1) Segmented body, jointed limbs.
2) Chitinous cover.
3) The circulatory system is not closed, the heart tube is on the dorsal side.
4) Peripharyngeal nerve ring and ventral nerve cord.
Differences
1) Body parts: in crayfish and spiders - the cephalothorax and abdomen, in insects - the head, thorax and abdomen.
2) Legs: crayfish can have different numbers (each crayfish 10), in spiders 8 (4 pairs), in insects 6 (3 pairs).
3) Wings found only in insects, 2 pairs, located on the chest.
4) Eyes: in crayfish they are complex, faceted (consisting of many simple eyes), in spiders they are simple, in insects they are simple and complex.
5) Mustache: crayfish have 2 pairs, spiders do not, insects have 1 pair.
6) Respiratory and circulatory systems:
- Crayfish breathe through gills, oxygen is carried from the gills to all organs of the body by blood, so the circulatory system is well developed
- Insects breathe through tracheas: thin tubes through which air reaches every cell of the body. Blood does not carry oxygen, so the circulatory system is poorly developed (blood carries nutrients, metabolic products, hormones, etc.)
- Spiders breathe with lungs and tracheas; the circulatory system is moderately developed.
7)Excretory system: metanephridia (green glands) and Malpighian vessels, in crayfish only metanephridia.
In all insects, development is indirect (with metamorphosis, with transformation). The transformation can be complete or incomplete.
- Complete: egg, larva, pupa, adult insect. Characteristic of butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), mosquitoes and flies (Diptera), bees (Hymenoptera), etc.
- Incomplete: egg, larva, adult insect (no pupal stage). Characteristic of grasshoppers and locusts (orthoptera), bedbugs.
Choose the one that suits you best correct option. The grasshopper develops
1) indirect
2) with a doll
3) direct
4) with complete transformation
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What functions does the circulatory system of insects perform?
1) transports nutrients and harmful waste products
2) carries out the transfer of gases
3) delivers oxygen to cells
4) participates in metabolism and energy conversion in the cell
Answer
Establish the sequence of stages of development of cabbage whites
1) egg
2) doll
3) caterpillar
4) adult insect
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the animal’s characteristic and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects
A) preliminary digestion of food outside the body
B) division of the body into the cephalothorax and abdomen
C) eyes are simple, from two to eight pairs
D) the presence of one pair of antennae on the head
D) the presence of three pairs of limbs on the chest
E) eyes are compound, complex structure
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the animal’s characteristic and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects
A) the presence of a cephalothorax and abdomen
B) one pair of antennae
B) four pairs of walking legs
D) eyes are simple or absent
D) breathing only tracheal
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and the animals for which they are characteristic: 1) spider, 2) insect
A) respiratory organs - only trachea
B) chelicerae are developed
B) excretory organ - fat body
D) three pairs of walking legs
D) the body is divided into three sections
E) four pairs of walking legs
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the structural features of arthropods and the class for which they are characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the body consists of a head, chest, abdomen
B) there are antennae
B) 3 pairs of walking legs
D) there are only simple eyes
D) most have wings
E) there are pulmonary sacs and trachea
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of arthropods: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) respiratory organs - exclusively trachea
B) direct development for the majority
B) the presence of three pairs of limbs
D) blood does not tolerate gases
D) the body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen
E) the presence of one pair of antennae
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Incomplete transformation is characteristic
1) Peacock butterfly
2) fire beetle
3) dragonfly-yoke
4) house fly
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the insect and the type of its postembryonic development: 1) with incomplete transformation, 2) with complete transformation
A) Asian locust
B) cockchafer
B) cabbage whites
D) housefly
D) green grasshopper
E) honey bee
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the type of animal and the type of its postembryonic development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) desert locust
B) bread ground beetle
B) common mantis
D) honey bee
D) birch moth
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between a representative of the class of insects and the type of its development: 1) with incomplete transformation, 2) with complete transformation. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) locusts
B) stag beetle
B) cockroach
D) grasshopper
D) bed bug
E) cabbage butterfly
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the types of insects and the types of their development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) ground beetle
B) forest bug
B) green grasshopper
D) cockchafer
D) butterfly urticaria
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the types of insects and the types of their development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) swimming beetle
B) migratory locust
B) mole cricket
G) ladybug
D) dragonfly rocker
E) red ant
Answer
COLLECTING 6
D) gravedigger beetle
D) Colorado potato beetle
E) bug, harmful turtle
Establish a correspondence between the characteristic and the class of the type Arthropods: 1) Crustaceans, 2) Insects. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) Cephalothorax and abdomen
B) Excretory system - antennal glands
B) Respiratory organs - trachea
D) Respiratory organs - gills
D) Three pairs of walking limbs
E) Head, chest and abdomen
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of arthropods to which it belongs: 1) crustaceans, 2) arachnids. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of two pairs of antennae
B) regulation of insect numbers
B) the presence of four pairs of limbs
D) transmission of certain types of diseases dangerous to humans
D) external digestion
E) purification of reservoirs from organic residues
Answer
Read the text. It is known that Kamchatka crab is one of the most large species crustaceans, inhabitant of the Far Eastern seas. Using this information, select three statements from the text below that describe these characteristics of this organism. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. (1) The crab breathes oxygen dissolved in water. (2) The muscles of the crab's limbs are used as food. (3) Crabs are eaten by humans. (4) The body parts of the crab are the cephalothorax and abdomen. (5) Poaching significantly reduces the crab population. (6) Males reach a carapace width of 23 cm, a leg span of 1.5 m, and a weight of 7 kg.
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What signs are characteristic of the animal shown in the picture?
1) closed circulatory system
2) division of the body into head, chest and abdomen
3) ventral nerve cord
4) four pairs of legs
5) one pair of antennae
6) breathing using pulmonary sacs and tracheas
Answer
All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe the animal shown in the picture. Identify two terms that “drop out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) five pairs of walking legs
2) the presence of two to twelve simple eyes
3) the presence of a green gland
4) the body consists of a cephalothorax and abdomen
5) the presence of an arachnoid gland
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Indicate the signs characteristic of insects with incomplete metamorphosis:
1) three stages of development
2) external fertilization
3) the larva looks like an annelid worm
4) the larva is similar in external structure to the adult insect
5) the larval stage is followed by the pupal stage
6) the larva turns into an adult insect
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the classes of animals and their characteristics: 1) crustaceans, 2) insects. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) respiratory organs - trachea
B) respiratory organs - gills
B) three pairs of walking legs
D) five pairs of walking legs
D) direct development
E) development with complete and incomplete transformation
Answer
All but two of the examples below belong to orders of insects with complete metamorphosis. Identify two examples that “fall out” from the general list and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Coleoptera
2) Hemiptera
3) Diptera
4) Orthoptera
5) Lepidoptera
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What signs are characteristic of insects?
1) division of the body into cephalothorax and abdomen
2) division of the body into head, chest and abdomen
3) tracheal respiratory system
4) pulmonary respiratory system
5) four pairs of walking limbs
6) six walking limbs
Answer
Select three statements related to the difference between arachnids and insects.
1) They have an external chitinous skeleton that serves as a frame for the entire body.
2) Four pairs of simple eyes.
3) Open circulatory system.
4) There are Malpighian vessels.
5) Four pairs of walking legs.
6) The body consists of the abdomen and cephalothorax.
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Aromorphic changes in arthropods include the appearance
1) organs of vision and touch
2) closed circulatory system
3) limbs, consisting of sections
4) nervous system in the form of a chain
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of animals and the classes: 1) Insects, 2) Crustaceans. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) respiratory organs - trachea
B) three pairs of limbs
B) five pairs of walking legs
D) respiratory organs - gills
D) hard chitinous shell
E) excretory system - Malpighian vessels
Answer
Choose three options. What characteristics unite the crayfish, the cross spider and the cockchafer into the phylum Arthropods?
1) identical structure of excretory organs
2) chitinous body cover
3) compound eyes
4) closed circulatory system
5) division of the body into sections
6) ventral nerve cord
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the animal and the class to which it belongs: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects
A) honey bee
B) scorpio
B) red forest ant
D) malaria mosquito
D) taiga tick
Answer
Establish a correspondence between an arthropod animal and the class to which it belongs: 1) Crustaceans, 2) Arachnids, 3) Insects. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) scorpio
B) cross spider
B) egg-eater
D) Kamchatka crab
D) Black Sea shrimp
E) bed bug
Answer
Match the examples with the classes of animals: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects, 3) Crustaceans. Write numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) Kamchatka crab
B) bed bug
B) ladybug
D) cross spider
D) Black Sea shrimp
E) common mantis
Answer
Find three errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of the proposals in which they are made.(1) Insects are dioecious animals. (2) Females lay fertilized eggs, from which larvae hatch. (3) In some insects, the larvae do not look like adults; this type of development is called development with incomplete transformation. (4) In development with incomplete transformation, an insect goes through the following phases: egg - larva - pupa - adult. (5) Different diets between larvae and adults reduce competition and promote the survival of the species as a whole. (6) Representatives of orders of insects with incomplete transformation include grasshoppers, crickets, bedbugs, and mosquitoes. (7) Representatives of insect orders with complete transformation include butterflies, beetles, bees, and bumblebees.
Answer
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What organizational features contributed to the widespread distribution of insects on the planet?
1) development of the secondary body cavity
2) the presence of a nervous system with a nodal structure
3) high fertility
4) variety of mouthparts
5) the presence of stinging organs
6) the presence of wings
Answer
Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If an animal's heart has the structure shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) the presence of hemoglobin in red blood cells
2) pelvic kidneys
3) tubular nervous system
4) open circulatory system
5) branched tracheal tubes
6) indirect development
Answer
Match the characteristics with the organisms. Write numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) gill breathing
B) has two pairs of antennas
B) eyes are simple
D) has five pairs of walking legs
D) usually has arachnoid glands
E) walking legs do not have claws at the end
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Task 1. Do laboratory work.
Subject: "The external structure of an insect insect."
Goal of the work: study the external structure of insects using the example of a cockroach or a large beetle.
1. Make sure that the workplace has everything necessary to perform laboratory work.
2. Using the instructions given in paragraph 26 of the textbook, complete the laboratory work.
3. Fill out the table.
Task 2. Fill out the table.
Task 3. Color internal organs insect (red - circulatory organs; yellow - nervous system organs; green - digestive system organs) and label them.
Complete 4. Complete the table.
Digestive system, digestion, type of nutrition: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines. Extracellular digestionmouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gastric stomach, midgut, hindgut, anusSense organsSense organs
Comparative characteristics of arachnids and insects Comparable characteristic Class Arachnids Insects Distribution and lifestyle land and terrestrial arthropods all habitats except seas and oceans Body parts cephalothorax and abdomen, no antennae, 2 pairs of mouth organs head, chest, abdomen; 1 pair of compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae Limbs: number, location, structure 4 pairs of walking legs three pairs of legs or wings Digestive system, digestion, type of nutrition mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines. Extracellular digestion mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, crop, stomach, midgut, hindgut, anus Respiratory system lungs and trachea trachea Nervous system cephalothoracic ganglion large supraglottic node Sense organs well developed, there are several pairs of eyes well developed Reproduction and development internal fertilization dioecious insects
Task 5. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.
1. The class Insects includes all tracheal-breathing arthropods with three pairs of legs.
2. In all insects, the body consists of a head, chest and abdomen.
3. Insects have legs on their chest and abdomen.
4. Insects live not only on land, but also in water and soil.
5. Insects eat anything that contains organic matter. Some of them have even adapted to feed on wool, wood and beeswax.
6. Along with compound eyes, many good flying insects also have simple eyes.
7. Insect antennae are organs of smell.
8. Aquatic insects have developed gill respiration.
9. Excretory organs of insects - Malpighian vessels.
10. In insects, blood flows only through blood vessels.
Correct statements: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.
The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. The only group of invertebrate animals that has acquired the ability to fly.
The top and sides of the head are covered with a head capsule. On the sides of the head there are two compound eyes, between which there are usually simple ocelli.
There is a pair of segmented antennae on the head. The antennae contain tactile and olfactory receptors.
The mouth is located on the ventral side of the head and is surrounded by modified limbs that form oral apparatus. Beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers, butterfly caterpillars, etc. have gnawing mouthparts. It is formed by the upper lip, upper jaw, lower jaw and lower lip. The oral apparatus includes the tongue.
The chest is formed by three segments. Three pairs of walking legs are attached to the thorax segments.
On the dorsal side of the second and third segments of the chest there are wings - two-layer folds of the body integument. The trachea and nerves pass through the wing. Their occurrences form thickenings - veins. In beetles and cockroaches, the first pair of wings turns into hard elytra. In dipterans (flies, mosquitoes) only the first pair of wings is developed, and the second is transformed into halteres - stabilization organs during flight. Among insects there are primarily wingless species that belong to ancient, primitive groups. There are secondary wingless insects that have lost their wings due to their lifestyle, for example fleas, lice, etc.
The abdomen consists of a different number of segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen, but their rudiments may be present: styli, cerci, ovipositors.
The mouth leads into the oral cavity, into which the ducts of several pairs of salivary glands flow. The oral cavity passes into the pharynx, behind which is the esophagus, which sometimes expands into a goiter. The stomach is muscular, the intestines end with the anus. Insects do not have a liver.
The organs of excretion are the Malpighian vessels. The fat body takes part in the secretion. Modified areas of the fat body in some insects (fireflies) form luminescent organs.
The nervous system is formed by the brain, the peripharyngeal nerve ring and the ventral nerve cord.
The nerve ganglia of the thoracic segments are the most developed, since they innervate the legs and wings. The sense organs are complex and diverse; there are organs of touch, smell, taste, vision and, in some species, hearing.
Breathing is only tracheal. The tracheae begin with paired respiratory openings. Inside the insect's body, the trachea branches and entwines the internal organs.
The circulatory system is relatively poorly developed. The heart is tubular and located on the dorsal side of the abdomen.
Insects are dioecious, sexual dimorphism is pronounced. The gonads are paired and located in the abdomen. Fertilization is internal.
The development of primitive insects proceeds without metamorphosis. In highly organized insects, development involves metamorphosis (or transformation). In the latter case, development can be with incomplete transformation and with complete transformation.
During development with incomplete transformation, the organism goes through the following stages: egg - larva - adult insect. The larva hatched from the egg is similar to the adult insect in a number of important characteristics. Larvae and adult insects have a common body plan, the same type of mouthparts, and therefore a similar nutritional spectrum, and usually live in the same environmental conditions. Larvae differ from adult insects in the underdevelopment of their wings, an incomplete number of abdominal segments, and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Insects of the orders Orthoptera (grasshoppers), Cockroaches, Hemiptera (bugs), Homoptera (aphids), lice, etc. develop with incomplete transformation. In insects with complete metamorphosis, development proceeds according to the following scheme: egg - larva - pupa - adult insect. Larvae are fundamentally different from adult insects in their general body plan; as a rule, they have a different type of organization of the oral apparatus and a different range of nutrition, and live in different environments (for example, a mosquito and its aquatic larva). After the last molt, the larva goes into a resting state - pupates. With complete transformation, orders of insects develop: Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Fleas, etc.
Insects are a class belonging to the phylum Arthropods. The vast majority of arthropod species belong to insects. There are about 1.5 million species of insects. Compared to crustaceans and arachnids, they are more complex due to the fact that they are better adapted to living on land and have mastered almost all living environments here. They crawl on the ground, live in the soil, fly and jump. Some have even returned to life in water, but still breathe air.
Insects include beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, dragonflies, flies, bees, ants, cockroaches and many others.
The following general characteristics of insects can be given:
- The body is covered with a cuticle containing chitin(as with all arthropods).
- The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. The chest consists of three segments. The number of abdominal segments varies depending on the species (from 6 to 10 segments).
- Three pairs of legs(6 in total), which grow from the chest segments. Each leg consists of several segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus). In some insects, the legs may be modified due to the fact that they perform some other function rather than walking (for jumping, digging, swimming, grasping). For example, grasshoppers' hind legs are more powerful and long and provide them with a good jump. And in mantises, the front legs are modified into grasping limbs, with which it catches other insects.
- Most insects have two pairs of wings. They grow from the last two segments of the chest. In a number of groups, the first pair of wings is modified into hard elytra (for example, in beetles).
- On the head there is one pair of antennae, on which the organs of smell and touch are located.
- Insect eyes are complex (faceted), consist of many simple eyes (facets). Such eyes form a mosaic image (the overall picture is made up of small parts).
- Insects have a more complex nervous system and behavior than other groups of arthropods, but their general body plan is roughly the same. The brain (suprapharyngeal ganglion mass), peripharyngeal ring, and ventral nerve cord are distinguished.
- Insects can eat in different ways. In the process of evolution, they formed different oral apparatus(gnawing, sucking, filtering and other types). In any case, the formation of the oral apparatus involves the upper and lower lips, a pair of upper and a pair of lower jaws, as well as a chitinous tongue.
- The digestive system consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, crop (not always), stomach, midgut, hindgut, anus. Various glands that secrete digestive enzymes empty into the oral cavity and midgut. In the stomach of an insect, food is mainly crushed using hard chitinous formations. Digestion occurs in the midgut, which, at the border with the stomach, has blind processes in a circle that increase its surface.
- The excretory system is represented only Malpighian vessels. These are tubes, one end of which flows into the hindgut, and the other is in the body cavity and is blindly closed. Through the walls of the Malpighian vessel, waste products that need to be removed from the body are filtered from the body cavity in which blood flows. They exit the hindgut along with undigested food debris. Most harmful substances The body isolates insects in the so-called fat body (but its main function is the supply of nutrients).
- The respiratory system consists only of trachea- branched tubes penetrating the body. They open outward on each segment with a pair of holes.
- The circulatory system is not closed, i.e., blood flows from the vessels into the body cavity, and then collects again in the vessels. The blood is pushed by the heart, located on the dorsal side of the abdomen. From the heart, blood flows towards the head. From the head, blood flows in the abdominal direction through the spaces between the organs. Then it is collected again into vessels going to the heart. Blood is involved only in the transfer of nutrients from the intestines and the removal of harmful waste products from cells. Oxygen enters the tissues of the insect's body directly from the trachea. In them, carbon dioxide is released from the tissues. Despite the fact that the tracheal breathing system for arthropods is considered more advanced, and the trachea permeates the entire body of the insect, this type of breathing prevents the insects from increasing in size. A large body cannot be fully supplied with oxygen using tracheas.
- There are two types of insect development: with complete transformation and with incomplete transformation. In insects with complete transformation in the life cycle, metamorphosis is observed, when the larva, unlike adult individuals, changes greatly through pupation and becomes an adult, sexually mature insect. This development allows larvae and adults to feed and live in different places, which reduces competition between them. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis do not undergo metamorphosis in their life cycle. They emerge from eggs looking similar to adults. As the young grow, they molt several times and develop reproductive organs.
- During the historical development of life on Earth (evolution), many insects entered into a kind of symbiosis with flowering plants, becoming their pollinators and feeding on their pollen and nectar. This is what determined their external structure (especially the structure of the oral apparatus) and all the diversity and beauty of plant flowers. Many types of insects pollinate only certain types of plants, the flower of which is adapted for pollination only by that type of insect.
Hymenoptera
Stag beetle
Diptera
Scorpio girls
The structure of insects. The body of adult insects, like all arthropods, is covered with a chitinous covering, which acts as an exoskeleton, and is divided into a head, thorax and abdomen, which distinguishes them from other arthropods. The segments of the head are fused into a common mass, the segments of the thorax and abdomen are more or less clearly distinguishable. The head and chest bear limbs, the abdomen sometimes retains only underdeveloped limbs, i.e. rudiments.In the larvae of many insects, the division of the body into sections is weakly expressed.
Locust head
lip Lower lip
Upper jaw.
Lower jaw
Forebrain
Medium breast
The thorax of insects always consists of three segments calledanteriorly-, medium-Andrear-chest. The chest segments bear three pairs of walking limbs. The wide distribution of insects and their exploration of various habitats has led to the emergence of significant diversity in the structure of jointed limbs. The limbs of insects are a system of movably connected to each other.
Grasshopper
hom levers with a large number degrees of freedom, i.e. capable of varied and precise movements. Running legs most closely correspond to the described type. (bugs, cockroaches), most common among insects. In animals that can jump, such as grasshoppers, the femur and tibia of the back pair of legs are greatly extended. In burrowing insects - mole cricket- all legs, and especially the front ones, shorten, become massive and acquire powerful weapons of chitinous teeth. Swimming limbs are flattened in the form of an oar and equipped with a dense row of elastic paddle hairs ( swimming beetles).
Wasp medium
Autumn zhigalka
A characteristic feature of many insects is the ability to fly.Wings, one or two pairs, located on the second (mesothorax) and third (methothorax) thoracic segments and represent folds of the body wall. The wing has the appearance of a thin plate; it is two-layered.
Elytra
Dragonfly
swimmer
bordered
In different orders of insects, the fore and hind wings can be developed differently. Only in the least specialized insects (for example, dragonflies) are both pairs of wings equally developed, although they differ in shape. Beetles are characterized by the transformation of their front wings into thick and hard ones. elytra, which almost do not participate in flight and mainly protect the dorsal side of the body. Only the hind wings are real, which at rest are hidden under the elytra.
Movement
wings
Muscles
Blood
Respiratory
Ladybug taking off
The nervous system of insects, like that of other arthropods, is built according to the type of ventral nerve chain, but can reach a very high level of development and specialization. The central nervous system includes the suprapharyngeal ganglion - the brain, the subpharyngeal ganglion and the abdominal nerve chain of paired nerve ganglia - ganglia. The brain consists of three sections: anterior, middle and posterior.The sensory organs of insects can perceive a wide variety of irritations: mechanical, chemical, visual, sound, etc. Insects are capable of not only perceiving, but also making sounds. This feature is typical for representatives of many groups: straightcracker
lykh, Zhukov, Hymenoptera, butterflies etc. Chirping Orthoptera, for example, is due to the development of special devices, which are most often associated with wings. Yes, y grasshoppers these organs are located on the front wings, where the veins of the left wing acquire tooth-like projections and turn into the so-called bow, which the animal moves along the right wing.
Insect compound eye
Simple peephole
Feelings
body
cells
Pigment cells
In addition to complex (compound) eyes, many insects also have simple eyes that perceive only the intensity of light, and not images.
Crystal
Lens
Dragonfly eyes
The circulatory system of insects is not closed. In the abdomen above the intestines lies a long tube-shaped “heart”. Insect hemolymph is a colorless or yellowish liquid, the main function of which is to supply tissues and organs with nutrients.
Tsetse fly eyes
The respiratory organs of insects are a complex system trachea. On the sides of the mesothorax and metathorax and, in addition, on the abdominal segments there are up to 10 pairs of openings - spiracle. Air tubes permeate the entire body and deliver oxygen directly to tissues and cells, as if replacing blood vessels.
Horsefly eyes
Digestive system Reproductive system
Bumblebee collecting nectar
Dead beetle
SHSHYAYSHSH
The food of insects is varied, it includes almost all substances of plant and animal origin. Among insects there are allpoisonous, such as cockroaches, which feed on various plant and animal products. Many insects are vegetarians, feeding on all parts of plants, from the root to the fruit inclusive.
Ground beetle - predator
No less numerous are insect predators that eat other insects, worms, mollusks, etc. Finally, there are insects that feed on carrion, various kinds of waste and rotting products: manure, rotting plant debris, etc. Some insects specialized in extremely low-nutritive food ( feathers, horn, wax, etc.).The excretory organs are presentedMalpighian vessels- thin tubes that open into the intestines.
Reproduction of insects. Insects are dioecious. Their gonads are paired. Males have testes in their abdomen, from which vas deferens extend into the ejaculatory canal. The ovaries of females open into oviducts, which are connected below into a single vagina. Fertilization is internal. Sperm in the female genital tract remain viable for a very long time. On the-
Dragonfly larva
Egg Larva
Adult
Caterpillar Pupa
For example, a queen bee, after mating, lays thousands of eggs throughout her life (4-5 years) without repeated fertilization.
Postembryonic development of insects proceeds either without transformations or with incomplete or complete metamorphosis. With direct development, characteristic of lower insects ( foot- ponytail, Campodea), from the eggs hatch individuals that differ from adults mainly in their small size and underdeveloped sexual characteristics
organs. In insects with incomplete transformation, for example,grasshoppersorlocusts, emerge from eggslarvaewith the features of an adult organism -imago. The larvae undergo several molts and eventually turn into adult insects without going through the pupal stage. At complete transformation, characteristic of butterflies, worm-like larvae emerge from the eggs, completely different from the imago. Having reached a certain age, they stop moving and feeding and soon turn into dolls ku. Inside it, a profound restructuring of the body occurs with the formation of tissues and organs of an adult insect. At the end of this process, the integument of the pupa bursts and the
Dragonfly dit imago. Stages of development in insects are strictly
are confined to a certain season of the year: this phenomenon is calledseasonal cycle. Incomplete Variety of insects. Insect class
transformation is divided into two large groups - primary
but wingless and winged.
Complete transformation
TOprimary winglessinclude the most simply organized insects, such ascampodea, springtail, sugar silverfish and others, living in the soil, under stones, in moss, in basements and cellars. Their sizes are small, some do not exceed 1 mm. Together with other soil-dwelling animals, primary wingless animals participate in soil formation.
Springtail smintur Primarily unscratched
springtail
Silverfish
Silkworm
Red forest ant
Worker ant
The meaning of insects. The positive activity of insects in nature is primarily expressed in their pollination of plant flowers (about 30% of European flowering plants are pollinated by insects).
plant and animal residues that accumulate in abundance on the soil surface.
The negative consequences of insect activity are no less significant. Yes, many
Bee dance
: * Working
Honey bee
Termite castes
Uterus
Colorado potato beetle
Caterpillars of cabbage white butterflies Blood-sucking mosquito
Examples of the use of insects in human economic activities are well known. Since time immemorial, the East has bred silkworm, from whose cocoons silk was made. People breed bees to produce honey, a number of medicines (propolis) and wax. Some insects, for example riders, have found application in the fight against agricultural pests (for example,blood aphids)as their natural enemies.
Making silk threads from silkworm cocoons
What are the features of the external structure of insects?
How many sections does the insect body consist of?
How are the limbs of insects arranged?
What kind of wings do insects have?
How does the nervous system of insects work?
Describe the structure of insect eyes.
How do insects eat?
What is hemolymph? What are its functions?
How do insects breathe?
What are Malpighian vessels?
Complete task No. 117 on p. 89 (Workbook).
Choose the correct answer. Test on p. 132-136, option 1 (Test tasks).
Think
Why do insects have a poorly developed circulatory system?
Why is the circulatory system not involved in the transport of gases throughout the body?
Laboratory work
Complete work No. 13 on p. 18-20 (Laboratory work).
Work with computer
Refer to the disk. Study the lesson material and complete the assigned tasks.
http://www.floranimal.ru/classes/2703.html(Insects. general characteristics. Classification).
http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/biologiya/NASE-KOMIE.html (Insects. General characteristics. Role in human life).
The body of insects consists of three sections (head, thorax, abdomen). On the head there is one pair of compound eyes, sometimes simple eyes, a mouthparts formed by modified limbs, and antennae. The chest bears three pairs of walking legs, most have wings. Breathing is carried out using tracheas that penetrate the entire body. The circulatory system is not closed. Development in many forms is accompanied by a complex transformation from the larval stage to the adult organism. The lifestyle includes flying, running, burrowing and swimming insects.
Type Echinoderm*
The ancestors of echinoderms and chordates are considered to be animals that separated from the group of ancient polychaetes.
Sea stars
Holothuria
The integument of echinoderms consists of two layers: the outer - single-layer epithelium and the inner, formed by fibrous connective tissue, where various elements of the calcareous skeleton develop. U starfish the skeleton is formed by calcareous plates arranged in longitudinal rows and usually bearing spines protruding outward. Body sea urchins enclosed in a calcareous shell of rows of tightly connected plates with long needles sitting on them. The skeleton of holothurians is formed from small calcareous bodies of various shapes scattered throughout the skin.
The most characteristic feature echinoderms -water-vascular (ambulacral) system. It is represented by a ring canal surrounding the esophagus and five radial canals extending from it into rays. The latter produce paired branches to the legs - thin, highly extensible tubes equipped with a suction cup on one side and a bubble on the other. The water-vascular system is connected to the external environment through a channel (with calcified walls) and a porous plate. The water entering the system is filtered through the pores of the plate. Mobile echinoderms, using this system, can move by sticking to the ground; in immobile animals, gas exchange and excretion occur through the channels of the water-vascular system.
The muscles are developed to varying degrees - depending on the mobility and nature of the skin skeleton.
The nervous system of echinoderms has a radial structure: radial nerve cords extend from the peripharyngeal nerve ring according to the number of body rays.
Sense organs are poorly developed. Primitive ocelli are located at the ends of the rays of sea stars, and on the upper part of the body in sea urchins. There are also organs of touch.
The circulatory system usually consists of two annular vessels, one of which surrounds
mouth, and the other is the anus, and radial vessels, the number of which isstarfishcoincides with the number of rays of the body.
Diagram of the structure of a starfish
Structure diagram sea urchin
Intestines
Echinoderms do not have special excretory organs. The release of metabolic products occurs through the walls of the channels of the water-vascular system.
Legs
Development occurs through a series of complex transformations. Bilaterally symmetrical echinoderm larvae swim in the water column; During the process of transformation (metamorphosis), animals acquire radial symmetry and switch to a crawling lifestyle.
Many echinoderms have the ability toregeneration(restoration) of body parts. For example, from one beamstarfishthe whole animal can recover.
Starfish regeneration
Nervous system of a starfish
Starfish class
Starfish
Starfish live at the bottom of the seas, descending to great depths. They feed on bottom animals and organic remains.
Evasteria
mesh
Crossaster
Astroclex
