APPS
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ON THE MAP OF SEAS, RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND RIVERS
1. Conditional abbreviations for sea, lake and river charts
General terms
Active radar reflector |
jetty |
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Archipelago |
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air lighthouse |
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Airborne radio beacon |
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Big proofreading |
Large corr. |
Beacon |
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Big, -th, -th, -th |
direction finding station |
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Brekvator |
radio station |
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Great, -th, -th, -th |
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spinning |
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water tower |
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Water pipes |
fish. net |
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Reservoir |
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Breakwater |
light reflector |
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Eastern, -th, -th, -th |
Traffic light |
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hydrometeorological station |
Notices to Mariners |
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hydroelectric power plant |
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Cable |
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pilot station |
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Small, -th, -th, -th |
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Deviation gate. |
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flickering |
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Forbidden |
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Sector |
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signal mast |
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navigation sign |
Navigation zn. |
signal station |
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Nautophone |
rock, rocky |
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maintenance free |
Doubtful |
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Zero map |
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Leading sign |
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reference point |
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Passive radar reflector |
Telegraph |
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fog signal |
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floating lighthouse |
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floating radio beacon |
Lost Anchor |
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Underwater bell. |
Fairway |
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Underwater oscillator |
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Peninsula |
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Storm and signal station |
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Anchorage |
Priming
Name
Algae, grass |
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Pebbles, rubble |
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sand silt |
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Clay silt |
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gravel, gruss |
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rock, rocky |
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Silty sand |
Soil characteristics
Volcanic |
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Viscous, sticky |
Uneven |
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Separate |
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Bad (impure) |
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Porous |
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Destroyed |
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crushed |
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Large.... |
Ground color
Spotted, motley |
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Light.... |
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Brown |
Dark. ... |
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Orange |
II. Symbols for river maps and reservoir maps
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Coasts, isobaths, flood boundaries, fairways, navigational hazards, hydraulic structures |
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Shoreline corresponding to the shooting water level Inauthentic coastline The coast is steep: 1 - no beach; 2 - with the beach, expressed in scale; 3 - with a beach not to scale Bank with a planned slope: 1 - unreinforced; 2 - fortified rocky coast The coast is dangerous, with pechins Unflooded coastal wama and other ridges not drawn to scale 1 - surface; 2 - underwater |
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Collapsible dams for the passage of ships Gateway with a dam Lock without a dam Embankments: 1 - stone; 2 - wooden |
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Navigation barriers, currents |
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1 - left bank, 2 - right bank; 3 - places of bifurcation of the fairway 1 - white of the left bank; 2 - red right bank Flooding boundaries in high water: 1 - at the highest level; 2 - with an average of the highest levels Fairways: 1 - main; 2 - bypass; 3 - spring |
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1 - sandy; 2 - rocky Underwater obstacles: 1 - rocky soil; 2 - sandy soil rifts Bushes of piles Sunken ship with depth above it Sewer section of the river signal masts River type signs of the left and right banks: 1 - running (pressure); 2 - pass Passage marks of the marine type: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank Leading signs: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type |
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Tees: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type Spring signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank 1. Place of signal (whistle) 2. The beginning of the rocky bed of the river Place of shelter from the weather Signal signs at structures: 1 - underwater; 2 - surface 1 - buoy keeper's post; 2 - technical section Flow direction: 1 - straight; 2 - reverse Stall current: 1 - right; |
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1 - piers; 2 - landing stages Pier wood Bridges on rafts Bridges on ships (H = 5 m - height above the river level) Wooden bridges Bridges made of stone and reinforced concrete Bridges metal Drawbridges: 1 - wooden; 2 - stone and reinforced concrete; 3 - metal axle axle Ferries 1 - motor; 2 - on oars Wire transfer |
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Anchorages Water measuring posts Reference point and its mark Selectors |
Examples of images of some elements on the water
III. Conventional signs for sea charts
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Graphic image |
The meaning of conventional signs |
Fairways, boundaries of water areas |
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Fairway without indication of depths Fairway with the smallest depth 6 m Leading fairway etched with a flexible trawl to a depth of 7.1 m Leading fairway etched with a rigid trawl to a depth of 10.1 m Sea channel: 1 - expressed to scale; 2 - not expressed to scale The border of danger, distinctive depths and coastal stones |
Forbidden zones, exercise areas, etc. The boundaries of the protral areas fishing border ice border The boundary of the magnetic anomaly The boundary of the magnetic anomaly is unreliable Borders of underexplored areas |
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Isobaths (in meters) 1 ................... 10 ._._._._ 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .._.._.._ 5 - - - - - - - - 50 .-.-.-.- |
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The coastline is reliable The coastline is unreliable |
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rocky coast The coast is steep: 1 - with a beach expressed in scale; 2 - with beach not to scale |
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The coast is steep without a beach Sandy (or earthy) shore Beach with boulders Clay coast The coast is dangerous |
Dry silty coast Dry sandy coast. Drying Dry sandy-rocky coast Shore dry pebble-gravel Dry rocky coast |
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Navigational hazards |
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surface stone stone underwater drying stone The position of the danger is doubtful The existence of danger is doubtful Small jars |
underwater obstacles A sunken ship, part of which is above the water The same, with a depth above it less than 18 m The same, with a depth above it of more than 18 m Fishing nets and stakes |
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Depths, currents, hydraulic structures |
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Depth unreliable Depth at which the bottom was not reached (“swept through”) Depths are distinctive Depths above danger Depth of trawling over danger Drying height above zero depth |
Pals, ryazhevy and pile underwater barriers Breakwater Granite, concrete and reinforced concrete embankments: 1 - not expressed in scale; 2 - expressed in scale Fortified coast: 1 - not expressed in scale, 2 - expressed in scale |
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floating fences |
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Pole, ice milestone flag milestone North pole, left side pole, left turning |
South milestone, right side milestone, right turning Western milestone Eastern milestone |
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cross milestone Buoy, buoy, non-luminous Buoy, buoy with top figure Luminous buoy or buoy Buoy with light reflector |
Buoy with active or passive radar reflector Radio beacon with a luminous buoy Milestone or buoy over a sunken ship Fire over the sunken ship floating lighthouse |
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Lighthouses, lights, signs, stations, landmarks and other objects |
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Beacon fog stations aerial |
Fog stations underwater Radar station direction finding station |
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Range of lights Target of signs Coastal radar reflector navigation sign Water tower and water tower Controversial currents whirlpool Anchorage for large and small vessels, unequipped roadstead The value of the magnetic declination at the anomaly point |
Masts and flagpoles Objects visible from the sea Objects conspicuous for radar flow, constant flow Tidal flow (with plumage - tides, without plumage - low tides) Factory and factory pipes Oil and gas rigs Semaphores and traffic lights, having the meaning of landmarks |
High and low tide signaling in ports
Note. The cones used to produce signals No. 1 and 2 must have a base diameter of 0.5 m and a height of 1.5 m
Water height alarm
Note. The height and diameter of cones and cylinders, as well as the diameter of the balls for the production of signals No. 3-6 must be at least 1 m
Annex 1
The image on the maps of the color of lights glowing aids to navigation
Annex 2
1. Fencing signs of navigational hazards on the sea and lake relative to the cardinal points
Annex 3
Ship lights and signs according to the "Rules for warning ships at sea"
1. Symbols of ship lights
13. Vessels engaged in fishing with trawl gear while underway (Regulation 9c)
Appendix 4
Visual ship signals according to
"Rules of Navigation on Inland Navigation Routes"
A. Signals hoisted on ships while under way (under way)
I. On steamships when sailing without a crew of ships
B. Signals hoisted on ships while anchored (mooring signals)
Appendix 6
1 - buoy - floating pyramid
2 - ball buoy
3 - a red buoy protects the dangers of the ship's course on the right side
4 - a white buoy protects the dangers of the ship's course on the left side
5 - identification signs of the entrance to the canal with flashing light: red - right bank, green - left bank
6-slotted gate is installed on the approaches to the channel bed from the side
reservoirs
7 - long-range traffic lights give a signal to approach the lock, short-range traffic lights - to enter and exit the lock chamber
8 - signal mast of the left bank
9 - track lights are installed on both banks of the canals. Lights of the right
banks - red, left - green
10 - dividing buoy indicates the separation of the ship's passage 11 - crossing sign of the right bank
12 - pass sign of the left bank
13 - paired buoys indicate the separation of the ship's passage
14 - running signs
15 - spring sign of the left bank serves as a guide during the flood period
16 - alignment of two pyramidal signs
17 - spring sign of the right bank
18 - signs indicating the places for laying underwater pipelines, telegraph and electric cables
19 - alignment of the right bank of two simple signs
20 - red diamond-shaped shields indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from above
21 - square red shields indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from below
22 - signs indicating crossings over the river of telegraph and electric
wires
23 - semaphore mast
24 - dump buoy
25-signal mast, installed on the beaches
The coasts of the seas are "covered" by a series of nautical charts, each of which covers its own geographical area.
To communicate with neighboring charts and preserve the continuity of the graphic reckoning of the ship's path, neighboring charts have "finds", i.e. mutual overlaps.
Maps are printed on standard sheets of 75 x 100 cm. In addition, they can be printed on half or a quarter of a standard sheet with dimensions of 75 x 50 and 38 x 50 cm, respectively.
If some part of the coast is not placed in a given scale on a standard sheet, in addition to the map imprint, a valve can be printed on a non-standard sheet.
The valve is glued to the main sheet of the card. Sometimes the valve is printed in free space directly on the card.
Nautical charts are assigned five-digit Admiralty numbers. Each of the digits of the map number conditionally denotes the name of the ocean or its part, the type of map depending on its scale, the area of the ocean or sea, and the serial number of the map in this area. Special alphabetic or numeric designations are introduced for reference maps and special-purpose maps.
The cartographic grid of the sea chart is filled in accordance with its purpose with geographical and navigational content elements, inscriptions and elements of additional characteristics.
To geographical elements The contents of the map include images of the shores of the oceans, seas, bays, the topography of the seabed and land, state borders, and settlements.
To navigation elements ports, aids to navigation, fairways, sea channels, navigational hazards, navigational landmarks, magnetic declination data and other map elements of a navigational nature are assigned. Labels are the title of the map, geographical names, various explanations and warnings, as well as data on the publication and proofreading of the map.
To the elements of additional characteristics include insets, i.e. small large-scale plans or maps of navigationally important sections of the coast, placed in free places on the sheet, tables with information about tides and currents, drawings of lighthouses, signs, etc.
The elements of the content of the maps are transmitted by conventional signs, image symbols or schematic drawings of objects. Various kinds of inscriptions on the maps relating to the color and nature of the lights, the name of the soil, etc., are given in the form of abbreviations. The location of objects that are not expressed on the scale of the map is shown by symbols.
The real place of the object in this case is taken in the geometric center of the sign, if it has a regular geometric shape, or in the middle of the base, if the object is depicted as an asymmetrical pattern or a sign with wide base.
Depths are reduced to depth zero and are given in meters and decimeters, with depths from 0 to 5 m rounded to the nearest 0.1 m; from 5 to 20 m - up to 0.2 m; 20 and more - up to 1 m.
In addition to marking depths, lines of equal depths - isobaths - are drawn on the maps. The isobath of 10 m is considered cautionary for small vessels, and 20 m for large-tonnage ones.
The coastline in tidal seas is mapped with two lines. One of them (the main one) corresponds to the trace of full water in the syzygy, and the other corresponds to the lowest sea level. The zone enclosed between these lines is called drying. In seas where the tides do not exceed 0.5 m, the coastline is taken as the water's edge at an average sea level.
Heights of lighthouses and signs in the sea x that do not have tides are given above the mean sea level, and in seas with a significant tide - above the level of the mean full spring water.
Aids to Navigation (Aids to Navigation)- lighthouses, luminous and non-luminous signs, alignment marks, radio beacons, floating beacons, buoys, milestones - are shown on maps as off-scale conventional signs.
Next to the image of the luminous aids to navigation, with the help of abbreviations, their nature, the number of flashes or eclipses, the period, the visibility range of the fire, information about radio stations, fog signals, lighting sectors are inscribed.
The directions and sectors of the lighthouses give the true ones, counting from the coast from 0 to 360 ° clockwise.
Next to the image of non-luminous signs in the form of a fraction, their height from sea level (numerator) and from the base of the sign (denominator) are shown.
Next to the image of the buoys, their color, sound signals, serial numbers, data on the radar reflector are indicated, and for luminous buoys, the nature of the fire is also indicated. Leading lines are drawn through the centers of the images of leading signs, the running part of which is depicted as a solid line, and the slow moving part - as a dotted line.
Since the degree of detail of the image of the area depends on the scale of the map, then of all the maps available for a given area, the map of the largest scale should always be used.
The reading of the map begins with its title, which indicates the name of the depicted area of the sea, the scale of the map, information about the zero depth, accepted units for indicating the depths and heights of objects, data on magnetic declination.
Then the warnings and notes printed on the map should be read, the dates of publication, as well as major and minor corrections, should be set. To obtain the most complete picture of the area depicted on the map, all the geographical and navigational elements of the image shown on it are studied.
When sailing in navigationally difficult areas, it is recommended to lift the map, i.e., increase its visibility by highlighting the most important elements of the map. To do this, in particular, arcs are applied with a pencil corresponding to the visibility range of the beacons, the dangerous sectors of lights are shaded, and lines of dangerous bearings are drawn.
Before using the map, you need to evaluate it in terms of the reliability and completeness of the image printed on it. The later the map is made, the more it can be trusted. The level of modernity of the map is also judged by the dates of its new edition, major and minor corrections.
To assess the reliability of the image of the bottom topography, the degree of detail of the measurement is established. Well-surveyed areas of the sea correspond on the map to a high frequency and uniformity of plotting depths. Rarely and unevenly shown depths, white spots between them are a sign of insufficient knowledge of the area.
International system of navigation barriers.
Instructions for use.
To protect navigational hazards and designate safe passages (fairways) and indicate special areas of the water area, most countries of the world use the generally accepted system of navigation signs. The standards for such signs are developed and maintained by an international organization IALA – (International Association Lighthouse Authorities). They are printed on nautical charts and help guide the ship around various hazards. The water area of the world ocean is conditionally divided into two large regions: the region A and region IN. To the region IN belong to the regions of North and South America, Korea and the Philippines. Today we will look at the region A, in which we, in fact, are located and to which Europe, Asia and Africa belong.
All navigation signs have the following characteristics: shape, color, characteristics of lights and sound signals. Knowing these parameters, one can reliably identify any sign seen at sea and on a sea chart.
If the direction of the buoy is not obvious, then on the map it is indicated as follows - rice. 2. This means that if a ship follows the fairway in the direction indicated on the chart, then the red buoys should be on its port side, and the green ones on the starboard side.
Lateral marks may be in the form of a milestone, a pyramid with a wide base, a cone or trapezoidal buoys. The lateral signs of the left side of the fairway, in addition to the red color, have a truncated trapezoid as the upper figure and, in conditions of limited visibility, a red flashing light.
The signs on the right side of the fairway, painted green, are characterized by a triangular shape of the upper figure and, in conditions of limited visibility, glow with a green flashing light. On rice. 3 you can see how the lateral signs and the direction of the buoy are shown on the charts.
II. Cardinal signs (cardinal marks) (Fig. 4)
Cardinal signs protect a navigational hazard and indicate on which side it can be safely bypassed. In this case, the danger is shallows, underwater or surface rocks, ships sunk at shallow depths, etc. Cardinal signs are associated with the main directions of the compass in parts of the world and differ from each other in color, shape of the upper figure and characteristics of the lights.
1. Northern cardinal mark (north cardinal mark) (Fig. 5)
2. Eastern cardinal mark ( east cardinal mark) (Fig. 7)
This sign tells the sailor that it must be bypassed from the east. Coloring (from top to bottom): black-yellow-black. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles, directed by the vertices from each other. Fire characteristics: fast flashing white in groups three flashes. The map is shown as rice. 8.
Tells the sailor that it needs to be bypassed from the south. Coloring (from top to bottom): yellow-black. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles with their vertices down. Fire Characteristics: Fast flashing white in groups of six flashes plus one long flash. Shown on the map as rice. 10.
This sign should be bypassed from the west. Coloring (from top to bottom): yellow-black-yellow. The shape of the upper figure is two black triangles with their vertices directed towards each other. Fire Characteristics: Fast flashing white in groups of nine flashes. The map is shown as rice. 12.
The sign of an isolated danger is placed directly at the place of danger. It can warn of a single rock, surface or underwater dangerous shoals, etc. Coloring (from top to bottom): black-red-black. The shape of the top piece is two black balls. Light characteristic: a group of two white flashes.
How the isolated danger sign looks on the map, see rice. 14.
Safe water mark (Fig. 15)
Special stamps (Special marks) (Fig. 17)
These stamps usually designate some special areas in the water area - for example, areas where submarine cables run, submarine ranges, as well as areas reserved for water skiers and jet skis. In any case, if on the map some zone is limited by special marks, then there, on the map, there is always an explanation of what exactly they protect ( rice. 18). Special grades are painted in yellow, the shape of the upper figure is an oblique cross. Light characteristic: yellow flashes.
lighthouses
Lighthouse in specialized literature (light house) is a navigation landmark in the form of a tower or building of a distinctive shape and color, installed on the mainland, island or directly in shallow water, equipped with a lighting device with a long optical visibility range. A floating lighthouse (lightship)- a ship equipped with a beacon light and installed in the area of dangers remote from the coast.
So, a lighthouse is a large structure equipped with fire at the top point, with characteristics that are individual for each lighthouse. At least within a radius of a hundred nautical miles, you will not find two lighthouses with the same light characteristics. Many beacons are equipped with horns (usually howlers) that can be used to identify the beacon in low visibility conditions such as fog. Also, most beacons are equipped with a source of a characteristic radio signal, which allows ships to determine their position using radio navigation equipment in conditions of limited visibility.
Rules required for lighthouses:
the location of each lighthouse must be accurately mapped;
it should be clearly visible both day and night;
the light of the lighthouse shall not be mistaken for any incidental light on the shore;
the beacon must have a reliable fog alarm. Depending on the place of installation, beacons are divided into coastal and sea ones.
Coastal lighthouses, as a rule, are erected on high capes of the mainland protruding into the sea or on large islands, sea beacons - on natural or artificial islands located far from the coast, or simply on an underwater rock. According to their purpose, coastal beacons are identification (indicative) and leading.
The former, as the name implies, usually serve as reception marks at the entrance to a port or channel, turning marks where passing ships usually change their course, and warning signs indicating a certain navigational danger. Leading beacons are placed to facilitate the passage of ships in narrow places or at the entrance to the roadstead, harbor or port.
So, lighthouses have a dual purpose: they help sailors determine their position at sea and warn against danger. To use a lighthouse as a navigational landmark at night, we must, firstly, see its light, and secondly, identify it. On nautical charts, beacons are marked with a magenta (purple) exclamation mark-like symbol and/or surrounded by a purple circle. The main identifying characteristics of a beacon light, such as color, period and phase, are mapped beside it.
The color of the beacon light can be white, green or red. Green light corresponds to the designation G (green), red - R (red), blue Bu (blue), purple - Vi (violet), yellow - Y (yellow). If none of these symbols is indicated, we are dealing with white fire.
To learn to identify beacons various types Let's look at a few examples.
Example 1 On the sea chart ( rice. 1) we see the lighthouse Berry head, which has the following designation - Fl (2) 15s 58m 14M. Let's see what we will see in the dark, being close to him. Fl (2) denotes the phase characteristic of the lighthouse fire and stands for a group of flashes ( group flashing). The number 2 in brackets indicates the number of flashes in the group, and 15s (seconds) is the period. Thus, this beacon sequentially gives 2 flashes and after a break - again 2 flashes, etc. To make sure that we see exactly the beacon that is indicated on the map and has the above characteristics, we need to take a stopwatch, start it as soon as we see the first flash in the group, track 2 flashes, a break and stop the countdown at the time of the first flash in the next group time. If this is indeed a beacon marked in this place on the map, then the period counted by the stopwatch will be 15 seconds (15s).
What color of flash do you think you will observe? Quite right, they are white, because there are no G or R symbols in the designation of the beacon. The circle around the beacon and the letters RG in magenta color indicate the type of radio signal that this beacon emits. The symbols following the period in the designation of the lighthouse - 58m - is its height above sea level, and the mysterious 14M tell us that in good weather at night, from the height of the captain's bridge of a medium ship, its light is visible from a distance of 14 nautical miles.
Example 2 lighthouse on Eddystone Rocks (rice. 2) has the following designation: Fl (2) 10s 41m 20M & F.R. 28m 13M Horn (3) 60s. Fl (2) 10s - a group of two flashing flashes with a period of 10 seconds. Since the color is not specified, it means that it is white. 41m 20M - its height is 41 m, visibility in good weather is 20 nautical miles. The symbol "&" means "and", followed by the symbols: F.R. 28m 13M. This means that the beacon is equipped with an additional permanent red light ( F.R. – fixed red), installed at a height of 28 m (28m), and visibility in good weather to 13 nautical miles (13 M). If we carefully look at the map, we will see the designated sector of this fire (arc of visibility of F.R. lt). That is, if we go in such a way that we see a red fire, then we are going to danger (7-meter shallow). Symbols Horn(3) 60s tells us that the beacon is equipped with a howler that gives 3 beeps every 60 seconds. Symbols Racon(T) (3&10cm) refers to the radio signal emitted by this beacon.
Example 3 Pay attention to two identical lights located at the top fig.3 and marked with the symbols F.G. 6M. Now you can easily decipher these lights as constantly burning green. (Fixed Green) and that their visibility in good weather is 6 nautical miles (6M). These lights are located on one straight line, the direction of which is indicated on the map as 352º45´ - naturally, this is the true bearing. The meaning of these lights is that if you go into Holcombe Bay to the anchorage, you will keep these two green lights "on target", i.e. on one straight line, you will follow the true course of 352º45´ and enter the bay, avoiding dangers. Such lights are called "leading" or leading lights.
To identify the phase characteristics of the lights, use the Admiralty Booklet 5011. Its full name is Symbols and abbreviations used on Admiralty charts 5011. You must also have a book on board. List of lights for your region. By it, you can always correctly identify the beacons that you meet on the way.
| ® anomalous magnetic declination point ( d); | |||||
| ® reliable coastline; | |||||
| ® the coastline is unreliable; | |||||
| ® top of the mountain; | |||||
| ® triangulation point; | |||||
| ® astronomical point; | |||||
| ® leveling mark, benchmark; | |||||
| ® church, cathedral, kirka, church; | |||||
| ® chapel; | |||||
| ® monument, monument; | |||||
| ® drilling rig; | |||||
| ® a beached vessel; | |||||
| ® anchorage; | |||||
| ® deep water anchorage; | |||||
| ® anchoring is prohibited; | |||||
| ® depth unreliable or doubtful; | |||||
| ® depth over hazards; | |||||
| ® a sunken ship with a depth above it of 20 m or less; | |||||
| ® a sunken ship with a depth above it of more than 20 m; | |||||
 | ® sunken ship with masts above water; | ||||
 | ® a sunken ship with an indication of the depth above it; | ||||
| ® danger, the position of which is approximate or doubtful; | |||||
| ® a hazard that is doubtful; | |||||
| ® the danger caused by the report; | |||||
| ® surface rock (stone) indicating the height; | |||||
| ® underwater rock (stone) indicating the depth above it; | |||||
| ® breakers; | |||||
| ® Rip; | |||||
 | ® constant flow with indication of its speed; | ||||
 | ® variable current with indication of its speed; | ||||
 | ® tidal current with indication of its speed (in syzygy); | ||||
 | ® ebb current with indication of its speed (in quadrature); | ||||
| ® whirlpool; | |||||
| ® power submarine cable; | |||||
| ® inactive submarine cable; | |||||
| ® underwater oil pipeline; | |||||
 | ® recommended route indicating the direction of movement of ships; | ||||
| ® recommended path with indication of the smallest depth; | |||||
| ® recommended deep water route along the alignment; | |||||
| ® maximum allowable draft of ships on the recommended routes; | |||||
| ® the established direction of movement of ships; | |||||
| ® recommended direction of movement of vessels; | |||||
| ® prohibited, dangerous or restricted area for navigation; | |||||
| ® state border; | |||||
| ® demarcation line; | |||||
| ® border of territorial waters; | |||||
| ® border of the adjacent zone; | |||||
| ® beacon; | |||||
| ® a luminous sign indicating the top figure and the color of the sign; | |||||
| ® air beacon; | |||||
| êInfr Pr 8s 14M | ® infrared fire; | ||||
| Ztm | ® eclipsing fire; | ||||
| Gr Ztm | ® group eclipsing fire; | ||||
| Gr Pr(2) | ® group flashing light; | ||||
| Dl Pr | ® long flashing light; | ||||
| PR | ® flashing light; | ||||
| Prer 04 | ® intermittent very frequent fire; | ||||
| Per Gr Pr (2) | ® variable group flashing light; | ||||
| Pr (3) 15s 22M T (s) (k) og DV RMk s.st. | ® group flashing light, 3 flashes in a group, 15 second fire period, 22 miles visibility range, horn (primary) and bell (backup), visibility sensor fire, radio beacon and signal station. | ||||
The degree of completeness and detail of the content of the maps is called card load, which depends on the purpose and scale of the map(the larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the situation is).
One of requirements guidance documents to the navigator, and even more so to the officer in charge of the watch is - the ability to read a map. This question must be constantly worked out. independently on the ship according to the "Symbols of sea charts and charts of inland waterways"(Adm. No. 9025 - ed. GUNiO MO RF or Adm. No. 902 - ed. of the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine).
conclusions
1. Navigational nautical charts constitute the main subgroup of nautical charts and directly ensure the navigational safety of navigation in almost any area of the World Ocean.
2. To ensure safe navigation in a particular area, the largest-scale map published for that area is used for graphical dead reckoning.
3. It should always be remembered that the larger the scale of the map, the more complete and detailed the information necessary for safe navigation is.
4. For navigationally difficult areas, the marine navigation chart should be more visual and convenient, which is achieved by additionally performing its “lifting”.
5. Blind trust in the map and its unreasonable overestimation on the part of the navigator can lead to a navigational error, sometimes leading to a severe accident and even death of the ship.
6. Competent and full use of the nautical chart for the purposes of navigation is impossible without the ability of the navigator to “read” this chart.
TOPIC 1.6. NAVIGATIONAL AND SAILING GUIDES
General information.
The map is one of the main sources of information for the navigator. However, even the most detailed map cannot provide the full scope. necessary information. The Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense issues publications of a navigational nature, which are divided into marine navigation manuals (MNR) and marine navigation manuals (MNP).
Mongolian People's Republic- official publications for mariners containing rules, instructions, instructions or recommendations of a navigational or legal nature, failure to comply with which makes the mariner liable for possible consequences.
Swimming guides are: directions and additions to them; description of lights and signs (lights); description of radio technical aids to navigation equipment (RTSNO) and radio navigation systems (RNS); schedule of radio transmissions of navigational and hydrometeorological messages and facsimile hydrometeorological transmissions; navigation rules for channels, fairways, inland waterways, in ports, etc.; instructions and instructions for swimming; printed proof documents.
The manuals should also include various publications containing information of an international legal nature.
These include: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs); International Code of Signals (ICC); collections of regional agreements and legislative acts on navigation issues; obligatory regulations on seaports, etc.
MNP- official publications for navigators containing navigational and hydrographic, geophysical, astronomical and various kinds of reference data intended for solving problems of navigation. They are divided into aids for navigation, hydrometeorological, astronomical, reference and auxiliary aids.
The main requirements for guidelines and manuals are as follows:
· They should not duplicate the information on the cards;
· Must not conflict with the cards;
Fully correspond to the actual situation;
Guides and manuals usually contain the following information:
· Data on the physical and geographical conditions of the area;
· Navigational and geographical description of objects on the sea and adjacent land;
· Information about the peculiarities of swimming in the area;
· Description of the aids to navigation in the order in which they are used;
· Information for solving various tasks of a navigational nature;
· International legal information;
· Information about the swimming mode;
· Brief description of the main guidelines.
· 1.6.2 PILOT
· The Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the GUNiO MO begin with the number 1. The sailing directions contain information about the navigation conditions in the area. They can be divided into parts geographically. If the part is very voluminous in size, then it can be divided into issues. Each location is provided with a map of the described area. The scheme indicates the boundaries and numbers of the heads of the sailing directions, describing individual sections. In some sailing directions, instead of the area scheme, a combined sheet of maps is placed on the area described by the sailing station.
Each lotion contains:
introductory documents;
General review;
Navigation description;
Guidance for swimming in general courses;
Reference department;
Alphabetical index.
B. Obtaining information using sailing directions.
To obtain information about a geographical object by its name, select the page number printed in bold from the alphabetical index and read the necessary information there.
For getting general information about the navigation and geographical features of the navigation area and hydrometeorological conditions, it uses the corresponding essays from " general overview". It also provides information on the rules of navigation in the waters of foreign countries.
Description of specific sailing conditions is given in the relevant chapters of the "Navigational Description". Special attention you need to pay attention to the "instruction" (indication) for swimming in the area.
If navigation is carried out in transit through the area described by the sailing direction, then it is necessary to use the information from the section “Instruction (indication) for navigation in general courses”.
DESCRIPTIONS OF LIGHTS.
Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the GUNiO MO begin with the number 2. This manual is published under two titles: "Lights" and "Lights and Signs". The structure and form of presenting information in these manuals is the same, however, there are significant differences between them:
1. "Lights and signs" are drawn up for the waters of Russia (including the former USSR), and "Lights" - for foreign waters.
2. "Lights and signs" contain information about all regular aids to navigation, with the exception of milestones (regular aids - permanently located in the same places or removed annually for the winter period and exhibited annually for the navigation period). They also include non-illuminated signs and buoys), and "Lights" contain information only about luminous aids to navigation and sound signal installations, with the exception of buoys and milestones, lights on drilling and oil rigs.
3. In "Lights and Signs" the smallest of the standard and geographical range of visibility of lights is given, and in "Lights" the nominal or optical range of visibility of the lights.
The main differences between Russian and foreign maps.
DATE OF THE BIG PACKAGE.
Under the lower frame to the right of the mark about the first edition, below the date of reprint, the date of major proofreading is indicated.
DATE OF THE SMALL PACKAGE
Marks of minor corrections made to the Notices to Mariners (with the exception of temporary and preliminary ones) are placed under the lower frame in the left corner.
Small Correction, 1990-903
Small proofreading according to IM No.903 for 1990
Small Correction, 1990-
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
On small-scale Admiralty maps, isogons are plotted and under the heading it is indicated
Magnetic Curves are for the year 1992
Curves of equal magnetic declination - for 1992
Most nautical charts have magnetic declination cards. In the center of the card is the declination value, the year to which it is given, and the annual change, as, for example:
Skl. 12 "00" app. (1992), decrease 10" annually.
DIRECTIONS
Under the card title is usually indicated
The Bearings are referred to the True Compass and when given Degrees are reckoned clockwise from 000" (North) to 359".
All Bearings are True and are given from Seaward
All bearings are true and given from the sea.
DEPTHS
Under the heading of each English map are indications of the depths
Anding in Fathoms.
Depths in six-foot fathoms.
Sounding in Fathoms (under Eleven in Fat horns and Feet). Depths in six-foot fathoms (less than eleven fathoms - in fathoms and feet).
Marks of shallow depths (less than 11 fathoms) consist of two figures - fathoms and feet;
63 = 6 fathoms (6 feet each) and 3 feet = 39 feet
Some maps have the following indications of depths.
Soundings in upright hairline figures are from a smaller scale chart.
SOILS
On new English maps, as well as on Soviet maps, the name of the soil is written with a capital (big) letter, and adjective characteristics with a lowercase (small), for example
fS - MP - fine sand
bkSh - bR - broken shell
syM - VI - viscous sludge
wCo - blKor - white coral
DANGERS
Obstacles that pose a danger to navigation are plotted on English maps and a dotted dotted line is drawn around them - danger boundaries (Danger line).
Particular care must be taken when sailing in the vicinity of hazards marked with the following;
R.A. Position Approximate
P.D. Position DoubfuIl
E.D. Existence Doubfull
Insufficiently explored hazards are mapped with an indication;
Rep.d Reported
Unexam.d Unexamined - Unexamined
ZERO DEPTH
On admiralty charts of the British Isles and Ireland, under the heading is usually indicated;
The datum to which the soundings are redused is the level of Mean Low Water Springs.
Charts with this indication require special care, as in fact about half of the shallow waters will be below zero depth and, therefore, the actual depth will sometimes be less than indicated on the chart.
To avoid negative depth adjustments, a new level has been adopted on some maps.
The Saundings are reduced approximately to 3 feet below the level of Mean Low Water Springs
For English charts of foreign waters, local levels are taken as the depth zero, an indication of this is given under the heading. It can be
Low Water Level - Low water level
The Level of lowest posible Low Water - The level of the lowest possible low water
For places where there are no tides, the depth is taken as zero;
The Level of the Sea.
Sea level
Tides
For areas where tidal phenomena are observed, on the maps and the information necessary for navigators. This may be general information.
There are no appreciable tides - There are no noticeable tides.
Spring Rise about 2 feet - The height of the spring tide is about 2 feet
For a few more important points, a table is given (Information on zero depth tides).
LIGHTHOUSES
Information about lighthouses is given on the maps by symbols and abbreviations. Full Specs beacons look like this:
F1.4 sec.117 ft.15 M - White flashing light, period 4 seconds, height 117 feet, visibility 15 miles.
Gr.0cc.(3) R.8 sec.15 ft.6 M. - Fire red group-eclipsing,3 eclipsing in group: period 8 seconds, height 15 feet, visibility 6 miles.
F.Fl.G.3 sec.23 ft.8 M.Nauto - Constant fire with flashes, period 3 sec height 23 feet, visibility 8 miles, autophone.
FORBIDDEN AND DANGEROUS AREAS
Where necessary, English charts contain warnings restricting the freedom of navigation.
Prohibited Area
Anchorage Prohibited - Anchorage prohibited
Anchorage prohibited - No passage
Danger Area
Mining Ground - Mining Bank
Mined Area - Mined area
Vessel are warned not to anchor or fish within area marked by pecked lines. - Vessels are warned against anchoring and fishing within the area, limited on the map by dotted lines.
Spo iI Ground - Soil dump
Ammuniti on Disused - Dump of unusable ammunition
