Present perfect interrogative form. What is the Present Perfect tense used for? Reinforcement task

Present perfect in translation is the present completed tense. Used in English to describe actions that began in the past, without a precise start time, and whose completion is closely related to the present. They have ended by the current moment or in a period that can be called the present. Problems often arise with understanding this tense, at least due to the fact that sentences in the Present perfect are translated into Russian in the past tense, and in English it is Present - present tense. And you also don’t immediately understand how a completed action can be in the present tense.

2. Education Present perfect

2.1. Affirmative form

Verb conjugation table in an affirmative sentence

More examples can be found in the article.

Rules for forming statements

The affirmative form of the present completed tense is formed as follows: after the subject there is an auxiliary verb have (has), plus the main verb in the 3rd form (past participle).

Both pronouns (I, you, he, she, it, we, they) and nouns (boy, cars, snow) can be used as subjects.

The auxiliary verb have is almost always used, but in the 3rd person singular, that is, for pronouns he, she, it and singular nouns (boy, snow), has is used (see conjugation table above).

Shortened forms of the auxiliary verbs have and has: ‘ve and ‘s respectively. For example, I have worked = I’ve worked, He has worked = He’s worked. Please note that 's is also used to shorten the verb is. Which word is abbreviated in such an entry will have to be understood from the context.

The third form of the verb is a verb ending in -ed if the verb is regular. If the verb is irregular, then its third form must be remembered.

The list is not regular verbs You can view . You are now only interested in column 3, but we recommend learning all three forms at once. The second part of that article provides a life hack for more convenient memorization of irregular verbs.

The ending -ed is also not as simple as it seems at first glance; the rules for writing it are described in the article.

General scheme

S + have (has) + V3

Where S (subject) is the subject (pronoun or noun)

V3 (verb) – verb in 3rd form

2.2. Interrogative sentences

2.2.1. General issues

Example of verb conjugation in interrogative form

Rules for constructing a question

To form an interrogative sentence, it is enough to move the auxiliary verb have (has) to the beginning of the sentence, before the subject.

The main verb remains in the 3rd form.

Has is used in the same cases as in an affirmative sentence, that is, it depends on the subject.

Question formula in the present completed tense

Have (Has) + S + V3?

Where Have (Has) is an auxiliary verb

S – subject

V3 – verb in 3rd form

2.2.2. Answer to a common question

2.2.3. Special questions

Construction rules

A special question is formed from a general question by adding a question word (who, what, when, where) before the auxiliary verb have (has).

Formula for creating a special question

Wh + have (has) + S + V3?

Where Wh is a question word

have (has) – auxiliary verb

S – subject

V3 – verb in 3rd form

Table with examples of special questions

Rules for writing negatives

To form a negation from an affirmative sentence, you must write the negation particle not after the auxiliary verb. The auxiliary verb remains the same, the main verb remains in 3rd form.

The abbreviations for have not and has not are haven’t and hasn’t, respectively.

Reinforce the mastered rules for forming questions and negatives by completing.

General scheme of negation in the Present perfect

S + have (has) + not + V3

Where S is the subject

have (has) – auxiliary verb

not – particle of negation

V3 – verb in 3rd form

3. Use of the Present perfect and examples with translation

The present completed tense is used in the following cases:

3.1. When the fact that the action completed with a certain result is important, but the exact time when it happened is not important

I have bought a new skirt - I bought a new skirt. Now I have it, no matter when I bought it.

If you want to focus on the fact that you bought it at a sale on the weekend, that is, indicate the time, then you should use: I bought a new skirt last weekend.

3.2. If the action has recently completed and now its result affects the present

I'm not hungry. I have just eaten. I'm not hungry, I just ate.

Note that just is used in these cases.

3.3. When we talk about personal experience

I have been to London, but I haven’t been to Moscow - I was in London, but I wasn’t in Moscow. Some time in the past, it doesn’t matter exactly when, I was in London, this is a complete fact, but I was not in Moscow, although I can visit there.

Again, as soon as you want to indicate the exact time of your visit, you will need to use Past simple: I was in London 2 years ago.

When you talk about your experience, you can also focus on the fact that this happened more than once.

One of the most common difficulties of the English language for Russian speakers is the difference between the Present Perfect (present perfect, or completed) and. Is it really that important? Is there a difference between the following sentences?

• Ivan Taraskin was born in 1970.
• Ivan Taraskin went to school in 1976.
• Ivan Taraskin was in London 3 times.

Born, went, was- all three verbs are in the past tense. Therefore, I will use the Past Simple for all 3 sentences and at first I will be indignant when they tell me that in English they will sound like this.

• Ivan Taraskin was born in 1970. (Past Simple)
• Ivan Taraskin went to school in 1976. (Past Simple)
• Ivan Taraskin has been to London 3 times.

Imagine if you said:

• Ivan Taraskin went to London 3 times

This mistake would cost him his life! Why? Yes, because in English the past tense is used when an action cannot be repeated in the specified period of time. And in our case, it cannot happen again only if the person is no longer in the world.

• Ivan Taraskin has been to London 3 times (by now he has been to London 3 times and may go there again)
• Ivan Taraskin went to London 3 times (can't go there anymore)

When you want to say that you have watched (at the time of speech, and may still do this in the future) 4000 films, ate 50 kg of chocolate or met 100 people, you need to use the present perfect tense Present Perfect, that is, have/has(for he/ she/it)+ 3rd form of the verb.

Features of the present perfect tense

The present perfect (complete) tense is a stumbling block for many students English language.

Firstly, because it is not as transparent and understandable as or . Indeed: simple time - one-time, regular simple steps; continuous time - extended, prolonged actions. But perfect tense is by no means always a completed action. Therefore, this is a frequent case when you just need to memorize the use of time.

Secondly, the time itself is called PRESENT perfect, and it denotes actions in the PAST.

And thirdly, between Present perfect and there is a very fine line that must be followed.

So, let's look at each of these three contradictions separately.

1. What actions do we call accomplished (completed)? These are actions necessarily in the past that were performed (completed) recently, just now, etc. That is, those actions that are relatively close to the present time. That is why it is called PRESENT completed, because it has a connection with the present and must be completed by the present moment in time.

2. As we just agreed, the present perfect tense is called so because it denotes actions in the past that are in one way or another connected with the PRESENT tense:

These actions can have a tangible result or evidence in the present tense: Anna has graduated from university. (Anna graduated from the university. The result is that Anna now has a diploma, you can touch it, for example).

This action is news new information, which you tell someone: The police have caught the thief. (The police caught the thief. This is news).

• I have prepared for the seminar in biology. (I prepared for a seminar on biology. The result is that now I have some information on biology in my head, you can hear it).
• The grandfather has painted the roof. (Grandfather painted the roof. The result is that the roof is now a different color, you can see it).
• Jack has finally got his driver license! (Jack finally got his license! This is new information you tell a friend, co-worker, etc.)

3. What's the difference? between Past simple And Present perfect , if both of these tenses convey actions in the past? Schematically Past simple can be depicted like this:

Now let's see how the action is located in time space in Present perfect.

Do you see the difference? Actions in the present complete are only those that are sooooo close to the present moment in time, have a connection with it and are NOT INDICATED BY A CERTAIN TIME.

Present Perfect Formation Rule

What is the structure Present perfect ? In this tense we have an auxiliary verb - have . This means that after pronouns he/ she/ it it changes to has . The main verb ends with -ed (if it is correct), or in the third form/participle form (if it is ). So it’s not in vain that our impressive list of irregular verbs is still being studied! Let's look at examples first with the regular verb:

• Grandpa painted the roof. - The grandfather has painted the roof.
• Grandpa didn't paint the roof. - The grandfather has not painted the roof. - The grandfather hasn’t painted the roof.
• Grandpa painted the roof? - Has the grandfather painted the roof? - Yes, he has. / No, he hasn’t.

And now with the wrong one:

• We bought a car (this is news). - We have bought a car.
• We didn't buy a car. - We have not bought a car. - We haven’t bought a car.
• Have you bought a car? - Have you bought a car? - Yes, we have. / No, we haven’t.

To consolidate the material, go through the exercise

How do you like this phrase: “No one is perfect, that’s why pencils have erasers.” - “No one is perfect, that’s why there are erasers on pencils”? However, “Perfect” still exists, and it is “Present”. What is “Present Perfect”?

To begin with, it is worth noting that there is simply no equivalent to this tense or the Present Complete in the Russian language - this is where the whole difficulty of understanding lies. But hold on! We're here to sort it all out. Let's go!

Rules for the formation of the Present Perfect

Let's look at an example:

I have seen this film before.

We have first place subject(subjects or subject), then auxiliary verb(auxiliary) - have or has + Past Participle = seen.

Using the Present Perfect

• When we talk about experience and achievements ( experience & achievements):

I have jumped with a parachute!- I jumped with a parachute!
I’ve just graduated from University and got a diploma!- I just graduated from university and received a diploma!
She has started to walk!- She started walking!

• To show some changes:

You've lost weight!- You've lost weight!

• When an action occurred in the past, but we do not know when exactly, or time does not matter. The main thing is not when the action occurred, but its result in the present:

Have you read this book?- Did you read this book? (Ever?)
Nick has traveled a lot. - Nick traveled a lot.

• In sentences with Stative/State verbs when an action began in the past, continues in the present and may continue in the future. Words that can be used in these sentences are: since(since) and for(during):

I’ve known him for ten years.- I have known him for 10 years (I knew him in the past, I know him now, and maybe I will know him in the future).
I haven’t felt well since Monday.- I haven't been feeling well since Monday.

• When the time of action is determined by words just(just now), already(already), yet(more). Precise connection with the present:

I’ve just seen an interesting movie.- I just watched an interesting film.
She has already left.- She's already gone.
The show has not begun yet.- The show hasn't started yet.

• When an action took place during a period that has not yet ended. These periods include: today(Today), this morning(this morning), this week(this week), this month(this month), this year(this year), etc.:

She has called her best friend this morning.- She called her to the best friend in the morning (the morning is not over yet).
I have never been to China.— I have never been to China. (I have never been to China in my entire life.)

• Description of events of the recent past. Usually in such cases the words are used recently(recently), lately(lately, recently):

We have come back recently.- We just returned.
You've worked hard lately.- You've been working a lot lately.

• When the action occurs for the first (second, third, etc.) time:

It’s the first time I have done it.- I did this for the first time.
It’s the second time I have driven a car.- I drove the car for the second time.
It’s the third time she has called him this morning.“She called him this morning for the third time.”

Peculiarities of using been and gone in the Present Perfect: examples

« Been" And " gone» are past participles (the third form of the verb), gone is the past participle form of the verb go, and been is the past participle form of the verb be. Everything seems clear, but when translating into or from Russian, students have many problems. Let's look at examples:

Is Ann in the office? No, she has just been to Great Britain. And she is at home today relaxing. She'll be here tomorrow.

Is Ann in the office? No, she has just gone to China. She is spending there one month supervising the work of our subsidiary and is coming back on the 25th.

As you can see from the context in the first case, Anna was in the UK, but has already returned. Her journey has just ended.

In the second case, on the contrary, her journey has just begun, she has left and will stay in China for another month.

It follows that the Present Perfect with " been" means back and forth action, and the Present Perfect with " gone" means action only there.

Conclusion

After all of the above, the question arises: “Why then? Past Simple, if there is a Present Perfect?”

There is a huge difference between Past Simple and Present Perfect. Past simple happened in the past . We know when, and the time is over. This means that the present is not included in it. Yesterday, last year, two minutes ago. All this already finished time.

And if unfinished time? Today, this week, over these ten years (all these periods of time include the moment “now”), then we use Present Perfect. Let's compare:

I've fed a tiger today. I fed ten tigers yesterday.
She went to Europe last summer. I’ve never been to Europe in my life.
We've had many customers this week. We didn't have so many customers last week.

I lived here for ten years. I’ve lived here for ten years.

In what case am I still here? I live? Of course, I’ve lived here for ten years because it means that the action started in the past and is still ongoing. I lived here for ten years means I lived a long time ago, but have already moved. So you walk past the house in which you once lived a long time ago, and say: I lived here for ten years a long time ago.

We hope that now you have no doubts! Have a great English and evolve!

We invite you to familiarize yourself with other tenses of the English language

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Exercises on the topic:
Intermediate lesson "Present Perfect declarative sentences"
Intermediate lesson "negative sentences Present Perfect"
Intermediate lesson "Interrogative sentences Present Perfect"
Errors in using Present Perfect tense

Method of formation Present Perfect

has / have + past participle

For example:
You have seen that movie many times.
You watched this movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?
You watched this movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.
You did not watch this movie many times.

Verb conjugation in the Present Perfect

For forms of irregular verbs, see the third column (past participle column) in the list of irregular verbs.

Using the Present Perfect

Unspecified moment in the past

The Present Perfect describes actions that occurred at some unspecified point in the past; the exact moment of the action is not important.

Present Perfect can not used with expressions indicating a precise point in time, such as: yesterday- yesterday; one year ago- a year ago; last week- last week; when I was a child- when I was a child; when I lived in Japan– when I lived in Japan; at that moment- in this moment; that day- on this day; one day- one day; etc., but Maybe used with imprecise time expressions, such as: ever– ever; never- never; once- one day; many times- many times; several times- repeatedly; before- before, before; so far- so far, for now; already- already; yet- yet, already; and so on.

For example:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I saw This movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.
I think I'm with him met once.

There have been many earthquakes in California.
In California there were many earthquakes.

People have traveled to the Moon.
People flew to the moon.

People have not traveled to Mars.
People didn't fly to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?
You already read it a book?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
Nobody never climbed to this mountain.

"Has there ever been a war in the United States?" "Yes, there has been a war in the United States."
In the United States ever been war? - Yes, in the United States was war.

When to use the Present Perfect

Perfect tenses are quite difficult to understand for English language learners.

Cases are described below present usage Perfect, which will help you better understand and assimilate this form of time. It is recommended to study them carefully.

Case 1: experience

The present perfect can be used to describe the speaker's experience, something the speaker has experienced, or the lack thereof. In this case, such sentences can be represented as “I had the opportunity (I did not have the opportunity) ...”, “I have such experience (I do not have such experience) ...”.

Simply put, in this meaning, the Present Perfect expresses an action that summarizes what was done earlier at the time of speech.

For example:
I have been to France.
I been there in France. ( This sentence means that the speaker has experience in France, the speaker has visited France. He could have been there once, or several times.)

I have been to France three times.
I was in France three times. ( At the end of the sentence you can add how many times this action was performed.)

I have never been to France.
I never been there in France. ( This sentence means that the speaker has no experience in France, he has never visited France.)

I think I have seen that movie before.
I think I saw this movie before.

He has never traveled by train.
He never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.
Joan studied two foreign languages.

"Have you ever met him?" "No, I have not met him."
Have you ever saw his? - No, I never did not see his.

Case 2: changes over time

The present perfect is often used to describe changes, changes that have occurred over the course of time since some point in the past. Such a moment is usually expressed by an action, which is expressed in the Simple Past. Sometimes a moment in the past may not be stated, but rather implied.

If the moment in the past from which the changes began is indicated, then it is expressed by the preposition since- since.

For example:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
You has grown since I saw you for the last time.

The government has become more interested in arts education.
Government became be more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
Japanese course became one of the most popular at the university since An Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
My level of English is very has improved since I moved to Australia.

Case 3: achievements

The Present Perfect can be used to describe the achievements of a group of people or of humanity as a whole. Please remember that no specific point in time can be specified.

For example:
Man has walked on the Moon.
Human stepped to the moon.

Our son has learned how to read.
Our son learned read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
Doctors cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.
Scientists split atom.

Case 4: Expected action not completed

The present perfect is often used to describe an action that was expected but did not happen. Using the Present Perfect in this case means that the speaker is still expecting the action to be performed.

For example:
James has not finished his homework yet.
James still didn't finish your homework.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
Susan completely didn't master Japanese, but can already communicate in it.

Bill has still not arrived.
Bill is still did not come.

The rain hasn't stopped.
It's still raining not over.

Case 5: Frequent actions in the past

The Present Perfect can also be used to describe several different actions that happened in the past in different time. The use of the Present Perfect in this case suggests that the process has not yet been completed and the actions may be repeated.

For example:
The army has attacked that city five times.
Army attacked to this city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
This semester I have already passed five quizzes and four tests.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.
While working on this project we was many serious problems.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
She talked with several specialists about her problem, but no one can explain why she is sick.

Adverbs and adverbs of time in the Present Perfect

Using the Present Perfect means that at some point in time in the past something happened in the speaker's life. Remember that the exact moment in time when this happened is not important.

Sometimes the speaker wants to limit the period of time in which an action occurred. In this case, time expressions such as: this week- this week; this month- this month; so far- so far, for now; up to now- to date; and so on.

For example:
Have you been to Mexico this year?
You was in Mexico this year?

I have seen that movie six times this month.
I watched this movie six times this month.

They have had three tests this week.
this week they have was three tests.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
She graduated from university less than three years ago. AND since then she worked in three companies.

An action that began in the past and continues now

The Present Perfect is used with non-continuous verbs and with mixed verbs, which cannot be used in the continuous tense, to denote an action that began in the past and continues at the present moment. In this case, time expressions such as: for five minutes- within five minutes, five minutes; for two weeks- within two weeks, two weeks; since Tuesday– from Tuesday; and so on.

For example:
I have had a cold for two weeks.
I have it was two weeks cold.

She has been in England for six months.
She located in England six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Mary loves it since childhood chocolate.

Despite the fact that the use of the Present Perfect in this meaning is limited to non-continuous verbs and mixed group verbs that cannot be used in the continuous tense, verbs live, work, teach And study can also sometimes be used in this way, although they are not verbs of the non-continuous group.

The concept of present tense in English does not always coincide with ours. One of the most striking examples of such a difference is the Present Perfect.

In this article we will understand what the Present Perfect is, how it is formed, in what cases it is used, what rules it obeys, and we will consolidate our knowledge with real examples of sentences with translation.

What is Present Perfect Tense?

Present Perfect Tense (Present Perfect) is the present perfect tense in English. It denotes an action that has completed at the current moment in time.

This is the main difficulty of the Present Perfect tense for students. In Russian there is no tense similar to the Present Perfect. For us, if something happens now, it is the present, and if it has happened, it is already the past.

But not for the British. They perceive time a little differently. According to the logic of native speakers, the action may well end in the present or close to the present moment. The Present Perfect exists to express such a connection between the past and the present.

Because of these features in the understanding of actions and time, the Present Perfect is usually translated into Russian as a verb in the past tense.

I have already done my homework - I have already done my homework

This example uses the Present Perfect tense (have done) because we are talking about the fact that the action (working on homework) ended very recently.

But we translate the sentence into Russian using the past tense (already done).

How is the Present Perfect formed?

The Present Perfect tense is formed using the auxiliary verb have/ has and Past Participle (third form of the semantic verb: V3).

The auxiliary verb changes depending on the subject:

• I / You / We / They → have (for 1st, 2nd person and plural forms)
• She / He / It → has (for 3rd person singular)

The construction of the Present Perfect tense is completed by a semantic verb in the third form (V3).

If the semantic verb is of the correct form, then its third form (V3) is formed using the ending -ed.

If the semantic verb is irregular, then we take its third form (V3) from the table of irregular verbs.

For example:

• to try → tried (try) to cook → cooked (cook) to finish → finished (finish)
• to get → got to keep → kept to see → seen

Statement:

An affirmative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb have / has and the semantic verb with the ending -ed for regular verbs or the third form of an irregular verb (V3) according to the formula:

• I / You / We / They + have + Ved (V3)
• She / He / It + has + Ved (V3)

I have decided - I decided

You have played - You played

He has done - He did

It has turned on - It turned on

In sentences and everyday speech you can often find a shortened form of the auxiliary verbs have / has. It is formed by adding ‘ve (for have) or ‘s (for has) to the subject:

• I have = I've
• You have = You've
• We have = We've
• They have = They've

• She has = She's
• He has = He's
• It has = It's

I’ve done my tasks - I completed my tasks

He’s washed the dishes - He washed the dishes

Negation:

Negative sentences in the Present Perfect are formed by adding the particle not after the auxiliary verb have / has, but before the main semantic verb. The formula looks like this:

• I / You / We / They + have not + Ved (V3)
• She / He / It + has not + Ved (V3)

I have not done my homework - I didn’t do my homework

They have not come - They did not come

She has not finished her tasks - She did not complete her tasks

It has not turned on - It did not turn on

In negation, the particle not can be shortened by joining it to the auxiliary verb have / has:

• Have not = haven’t
• Has not = hasn’t

I haven’t washed my hair - I didn’t wash my hair

She hasn’t been to London yet - She hasn’t been to London yet

Question:

An interrogative sentence in the Present Perfect is formed by placing the auxiliary verb have / has at the beginning of the sentence. The formula will be like this:

• Have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
• Has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

Have I bought all the presents? - Did I buy all the gifts?

Have you finished the classes? -Have you finished your classes?

Has she just arrived home? - Has she just arrived home?

Has it turned on? - Did it turn on?

Special questions are formed using question words. Such as when (when), how (how), what (what), where (where) and others. The following is the same word order as in the question.

• QW + have + I / You / We / They + Ved (V3)
• QW + has + She / He / It + Ved (V3)

What has he just said? - What did he just say?

How long have you been knocked on the door? - How long have you been knocking on the door?

When is the Present Perfect used?

Now let’s look at the most common cases of using and using the Present Perfect tense in speech:

• Completed action in the present

In this case, the emphasis is on the result of the completed action. In other words, when the result of an action is visible in the present.

I have cooked a good dinner - I prepared a good dinner (the action is completed, the result is a good dinner)

I know Nina. We have already met - I know Nina. We have already met (the meeting took place in the past, but we are interested in the result in the present)

• Unfinished action in the present

The Present Perfect tense is used when we describe an action that began in the past, has not yet ended in the present, but the result is obvious.

I've written five pages of the new book this morning - I wrote five pages of a new book this morning (the morning is not over yet, he can write a few more pages)

She has finished watching “Harry Potter” this week - She finished watching “Harry Potter” this week (the week is still going on, but she has already finished watching the film)

• Fact of action / personal experience

If it is important for the speaker to emphasize the fact of some accomplished event without an exact indication of the time, the Present Perfect also comes to the rescue. This tense is often used when we talk about our past experiences or when we ask our interlocutor about it.

I have been to Bratislava - I was (was) in Bratislava

In a question when we are interested in a fact from someone’s life, we also use the Present Perfect:

Have you ever been to France? -Have you ever been to France?

Present Perfect tense markers

Present Perfect is used with imprecise expressions and words that indicate a period of time that has not yet ended

• never (never)
• ever (ever)
• already (already)
• yet (yet) / not yet (not yet)
• often (often)
• lately (lately)
• just (just now)
• once (once)
• recently (recently)
• before (before)
• today (today)
• this week (this week)
• this year (this year)
• for an hour (within an hour)
• for a long time (long time)
• since two o’clock - from two o’clock
• ince December – from December

Examples of Present Perfect sentences with translation

Affirmative:

I’ve studied English since my childhood - I have studied English since childhood

She has visited this beauty shop recently - She recently visited this cosmetics store

People have walked on the Moon - People walked on the Moon.

We’ve just eaten, so we don’t want to go to the cafe - We just ate, so we don’t want to go to the cafe

I have just cut my finger - I just cut my finger

Negative:

He has not returned from school yet - He has not yet returned from school

I haven’t bought the new car. This is my old one - I didn’t buy a new car. This is old

Jane hasn’t been to Asia yet - Jane hasn’t been to Asia yet

I have not been at university this week because of the flu - I was not at the university this week because of the flu

I haven’t replaced the batteries in the doorbell - I did not replace the batteries in the doorbell

Interrogative:

Have you seen this film about space? -Have you seen this film about space?

Has Jimmy bought the tickets yet? - Jimmy already bought tickets?

How many deals has she made at the moment? - How many deals has she concluded so far?

How much coffee have you drunk today? - How much coffee did you drink today?

How long have you known Mary? - How long have you known Mary?