
the end of the exam was passed. 8. At the meeting this issue was discussed for an hour. Then we moved on to another question. 9. We will review your film in two to three weeks. 10. Is it possible to work in such heat (is it possible to work)? I'm going to the beach. 11. Are children told such things? 12. Have you written a letter? - The letter will be written tomorrow. 13. You can’t write with such a pen (they don’t write): it’s very bad. 14. In what city is the newspaper “Ankara” published? 15. Why don't you answer asked question? 16. Read: “No entry.” And you come in. 17. The play “The Forgotten Man” was written by Nazim Hikmet.
DESIRABLE-CONDITIONAL MOOD (dilek - şart kipi)
In grammatical literature in Russian, this mood is called conditional; but often it acts as a function of the desired mood (in Turkish: dilek kipi), which will be considered here.
The named mood is formed by adding a stressed affix to the stem of the verb -sa, -se, for example: yapsa, yapılsa, yapmasa, yapılmasa, dönse, dönülse, etc.
Conjugation is carried out using personal affixes of the second group (similar to the form in -dı), for example, yapsam, yapsan, yapsak, yapsanız, yapsalar, dönseler, dönseniz, dönsek...
The desirable-conditional mood (in the function under consideration) expresses a desire related to the plane of the present or future time. This wish, is, however, somewhat abstract in nature, usually accompanied by the interjection “ah” “ah!” or modal word keşke “it would be better”, “that would be”.
EXAMPLES: Ah, biraz yağmur yağsa!
Oh, if only there was some rain! Keşke gelseler! - If only they could come!
2nd person forms express a polite request, recommendation, wish, for example: S iz kalsanız da beraber yemek yesek! - Would you stay and have lunch with us (“You would stay and we would have lunch!”).
Interjections A! e!, often accompanying these forms, merged with them and formed complex affixes -sana (sa + n + a), -sene and -sanıza, -senize. conveying a “polite command” or advice.
EXAMPLES: Gelsenize! -Come in! Come in!
Biraz gezinsene! - You should take a little walk!
The conditional-desirable mood, like the desirable one, is often accompanied by the particle mı or question words. Such complexes convey shades of hesitation, doubt, and indecision (in choosing an action).
EXAMPLES:Şimdi ne yapsak bir? Düşünsene.
What should we do now? Think about it.
Ne yapsam? Burada mı kalsam, içeri mi girsem?
What should I do? Stay here or enter
into the room (inside)?
In combination with olur mu"Can?" And olmaz mı“Isn’t it possible?” the conditional desirable mood conveys a polite request.
EXAMPLES:İçeri girsem olur mu? - Can I come in? 1 Burada daha biraz kalsak, olur mu?
(or; olmaz mı?)
Can (what. if) we stay a little longer?
(Can't we stay?) Daha bir parça kalsanız olmaz mı?
Could you stay a little longer?
Gitmesen ne olur?
Why don't you leave? What if you don't leave? (Stay here.)
1 İçeri gireyim mi? would mean "Should I come in?" (the answer may be: “I don’t know. I didn’t call”), and with the words Müsaadenizle gireyim “With your permission, I will enter” - the speaker actually enters without permission.
Refundable deposit in Turkish indicates that a person (object) commits action, but this action goes on yourself, and not at anyone.
In Russian this meaning is expressed using a reflexive particle -xia: he washes his face Xia (o yıkanıyor), he dresses Xia (o giyiniyor). In simpler terms, instead of a reflexive verb, you can always insert the construction "by myself" and the meaning of the sentence will not change. For example:
Mehmet yıkanıyor. – Mehmet washes himself.
Mehmet kendi kendini yıkıyor. – Mehmed washes himself.
In the second sentence reflexive verb "washes", we replaced the design "washes itself", but the meaning of the sentence has not changed.
Affirmative form
Affirmative form
+ if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or personal ending of pronouns
Let's see which affix is used in what cases:
N if the verb stem ends with a vowel.
yıkamak (to wash) - yıka n mak (to wash)
övmek (to praise) - övü n mek (to boast)
-ıl, -il, -ul, -ül, if the verb stem ends in a consonant (except for the stem ending in l). .
açmak (open) - aç ıl mak (open/open up)
atmak (throw) - at ıl mak (throw)
-ın, -in, -un, -ün, if the verb stem ends with the consonant l.
The choice of the desired affix is determined according to law of vowel harmony on “4”.
almak (buy, take) - al ın mak (buy, take)
The returnable deposit is built according to the same scheme at all times. And the affixes will be the same for all times. The only difference will be the personal endings of pronouns, which are discussed in detail in each topic by tense.
Let's see our rule in action with an example.
Let's look at the example of the verb açmak (open).
First we need to select the stem aç. Since the stem ends with a consonant ç, we will choose from the affixes -ıl, -il, -ul, -ül.
The choice of the desired affix is determined according to Law of vowel harmony on “4”. This means we will choose the affix -ıl.
As a result, in the infinitive we get the word aç-ıl-mak (to open). And in sentences, depending on the context and time, instead of the infinitive suffix, we insert the desired ending of personal pronouns. For example, the form of the pronoun He in the past time:
O kendi abisine sonunda açıldı. – After all, he opened (admitted) to his brother.
Exist verbs of exception, which are not formed according to the general rule. If you pay attention, you will notice that as a general rule we would use the affixes -ıl, -il, -ul, -ül, But in these words we use the affixes -ın, -in, -un, -ün.
You need to remember these words:
| sevmek (love/rejoice) | sev in mek |
| gormek (to see) | gör ün mek |
| dövmek (to beat) | dov ün mek |
| övmek (to praise) | öv ün mek |
| giymek (to dress) | giy in mek |
| gezmek (to walk) | gez in mek |
| tutmak (to hold) | tut un mak |
| soymak (take off/undress) | soy un mak |
| bakmak (view) | bak in mak |
| geçmek (to pass) | geç in mek |
| çekmek (to attract) | Check in mek |
| kaçmak (to run) | kaç in mak |
| germek (to bother) | ger in mek |
Abim her zaman annemin yanında övünüyor. – My brother always boasts in front of mom.
Bugün hava iyiydi o yüzden ben paltomu soyundum. – Today was good weather, so I took off coat.
Bugün biz ev aldık ve çok sevindik . – Today we bought a house and are very rejoiced.
As you have already noticed the principle of education returnable And passive pledges in affirmative form one and the same, and even the group of affixes is the same. Let's see how to differentiate these two forms from each other.
Firstly, the main distinguishing feature for us can be the semantic factor. IN passive voice the person does not perform the action, but, on the contrary, the action is performed on him.
In a reversible pledge, a person performs an action, but this action is transferred to himself and not to someone else.
For example, you can compare these two sentences:
Kapı rüzgardan açıldı . – Door was open by the wind.
This is the passive voice, since the door itself experiences the action "was open".
Kızım en sonunda bana açıldı. – My daughter after all opened up(in terms of trust, opened up) to me.
This is a refundable deposit since the action "opened up" directed at the one who performs the action - daughter.
That is, as you can see in Turkish, the word açıldı is written the same way in both the passive and reflexive voices. However, with careful translation, the semantic meaning will help you greatly.
For example:
Second difference: in reflexive voice the subject always answers the question "who what?" and is an animate object. IN passive voice most often there is either no subject, or instead there is a person or object that answers the questions “who?”, “what?”, “what?”.
For example:
Dün pencere kırıldı. – Yesterday window was broken.
This is a passive voice, since the subject of the action, that is, the one who performed the action, is unknown to us. In the proposal we see only the result - "was broken".
Dün o sana kırıldı. – Yesterday she offended at you.
This is a returnable deposit, since the subject is "she" is an animate subject and answers the question "Who?". In this case, the subject performs an action that is directed towards himself "offended".
Third sign is that if a sentence describes "a natural phenomenon", then it is always the passive voice.
For example:
Öğleye doğru hava açıldı. – By noon the weather cleared up.
Negative form
Negative form The returnable deposit is formed as follows:
Verb stem + reflexive affixes(1. -n; 2. -ıl (-il, -ul, -ül); 3. -ın (-in, -un, -ün)) + negative particle-ma / -me + if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or personal ending of pronouns
When choosing a negative affix, you must be guided by the following rule:
-ma (if the verb in the infinitive has the ending -mak); -me (if the verb in the infinitive has the ending -mek).
Otherwise, the principle of forming a returnable deposit is the same.
You probably already noticed that in negative form passive And refundable deposit formed in completely different ways. Therefore, you should not have any difficulties here. If you have already been given a sentence in Turkish, then negative affixes, which differ in the passive and reflexive voice, will serve as clues for you. If you want to write or say a sentence in Turkish yourself, then use the rule of formation that was given to you just above.
Bu sabah ben yıkanmadım. – This morning I didn't wash my face.
Biz doktora yazılmadık. – We didn't sign up to the doctor.
Onlar bize partide katılmadılar . – At the party they didn't join to us.
Interrogative form
Interrogative form The returnable deposit is formed as follows:
Verb stem + reflexive affixes(1. -n; 2. -ıl (-il, -ul, -ül); 3. -ın (-in, -un, -ün)) + if infinitive, then-mek / -mak , or personal ending of pronouns + interrogative particle mı / mi / mu / mü
Interrogative form passive And refundable deposit formed in the same way. In sentences, they can be distinguished using the methods described above.
Sen kız arkadaşından ayrıldın mı ? – You broke up with my girlfriend?
Ağaçtan yapraklar döküldüler mi ? – Leaves from the trees scattered?
Bu olaydan sonra sen sevindin mi? – After this incident you rejoiced?
Today in class we will talk about return
pledge. It is notable for the fact that
its design is almost no different from
registration of passive pledge. The only thing
the difference is that according to the first point
in the passive voice we have:
“The affix “il” is added to consonant stems (il,
ul, ül, ıl)", and in the return form, in addition to the basic rule,
can be added to many words (ın, in, un, ün). TO
unfortunately, there is no specific rule that
would tell us that there is no choice.
There are quite a lot of such verbs and you will learn these
exceptions by trial and error.
The second and third points absolutely coincide with
passive voice.
Registration of a refundable deposit
1. To consonant stems (exceptletters “L”) add the affix “il” (il, ul, ül, ıl)
or (ın, in, un, ün)
Yazmak -- yazılmak - sign up
Tutmak – tutunmak - to grab hold of
2. To the basics that end in “l”
we add the affix “in” by harmony to 4
(in, ın, un, ün)
Bulmak – bulunmak - to be
3. We add an affix to vowel stems
"n"
süslemek – süslenmek - dress up
Well, now we can look at examples
in more detail. You will say, how can this be - why 2 different
grammatical topics almost completely
coincide with each other. Shall we confuse?
we them. Aren't we going to get confused?
I answer friends - no, you won’t get confused.
Firstly, as we found out in the passive
we will never see the subject,
who performs an action, and in return
On the contrary, we will always have it.
Ben Noel ağacını süsledim.
I decorated the Christmas tree.
Noel ağacı süslendi.
El was dressed up. - passive voice.
Ben süslendim. – refundable deposit.
I dressed up. Secondly, a reflexive verb can be formed
not from any verb, and its range is limited.
As for the meaning and main meaning, it
coincides with the analogue of a refundable pledge in Russian
language. It shows that the action is moving on
the distributor of action itself, that is, we
We perform some action on ourselves.
I wash the dishes
Ben bulaşık yıkıyorum.
I'm taking a shower.
Ben yıkanıyorum.
I'm putting on a coat
Ben palto giyiyorum.
I'm getting dressed
Ben giyiniyorum.
I'm writing an article.
Ben makaleyi yazıyorum.
I'm signing up for courses.
Ben kursa yazılıyorum. Please note that in Russian
reflexive verbs that end in
infinitive on "to be"
(eğmek – to tilt, eğilmek – to bend),
(sevmek - to love, sevinmek - to rejoice),
boast (övmek – to praise, övünmek –
boast), (süslemek to dress up, süslenmeк to dress up), (korumak - to protect, korunmak -
defend)
Our problems begin when we
we realize that what is in Russian
reflexive, maybe not in Turkish
reciprocal and strictly vice versa.
There is no need to panic here - everything we need
words in finished form can be found in the dictionary
and see what they look like. In progress
communication you will remember which of them
returnable and which are not. Just to give some examples
mismatches.
So, in Turkish it is returnable, and in Russian
No:
Sıkılmak – to miss (Sıkmak – to squeeze)
Katılmak – participate (Katmak – add)
In Russian they are reflexive, but in Turkish they are not.
to rise – kalkmak, çıkmak
To be surprised – şaşırmak
Fall in love – aşık olmak And there is another interesting series of verbs,
which in Turkish have
return value and writing, but when
in this they are independent, and not
formed from some verb.
Utanmak – to be shy, but at the same time a verb
"utamak" does not exist, uyanmak –
wake up, but there is no verb uyamak either,
dönmek – to return, but of the verb dömek
also not found in nature.
That's how mysterious this returnee is
pledge. Let's make a few last
proposals with him Biz burada bu problemi çözmek için toplandık.
We are here to solve these
Problems.
Bizim lavabomuz tıkandı.
Our sink is clogged.
Soğuktan tüm yollar buzlanmış.
Because of the cold, all the roads were covered with ice.
Bugün yağmur altında tamamen ıslandım.
I got completely soaked in the rain today.
Onun alerji çıkmış bütün gün kaşınıyor.
He has allergies. He itches all day.
Ben sabunlandım ve o an sular kesildi.
I soaped up and at that moment the water was turned off.
