The coasts of the seas are "covered" by a series of nautical charts, each of which covers its own geographical area.
To communicate with neighboring charts and preserve the continuity of the graphic reckoning of the ship's path, neighboring charts have "finds", i.e. mutual overlaps.
Maps are printed on standard sheets of 75 x 100 cm. In addition, they can be printed on half or a quarter of a standard sheet with dimensions of 75 x 50 and 38 x 50 cm, respectively.
If some part of the coast is not placed in a given scale on a standard sheet, in addition to the map imprint, a valve can be printed on a non-standard sheet.
The valve is glued to the main sheet of the card. Sometimes the valve is printed in free space directly on the card.
Nautical charts are assigned five-digit Admiralty numbers. Each of the digits of the map number conditionally denotes the name of the ocean or its part, the type of map depending on its scale, the area of the ocean or sea, and the serial number of the map in this area. Special alphabetic or numeric designations are introduced for reference maps and special-purpose maps.
The cartographic grid of the sea chart is filled in accordance with its purpose with geographical and navigational content elements, inscriptions and elements additional feature.
To geographical elements The contents of the map include images of the shores of the oceans, seas, bays, the topography of the seabed and land, state borders, and settlements.
To navigation elements ports, aids to navigation, fairways, sea channels, navigational hazards, navigational landmarks, magnetic declination data and other map elements of a navigational nature are assigned. The inscriptions are the title of the map, geographical names, various explanations and warnings, as well as data on the publication and correction of the map.
To the elements of additional characteristics include insets, i.e. small large-scale plans or maps of navigationally important sections of the coast, placed in free places on the sheet, tables with information about tides and currents, drawings of lighthouses, signs, etc.
The elements of the content of the maps are transmitted by conventional signs, image symbols or schematic drawings of objects. Various kinds of inscriptions on the maps relating to the color and nature of the lights, the name of the soil, etc., are given in the form of abbreviations. The location of objects that are not expressed on the scale of the map is shown by symbols.
The real place of the object in this case is taken in the geometric center of the sign, if it has a regular geometric shape, or in the middle of the base, if the object is depicted as an asymmetrical pattern or a sign with a wide base.
Depths are reduced to depth zero and are given in meters and decimeters, with depths from 0 to 5 m rounded to the nearest 0.1 m; from 5 to 20 m - up to 0.2 m; 20 and more - up to 1 m.
In addition to marking depths, lines of equal depths - isobaths - are drawn on the maps. The isobath of 10 m is considered cautionary for small vessels, and 20 m for large-tonnage ones.
The coastline in tidal seas is mapped with two lines. One of them (the main one) corresponds to the trace of full water in the syzygy, and the other corresponds to the lowest sea level. The zone enclosed between these lines is called drying. In seas where the tides do not exceed 0.5 m, the coastline is taken as the water's edge at an average sea level.
Heights of lighthouses and signs in the sea x that do not have tides are given above the mean sea level, and in seas with a significant tide - above the level of the mean full spring water.
Aids to Navigation (Aids to Navigation)- lighthouses, luminous and non-luminous signs, alignment marks, radio beacons, floating beacons, buoys, milestones - are shown on maps as off-scale conventional signs.
Next to the image of the luminous aids to navigation, with the help of abbreviations, their nature, the number of flashes or eclipses, the period, the visibility range of the fire, information about radio stations, fog signals, lighting sectors are inscribed.
The directions and sectors of the lighthouses give the true ones, counting from the coast from 0 to 360 ° clockwise.
Next to the image of non-luminous signs in the form of a fraction, their height from sea level (numerator) and from the base of the sign (denominator) are shown.
Next to the image of the buoys, their color, sound signals, serial numbers, data on the radar reflector are indicated, and for luminous buoys, the nature of the fire is also indicated. Leading lines are drawn through the centers of the images of leading signs, the running part of which is depicted as a solid line, and the slow moving part - as a dotted line.
Since the degree of detail of the image of the area depends on the scale of the map, then of all the maps available for a given area, the map of the largest scale should always be used.
The reading of the map begins with its title, which indicates the name of the depicted area of the sea, the scale of the map, information about the zero depth, accepted units for indicating the depths and heights of objects, data on magnetic declination.
Then the warnings and notes printed on the map should be read, the dates of publication, as well as major and minor corrections, should be set. To obtain the most complete picture of the area depicted on the map, all the geographical and navigational elements of the image shown on it are studied.
When sailing in navigationally difficult areas, it is recommended to lift the map, i.e., increase its visibility by highlighting the most important elements of the map. To do this, in particular, arcs are applied with a pencil corresponding to the visibility range of the beacons, the dangerous sectors of lights are shaded, and lines of dangerous bearings are drawn.
Before using the map, you need to evaluate it in terms of the reliability and completeness of the image printed on it. The later the map is made, the more it can be trusted. The level of modernity of the map is also judged by the dates of its new edition, major and minor corrections.
To assess the reliability of the image of the bottom topography, the degree of detail of the measurement is established. Well-surveyed areas of the sea correspond on the map to a high frequency and uniformity of plotting depths. Rarely and unevenly shown depths, white spots between them are a sign of insufficient knowledge of the area.
The method of conditional representation of the Earth's surface on a plane is called a cartographic projection, and the resulting image of the meridians and parallels is called a cartographic grid. There are several types of map projections. All of them are divided into two groups - depending on the nature of the distortions and depending on the method of constructing the cartographic grid.CUT$
According to the nature of the distortions, the projections are divided into conformal, equal-area, equidistant and arbitrary projections.
On maps in a conformal projection, infinitesimal figures are depicted by similar corresponding figures on the earth's surface. The similarity of the figures makes it possible to maintain the equality of angles. On maps in an equal area projection, the proportionality of areas to the corresponding areas on the earth's surface is preserved, but the similarity of figures is not preserved. On maps in an equidistant projection, the scale is kept constant in one of the main directions. Arbitrary projections do not preserve either the equality of angles or the proportionality of areas, but they have their own special properties.
According to the type of meridians and parallels of the normal cartographic grid, the projections are divided into: conical, cylindrical and azimuthal. With conical projections, the earth's surface is projected onto the side surface of a tangent or secant cone, followed by a development of this surface into a plane. With cylindrical projections, the earth's surface is projected onto the side surface of a tangent or secant cylinder. With azimuth projections, the earth's surface is projected onto a plane tangent to the earth's surface at any point.
A flat reduced image of the earth's surface, on which distortions are subject to a certain mathematical law, is called sea chart.
Flat images of small areas of the earth's surface, on which distortions can be neglected, are called plans.
The main feature that distinguishes a map from a plan is that the scale of the map is not constant, but on the plan the scale remains constant over its entire surface.
The Mercator mile is taken as a unit of a linear scale for measuring distances and differences in latitudes on a Mercator map. The length of one minute of the meridian arc on a given parallel of the map in the Mercator projection, expressed in millimeters, is called the Mercator mile.
Since the meridians on the Mercator map are stretched proportionally at each point, the image of one minute of the meridian arc changes with latitude and continuously increases as you move away from the equator. Therefore, when measuring a distance on a sea chart, it is necessary to take the mercator mile on the side frame of the chart at the same latitude where the measured distance is located.
Areas close to the Earth's poles are depicted on the Mercator projection with very large distortions, and the poles themselves are not projected onto the side surface of the cylinder. Therefore, Mercator charts are compiled for latitudes not exceeding 85°.
The degree of reduction of the actual sizes of figures or lines of the earth's surface transferred to the map is called the scale. The scale is characterized by the ratio of the length of a line on the map to the length of the same line on the surface of the Earth. There are numerical and linear scales.
The numerical scale is a fraction, the numerator of which is one, and the denominator is a number showing how many units of length on the ground are contained in a unit of length on the map.
A linear scale is a graphic representation of a numerical scale and shows how many larger units of distance on the ground are contained in one smaller unit on the map.
As mentioned above, the scale is kept constant only on plans. On nautical charts, the scale is a variable and is divided into major and minor.
The main scale is the scale indicated on the map itself in its title and preserved only along certain specific directions. So, for a sea chart in the Mercator projection, the scale remains constant along the parallels and changes when moving from one parallel to another. The parallel along which the main scale indicated in the map title is observed is called the main parallel.
With increasing latitude, the scale on the Mercator projection increases, and vice versa, with decreasing latitude it becomes smaller. At all points on the map, the scale values turn out to be larger or smaller than the main scale and therefore are called private.
The scale of the map determines the accuracy with which linear measurements can be performed on it. The ultimate scale accuracy is the linear distance on the ground, corresponding to 0.2 mm on the map (the maximum distance visible to the naked human eye on paper).
how to use the sea map
Before use sea chart it needs to be studied carefully. First of all, you need to read the title of the map, notes and warnings, the year of publication and the dates of corrections. The title of the map indicates its name, that is, the area, and below the name the following data is given: the scale and the main parallel to which it is assigned; the year to which the magnetic declination is given; measures in which depths are expressed.
Depths on sea charts are reduced to a single level - zero depths. On Soviet maps in seas with tides, the lowest possible sea level is taken as zero depth, that is, the level is the lowest of the small spring waters, and for seas without tides - the average long-term level.
Depths on sea charts for domestic waters are indicated in meters as follows: up to 5 m with an accuracy of 0.1 m; from 5 to 20 m with an accuracy of 0.2 m; from 20 to 50 m with an accuracy of 1 m.
The smallest depth is the shallowest depth on the bank, reef, bar and other bottom elevations, as well as on the fairway, in the channel.
Maintained depth - the smallest depth in the channel or on the fairway, which is maintained during the entire navigation.
Distinctive depth - a depth that differs up or down from the surrounding depths (by at least 10% for even and 20% for uneven bottom topography).
For greater clarity, the images of the relief of the seabed on maps, in addition to depths, are plotted with isobaths (lines of equal depths). They are carried out through depths of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 m, and in deep water areas - sometimes through depths of 500, 1000 and 2000 m.
Soils on the maps are abbreviated, for example: I-silt, Gbk-sponge, Gl-clay, Cor-corals, P-sand, R-shell, Gr-gravel, K-stone, etc. The color and nature of the soil are indicated in abbreviated form in lowercase letters, for example: zlichi - green impure silt, blmp - white fine sand, plGl - dense clay.
Elevation marks, heights of islands, above-water rocks and stones are given in meters from the sea level adopted on the maps of the given area for reading heights. Heights, mixed relative to their position, and the heights of structures are enclosed in brackets.
Navigational dangers and their protection on the maps are indicated by conventional signs. If the position of the danger is not precisely established, then conditional abbreviations are placed near it - PS (position is doubtful) or SS (existence is doubtful).
Aids to navigation for determining the ship's position are also indicated by conventional signs; and those that do not have a sign are indicated on the map by a circle with a dot in the center and an explanatory abbreviated inscription. For example: RPS - direction-finding station, pam - monument, RLO - radar landmark.
Lights of illuminating aids to navigation equipment on maps at a scale of 1:500,000 and larger are shown according to their actual color. White, yellow and orange lights are shown with orange paint; before the character of yellow and orange lights the abbreviation "g" is placed.
The radii of circles and arcs indicating the color of the lights do not correspond to the visibility range of the light. The visibility range of fire is given in nautical miles.
On nautical charts on a scale smaller than 1:500000, all lights of luminous aids to navigation, regardless of the type (circular or sectoral) and color of the light, are depicted as "horns" purple.
On nautical charts at a scale of 1:500,000 intended for use as general charts (inland or marginal seas), all lights, regardless of type and color, are depicted as purple "horns". The color of the fire is indicated by abbreviations before the nature of the fire.
Direct and reverse directions (true azimuths) are indicated on the alignments; the first direction is given from the coast, the second from the sea. With a dense load of the map, one direction from the coast can be indicated on the alignments. The undercarriage of navigation lines is shown as a continuous line, while the undercarriage is shown as a dotted line.
If due to the small scale nautical charts two leading lighting signs are not expressed separately and are shown at one point, then the characteristic of the fire of the front sign is given first, and then the rear.
Buoys on nautical charts are depicted in accordance with their type. No shape is shown for buoys whose shape is unknown or does not conform to the IALA Buoyage System.
At buoys, milestones and signs, top figures are shown and their color is indicated by the accepted abbreviations. In the area of the IALA Barrier System, on maps with a dense load, the markings for floating aids to navigation and non-illuminated signs may have their coloring omitted if they have top figures.
Due to the fact that in the areas of operation of the IALA Fencing System, radar reflectors are installed on all floating aids to navigation displayed in places important in relation to navigation, radar reflectors on floating aids to navigation equipment, as a rule, are not shown on charts.
On maps of internal waterways the color of the buoys, buoys and shields of coastal signs corresponds to their actual color, with the exception of white, which is given in orange.
At lighthouses and luminous signs, the characteristics of lights and other explanations are given by conditional abbreviations. For example: GrPr (4) 20s 22MT (n) ARMkROT, that is, a group flashing fire with four flashes and a period of 20 seconds, a visibility range of 22 miles, a fog signal, an autophone, an airborne radio beacon, a fog detector radio station.
Current on nautical charts are shown by arrows: the current velocity with an accuracy of 0.25 knots is written above the arrow. Information about tidal currents is placed in tables on free places on the map.
Magnetic declination for a given area is indicated on nautical charts with an accuracy of 0˚.1. The annual change in declination to the Epoch to which it belongs is placed in the title of the chart. The region of the magnetic anomaly is shown as a contour surrounded by a solid black line.
classification of nautical charts
All nautical charts are divided into navigation, reference and auxiliary maps. Navigational charts are designed to solve various navigational problems and are a mandatory official document. Navigation charts are divided into general and special.
Depending on the scale, general navigation charts are divided into general, travel, private maps and plans.
General cards are drawn up on a scale of 1:500000 - 1:5000000 and serve to maintain the dead reckoning of the ship's route when sailing on the high seas, preliminary laying and general navigational calculations.
Travel maps designed to ensure navigation near the coast and at some distance from it. Such maps are compiled on a scale from 1:100,000 to 1:500,000 along the main parallel.
Private cards designed to provide navigation when sailing in close proximity to the coast and in cramped navigation conditions, they are drawn up on a scale from 1:75000 to 1:25000.
Plans are intended to provide entry to ports, harbors, bays, raids, anchorages and for navigation within their water area. Plans are drawn up on a scale of 1:1000 - 1:25000.
Special navigation charts differ from general navigation charts in that they have an additional load for solving individual navigational and other tasks. Special navigation charts include: radio navigation charts designed to determine the position of the vessel using the RNS; navigation and fishing charts with detailed soil characteristics of the seabed, etc.
Reference and auxiliary maps different in content and purpose. Usually auxiliary charts are a cartographic grid without special elements of the sea situation. These include grid charts, blank charts, charts for calculating navigation along an arc of a greater circle, etc. Reference charts are intended for studying physical-geographical and other elements of the navigation area that cannot be shown on navigational charts. Reference maps include maps of radio beacons and radio stations, maps of recommended routes, maps of hydrometeorological elements, maps of the elements of terrestrial magnetism, collated sheets, atlases (physical and geographical data, tidal currents, surface currents, waves, wind, etc.).
| ® anomalous magnetic declination point ( d); | |||||
| ® reliable coastline; | |||||
| ® the coastline is unreliable; | |||||
| ® top of the mountain; | |||||
| ® triangulation point; | |||||
| ® astronomical point; | |||||
| ® leveling mark, benchmark; | |||||
| ® church, cathedral, kirka, church; | |||||
| ® chapel; | |||||
| ® monument, monument; | |||||
| ® drilling rig; | |||||
| ® a beached vessel; | |||||
| ® anchorage; | |||||
| ® deep water anchorage; | |||||
| ® anchoring is prohibited; | |||||
| ® depth unreliable or doubtful; | |||||
| ® depth over hazards; | |||||
| ® a sunken ship with a depth above it of 20 m or less; | |||||
| ® a sunken ship with a depth above it of more than 20 m; | |||||
 | ® sunken ship with masts above water; | ||||
 | ® a sunken ship with an indication of the depth above it; | ||||
| ® danger, the position of which is approximate or doubtful; | |||||
| ® a hazard that is doubtful; | |||||
| ® the danger caused by the report; | |||||
| ® surface rock (stone) indicating the height; | |||||
| ® underwater rock (stone) indicating the depth above it; | |||||
| ® breakers; | |||||
| ® Rip; | |||||
 | ® constant flow with indication of its speed; | ||||
 | ® variable current with indication of its speed; | ||||
 | ® tidal current with indication of its speed (in syzygy); | ||||
 | ® ebb current with indication of its speed (in quadrature); | ||||
| ® whirlpool; | |||||
| ® power submarine cable; | |||||
| ® inactive submarine cable; | |||||
| ® underwater oil pipeline; | |||||
 | ® recommended route indicating the direction of movement of ships; | ||||
| ® recommended path with indication of the smallest depth; | |||||
| ® recommended deep water route along the alignment; | |||||
| ® maximum allowable draft of ships on the recommended routes; | |||||
| ® the established direction of movement of ships; | |||||
| ® recommended direction of movement of vessels; | |||||
| ® prohibited, dangerous or restricted area for navigation; | |||||
| ® state border; | |||||
| ® demarcation line; | |||||
| ® border of territorial waters; | |||||
| ® border of the adjacent zone; | |||||
| ® beacon; | |||||
| ® a luminous sign indicating the top figure and the color of the sign; | |||||
| ® air beacon; | |||||
| êInfr Pr 8s 14M | ® infrared fire; | ||||
| Ztm | ® eclipsing fire; | ||||
| Gr Ztm | ® group eclipsing fire; | ||||
| Gr Pr(2) | ® group flashing light; | ||||
| Dl Pr | ® long flashing light; | ||||
| PR | ® flashing light; | ||||
| Prer 04 | ® intermittent very frequent fire; | ||||
| Per Gr Pr (2) | ® variable group flashing light; | ||||
| Pr (3) 15s 22M T (s) (k) og DV RMk s.st. | ® group flashing light, 3 flashes in a group, 15 second fire period, 22 miles visibility range, horn (primary) and bell (backup), visibility sensor fire, radio beacon and signal station. | ||||
The degree of completeness and detail of the content of the maps is called card load, which depends on the purpose and scale of the map(the larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the situation is).
One of requirements guidance documents to the navigator, and even more so to the officer in charge of the watch is - the ability to read a map. This question must be constantly worked out. independently on the ship according to the "Symbols of sea charts and charts of inland waterways"(Adm. No. 9025 - ed. GUNiO MO RF or Adm. No. 902 - ed. of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine).
conclusions
1. Navigational nautical charts constitute the main subgroup of nautical charts and directly ensure the navigational safety of navigation in almost any area of the World Ocean.
2. To ensure safe navigation in a particular area, the largest-scale map published for that area is used for graphical dead reckoning.
3. It should always be remembered that the larger the scale of the map, the more complete and detailed the information necessary for safe navigation is.
4. For navigationally difficult areas, the marine navigation chart should be more visual and convenient, which is achieved by additionally performing its “lifting”.
5. Blind trust in the map and its unreasonable overestimation on the part of the navigator can lead to a navigational error, sometimes leading to a severe accident and even death of the ship.
6. Competent and full use of the nautical chart for the purposes of navigation is impossible without the ability of the navigator to “read” this chart.
TOPIC 1.6. NAVIGATIONAL AND SAILING GUIDES
General information.
The map is one of the main sources of information for the navigator. However, even the most detailed map cannot provide all the necessary information. The Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense issues publications of a navigational nature, which are divided into marine navigation manuals (MNR) and marine navigation manuals (MNP).
Mongolian People's Republic- official publications for mariners containing rules, instructions, instructions or recommendations of a navigational or legal nature, failure to comply with which makes the mariner liable for possible consequences.
Swimming guides are: directions and additions to them; description of lights and signs (lights); description of radio technical aids to navigation equipment (RTSNO) and radio navigation systems (RNS); schedule of radio transmissions of navigational and hydrometeorological messages and facsimile hydrometeorological transmissions; navigation rules for canals, fairways, inland waterways, ports, etc.; instructions and instructions for swimming; printed proof documents.
The manuals should also include various publications containing information of an international legal nature.
These include: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs); International Code of Signals (ICC); collections of regional agreements and legislative acts on navigation issues; obligatory regulations on seaports, etc.
MNP- official publications for navigators containing navigational and hydrographic, geophysical, astronomical and various kinds of reference data intended for solving problems of navigation. They are divided into aids for navigation, hydrometeorological, astronomical, reference and auxiliary aids.
The main requirements for guidelines and manuals are as follows:
· They should not duplicate the information on the cards;
· Must not conflict with the cards;
Fully correspond to the actual situation;
Guides and manuals usually contain the following information:
· Data on the physical and geographical conditions of the area;
· Navigational and geographical description of objects on the sea and adjacent land;
· Information about the peculiarities of swimming in the area;
· Description of the aids to navigation in the order in which they are used;
· Information for solving various tasks of a navigational nature;
· International legal information;
· Information about the swimming mode;
· a brief description of basic guides.
· 1.6.2 PILOT
· The Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the GUNiO MO begin with the number 1. The sailing directions contain information about the navigation conditions in the area. They can be divided into parts geographically. If the part is very voluminous in size, then it can be divided into issues. Each location is provided with a map of the described area. The diagram indicates the boundaries and numbers of the heads of the sailing directions, describing individual sections. In some sailing directions, instead of the area scheme, a combined sheet of maps is placed on the area described by the sailing station.
Each lotion contains:
introductory documents;
General review;
Navigation description;
Guidance for swimming in general courses;
Reference department;
Alphabetical index.
B. Obtaining information using sailing directions.
To get information about a geographic feature by its name, from alphabetical index you should select the page number printed in bold and read the necessary information there.
For getting general information about the navigation and geographical features of the navigation area and hydrometeorological conditions, it uses the corresponding essays from " general overview". It also provides information on the rules of navigation in the waters of foreign countries.
Description of specific sailing conditions is given in the relevant chapters of the "Navigational Description". Special attention you need to pay attention to the "instruction" (indication) for swimming in the area.
If navigation is carried out in transit through the area described by the sailing direction, then it is necessary to use the information from the section “Instruction (indication) for navigation in general courses”.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LIGHTS.
Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the GUNiO MO begin with the number 2. This manual is published under two titles: "Lights" and "Lights and Signs". The structure and form of presenting information in these manuals is the same, however, there are significant differences between them:
1. "Lights and signs" are drawn up for the waters of Russia (including the former USSR), and "Lights" - for foreign waters.
2. "Lights and signs" contain information about all regular aids to navigation, with the exception of milestones (regular aids - permanently located in the same places or removed annually for the winter period and exhibited annually for the navigation period). They also include non-illuminated signs and buoys), and "Lights" contain information only about luminous aids to navigation and sound signal installations, with the exception of buoys and milestones, lights on drilling and oil rigs.
3. In "Lights and Signs" the smallest of the standard and geographical range of visibility of lights is given, and in "Lights" the nominal or optical range of visibility of the lights.
The manual is meant to be read nautical charts And maps of inland waterways publications of the Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense.
1. Navigation nautical charts mostly composed in the normal conformal cylindrical Mercator projection. Maps at a scale of 1:50,000 and larger are compiled along their mean parallels, and maps at scales smaller than 1:50,000 along the main parallel of a sea, lake, or region.
2. Depths and heights of drying on the maps are given in meters from the accepted zero depth. Depths and heights of drying, displaced relative to their position, are enclosed in parentheses (see 35, 311).
The smallest depth - adobe - shallow depth on the bank, reef, bar and other elevations of the bottom, as well as on the fairway, in the channel.
Maintained depth - the smallest depth in the channel or on the fairway, which is maintained during the entire navigation.
Distinctive depth - a depth that differs up or down from the surrounding depths (by at least 10% for even and 20% for uneven bottom topography).
3. Marks of heights, heights of islands, above-water rocks and stones are given in meters from the sea level adopted on the maps of the given area for reading heights. Elevation marks displaced relative to their position and heights of structures are enclosed in brackets (see D42).
4. For hazards whose position on the map is shown approximately or doubtfully, the abbreviation "PS" is given. For coastal objects (landmarks, aids to navigation, etc.), the position of which is shown approximately on the map, the abbreviation “PP” is given. Approximate elevations and other approximate numerical characteristics are abbreviated "approx.".
5. The lights of luminous aids to navigation on maps at a scale of 1:500,000 and larger are shown according to their actual color. White, yellow and orange lights are shown with orange paint; the abbreviation "g" is placed before the character of the yellow and orange lights.
The radii of circles and arcs indicating the color of the lights do not correspond to the visibility range of the light. The visibility range of fire is given in nautical miles.
On maps at a scale smaller than 1:500,000, all lights of luminous aids to navigation are depicted as purple "horns".
On maps at a scale of 1:500,000 intended for use as general (inland or marginal seas), all lights, regardless of type and color, are depicted as purple "horns". The color of the fire is indicated by abbreviations before the nature of the fire.
CONTENT
General remarks
Conventions For navigation charts
1. Edition. Borders of insets, plans, maps
2. Position, units, directions
3. Elements of terrestrial magnetism
natural objects
coast
Hydrographic line and land relief
Glaciers and land cover
4. Artificial objects
Buildings, structures
Roads, bridges
5. Landmarks.
6. Port facilities.
7. Depths, drying heights, isobaths.
8. Dangers.
9. Soils.
10. Tides, currents.
11. Structures at sea.
12. Recommended routes, fairways.
13. Regions, borders.
14. Lights.
15. Buoys, milestones, signs.
IALA fencing system.
16. Alignments, solutions, directions, measured lines.
17. Sound signal means.
18. Radio equipment.
19. Services.
20. Elements of mine load.
Symbols for maps of inland waterways.
APPS
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ON THE MAP OF SEAS, RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND RIVERS
1. Conditional abbreviations for sea, lake and river charts
General terms
Active radar reflector |
jetty |
|||
Archipelago |
||||
air lighthouse |
||||
Airborne radio beacon |
||||
Big proofreading |
Large corr. |
Beacon |
||
Big, -th, -th, -th |
direction finding station |
|||
Brekvator |
radio station |
|||
Great, -th, -th, -th |
||||
spinning |
||||
water tower |
||||
Water pipes |
fish. net |
|||
Reservoir |
||||
Breakwater |
light reflector |
|||
Eastern, -th, -th, -th |
Traffic light |
|||
hydrometeorological station |
Notices to Mariners |
|||
hydroelectric power plant |
||||
Cable |
||||
pilot station |
||||
Small, -th, -th, -th |
||||
Deviation gate. |
||||
flickering |
||||
Forbidden |
||||
Sector |
||||
signal mast |
||||
navigation sign |
Navigation zn. |
signal station |
||
Nautophone |
rock, rocky |
|||
maintenance free |
Doubtful |
|||
Zero map |
||||
Leading sign |
||||
reference point |
||||
Passive radar reflector |
Telegraph |
|||
fog signal |
||||
floating lighthouse |
||||
floating radio beacon |
Lost Anchor |
|||
Underwater bell. |
Fairway |
|||
Underwater oscillator |
||||
Peninsula |
||||
Storm and signal station |
||||
Anchorage |
Priming
Name
Algae, grass |
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Pebbles, rubble |
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sand silt |
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Clay silt |
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gravel, gruss |
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rock, rocky |
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Silty sand |
Soil characteristics
Volcanic |
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Viscous, sticky |
Uneven |
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Separate |
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Bad (impure) |
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Porous |
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Destroyed |
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crushed |
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Large.... |
Ground color
Spotted, motley |
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Light.... |
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Brown |
Dark. ... |
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Orange |
II . Conventional signs for river maps and reservoir maps
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Coasts, isobaths, flood boundaries, fairways, navigational hazards, hydraulic structures |
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Shoreline corresponding to the shooting water level Inauthentic coastline The coast is steep: 1 - no beach; 2 - with the beach, expressed in scale; 3 - with a beach not to scale Bank with a planned slope: 1 - unreinforced; 2 - fortified rocky coast The coast is dangerous, with pechins Unflooded coastal wama and other ridges not drawn to scale 1 - surface; 2 - underwater |
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Collapsible dams for the passage of ships Gateway with a dam Lock without a dam Embankments: 1 - stone; 2 - wooden |
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Navigation barriers, currents |
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1 - left bank, 2 - right bank; 3 - places of bifurcation of the fairway 1 - white of the left bank; 2 - red right bank Flooding boundaries in high water: 1 - at the highest level; 2 - with the average of the highest levels Fairways: 1 - main; 2 - bypass; 3 - spring |
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1 - sandy; 2 - rocky Underwater obstacles: 1 - rocky soil; 2 - sandy soil rifts Bushes of piles Sunken ship with depth above it Sewer section rivers signal masts River type signs of the left and right banks: 1 - running (pressure); 2 - pass Passage marks of the marine type: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank Leading signs: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type |
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Tees: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type Spring signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank 1. Place of signal (whistle) 2. The beginning of the rocky bed of the river Place of shelter from the weather Signal signs at structures: 1 - underwater; 2 - surface 1 - buoy keeper's post; 2 - technical section Flow direction: 1 - straight; 2 - reverse Stall current: 1 - right; |
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1 - piers; 2 - landing stages Pier wood Bridges on rafts Bridges on ships (H = 5 m - height above the river level) Wooden bridges Bridges made of stone and reinforced concrete Bridges metal Drawbridges: 1 - wooden; 2 - stone and reinforced concrete; 3 - metal axle axle Ferries 1 - motor; 2 - on oars Wire transfer |
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Anchorages Water measuring posts Reference point and its mark Selectors |
Examples of images of some elements on the water
III. Conventional signs for sea charts
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Fairways, boundaries of water areas |
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Fairway without indication of depths Fairway with the smallest depth 6 m Leading fairway etched with a flexible trawl to a depth of 7.1 m Leading fairway etched with a rigid trawl to a depth of 10.1 m Sea channel: 1 - expressed to scale; 2 - not expressed to scale The border of danger, distinctive depths and coastal stones |
Forbidden zones, exercise areas, etc. The boundaries of the protral areas fishing border ice border The boundary of the magnetic anomaly The boundary of the magnetic anomaly is unreliable Borders of underexplored areas |
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Isobaths (in meters) 1 ................... 10 ._._._._ 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .._.._.._ 5 - - - - - - - - 50 .-.-.-.- |
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The coastline is reliable The coastline is unreliable |
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rocky coast The coast is steep: 1 - with a beach expressed in scale; 2 - with beach not to scale |
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The coast is steep without a beach Sandy (or earthy) shore Beach with boulders Clay coast The coast is dangerous |
Dry silty coast Dry sandy coast. Drying Dry sandy-rocky coast Shore dry pebble-gravel Dry rocky coast |
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Navigational hazards |
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surface stone stone underwater drying stone The position of the danger is doubtful The existence of danger is doubtful Small jars |
underwater obstacles A sunken ship, part of which is above the water The same, with a depth above it less than 18 m The same, with a depth above it of more than 18 m Fishing nets and stakes |
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Depths, currents, hydraulic structures |
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Depth unreliable Depth at which the bottom was not reached (“swept through”) Depths are distinctive Depths above danger Depth of trawling over danger Drying height above zero depth |
Pals, ryazhevy and pile underwater barriers Breakwater Granite, concrete and reinforced concrete embankments: 1 - not expressed in scale; 2 - expressed in scale Fortified coast: 1 - not expressed in scale, 2 - expressed in scale |
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floating fences |
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Pole, ice milestone flag milestone North pole, left side pole, left turning |
South milestone, right side milestone, right turning Western milestone Eastern milestone |
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cross milestone Buoy, buoy, non-luminous Buoy, buoy with top figure Luminous buoy or buoy Buoy with light reflector |
Buoy with active or passive radar reflector Radio beacon with a luminous buoy Milestone or buoy over a sunken ship Fire over the sunken ship floating lighthouse |
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Lighthouses, lights, signs, stations, landmarks and other objects |
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Beacon fog stations aerial |
Fog stations underwater Radar station direction finding station |
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Range of lights Target of signs Coastal radar reflector navigation sign Water tower and water tower Controversial currents whirlpool Anchorage for large and small vessels, unequipped roadstead The value of the magnetic declination at the anomaly point |
Masts and flagpoles Objects visible from the sea Objects conspicuous for radar flow, constant flow Tidal flow (with plumage - tides, without plumage - low tides) Factory and factory pipes Oil and gas rigs Semaphores and traffic lights, having the meaning of landmarks |
High and low tide signaling in ports
Note. The cones used to produce signals No. 1 and 2 must have a base diameter of 0.5 m and a height of 1.5 m
Water height alarm
Note. The height and diameter of cones and cylinders, as well as the diameter of the balls for the production of signals No. 3-6 must be at least 1 m
Annex 1
The image on the maps of the color of lights glowing aids to navigation
Annex 2
1. Fencing signs of navigational hazards on the sea and lake relative to the cardinal points
Appendix 3
Ship lights and signs according to the "Rules for warning ships at sea"
1. Symbols of ship lights
13. Vessels engaged in fishing with trawl gear while underway (Regulation 9c)
Appendix 4
Visual ship signals according to
"Rules of Navigation on Inland Navigation Routes"
A. Signals hoisted on ships while underway (under way)
I. On steamships when sailing without a crew of ships
B. Signals hoisted on ships while anchored (mooring signals)
Appendix 6
1 - buoy - floating pyramid
2 - ball buoy
3 - a red buoy protects the dangers of the ship's course on the right side
4 - a white buoy protects the dangers of the ship's course on the left side
5 - identification signs of the entrance to the canal with flashing light: red - right bank, green - left bank
6-slotted gate is installed on the approaches to the channel bed from the side
reservoirs
7 - long-range traffic lights give a signal to approach the lock, short-range traffic lights - to enter and exit the lock chamber
8 - signal mast of the left bank
9 - track lights are installed on both banks of the canals. Lights of the right
banks - red, left - green
10 - dividing buoy indicates the separation of the ship's passage 11 - crossing sign of the right bank
12 - pass sign of the left bank
13 - paired buoys indicate the separation of the ship's passage
14 - running signs
15 - spring sign of the left bank serves as a guide during the flood period
16 - alignment of two pyramidal signs
17 - spring sign of the right bank
18 - signs indicating the places for laying underwater pipelines, telegraph and electric cables
19 - alignment of the right bank of two simple signs
20 - red diamond-shaped shields indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from above
21 - square red shields indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from below
22 - signs indicating crossings over the river of telegraph and electric
wires
23 - semaphore mast
24 - dump buoy
25-signal mast, installed on the beaches
