Border River
The Dniester River, originating in the Ukrainian Carpathians, flows through the western part of Ukraine, then crosses the border with Moldova and continues along the border with the unrecognized state of Transnistria, in its lower reaches it again carries its waters in Ukraine, where it flows into. At the point where it flows into the sea, the Dniester forms the Dniester Estuary - a bay within the Odessa region, separated from the sea by a sand spit.
There is still no consensus on the origin of the name of the Dniester River. There are many versions about its roots; in particular, one of them talks about Scythian-Sarmatian origins: according to it, the Dniester means “border river.” According to another version, the name can be translated as “southern river” or “swift river”.
On the banks of the Dniester, traces of the existence of ancient cultures have been preserved. In particular, Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians lived in the vicinity of the Dniester. One of the colonies at the mouth of the Dniester on the site of the modern city of Belgorod-Dniester was called Tyre and was mentioned in the works of Herodotus, who wrote about the strategic importance of the ancient Greek city as a supplier of provisions. Since ancient times, people have used the Dniester in trade. In particular, products were supplied from the Transnistrian region along the Dniester to Ancient Greece.
In the Middle Ages, the Dniester remained an important trade artery. It served as an important part of the transport infrastructure established by the Genoese - born merchants who sought to monopolize trade on the Black Sea. To consolidate their power, they erected several fortifications, including in the area of Tira, which was renamed Moncastro under the Genoese, and in the area of modern Bendery.
In the 15th century The Ottomans replaced the Genoese in the region. Monkastro under them became known as Akkerman, or the White Fortress. By the 17th century the Turks controlled southern Transnistria and approached the western bank of the Dniester, threatening to cross the water barrier deep into the region. However, in 1621, the Ottomans were defeated in the Battle of Khotyn and abandoned plans to conquer Poland. However, already in 1713, during the Northern War, the Ottoman Empire captured the city of Khotyn, on the Dniester.
From the second half of the 18th century. and until 1812, the border between the possessions of the Ottoman and Russian empires ran along the Dniester. During the Russian-Turkish wars, it repeatedly passed from one participant in the conflict to another, but in 1812 the city was transferred to the Russian Empire.
During the First World War, the upper reaches of the Dniester more than once found themselves at the very forefront of combat operations, during which the front line either ran parallel to the river, then perpendicularly, or directly along the riverbed. All three years the Dniester basin was engulfed in hostilities.
As a result of the Bolsheviks coming to power in Russia and its withdrawal from the war, Bessarabia was occupied by Romanian troops in 1918, and the Dniester for some time became the state border between Romania and the Ukrainian Republic, and subsequently (from 1922) the USSR. In June 1940, as a result of the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Romania lost Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR. As a result, the Moldavian SSR was formed, and the Dniester ended up entirely on the territory of the Soviet Union.
During World War II, military operations also took place on the Dniester. In particular, on August 20-29, 1944, the Iasi-Kishinev operation was carried out, as a result of which on August 24, 1944, the territory of Bessarabia was reoccupied by Soviet troops, ending the three-year occupation of the Dniester basin by the German-Romanian invaders.
The source of the Dniester is located in the Ukrainian Carpathians, near the village of Volche in the Lviv region of Ukraine. The bed of the Dniester is conventionally divided into three parts: the upper one - on a section 296 km long from the source, the middle one - 715 km long from the village. The lower one to the city of Dubossary and the 315-kilometer lower one - from the dam of the Dubossary hydroelectric station to the mouth.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the border between Ukraine and Moldova passed along the Dniester. The river itself, which previously passed its entire route through one country, was also divided.
In the 19th century navigation along the Dniester was associated with certain difficulties. They were due to the existence of shallow water areas, which made it impossible to establish steamship communication: repeated experiments proved that steamships could not cope with the obstacles awaiting them. However, thanks to significant investments from the authorities of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century. Serious work was carried out to deepen the Dniester bed for steamship traffic. The efforts were not wasted, and soon shipping began to develop rapidly on the Dniester. The funds spent on improving the river bed were subsequently compensated by increased fees.
During Soviet times, the entire Dniester River basin was managed as a single system. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, new states shared responsibility for the use of certain sections of the Dniester. This has significantly complicated the work of cleaning the Dniester and protecting its ecosystem, although intergovernmental agreements on the protection of the river are currently in force.
In 1991, when Moldova declared its independence, its eastern part on the other side of the Dniester proclaimed the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, which remains unrecognized to this day. In addition, one of the sections of the border between Moldova and Ukraine runs along the Dniester.
One of the features of the Dniester is that its basin is dominated by shallow rivers, their number exceeds 14 thousand. To date, 65 reservoirs have been created in the Dniester basin. Both the Ukrainian and Moldovan territories use the hydroelectric potential of the Dniester; the total capacity of the stations of the Dniester cascade is 1115 MW. In particular, the Dniester hydroelectric power station-1 and the Dniester hydroelectric power station-2 operate in the area of the Dniester reservoir. The reservoir, among other things, saves the nearest coastal cities of Ukraine and Moldova from floods and ice jams.
There are many natural beauties along the Dniester River. On the border of the Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Chernivtsi and Khmelnitsky regions of Ukraine on the Dniester River there is the Dniester Canyon, one of the largest in Europe. The canyon stretches for more than 250 km, its banks rise up to 250 m. This object is included in the list of seven natural wonders of Ukraine. In the Dniester Canyon there are relict forests and waterfalls.
In the Dniester delta there are the Dniester floodplains, which form the reserve of the same name. It is protected under the Ramsar Convention for the Protection of Wetlands. Many species of animals are protected on its territory, some of which are included in the European Red List, as well as in the Red Book of Ukraine. This is one of the favorite nesting places for birds; many species of fish also come here to spawn.
general information
Location: Eastern Europe, originates in the Ukrainian Carpathians and flows into the Black Sea.Administrative affiliation: , .
Largest tributaries: Stryi, Candle, Limnitsa, Bystritsa, Reut, Bull - right; Stryvigor, Rotten Lipa, Zolotaya Lipa, Koropets, Strypa, Seret, Zbruch, Smotrich, Ushitsa, Murafa - left.
Food: snow and rain.
Largest cities: Tiraspol - 133,807 people. (2014), Bendery - 91,882 people. (2014), Belgorod-Dnistrovsky - 57,210 people. (2012).
Numbers
Length: 1352 km.Pool area: 72,100 km 2 .
Water consumption: 310 m 3 /s.
Volume of annual flow: 10 km 3.
Source height: 911 m.
Water mineralization: from 300 to 450 mg/dm3.
Tributaries: approx. 400.
Water surface area of the Dniester estuary: 360 km 2 .
Average depth of the Dniester estuary: 2.6 m.
Climate and weather
Average January temperature: from -7°C in the upper reaches to -0.5°C in the lower reaches.Average temperature in July: from +15.3°С in the upper reaches to +20.9°С in the lower reaches.
Average annual precipitation: from 1200 mm in the upper reaches to 500 mm in the lower reaches.
Economy
Industry: electricity production.Fisheries, irrigation and water supply.
Service sector: transport, tourism.
Attractions
■ Cult: cave temple near the village. Wall (I-II centuries).■ Historical: the remains of settlements of the Scythians, Cimmerians and Sarmatians, the Belgorod-Dniester fortress (XIII-XV centuries), the remains of the Chervonograd castle near the village. Nyrkov (originally built in the 13th century), Bienevsky Castle in the village. Rakovets (XVII century).
■ Natural: Dniester floodplains, Dniester canyon, Dniester estuary, Bekirovaya Mountain, “Source of the Lady” in Rashkovo.
Curious facts
■ Thanks to the fact that the Genoese used galleys to transport goods along the Dniester, they could overcome even shallow areas. This was due to the fact that galleys have a shallow draft.■ Near the village of Stenka in Ukraine, you can see an ancient cult cave in the rock “wall” above the Dniester, in which an early Christian temple was built, the decoration of which showed not only traditional Christian, but also pagan symbolism.
■ Many gray gulls live in the lower reaches of the Dniester. This is one of several deep rivers, along with the Dnieper and Danube, where the population of these birds is especially large.
■ Between the Prut and Dniester rivers there is an area called the “Hundred Hills”. In fact, on an area of about 1 thousand hectares there are more than 3.5 thousand hills.
Dniester originates on the eastern slopes of the Carpathians, on Mount Rozluch, near the village. Vovche Lviv region. Having descended from an altitude of about 900 m above sea level, the river, like a mountain stream, makes its way through the Ciscarpathian region, crosses the southwestern part of the Podolsk Upland, flows through Moldova, then enters its territory and, as an impressive navigable river, flows into the Dniester estuary again on the territory of Ukraine. The length of the river is 1362 km, the basin area is 72100 km2.
The origin of the name "Dniester" has not been definitively established. It is believed that the first part of it follows from the words “dana”, “dna”, “don”, which mean “river”. The second part of the name is derived from words that mean “southern”. Therefore, "Dniester" means "southern river". There are other arguments about the origin of its name.
Up to the city of Galich, the river is distinguished by its mountainous character. From the village Nizhnev to the river The Zbruch Dniester runs through a canyon-like valley.
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A unique creation of Mother Nature, the depth of which reaches 200 m, width - 1 - 5 km, length - 10 km. Fabulously picturesque landscapes, clear skies, fresh air, rivers, luxurious oak forests...
Dniester-Beremyansky Canyon owns huge recreational reserves. There are also mountains here - among the flat valley of the Beremyansky canyon, like islands, the domed peaks of Bolshaya and Malaya Govdy, as well as Chervona, majestically rise up like islands, which appeared during the process of mountain building in the Carpathians.
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In summer, the air here is filled with the intoxicating aromas of pine resin, honeyed herbs and shrubs. You can breathe easily: it seems that you are not inhaling air, but drinking a healing, aromatic drink. All this has a beneficial effect on the human body, invigorates, improves mood, and relieves fatigue.
Spring is stormy on Chervona Gora. It has its own special microclimate. On open areas the sun has already called the grass and the first flowers to life, and nearby on the slopes with northern exposures the remains of snow are still white.
IN Dniester-Beremyansky Canyon much warmer than in the village nearby. This is predetermined by high banks with a southern exposure, which retain the winds and do not release heat. There is less cloudiness here than, say, in Ternopil. All this has a beneficial effect on temperature regime, number of clear days, intensity of sun rays.
You can spend your leisure time here extremely richly. From the mouth of the Strip there is the opportunity to take walks along routes, each of which opens up a new landscape, a new panorama of the landscape. On both sides of the Dniester, many man-made monuments were erected: castles, palaces, temples...
When you look at the huge red Devonian rocks that rise above the Dniester, it seems as if you are in a mountainous country. The peaks of the cliffs of Chervona Mountain rise 150 meters above the Dniester and 360 meters above sea level. There is no better viewing platform for contemplating the panoramas of the Dniester.
Change of environment, favorable temperature conditions, increased solar Activity- all these climatic factors in the lap of picturesque nature, they give the traveler a feeling of satisfaction and peace, contribute to the rapid restoration of strength and ability to work, and energize them emotionally.
There are also waterfalls here: the two largest are Rusilovsky and 
Sokiletsky- bright decorations of the earth, her necklace. The fall of water from a considerable height or from a small ledge, a thunderous roar or gentle murmur, the radiance of a rainbow always attunes a person to a special, poetic mood.
Not far from the Dniester is located Dzhurinsky waterfall(16 m), which is considered the largest flat waterfall in Ukraine. It is cascading, so it provides many opportunities for extreme sports enthusiasts, Jacuzzi lovers, and experimenters.
For those who are interested fishing, Dniester- just paradise. After all, in its waters there are pike perch, catfish, wild carp, pike, madder, chub, podust, small fish, roach, rudd, tench, perch, crucian carp, perch, bream and others.
Order rafting on the Dniester website www.tourclub.com.ua
Dniester (river)
Area: 72100 hectares
Depth: 20 m
Fish: bolts, eels, squid, brines, clams, cream, cream, asps, catfish, skewers, cattle beef, pike, cupid, karst carp, carp
During fishing itself, the Dniester is free. Go to the dam itself (don't take much with you, it will be difficult to climb up) and throw it under the shore, either into the sand hook or into the seaweed, and the hook will be in the water))).
Catch it alone.
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Oceans, lakes and rivers
Dniester River
From source to delta
The Dniester River flows through Eastern European countries and crosses these countries such as Ukraine and Moldova. The source is located in the Carpathians at an altitude of 911 meters. It is near the Ukrainian village of Volchye, 8 km from the Polish border. The Rozlukhsky ridge extends 2 km from the village.
It has several peaks with a height of about 900 meters. The highest peak is Chontevka. Its height reaches 913 meters. Here on the slope the top is off the ground and a small stream flows. It joins with many other streams and gradually forms a river, carrying its waters to the southwest.
Then it turns to the northwest, between Dankovets and Stary Polyarny, it is directed to the southwest and is located in a narrow valley where the village of Volchi is located.
He then plunges the watercourse to the northwest. Here it flows into small rivers such as Zhukotinets, Dniester-Dub, Malinovskaya, Stryi and Kruglaya.
The stream becomes wider and deeper, but, given the local topography, it has the characteristic of a mountain river. It quickly moves its waters at the foot of the Carpathians, turns to the southeast and is located near the Ukrainian city of Galich.
The last notes
Here the flow slows down, and the river takes on nature.
It constantly moves towards Moldova and absorbs such tributaries as Smotrych, Zolotaya Lim, Strypa and Zbrukh. On the territory of Moldova, the length of the Dniester is 660 km. The coastal terrain in these places is characterized by steep banks intertwined with numerous ravines.
It begins in the village of Vykhvytyntsi Reservoir Dubossary.
It was designed with a dam built in Dubossari in 1955. The length of the tank is 128 km. The average width is 528 meters. The maximum depth is 19 meters, with an average of 7 meters.
The area reaches 67.5 square meters. km. On the shore of the reservoir there is a nature reserve "Yagorlyk" with unique fauna and flora.
According to Dubossari, the water flow spreads across the width. The width of the river valley reaches 16 km. The slope of the river bed is very small and is characterized by floods. In Moldova, the river feeds tributaries such as the Botna, Reut and Bull. 150 km from the mouth, in the area of the great village of Chobruchi, the river is separated by a branch called Turanchuk.
Its length is 60 km with a maximum depth of 9 meters and a width of 30 meters. Once again, the main waterway is reunited on Ukrainian territory.
This is a kingdom of many lakes, with an area of 39.5 square meters.
km. The largest of them are Lake Beloye and the mouth of Kuchurgan. The latter is located on the border of Moldova and Odessa region. It is 17 km long and 3 km wide with an average depth of 3.5 m.
Dniester on the map of Eastern Europe
Reunited with Turunchuk, one stream of water flows into the mouth of the Dniester.
This is the Black Sea Bay, located in the Odessa region. Its length is 41 km, average width is 8 km, average depth is 2.7 meters. The estuary is separated from the sea by the narrow lid of Bugaz. In the past the mouth was called Ovidi Lake.
The Dniester has a length of 1362 km. The area of the pool is 72 thousand square meters. km. The river delta is full of swamps and lakes. This is a favorite nesting place for a large number of different birds.
In the Odessa region there is a protected natural border with the name "Dniester Blue",
Feeding the river
Water flows through rain and snow. The river is characterized by flooding between summer earthworms. Floods are common. In winter, given the warm winters, the stream almost freezes. Ice cover is very rare and lasts a maximum of one month. The waters of the Dniester need big cities like Odessa and Chisinau for their needs.
On the river in the upper boundaries the forest merges. Concerning environment, the water is heavily polluted.
shipping
The ships travel along the river from the Moldovan city of Soroca to Lake Dubossary and from the dam to the exit from the Dniester. Deliveries are made almost every year. The flow of water, which begins near the Polish border, is of great economic importance for Ukraine and Moldova.
It irrigates the land, provides water to the inhabitants of many cities, and carries loads. Without this important waterway, life in this region would be unimaginable.
Maxim Shipunov
502: Bad Gateway
Rafting on the Dniester
Coordinates: 49°50′15″ N. w. 24°01′00″ E. d. / 49.837396° n. w. 24.016749° E. d. / 49.837396; 24.016749 (G) (O) This term has other meanings, see Dniester (meanings). Hotel "Dniester"
"Dniester"(“Dnister”, Ukrainian Dnister) is a four-star hotel in Lviv (Ukraine). Located near the historical part of the city, in front of the upper part of the Ivan Franko Park, at st.
Yana Mateiko, 6. The Dniester Hotel is part of the Premier Hotels chain, which unites 7 hotels in Ukraine.
The hotel has 165 comfortable rooms, including 12 suites and 105 Premier rooms.
Dniester River
The rooms are equipped with Wi-Fi Internet. “Dnestr” also has a restaurant with six halls for 230 people, a cafe-bar with 50 seats, a business center, 5 conference rooms, a bank and a parking lot.
Story
The Dniester Hotel was built in 1980-1982 by architects L. Nivina and A. Konsulov, who were the authors of another large hotel of the Soviet era - the Lviv Hotel (1965).
The hotel project was developed in 1970.
The prismatic ten-story building faces the park with its main façade. On the first two floors, lobbies, a restaurant, banquet rooms, auxiliary premises, which appear on the façade in the form of continuous glazed strips. The technical floor was designed in the form of an aluminum anodized horizontal frieze.
The residential floors have the appearance of stained glass glass, divided by cladding made of anodized aluminum in golden and dark brown shades. The building ended with a covered terrace with a summer cafe with 120 seats and a view of the central part of Lviv.
In May 1999, the Dniester Hotel became the meeting place for the presidents of nine countries participating in the summit of heads of state of Central Europe.
Literature
- Tregubova T.
O., Mikh R. M. Lviv: Architectural and historical drawing. - Kiev: Budivelnik. - pp. 235-236. (Ukrainian)
Links
- Official site
- Premier Hotels website
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Dniester (hotel, Lviv) what, Dniester (hotel, Lviv) who, Dniester (hotel, Lviv) explanation
There are excerpts from wikipedia on this article and video
The Dniester River passes through European lands and flows through countries such as Moldova and Ukraine. The upper reaches of the river are located in the Carpathians at 911 meters above sea level, in the Ukrainian village of Volchye, just 8 kilometers from the Polish border. About 2 km from the settlement stretches the Rozluchsky mountain range. It has several peaks whose height is approximately 900 meters. The highest peak is Chontyevka. It has a height of 913 meters. It is in this place on the slope of a mountain peak that a small stream breaks through from the bowels of the earth. It combines with other streams and as a result a river is created that carries its water flows to the southwest. After this, it turns to the northwest, but already between Stary and Dankovets Pol it turns in a southwestern direction, then it finds itself in a narrow valley, where the village of Volchye is located. Afterwards the water current goes to the northwest. Where is ?
At this point the following rivers flow into it: Zhukotinets, Malinovskaya, Dnestrik-Dubovy, Stryi, Kruglaya. The river becomes wider and deeper, but given the local terrain, it has the character of a mountain stream. The river very quickly carries its own waters through the Carpathians, turns to the southeast, and then ends up near the Ukrainian town of Galich. At this point the flow becomes slow and the river begins to take on a flat character. The water flow of this river flows steadily towards Moldova and at the same time includes tributaries: Smotrich, Strypa, Zolotaya Lipa, Zbruch. In Moldova, the length of the Dniester River is 660 kilometers. The coastal topography of this area is characterized by sharp shores, which are cut by countless ravines. The Dubossary reservoir originates on the territory of the village of Vykhvatintsy. It was formed with the help of a dam, which was built in Dubossary in 1955. The length of the reservoir is 128 kilometers. Arrange for yourself.
Continuation of the journey
Having united with Turunchuk, this water current flows into the Dniester estuary. This place is a bay of the Black Sea, which is located in the Odessa region. It is 41 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide, and 2.7 meters deep. The estuary is separated directly from the sea by a narrow spit called Bugaz. In ancient times, the estuary was called Lake Ovid. The Dniester River has a length of 1362 kilometers. The basin has an area of 72,000 square kilometers. The river delta is full of lakes and swamps. This is a favorite nesting place for birds.
Dniester(Dnister uk, Nistru mo, Τύρας grc, Tyras, Tiras la) - a river in Eastern Europe. It flows from northwest to southeast within the territory of Ukraine and Moldova. Flows into the Black Sea.
Etymology
The name of the river goes back to the ancient Iranian words “da”, “do”, “du”. The concept of “river” in ancient times was denoted by a pair of Proto-Indo-European monosyllabic words “da na” (flows here), “do na” (flows here), “du na” (flows inside here). This is where the first part of the word comes from - “Dn-”. The Greeks called the Dniester Tiras (Τύρας el), the Italians - Genestr, the ancient Germans - Agalingus, the Turks - Turla. In the Scythian-Sarmatian language the word dānu meant water, river (in modern Ossetian - “don”). There is a version that the name Dniester comes from the Scythian-Sarmatian (ancient Iranian) Dānu nazdya, which means "border river".
Version according to Abaev V.I.: “Dn(e)” is undoubtedly the Scythian-Sarmatian dānu - water, river, but the second part of the word “-str” is the obvious Ossetian “’styr” (the sound “y” in Ossetian so short that in some cases it is practically inaudible between consonants) and is translated into Russian as large or great, going back to the ancient Iranian (Scythian-Sarmatian) “*stūra” - large, huge. That is, the modern name of the Dniester River means Big River (water).
Story
Since time immemorial, the Dniester served as a busy waterway for the export of goods produced in the Dniester region. Herodotus also mentions the Tiras River (the ancient name of the Dniester) and the colony of Tire located at its mouth, which supplied local products ancient Greece. Sources dating back to the 1st century AD e. indicate the right of duty-free transportation of goods granted to the residents of Tire.
Later, in the 12th century, Russian chronicles indicate the existence of the Belgorod colony at the mouth of Tiras, which arose on the site of the Greek city of Tire. From that time on, the trade influence of the Genoese increased on the Dniester. They established a number of trading posts on the river, for the protection of which they built fortresses in Bendery (Tigina, Tigina mo, Tyaginya Kacha tr), Soroki (ancient Olchion), Khotyn and Belgorod, the remains of which have also survived to this day. The most important Genoese trading point was Belgorod (Moncastro, Monkastro it, Cetatea Alba, Cetatea Albe mo), which was protected by an earthen rampart and turned into a fortress. The Genoese are credited with introducing on the Dniester, for the rafting of cargo, a type of vessel known as a galley (which is a rectangular box) with a carrying capacity of 12 tons. The slight draft allowed the galleys to navigate even the shallowest sections of the Dniester.
Subsequently, with the capture by the Turks of Monkastro, which they renamed Akkerman, as well as with the transition of the territory of the lower and middle Dniester region to the rule of the Turks, the trade importance of the Dniester began to fall and the adjacent region became an arena for frequent wars between the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Poland and the Zaporozhye whipping. Only with the annexation in 1791, according to the Treaty of Yassy, of the region between the Southern Bug and the Dniester to Russia, local wholesale trade and Dniester shipping began to revive again, and by the beginning of the 20th century it reached a large scale.
The only ship that existed on the river, a galley, actually served as the initial reason for the government’s concerns about the establishment of Dniester shipping. In 1881, the Bessarabian zemstvo presented a memorandum to the Minister of Railways, in which it was found that the ever-increasing competition of the North American States, which had already displaced Russian wheat from some markets in Western Europe, due to the danger and high cost of transporting bread along the Dniester, put Pridnestrovian the region is in a critical situation, despite the fact that the actual cheapness of bread production, compared to America, remains on the side of Bessarabian producers. And indeed, the cost of delivering a pound of wheat, taken on the banks of the middle Dniester (between Mogilev and Soroki), passed through Odessa stores and put on a ship in the Odessa port for shipment abroad, reached 40 kopecks or more, and even then only under favorable conditions .
A number of attempts were made to open steamship traffic on the Dniester. Thus, in 1843, the Russian government ordered a steamship from England, named “Dniester”, but on its first voyage it was unable to pass the Chobruchi bends (rifts near the village of Chobruchi) and reach the city of Tiraspol. In 1847, the steamship “Luba”, 90 feet long, 14 feet wide and with a draft of 2 feet, appeared on the Dniester, but it also encountered serious difficulties when sailing along the river and soon left the Dniester. With the establishment of the “Russian Society of Shipping and Trade” in 1857, they sent the steamship “Brother” to the Dniester, which was also forced to abandon movement along the river. Popovich’s attempt made in 1864 with the steamship Maria led to the same disappointing result. In 1867, a steamship society was formed by Prince Lev Sapega, but the very first steamship, the Dniester, having passed down the river, was forced to leave forever for the Black Sea, and the society itself disintegrated. Finally, in 1872, Pomero, taking advantage of high water, traveled by steamer along the Dniester to Mogilev and back, but this fact could not restore steamship traffic along the river.
Among all these attempts, the expedition undertaken in 1881 by the “Russian Society of Shipping and Trade” to finally resolve the question of whether the Dniester in its natural form is capable of steamship traffic deserves special attention. This expedition led to the conviction that in order to establish a shipping company on the Dniester, preliminary serious measures were needed to improve the river bed. Since 1884, work began on removing stones from the Dniester bed, clearing rapids with dynamite and deepening the shallowest rapids of the Dniester by building stone correctional structures and dredging. To reimburse the government's costs for improving the river, the Highest approved opinion of the State Council of November 29, 1883 established a special tax of 1% on the cost of Dniester cargo in addition to the ¼ percent shipping tax that exists on all rivers of the Russian Empire.
From the start of work in 1884 to 1893, a total of about 1 million rubles were spent on improving the Dniester, and thanks to the work carried out, the river became accessible to towing and passenger shipping, which was not slow to develop on it, and the amount of cargo began to increase rapidly and increased by 4 times, as can be seen from the following table:
Such a significant increase in cargo is explained by a very significant reduction in the cost of delivering Dniester bread to Odessa, depending on the emergence of a towing shipping company - up to 16 kopecks on barges and 30 kopecks on galleys. For 16 million Dniester cargo, this amounts to savings of at least 2 million rubles annually, as a result of which there can be no question of the burdensomeness of the established fee, which comes in the amount of about 100 thousand rubles. Collecting this from 1889 to 1893. more than 600,000 rubles were received, and, consequently, the government reimbursed about ⅔ of the expenses made up to that time on the river.
In 1887, the Shipping and Trade Society in Bendery built a ship adapted for navigation along the Dniester, called “Dniester”.
In 1900, two cargo-passenger ships made regular trips along the Dniester along the Bendery-Tiraspol-Ackerman line. In the period until 1917, the steamships “Bendery”, “Bogatyr”, “George the Victorious”, “Korshun”, “Maria” and others plied the river.
From 1918 to 1940, the Dniester served as a demarcation line between Romania and the USSR and was strictly guarded. In coastal villages, Romanian authorities allowed lights in houses to be turned on only with the shutters tightly closed. During this period, navigation along the Dniester was stopped and resumed only in 1940.
During the Great Patriotic War The Dniester became the scene of battles between the German-Romanian invaders and the Soviet army (see Iasi-Kishinev operation).
In 1954, a hydroelectric dam was built near Dubossary and the Dubossary reservoir emerged. In this regard, regular navigation became possible only in two isolated areas: from the city of Soroki to the Dubossary hydroelectric power station dam and from the hydroelectric power station dam to the mouth.
In the 40-70s. mining was carried out from the bottom of the river sand and gravel mixture used in construction. In the late 1980s, environmentalists came to the conclusion that further extraction of the mixture could cause damage to the Dniester, and it was stopped. Due to the collapse of the USSR and the economic crisis in the 1990s, navigation along the Dniester decreased significantly, and in the 2000s it practically ceased, with the exception of navigation small vessels and pleasure boats in the area of Tiraspol and Bendery.
The most severe floods on the Dniester were in 1164, 1230, 1649, 1668, 1700, 1785, 1814, 1841, 1850, 1864, 1877, 1932, 1947, 1955, 1967, 1969, 1998, 2008.
Geography
Length - 1352 km, basin area - 72.1 thousand km². It originates in the Carpathians at an altitude of 900 m, flows into the Dniester estuary, which is connected to the Black Sea. The average water flow in the lower reaches is 310 m³/s. The volume of annual runoff is 10 billion m³.
In the upper reaches of the Dniester flows in a deep narrow valley and has the character of a fast mountain river. The current speed in this area is 2-2.5 m/s. Here it flows into the Dniester a large number of tributaries originating from the slopes of the Carpathians, mainly on the right. The largest of the tributaries in this area is the Stryi. Below Galich the current becomes calmer, but the valley remains narrow and deep.
In the middle reaches, tributaries flow in only from the left: Zolotaya Lipa, Strypa, Seret, Zbruch, Smotrich, Murafa. The length within Moldova is 660 km. The area of the basin within Moldova is 19,070 km², which is 57% of its territory. Below Mogilev-Podolsky, the valley widens somewhat, but up to the village of Vykhvatintsy, Rybnitsa region (Transnistrian Moldavian Republic), the Dniester still flows in a narrow and deep canyon-like valley with high, steep and rocky banks, indented by ravines.
In the area from the village of Vykhvatintsy to the city of Dubossary, the Dubossary Reservoir stretches about 120 km long. South of Dubossary, the Dniester valley widens noticeably, reaching 10-16 km in its lower reaches. Here the slopes of the riverbed are very small, and the river forms large bends - meanders, and floodplains begin.
In the lower reaches, Reut, Byk, Botna flow into the Dniester from the right. 146 km before the mouth, below the village of Chobruchi, the Turunchuk branch branches off to the left of the Dniester, which again connects with the Dniester through Lake Beloye, 20 km from the mouth. The Dniester flows into the Dniester estuary, which is 40 km long.
The Dniester Delta is a nesting place for a large number of birds; a large number of rare species plants. The lower reaches of the Dniester, in particular the area of the confluence of the Dniester and Turunchuk, are included in the international list of the Ramsar Convention for the Protection of Wetlands. On the territory of the Odessa region, in the floodplains, a protected area “Dniester floodplains” was created.
The Dniester is fed by snow and rain. Sudden rises in water levels are common on the river, especially from summer rainfall, often causing floods. The freeze-up does not last long; in warm winters the river does not freeze at all.
The waters of the Dniester are used for water supply to many settlements (for example, Odessa, Chisinau), irrigation; In the upper reaches of the river, timber rafting is carried out. The concentration of a number of pollutants is above 10 maximum permissible concentrations.
Navigation is carried out in the sections from the city of Soroki to the Dubossary hydroelectric power station dam and from the hydroelectric power station dam to the mouth.
The cities of Khotyn, Mogilev-Podolsky, Yampol, Soroki, Zalishchyky, Kamenka, Rybnitsa, Dubossary, Grigoriopol, Bendery, Tiraspol, Slobodzeya, etc. are located on the Dniester.
Part of the state border between Ukraine and Moldova runs along the Dniester.
