Application. The movement of the transport fleet does not stop at night, so the safety of navigation at night depends on the ability to "read" not only navigational, but also signal lights that are turned on on every vessel without exception - moving or stationary.

Rules relating to lights must be observed from sunset to sunrise (at night) and also in conditions of limited visibility during the day. At the same time, other lights should not be exhibited that may be mistaken for those prescribed by the Rules, worsen their visibility or interfere with observation.

Categories of ships, carrying signal lights. The navigation rules require that the following categories of ships can be distinguished by signal lights: self-propelled single ships underway, convoys underway, ships and convoys in the parking lot, non-self-propelled ships when they are towed (i.e. "on the move") and in the parking lot, vessels of the technical fleet, fishing vessels, small size and sailing vessels, floating equipment and rafts.

Among non-self-propelled vessels, technical vessels are singled out as a special category, which “on duty” can stand on the ship’s course (dredgers, cranes, diving boots, etc.). Fishing vessels are also singled out, since their lowered nets can occupy up to half the width of the fairway, representing an increased navigational hazard for passing vessels.

Rack floating facilities (pontoon berths, baths, etc.) are, figuratively speaking, motionless "surface navigational obstacles" and their signal lights in this sense are akin to navigational ones. In the same sense, sailing ships can be compared with a mobile "navigational danger", in connection with which they are singled out in a separate category of ships.

Finally, for small size vessels, the Navigation Rules establish a simplified version of signal lights.

Assignment of signal lights. By the signal lights, you can find out the purpose of the vessel; this is a composition or a single vessel; if the composition, then what exactly. However, the most important thing in night orientation is to determine whether the vessel is stationary or moving, and if moving, in what direction. Therefore, self-propelled ships have significantly different signal lights "on the move" and "in the parking lot" or, as they say in the navy, running and parking.

running lights allow you to find out the direction of the vessel's movement (oncoming, transverse, passing) and determine the change in its course, parking lights - indicate the type of vessel and the nature of its cargo.

A non-self-propelled vessel can navigate the fairway only with the help of a self-propelled vessel that carries its navigation lights, so a non-self-propelled vessel does not need navigation lights.

An ordinary non-self-propelled vessel does not have the right to stay in the fairway, and non-self-propelled technical vessels perform certain work on it, so their parking lights should indicate where the vessel is standing - on the ship's course or outside it.

Location and nature of signal lights. Signal lights of ships differ from each other in their location, color, lighting sectors, burning mode, visibility range (Fig. 76).

running lights are top, stern and side. They are constantly on while driving and off when parked. Only on the move, the towing light and flashing all-round lights are also turned on. Signal lights are turned on on the move, giving signals of divergence and overtaking, and light-pulse signals can be used both at night and during the day.

Top lights(Fig. 76 a - 1) always white, continuously burning, located in the center plane of the vessel, shining straight ahead in the 225 ° sector. The number and mutual arrangement of masthead lights depend on the category of the vessel. They can also be installed on a non-self-propelled vessel.

side lights(Fig. 76 a - 2, 6) burn continuously, located on the sides of the vessel: on the starboard side - green, on the port side - red. Each light shines forward-sideways from the centreline of the ship in a sector of 112.5° (the side light illumination sector occupies half of the masthead sector). Installed only on self-propelled ships.

Rice. 76. Navigation lights of ships: a - constant glow; b - intermittent glow. Parking lights: in - self-propelled; d - non-self-propelled vessels

towing fire(Fig. 76 a - 4) yellow, lit continuously, shining backwards in the same sector as the stern lights - 135 °.

all round fire visible from all sides. Depending on the category of the ship, it can be of different colors - white, red, yellow, blue, green - and with different burning modes: constantly on, switched on for a while (“temporarily switched on”) and flashing, i.e. continuously flashing at regular intervals time.

stern lights(Fig. 76 a - 5) white are located in the stern of the vessel, they burn continuously. They shine backwards in a sector of 135 °, so that during any maneuver of the vessel, either mast or stern lights are always visible, but never together. Installed only on self-propelled vessels

Light-pulse (light) go-ahead- this is a white flashing light located above the side light, on the edge of the ship's bridge (Fig. 76 b - 4). Each light consists of a pair of lanterns that shine forward and backward from the beam at 112.5 °, so that the lighting sector overlaps the diametrical plane of the vessel both in front and behind. Guidance lights of the same color as the corresponding side lights may be used.

In addition, self-propelled vessels are equipped at the edges of the navigation bridge with white lights of constant burning, which shine directly along the beam of the vessel in a 180 ° sector (Fig. 76 c - 2).

Visibility range of signal lights. The maximum visibility range of the top lights of a self-propelled vessel over 20 m long is at least 8 km. For non-self-propelled vessels, it is less: with a length of more than 50 m - 4 km, for shorter ones - 2 km.

Side, stern and white all-round lights of self-propelled vessels have a visibility range of 3.7 km, colored all-round lights - 1.85 km. This means that the masthead lights of an oncoming vessel are visible much further than the sidelights.

Navigation lights and vessel heading. The lighting sectors of the running lights are chosen so that the colored side lights can hardly be confused with the colored navigation lights: the side lights are always visible "accompanied" by the top ones. But this alone is not enough for reliable orientation at night: it is extremely important for the driver of a small vessel to know on what courses he approaches the transport vessel he has seen. The most dangerous are head-on to traverse courses, when ships approach at a speed exceeding the speed of each of them. Approach on the remaining courses occurs at a speed less than the speed of the fastest of them.

Navigation lights allow you to quickly determine whether it is dangerous to approach the vessel you see. For this you need to remember rule:

moving red light is dangerous on the right along the course, green - on the left . In the first case, the seen vessel intersects our course on the right, so that we see its port side, in the second case, vice versa. However, the most dangerous situation is when both sidelights are visible ahead on the course - if you do not change the course of your ship, a collision cannot be avoided!

Lights of single self-propelled vessels on the move(Rule 57). All such vessels carry mast, side and stern lights (see Fig. 76 a). Vessels over 50 m in length may carry a second masthead ahead of and below the first. A vessel less than 5 m wide carries one stern light in the diametral plane, a wider vessel - three stern lights located in an equilateral triangle with the base down (Fig. 76 a).

A passenger ship operating at a crossing or on an intra-city line carries an additional yellow flashing all-round light (Fig. 76 b - 3).

Vessel with oil cargo, their residues, explosive or toxic substances(hereinafter, for brevity - "ship with oil cargo") carries a red mastlight (Fig. 76 a - 3), located below the forward white mastlight (Rule 73).

The ship of navigational supervision can additionally show a blue flashing all-round light at night and during the day (Fig. 76 b - 2). Yellow and blue flashing lights may be placed in the same vertical as the masthead above or below it.

Pushing and towing vessels are distinguished from single self-propelled vessels by their masthead lights and the presence of towing lights.

Pushed train lights. A vessel pushing an attachment barge carries three masthead, side, stern and towing lights (Rule 59). Top lights in the form of an equilateral triangle with the base down are located in vertical plane perpendicular to the centreline of the vessel in which the top of the lights is located. A vessel wider than 5 m has three stern lights, a narrower one has only one towing light.

If a ship is pushing oil barges, it must carry a red masthead light instead of the top white masthead light at the apex of the triangle (Rule 74).

Pushed barges must carry (Rule 60): single - one masthead light in the bow, in convoy - one mastlight in the bow of each forward vessel (located below the pusher vessel's masthead triangle).

Lights of tugboats on a cable(Rule 61). The towing vessel carries two vertically located masthead lights, one stern and one towing light each in the center plane of the vessel, with the towing light located above the stern, and side lights.

If the vessel is towing a raft or a mixed convoy (raft and vessels), then instead of two it carries three masthead lights located vertically.

Oil train tugs carry a red masthead located below the front white mastlight.

Lights when towing with double traction. Such towing may be carried out by self-propelled vessels in the wake or side by side.

When towing in the wake, the front towing vehicle carries a complete set of towing vehicle lights, the number and location of which depend on the type of cargo, and the remaining towing vehicles carry the same lights, with the exception of side lights (Rule 62). Signals of divergence and overtaking are given only by the towing vehicle following ahead.

Side-moored (side-to-side) tugs carry all tug lights except for inside side lights (they are simply not needed) (Rule 63). The tow rope is attached to the vessel, which has a port side light.

Side towing lights(Rule 66) . The tug of a non-self-propelled vessel carries the same lights as a single self-propelled vessel under way. A non-self-propelled vessel carries the lights assigned to it.

If another self-propelled vessel (using its engines or not) is moored under the side of the towing vehicle, then the latter carries one masthead light and one stern light (as a single self-propelled vessel shorter than 50 m and not wider than 5 m). An oil bunker operator, as well as a cleaning vessel, when transferring fuel or receiving bottom waters, additionally carry a red all-round light. At the same time, the main vessel (tug) does not change its lights.

Signal lights for towed non-self-propelled vessels(Regulation 67) are the same during towing and when anchored (with the exception of oil cargo ships).

Single vessels with a length of less than 50 m carry one all-round white light (when towing under the side it can be replaced by a top one) (Fig. 76 d - 1), a longer vessel carries two all-round white lights at the bow and stern (when towing under the side they can be replaced by top and stern).

A non-self-propelled vessel with oil cargo in the parking lot additionally carries a red all-round light (near the train - on each vessel), which should not be on the same vertical with the white all-round light (Fig. 76 d - 1, 2).

On the landing stage (floating berth with a superstructure) there is one all-round white light on the mast and one white light on the wall of the superstructure, visible from the side of the ship's passage.

The ferry of the rope crossing during the movement carries a white all-round light, the rope of the crossing is lit by lanterns on both banks.

Non-self-propelled ship aground(Rule 88) carries the parking lights assigned to him. In addition, at the level of the floating navigation mark on the part of the vessel protruding towards the ship's passage, lights are displayed indicating whether the passage is free for other vessels: if it is free, then a white all-round light, if not, then three vertically located red all-round lights .

Parking lights for self-propelled vessels. A sign of the movement of a self-propelled vessel is the mast and side lights. They are disabled in the parking lot. The main sign of a standing self-propelled vessel is a white all-round light located in the most visible place.

Single vessel(Rule 78), which is more than 5 m wide, carries one all-round white light in the bow (on the mast, flagpole); one white light on the edge of the bridge on the running side, visible in a 180° sector (90° from the traverse); two stern lights located horizontally (Fig. 76 c - 1, 2, 4). A narrower vessel carries only one all-round white light on the mast.

Self-propelled vessel with oil cargo(Rule 81) in the parking lot additionally carries a red all-round light, which should not be on the same vertical with a white all-round light (Fig. 76 c - 3).

Self-propelled ship aground(Rule 88) carries the normal positioning lights and, in addition, additional lights to indicate whether it is possible for other vessels to pass (same as those of non-self-propelled vessels aground).

Raft and pier lights. Rafts on the move and when parked carry white all-round lights, the number and location of which depend on the length of the raft (for example, one light in the tail section of the raft with a length of up to 60 m, one light each in the head and tail sections with a length of up to 120 m, four fire at the corners of the raft with a length of more than 240 m).

floating pontoons, pumping stations, baths, etc., must carry white all-round lights on the part protruding towards the ship's passage: with a length of this part of less than 50 m - one light, with a longer length - one light every 50 m.

Lights of technical vessels. Refuller dredgers carry one all-round green light on the mast while working on the ship's course. When dumping soil on the right bank, the dredger carries two red all-round lights (awnings) from the side of the ship's passage, while dumping soil on the left bank - two green ones. Lights are installed at the bow and stern at the height of the canopy (superstructure). The pipeline every 50 m is marked with all-round lights (red for dumping on the right bank, white for the left).

If the refuller dredger is not on the ship's course, then instead of a green all-round light, it carries a white all-round light, the lights on the pipeline are also white.

Bottom-cleaning shells and vessels engaged in underwater work (lifting vessels, laying pipes, cables, etc. without diving operations) carry one all-round green light on the mast.

A vessel engaged in diving operations carries two green all-round lights vertically on the mast.

Floating cranes extracting soil on or off the ship's course carry the parking lights of non-self-propelled vessels.

Fishing boat lights. A vessel engaged in dragging trawl nets or other fishing gear must, in addition to the signaling prescribed in other provisions of the Rules, carry:

At night - two all-round lights located vertically (upper - green, lower - white, at a distance of at least 1 m in front of and below the top light);

During the day - two black cones connected by their tops, located one above the other.

A fishing vessel under way or when not engaged in fishing must carry the same lights as self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels.

Lights of small size and sailing vessels(Rules 69-72). boats and motor boats irrespective of the power of the engine, they must carry the top, side and stern lights on the move. Side lights can be combined in one lamp.

When anchored in a place where other vessels can navigate, a motorized recreational craft must carry one all-round white light. It must carry the same fire if it is oared, under sail or in tow (you can also have such a fire at the ready and show it when other ships approach).

Sailing ships with a length of 20 meters or more, side lights, a stern light and two all-round lights near the masthead, located vertically, the upper light should be red and the lower light green;

Vessels from 7 to 20 meters long - side lights, stern light. In this case, the lights can be combined in one lantern installed at the top of the mast;

Vessels less than 7 meters long - an all-round white light located on the mast; when other ships approach, this ship must, in addition, illuminate the sail with white light;

A sailing vessel anchored in a place where other vessels can navigate shall carry one all-round white light.

Rowing boats while under way they carry one all-round white light or have it ready to show when other ships approach. Anchored where other ships sail rowboats must carry one all-round white light.

Ship signs- this is the flag "A" from the International Code of Signals (white and blue with a vertical border of colors, with pigtails), a black ball with a diameter of 60 cm, black and red cones with top down and a base diameter of 60 cm.

One "A" flag is carried bottom cleaning shells and ships that do without diving operations. Two vertical flags "A" carried diving vessel.

The red cone, point down, must be carried by self-propelled and non-self-propelled non-self-propelled vessels, or vessels that have not been degassed after the carriage of such goods.

One black ball in the most visible place in the bow carries a self-propelled ship at anchor; a vessel less than 5 m wide need not carry this mark. The pusher or tug of an anchored convoy must lift a black ball visible from all sides.

Three black balls are carried by self-propelled or non-self-propelled ship aground.

A black cone, pointing down, carries a vessel under sail and at the same time driven by a motor.

Fishing nets placed in the immediate vicinity of the channel or on its part, should be marked with yellow floats or yellow flags in sufficient numbers to indicate their location.

Day and night visual signals of ships. The navigation rules regulate the following types of signals that ships can give:

go-ahead transport, technical and fishing vessels: during the day - by vertical (up-down) movement of the white flag, at night - by the light of the go-ahead lights or flashing signal lights at the technical and fishing vessels;

signal "Please stop": during the day - the horizontal movement of the white flag, at night - the white light;

signal of a small or sailing vessel when it loses its motion or control in the way of other vessels: during the day - by a circular motion of a noticeable object above the head, at night - by a circular motion of a white light; additionally, an audible signal "Warning" can be given;

When ship in distress needs help, it may show (Rule 96):

Red missiles;

III. visual alarm

47. Requirements relating to lights must be observed from sunset to sunrise (at night). At the same time, other lights that may be mistaken for those prescribed by these Rules must not be exhibited, impair their visibility or interfere with observation.

Rules relating to signs must be observed from sunrise to sunset (by day).

48. During the day, when visibility conditions require, boatmasters should use the signaling prescribed for the night.

49. The location of the lights must comply with the requirements of Appendix No. 2, and the visibility range - not less than those specified in Appendix No. 3 to these Rules.

50. Vessels being repaired or laid up in water areas located outside the ship's passage, and which do not create obstacles for other moving vessels, may not carry prescribed lights and signs.

51. Signal lights:

Top light - a white light or red, located in the diametrical plane of the vessel, emitting continuous light along the horizon arc of 225 degrees. and located so that this light is visible from a direction straight ahead of the vessel up to 22.5 degrees. behind the traverse of each side;

Side lights - a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side, each of these lights emitting continuous light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees. and should be located so that this light is visible from a direction straight ahead of the vessel up to 22.5 degrees. behind the traverse of the corresponding side;

Stern light - a white light located in the stern of the vessel, emitting continuous light along the horizon arc of 135 degrees. and so placed that this light is visible from a direction straight aft to 67.5 deg. from each side;

All-round fire - a fire that emits light continuously in a 360-degree arc of the horizon;

The towing light is a yellow light that emits continuous light along a 135-degree arc of the horizon. and so placed that this light is visible from a direction straight aft to 67.5 deg. from each side;

A light-pulse go-ahead, colored or white, is a flashing light that emits light along an arc of the horizon at 112.5 degrees. from the beam of the vessel to the bow or stern with the overlap of the center plane of the vessel by 22.5 degrees. The light-pulse go-ahead is a night and day alarm. In the absence of a light-pulse signal, it is allowed to use a signal signal at night (flashing with white light), and during the day - a signal signal;

A flashing light is a light that flashes at regular intervals.

52. When passing under bridges, through locks or under the lines of air crossings, vessels may carry mast lights at a lower height than established for unhindered passage.

53. Flags and shields must be rectangular. Their length and width must be at least 1 m, and for small boats - at least 0.6 m.

54. Cylinders, balls, cones and double cones may be replaced by devices that produce the same images at a distance. Their dimensions should be:

Cylinder height - not less than 0.8 m, diameter - not less than 0.5 m;

Ball diameter - not less than 0.6 m;

The height of the cone is not less than 0.6 m, the diameter of the base is not less than 0.6 m.

55. It is prohibited to use lighting devices, searchlights, as well as shields, flags and other objects if they can be mistaken for signal lights, lights and signals referred to in these Rules, or if they can impair visibility or make it difficult to recognize navigation lights and signals. .

56. Boatmasters are prohibited from using lighting devices and searchlights if they can cause glare that endangers or interferes with navigation.

IV. Night running alarm

57. Single self-propelled vessel must carry:

top fire; a vessel of 50 m or more in length may carry a second masthead positioned behind and above the front one;

side lights;

Three stern lights located in a triangle with the base down - on ships with a width of more than 5 m;

One stern light in the diametrical plane - on ships with a width of 5 m or less.

58. Passenger displacement self-propelled vessels , working at the crossing or on intracity lines within the boundaries of port waters, as well as self-propelled ferry on the move, they must carry, in addition to the above lights, a yellow flashing all-round light located above the masthead.

59. push ship must carry:

Three masthead lights located in the same plane in an equilateral triangle with their base down, the top of which must be located in the diametrical plane;

side lights;

Three stern lights located in a triangle with the base down, above them - a towing light, and a vessel of 5 m or less in width - only one towing light.

60. Pushed ships must carry:

Single - one top light in the bow;

In the composition - one masthead light on the bow of each forward vessel.

61. towing vessel must carry:

Two masthead lights located vertically; when towing a raft - three masthead lights located vertically;

side lights;

A stern light located in the diametrical plane, and a towing light above it.

62. When towing a convoy by several self-propelled vessels connected in the wake, the lead towing vehicle must carry the lights specified in paragraph 61 of these Rules, the other towing vehicles - the same lights, except for side ones.

63. Self-propelled vessels moored on their sides and towing a convoy must carry the lights specified in paragraph 61, with the exception of internal side lights.

64. A self-propelled vessel at the raft, assisting in guiding it, must carry three masthead lights located vertically and one stern light located in the centreline of the vessel.

65. A self-propelled vessel, when towing a pusher convoy on a rope, must carry the same lights as a self-propelled vessel specified in paragraph 61, and a pushing vessel - one mast light, a towing light and below it two stern lights located horizontally. With a pusher width of 5 m or less, it carries one towing light.

66. When towing alongside any other vessels, the towing self-propelled vessel must carry lights in accordance with paragraph 61 of these Rules. In this case, a self-propelled vessel under the side must carry a masthead light and one stern light located in the center line, and a non-self-propelled vessel - in accordance with paragraph 67 of these Rules.

67. Non-self-propelled towed vessels following one or more self-propelled vessels must carry:

Single vessel up to 50 m long - one all-round white light;

A single vessel of 50 m or more in length - one all-round white light on the bow and stern;

Consists of one all-round white light on the bow of each vessel and on the stern of each last vessel.

68. A self-propelled vessel with running engines, towed on a cable, must carry the lights specified in paragraph 67 of these Rules.

(as amended by the Order of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation of 01.01.2001 N 114)

69. Self-propelled small boat must carry:

top fire;

side lights;

Stern fire.

Side lights can be combined in one lamp located along the axis of the vessel in the bow.

70. Towed and side-by-side small boats must carry an all-round white light. This provision does not apply to ships' boats.

71. Sailing ships must carry:

Vessels of 20 meters or more in length - side lights, a stern light and two all-round lights near the masthead, located vertically, with the upper light being red and the lower light green;

Vessels from 7 to 20 meters long - side lights, stern light. In this case, the lights can be combined in one lantern installed at the top of the mast;

Vessels less than 7 meters long - a white all-round light located on the mast; when other ships approach, this ship must, in addition, illuminate the sail with white light;

A sailing vessel under power or under sail and motor must carry lights as a single self-propelled vessel.

72. Ship boats shall have an all-round white light and display it when other vessels approach.

73. Vessels carrying dangerous goods , or ships which have not been degassed after the carriage of such goods, shall carry, while underway, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph 57 of these Rules, a red masthead light below the forward white masthead light.

74. Tow or pusher , other than the lights prescribed by these Rules, must carry:

If the convoy includes vessels referred to in paragraph 73, the vessel engaged in tethering shall carry a red masthead light above the white masthead lights;

A ship engaged in pushing ships shall carry a red masthead light instead of the top white masthead light at the apex of the triangle;

If the convoy contains the vessels specified in paragraph 73 (mixed composition) - one red masthead light located above the white ones or a triangle.

75. Rope ferries who are not self-propelled must carry:

An all-round white light located at a height of at least 5 m, but this height may be reduced to 3 m if the length of the ferry does not exceed 15 m;

An all-round yellow light located at least 1 meter above the white light.

The rope of the crossing must be illuminated on both banks with lanterns covered from above with protective visors.

76. A self-propelled vessel engaged in pushing, towing on a cable or under the side of a non-self-propelled vessel (ferry) at the crossing, in addition to the lights prescribed for it, must carry a yellow flashing all-round light.

A non-self-propelled vessel carries one white mast light when pushing, one all-round white light when towing, if the vessel is up to 50 meters long, over 50 meters - two all-round lights at the bow and stern.

77. rafts on the go must carry:

With a length of less than 60 m - one all-round white light on the tail section;

With a length of 60 to 120 m - one all-round white light on the head and tail parts;

With a length of 120 to 240 m - one all-round white light at the corners of the raft;

With a length of 240 to 480 m - one all-round white light at the corners of the raft and on the sides in the middle part, and on rafts longer than 480 m, two all-round white lights are added along the sides every 240 meters.

V. Night parking alarm

78. Single vessel in the parking lot must carry:

Self-propelled with a width of 5 m or less, non-self-propelled with a length of up to 50 m - one all-round white light on the mast;

Self-propelled vehicle with a width of more than 5 m - a white all-round light in the bow, two stern lights located horizontally, and a white light on the edge of the navigation bridge from the side of the ship's passage, visible in a 180 degree sector;

Non-self-propelled with a length of 50 m or more - one all-round white light in the bow and stern.

79. Landing stage, floating workshop, firewall shall carry one all-round white light on the mast and one all-round white light on the side of the superstructure, visible from the side of the channel.

80. As part of or a group of connected non-self-propelled ships standing in the roadstead or near the shore, the ships located on the side of the navigation channel and all ships of the forward berth must carry one all-round white light on the bow, and all ships of the last (rear) berth - on the stern.

81. Ships with dangerous goods or their remains in the parking lot, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph 78 of these Rules, carry one red all-round light.

82. Oil pumping, oil bunkering and cleaning stations shall carry the same lights and shapes as non-self-propelled vessels of the appropriate size, as well as an all-round red light.

83. rafts in the parking lot along the route, they must carry the same lights as on the move.

84. The rafts standing on the formation roadstead must carry from the side of the ship's passage every 500 m all-round lights of the same color as the lights of the corresponding floating navigation signs.

85. Floating berths, pumping stations and other floating installations must carry one all-round white light with a length of less than 50 m, and an all-round white light every 50 m for a length of 50 m or more.

86. Timber guide and forest fencing floating structures forest bays and harbors at the extremities, as well as along the entire length, every 100 m, all-round lights of the same color as the lights of the corresponding floating navigation marks should be carried.

87. networks placed in the immediate vicinity of the ship's channel or on part of it, should be marked every 100 m on boats or other devices with all-round lights of the same color as the lights of the corresponding floating navigation marks.

88. On a ship aground , the parking lights installed for it must be carried and, in addition, at the level of the floating mark:

From the side or sides from which the ship's passage is free - an all-round white light on the part of the ship protruding into the ship's passage;

From the side from which passage is impossible - three red all-round lights, during the day - three black balls located vertically in a prominent place.

89. A ship sunk on the ship's way or near it must be protected by floating signs of navigational situation.

VI. Day alarm

90. A vessel under sail and at the same time using a power plant , should carry a black cone pointing down in the most visible place.

91. Self-propelled and non-self-propelled ships carrying dangerous goods , or ships that have not been degassed after carrying such cargoes, shall carry the red cone, point downwards.

92. Vessel at anchor , must carry the black ball at such a height that it can be seen from all sides.

93. The pusher or tug of an anchored convoy must lift a black ball visible from all sides.

94. Nets placed in close proximity to the ship's passage or on part of it, shall be marked with yellow floats or yellow flags in sufficient numbers to indicate their position.

VII. Special signaling

95. Supervisory courts may, without prejudice to the signaling requirements of other provisions of these Rules, display a flashing blue light night and day.

96. When ship in distress needs help , it might show:

A flag with a ball or similar object above or below it;

Frequent flashing of an all-round light, searchlight, vertical movement of the fire;

Red missiles;

Slow repeated lifting and lowering with arms outstretched to the side.

97. Dredging projectile of any design and appointment when working on a ship's course, one all-round green light on the mast; when working on the right side of the ship's passage - two red all-round lights (awning) located on the bow and stern parts at the height of the awning from the running side; when working on the left side - two green all-round lights, respectively; when working across the ship's passage (development of trenches for underwater crossings, etc.), the two above-mentioned awning lights should be located on the bow or stern of the dredgers, respectively, to the edge.

98. Refuller projectile when working on the ship's course, in addition to the signals specified in paragraph 97, on the floating ground pipeline of the refuller projectile, all-round lights should be carried every 50 m (red when the soil is dumped over the right edge of the ship's passage, white - behind the left).

99. Bottom cleaners and vessels those engaged in underwater work (lifting ships, laying pipes, cables, etc. without diving work) must carry one green all-round light on the mast, during the day - signal flag "A".

100. floating cranes quarrying in or out of the ship's course, and dredgers, when working only outside the ship's channel, must carry the same lights as non-self-propelled vessels of the appropriate size when at anchor.

101. Vessel engaged in diving operations , at night must carry two green all-round lights located vertically, during the day - two signal flags "A".

102. Self propelled dredger with a dragging soil receiver, when taking soil on the go, must carry:

During the day - three signs arranged vertically: two black balls and a black rhombus between them;

At night, in addition to the signaling provided for by these Rules, two all-round green lights located horizontally on the yard of the aft mast at a distance of at least 2.0 m from each other.

103. Dredging and bottom-cleaning shells, diving vessels and vessels intended for underwater operations, not engaged in the performance of their main operations, while underway and when stationary, must carry the same lights and signs as self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels. At the same time, all-round white lights should be displayed on the ground pipeline every 50 m.

104. Vessel engaged in trawling , and when operating at floating signs, navigational equipment should carry one signal flag "A" (shield) on the mast during the day and one all-round green light at night.

105. Vessel engaged in dragging trawl nets or other fishing gear shall, in addition to the signaling prescribed elsewhere in these Regulations, carry:

At night - two all-round lights located vertically (upper - green, lower - white, at a distance of at least 1 m in front of and below the top light);

In the afternoon - two black cones connected by their tops, located one above the other.

106. A fishing vessel under way or when not engaged in fishing must carry the same lights as self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels.

107. Deviation Correction Vessels , carry a two-flag signal consisting of the letters "O" and "Q" of the international code of signals ("O" - a two-color cloth of red and yellow flowers, divided diagonally and raised above the "Q" signal, "Q" - yellow flag). Vessels must give way to them.

REQUIREMENTS

TO THE PLACEMENT OF VISUAL SIGNALS ON VESSELS

1. The design of signal lights, their specifications and installation on ships must comply with the technical rules of the Russian River Register.

2. side lights shall be located at the same height and on a line perpendicular to and symmetrical to the centreline of the ship, as follows:

On ships with a single-tier superstructure - in its upper part;

On ships with a superstructure of two or more tiers - not below the deck of the navigation bridge;

On deckless vessels - not less than 0.5 m above the gunwale (on small boats, installation at the gunwale level is allowed).

If the side lights are combined in one lamp, then it should be located in the center line in the forward part of the vessel.

3. top fire on a self-propelled vessel (and if there are two or more lights on one mast, then the lower of them) should be located in the centerline of the vessel above the side lights by at least 1 m and, as a rule, ahead of them.

When two or more mast lights are located on the mast, the distances between them must be the same and not less than 1 m, and on ships less than 20 m long - not less than 0.5 m.

4. If a self-propelled vessel carries two mast lights on different masts, then the horizontal distance between them must be at least 20 m, and the rear light must be at least 1 m higher than the front light at any operating trim of the vessel.

5. On self-propelled vessels engaged in pushing, three masthead lights should be located in the form of an isosceles triangle (with a side of 1 to 3 m) with the base down in a plane perpendicular to the centreline of the vessel; while the two lower lights are located horizontally.

6. Light pulse (light) go-ahead must be located at least 0.5 m above the side lights.

7. If non-self-propelled cargo ships carry mast lights, they shall be located in the ship's centreline at a height, as a rule, not less than 2 m above the deck, but in any case not less than 1 m below the pusher's masthead lights triangle.

8. If the ship is carrying three stern lights , then they should be in the form of an isosceles triangle with the base down, while the upper light should be located in the diametrical plane of the vessel, and the two lower ones - as close as possible to the sides.

9. towing fire shall be located at least 0.5 m above the stern lights.

10. If on a sailing vessel side and stern lights are combined in one lamp, then it should be located at or near the top of the mast.

11. Yellow and blue flashing lights should be located in the most visible place, ensuring its visibility from all sides. In this case, it is allowed to install a yellow light on the same vertical with the top light above or below it.

12. White circular lights should be arranged in height as follows:

On non-self-propelled cargo ships - not less than 2 m above the deck in the center plane of the ship, and in the presence of deck cargo - not less than 1 m above it;

On rafts, forest guides and forest fencing floating structures - at least 2 m from the water surface;

On ferries, floating moorings, pontoons, baths, etc. - at least 2 m from the upper solid decks (floorings).

13. Red and green circular lights should be located in the most visible place, ensuring their visibility from all sides, while they should not be on the same vertical with parking lights.

14. All all-round signal lights shall be located so that the distance between them and navigation or parking lights is not less than 1 m on ships of 20 m or more in length and 0.5 m on ships of less than 20 m in length.

15. signal signs must be hoisted on the signal mast or yards of the bow or stern mast.

If it is prescribed to carry two or more signs, the distance between them shall be at least 1 m in ships of 20 m in length and over, and 0.5 m in ships of less than 20 m in length.

16. When the vessel is anchored in the daytime, the black ball shall be placed forward of the vessel and at such a height that it can be seen from all sides.

17. On a vessel engaged in fishing using a trawl net or other fishing gear, all-round lights should be located below the mast light at a distance of at least 1 m and ahead of it at a distance of at least 1 m. In this case, the upper all-round light should be higher than the side lights .

Topic 2.4.4. Sound signals

General requirements. In cases where the provisions of the Rules provide for sound signals, they must be given: by self-propelled vessels, with the exception of small ones, by means of mechanically operating signal devices;

Non-self-propelled and small-sized vessels, the machinery of which does not have a device for giving signals, by means of a bell or a horn.

Sound signals other than bell strikes shall be given as one or more successive sounds having the following characteristics:

short sound - a sound with a duration of approximately 1 s;

long sound - a sound lasting approximately 4 seconds.

The interval between blasts should be approximately 1 s, except for a "series of short blasts", which should consist of a series of at least five blasts of a quarter of a second each, with an interval of the same duration.

At night, sound signals can be duplicated by light (a searchlight, an all-round white light), while the beam of light should not dazzle the navigators of other vessels. The searchlight beam directed upwards necessarily duplicates the sound signal that the ship gives when approaching the narrowness (one long sound).

Giving sound signals, which can be mistaken for prescribed by the Rules, is prohibited.

In large settlements and on certain sections of the route, the sound signals may be limited by local rules (except for distress signals and signals to prevent emergency situations).

Classification of signals according to their purpose. All sound signals can be grouped into the following groups:

maneuvering signals (given within the visibility of ships, they warn about the maneuver or the nature of the movement of the vessel giving the signal);

information signals (for message transmission);

low visibility signals;

alarm signals (in case of an emergency and for its prevention).

Maneuvering signals are applied by the courts when they are in full view of each other, and have the following meanings:

one short sound - "I am changing my course to starboard";

two short blasts - "I am changing my course to port";

three short sounds - “My propellers are working in reverse” (for example, when moving backwards);

four short sounds - "I intend to make a turn" or "I intend to stop";

one short and one long sound - “Please increase the speed”;

one long and one short sound - “Please reduce the speed”;

two long and two short beeps - request permission to overtake.

Information signals(messaging) are represented by the following signals:

one long one short, one long and one short - “I understand you”;

one long, one short and one long - “Please get on the radio”;

one long and three short blasts – a passenger ship may make a call when departing from a berth or pier;

one long one - any vessel or train is served when approaching a bottleneck, a dredger, a ferry, a lock; passenger ship - can serve when approaching a berth, pier;

two long sounds every 2 - 3 min. - the ship gives when moving in narrowness.

Low Visibility Signals:

one long sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes. serves a self-propelled single vessel on the move;

one long and two short blasts at the same time intervals are given by the towing or pushing vessel;

one short, one long and one short blast is given by a vessel or convoy at anchor or aground to warn approaching vessels. In this case, a non-self-propelled vessel with a crew gives a signal by frequent blows to a bell or a metal object.

Alarms include three types of sound signals:

The "Warning" signal consists of five or more short sounds. With this signal, the ship warns another ship of the danger, in connection with which it is required to take measures arising from this situation (up to the cessation of movement). A non-self-propelled vessel that does not have sound signaling devices gives this signal by frequent continuous blows to a bell or a metal object.

The man overboard signal consists of three long beeps. This signal is given when a person falls overboard and rescues a drowning person.

Distress call is a continuous sound of any apparatus designed to give sound signals, as well as continuous frequent blows to a bell or a metal object (signals are used together or separately). This signal is given by a ship when it is in distress and requires assistance. In this situation, radio and visual distress signals are also given:

frequent flashing of an all-round light, searchlight, or vertical movement of the flag or light (up and down);

rockets or grenades that throw red stars, fired one at a time at short intervals;

red light of a rocket with a parachute or a red flare;

a flame on a ship from a burning tar or oil barrel, etc.;

a signal consisting of a square flag with a ball or something resembling a ball above or below it;

slow and repeated raising and lowering the arms extended to the sides.

It is prohibited to use any of the distress signals for purposes other than indicating distress and the need for assistance.

Thousands of people around the world are involved in repairs every day. When it is performed, everyone begins to think about the subtleties that accompany the repair: in what color scheme choose wallpaper, how to choose curtains in the color of the wallpaper, arrange the furniture correctly to get uniform style premises. But few people think about the most important thing, and this main thing is the replacement of electrical wiring in the apartment. After all, if something happens to the old wiring, the apartment will lose all its attractiveness and become completely unsuitable for life.

Any electrician knows how to replace the wiring in an apartment, but any ordinary citizen can do it, however, when performing this type of work, he should choose quality materials to get a safe electrical network indoors.

The first action to be taken plan future wiring. On this stage you need to determine exactly where the wires will be laid. Also at this stage, you can make any adjustments to the existing network, which will allow you to place the fixtures and fixtures as comfortably as possible in accordance with the needs of the owners.

12.12.2019

Narrow-industry devices of the knitting sub-industry and their maintenance

To determine the extensibility of hosiery, a device is used, the scheme of which is shown in fig. 1.

The design of the device is based on the principle of automatic balancing of the rocker by the elastic forces of the product under test, acting at a constant speed.

The weight beam is an equal-armed round steel rod 6, having an axis of rotation 7. On its right end, paws or a sliding form of the trace 9 are attached with a bayonet lock, on which the product is put on. On the left shoulder, a suspension for loads 4 is hinged, and its end ends with an arrow 5, showing the equilibrium state of the rocker arm. Before testing the product, the rocker arm is balanced by a movable weight 8.

Rice. Fig. 1. Scheme of a device for measuring the extensibility of hosiery: 1 - guide, 2 - left ruler, 3 - engine, 4 - suspension for loads; 5, 10 - arrows, 6 - rod, 7 - axis of rotation, 8 - weight, 9 - trace shape, 11 - stretching lever,

12 - carriage, 13 - lead screw, 14 - right ruler; 15, 16 - helical gears, 17 - worm gear, 18 - coupling, 19 - electric motor

To move the carriage 12 with a stretching lever 11, a lead screw 13 is used, at the lower end of which a helical gear 15 is fixed; rotational motion is transmitted through it lead screw. The change in the direction of rotation of the screw depends on the change in rotation 19, which, with the help of coupling 18 is connected to the worm gear 17. A helical gear 16 is mounted on the gear shaft, directly communicating the movement of the gear 15.

11.12.2019

In pneumatic actuators, the displacement force is created by the action of compressed air on the membrane, or piston. Accordingly, there are membrane, piston and bellows mechanisms. They are designed to set and move the valve of the regulating body in accordance with the pneumatic command signal. The full working stroke of the output element of the mechanisms is carried out when the command signal changes from 0.02 MPa (0.2 kg / cm 2) to 0.1 MPa (1 kg / cm 2). The ultimate pressure of compressed air in the working cavity is 0.25 MPa (2.5 kg / cm 2).

In membrane linear mechanisms, the stem performs a reciprocating motion. Depending on the direction of movement of the output element, they are divided into mechanisms of direct action (with an increase in membrane pressure) and reverse action.

Rice. Fig. 1. The design of the direct action membrane actuator: 1, 3 - covers, 2 - membrane, 4 - support disk, 5 - bracket, 6 - spring, 7 - stem, 8 - support ring, 9 - adjusting nut, 10 - connecting nut

Main structural elements membrane actuator are a membrane pneumatic chamber with a bracket and a movable part.

The membrane pneumatic chamber of the direct action mechanism (Fig. 1) consists of covers 3 and 1 and membrane 2. Cover 3 and membrane 2 form a hermetic working cavity, cover 1 is attached to bracket 5. The movable part includes support disk 4, to which the membrane is attached 2, rod 7 with connecting nut 10 and spring 6. The spring rests at one end against the support disk 4, and at the other end through the support ring 8 into the adjusting nut 9, which serves to change the initial tension of the spring and the direction of movement of the rod.

08.12.2019

To date, there are several types of lamps for. Each of them has its pros and cons. Consider the types of lamps that are most often used for lighting in a residential building or apartment.

The first type of lamps - incandescent lamp. This is the cheapest type of lamps. The advantages of such lamps include its cost, simplicity of the device. The light from such lamps is the best for the eyes. The disadvantages of such lamps include a short service life and a large number of consumed electricity.

The next type of lamps - energy-saving lamps. Such lamps can be found absolutely for any type of socles. They are an elongated tube in which a special gas is located. It is the gas that creates the visible glow. In modern energy-saving lamps, the tube can have a wide variety of shapes. The advantages of such lamps: low power consumption compared to incandescent lamps, daylight glow, a large selection of socles. The disadvantages of such lamps include the complexity of the design and flicker. The flicker is usually imperceptible, but the eyes will get tired from the light.

28.11.2019

cable assembly- a kind of assembly unit. The cable assembly consists of several local ones, terminated on both sides in the electrical installation shop and tied into a bundle. Installation of the cable route is carried out by laying the cable assembly in the cable route fastening devices (Fig. 1).

Ship cable route- an electric line mounted on a ship from cables (cable bundles), cable route fastening devices, sealing devices, etc. (Fig. 2).

On the ship, the cable route is located in hard-to-reach places(on the sides, ceiling and bulkheads); they have up to six turns in three planes (Fig. 3). On large ships, the maximum cable length reaches 300 m, and the maximum cross-sectional area of ​​​​the cable route is 780 cm 2. On individual ships with a total cable length of more than 400 km, cable corridors are provided to accommodate the cable route.

Cable routes and cables passing through them are divided into local and trunk, depending on the absence (presence) of sealing devices.

Main cable routes are divided into routes with end and through boxes, depending on the type of application of the cable box. This makes sense for the choice of technological equipment and cable route installation technology.

21.11.2019

In the field of development and production of instrumentation and instrumentation, the American company Fluke Corporation occupies one of the leading positions in the world. It was founded in 1948 and since that time has been constantly developing and improving technologies in the field of diagnostics, testing, and analysis.

Innovation from an American developer

Professional measuring equipment from a multinational corporation is used in the maintenance of heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems, refrigeration units, air quality test, calibration electrical parameters. The Fluke branded store offers certified equipment from an American developer. Full the lineup includes:

• thermal imagers, insulation resistance testers;
• digital multimeters;
• power quality analyzers;
• rangefinders, vibration meters, oscilloscopes;
• temperature and pressure calibrators and multifunctional devices;
• visual pyrometers and thermometers.

07.11.2019

Use a level gauge to determine the level different types liquids in open and closed storages, vessels. It is used to measure the level of a substance or the distance to it.
To measure the liquid level, sensors are used that differ in type: radar level gauge, microwave (or waveguide), radiation, electrical (or capacitive), mechanical, hydrostatic, acoustic.

Principles and features of operation of radar level gauges

Standard instruments cannot determine the level of chemically aggressive liquids. Only a radar level transmitter is able to measure it, since it does not come into contact with the liquid during operation. In addition, radar level transmitters are more accurate than, for example, ultrasonic or capacitive level transmitters.
Classification of signaling means. On ships navy signal duty is carried out by the captain's assistant on duty and the sailor on duty.

All seagoing vessels are equipped with internal and external signaling devices in strict accordance with the USSR Register Rules and the Ship Supply Table of the Marine Fleet. Serviceable condition, constant readiness of ship signaling means and proper organization signal service - the necessary conditions for a successful and trouble-free navigation.

Internal alarm (emergency, fire, bilge, temperature, service) plays important role in ensuring the safety of the ship, cargo and people on board. The emergency signaling notifies about the announced general ship emergency; fire department - about the place of the fire; hold and temperature - about changes in temperature or the appearance of water in the holds; service allows you to quickly notify any crew member or call him to a designated place.

External signaling means are divided into visual (optical), sound (acoustic) and radio engineering.

visual means of communication are:

Flag - International Code of Signals (ICC);

Semaphore - manual and mechanical (semaphore wings); signal figures - balls, cones, cylinders, T-shaped signs and stripes, etc.;

Light - distinctive lights, searchlights, flashing lamps, rockets, flares, etc.

Audio communications are: bells, gongs, whistles, sirens, air typhons.

Radio technical means of communication are ship radiotelegraph and radiotelephone stations.

flag signaling has 40 flags, of which 26 are alphabetic, quadrangular; 10 - digital, triangular; 3 - triangular, replacing any of the S6 main flags in case of their repetition in the same signal. The last (40th) flag - the pennant of the code - serves to notify that negotiations are underway on the International Code of Signals (ICC).

International Code of Signals(1965) is designed to maintain communication in an environment caused by the need to ensure the safety of navigation and the protection of human life at sea, especially in cases where language difficulties arise in communication. The code is convenient for signal production by all means of communication, including radiotelephone and radiotelegraph, which makes it possible to abandon a separate radiotelegraph code. Each MCC signal has a complete semantic meaning, which eliminates the need to compose signals by words.

The signals used in the International Code of Signals consist of:

Single-letter signals intended for very urgent, important or frequently used messages (Table 11);

Two-letter signals that make up the general section: distress - accident, accidents - damage, aids to navigation - navigation - hydrography, maneuvering, miscellaneous (cargo, ballast, crew, people, fishing, pilot, port, harbor), meteorology - weather, communication, international sanitary rules, supplement tables;

Table 11

three-letter signals that make up the medical section and begin with the letter M.

The material in the Code is grouped in accordance with the subject matter and, for the convenience of parsing signals, is arranged in alphabetical order of signal combinations, which are placed on the left side of the pages before the meanings of the signals. To facilitate the collection of signals, some of them are repeated in various thematic groups. Signals for the transmission of messages are observed using qualifier words that display the main topic of the message being prepared. Alphabetical index determinant words are placed at the end of the Code.

Semaphore signaling (manual, mechanical, semaphore panels) allows you to negotiate by MSS or using a special semaphore alphabet. When negotiating on a special semaphore alphabet, letter values ​​correspond to different positions of the hands in relation to the body of the signalman or to different positions of the wings of a mechanical semaphore in relation to the vertical base.

Signal figures have their advantages: they are visible at a considerable distance, do not depend on the direction of the wind, and are clearly distinguishable at sunset and sunrise.

Signal figures in the daytime replace signal lights, and also serve to negotiate with ships and coast stations.

On the coasts of the seas and oceans, there are numerous coastal signal stations that monitor the movement of ships, transmitted signals, the weather, warning ships of imminent danger. Each signal (a combination of flags, cones, cylinders, balls) is assigned its own number, with the help of which its semantic meaning can be found in the tables of the International Signal System.

Skippers are required to know well the semantic meaning of coastal signals, lights and figures.

Light signaling is carried out with the help of flashing lights, flashing lamps, lanterns, searchlights, heliographs and prisms. The transmission is carried out by short (dot) and long (dash) flashes in Morse code.

Audio communications. For negotiating with the help of sound signals, the same Morse code is adopted as for light. Sound signals can be produced by any sound means, including a ship's horn or siren.

Sound signals may have local or international significance.

Pyrotechnic means of signaling(flares, rockets, grenades) on ships are used as light, sound or explosive signals. They are used both in the dark and in the daytime, but always with good visibility. During daylight hours, only rockets are used that give colored lights or stars.

Radio technical means of communication. The minimum mandatory radio equipment for each ship, depending on the area of ​​navigation and destination, is determined by the Rules of the Register of the USSR.

Electrical alarm means include emergency, service bell, fire and emergency alarms.
Emergency alarm. Provided on all vessels and dredgers serviced by crews to notify crew members of emergency work or an emergency. This type of ship signaling includes loud ringing bells and bells installed indoors and on open decks, as well as light signaling with intermittent operation, which, along with a sound signal, is used at high noise levels.
The emergency alarm is switched on from the wheelhouse or control room using a contactor or a button. It is also possible to turn on the emergency alarm on signals from other systems.
To ensure constant readiness for operation, the circuit is powered by batteries.
Service call signaling. It is used as a backup means of communication between the wheelhouse and the engine room or other areas of the vessel and serves to call personnel or issue commands, a. also for transmitting to the command post a response about the execution of the command and limited information.
The message is transmitted in the form of conditional signals with a different number and different duration of sound sections and pauses.
Fire alarm. The automatic fire alarm system is designed to timely notify the watchkeeping service of a fire on board. It also allows you to automatically turn on the emergency alarm, turn off artificial ventilation and activate fire extinguishing equipment.
The electrical circuit of a fire alarm usually includes automatic and manual fire detectors, a receiver, sound and light remote signals, communication lines between the receiver and fire detectors.
Fire alarm systems are distinguished by the connection diagram of the detectors and their connection to the receiving device (beam and loop), by the type of fire detectors (manual, heat, smoke, fire and combined) and by the mode of operation (continuous and periodic monitoring).
IN beam systems ah detectors of one beam control the condition of the premises of a certain fire zone. Each beam is connected to the beam set of the receiving station, which monitors the status of all detectors of the beam and communication lines, receives information about a line failure, and sends “Fire” and “Fault” signals. General device station includes a generalized signaling.
In loop systems, detectors located in different rooms are included in one communication line, and therefore they do not report the location of the fire. As a rule, the number of loops does not exceed two. Otherwise, the operation of the loop systems does not differ from the beam ones.

On dredgers, fire alarm loop systems with thermal automatic fire detectors are usually used; continuous monitoring of the integrity of the connections is also provided.
As automatic fire detectors, thermal maximum differential detectors are used. They react both to temperature and to its rate of increase.
The detector is installed in the engine room, inside the main switchboard, in the room of electric power converters, near heating boilers and in other fire hazardous places. Signaling receivers are located in the wheelhouse.
When the contact of any fire detector VK1-VK4 is opened (from the effects of temperature), the relay coil K1 is de-energized and its opening contacts close and turn on the alarm devices: a signal lamp and through the K2 relay howler (see Fig. 133). A break in communication lines also triggers an alarm, which ensures continuous monitoring of the integrity of the beam connections.
The 5/ button is used to manually test circuit circuits. Capacitor C prevents false positives circuits with a short-term opening of the detector contacts (for example, from vibration), discharging to the relay coil K1. Howler turns on through the opening contact of relay K2. The call is turned off with the button 82.
The circuit is powered by 24 V batteries through two feeders. Diodes b1-U04 provide galvanic isolation of power circuits.
Emergency warning signal. To monitor the state of equal and auxiliary mechanisms of systems and devices, as well as the parameters of various environments on ships, emergency warning signal systems (DPS) are used that send light and sound signals to the control posts of the power plant and the ship when the controlled parameters reach values ​​that are unacceptable for normal operation. .
Alarm parameters include: temperature, pressure and level of water, oil and fuel, level in fecal and sewage tanks, insulation resistance electrical networks, frequency of rotation of mechanisms, pressure of compressed air, etc.
For self-propelled vessels, the list of controlled parameters for the main mechanisms and systems is given in the Rules of the River Register of the RSFSR.
Electrical systems APSs differ in purpose (individual mechanisms and systems, centralized), in elemental base (on contact and non-contact elements), in the method of receiving signals (without memorization, with memorization), in terms of information (with separate, with generalized signals).
The alarm system and switchable protection (SPASZO) of the main ship engines provides the following functions:
the supply of individual warning light signals on the local board and a generalized signal on the remote control when the controlled parameters reach the warning value;
supply of individual emergency light signals and a generalized signal on the remote control when the controlled parameters reach the emergency value;
generalized sound signals when the monitored parameters reach warning and emergency values;
preparation of a sound signal for operation after it is turned off;
protection (stop) of the engine simultaneously with the appearance of the alarm value of the signals;
a delay in the operation of the minimum oil pressure sensors to prevent false alarms when the engine is stopped, as well as during its start-up and reversal.
Warning signaling is provided for the following parameters: maximum temperature cooling water, minimum water level
V expansion tank the internal circuit of the cooling system, the maximum temperature of the lubricating oil, the minimum oil pressure in the reverse gear or gearbox, the maximum oil temperature of the thrust bearing.
Alarm signaling with simultaneous engine shutdown is provided according to the parameters: maximum cooling water temperature, maximum lubricating oil temperature, minimum lubricating oil pressure, maximum engine speed.
As a rule, separate sensors are used to signal the warning and emergency levels. The settings for their operation are set by the diesel manufacturer, the number of controlled parameters depends on the type of engines.
On wiring diagram SPASZO system (Fig. 134) shows the warning and alarm circuits for lubricating oil pressure.
For warning and emergency signaling, the same signal boards are used, which, when a warning signal appears, are lit continuously, and in the event of an alarm, intermittently.
The APS circuits for oil pressure are switched on through the contact of the electromagnetic relay K2, which is included in electronic relay CT time shown in simplified form. The time delay of the KT relay is determined by the discharge time of the pre-charged capacitor C4. When starting the engine, the capacitor charge circuit is interrupted by the contact of the limit switch 82, which is mechanically connected to the engine starting device. Thus, false alarms are prevented when the engine is stopped and during its start-up, while the oil pressure in the line has not yet reached the nominal value.
Intermittent light signaling is achieved using a multivibrator (rectangular pulse generator) C / 2, assembled on transistors and capacitors. The contacts of the output relay /C4 of the multivibrator periodically turn on and off in the circuit of signal lamps H12, Sh4, which operate at a certain frequency and duration.
When the contact of the sensor BP1 of the warning value of the parameter is closed, the signal lamp Hb2 of the SPASZO shield is energized and through the diode Uy1 - the lamp Sh4 of the generalized light signal on the engine control panel in the wheelhouse or control room. At the same time, through the diode U02, the resistor K3 and the control electrode of the thyristor U5, the charge current of the capacitor C1 flows, which opens the thyristor. The strength of the thyristor control current is determined by the resistance of the short circuit resistor, and the flow time of this current is determined by the capacitance of the capacitor C /.
The short circuit relay coil is energized, the relay is activated "And with its contacts it turns on calls IA1, NA2, located in engine room and in the wheelhouse.
Capacitor C3 prevents the passage of current pulses through the thyristor control circuit caused by fluctuations in the supply voltage, and thus prevents false ringing. Resistor R1 is designed to discharge the capacitor C/ after opening the contacts of the sensors. Capacitors C/ and C3 are discharged through resistor R4.
The bell can be turned off by pressing buttons 53, 56 on the SPASZO board and the engine control panel in the wheelhouse. The button contacts open, interrupting the flow of current through the thyristor, which leads to its locking and turning off the short circuit relay. After that, the bell trigger circuit is automatically ready to receive the next signal.
After elimination of the reason for the operation of the sensor BP1, its contact opens, the lamps Hb2, H14 go out, the capacitors C1, C3 are discharged. When the controlled parameter reaches the emergency value, the BP2 sensor is activated, through the contact of which a signal is sent to turn on the circuits of sound and light signals.
Sound signals HA1, HA2 are switched on in the same way as when the BP1 sensor is triggered, but in this case, in addition to the capacitor C /, the capacitor C2 is charged (through the contact BP2, diodes Uy6, Uy3 and resistors KZ, R4).
Through the contact of the sensor VR2, the relay coil K1 is energized. The relay is activated by closing the contacts in the circuits of self-locking, starting the multivibrator 1) 2, the coil of the relay Ko and opening the contact in the H12 lamp circuit.
Relay K4 of the multivibrator 1-2 periodically turns on and off, which leads to intermittent operation of the signal lamps Sh2, H1-4, switched on through the contacts of relay K4.
The relay contact K is closed in the power supply circuit of the electromagnet UA of the stop device, which stops the engine. Relay Ko can be turned off using switches 54, 55 on the SPASZO board and on the engine control panel in the wheelhouse. At the same time, signal lamps H13 and J1d light up.
After the fault is eliminated, the contact of the sensor BP2 opens, and the light alarm continues to work, since the relay contact K1 is connected in parallel with the sensor contact. To remove the self-locking of relay K1, it is necessary to press button 57 on the engine control panel or briefly de-energize the circuit using switch "51" on the SPASZO board. Relay K1 is turned off, its make contacts open in the circuits of self-locking, starting the multivibrator C / 2, powering the protection relay K5, and the opening contact is closed in the lamp circuit Hb2. As a result, the signal lamps go out and the capacitor C / and capacitor C2 are discharged through the diode U04, lamp H12, relay contact K1, resistors # 4, short circuit and K2.
When other sensors are triggered, not shown in Fig. 134, the circuit works in a similar way.
The serviceability of the alarm circuits is checked by turning switch 5/ on the SPASZO board to the “Check” position or by pressing button 58 on the engine control panel in the wheelhouse. In this case, the sound and light signaling circuits are powered through the U05 diode, and the C72 multivibrator is powered through the Uy7 diode.
The signal lamp Hb1 on the SPASZO board indicates the presence of power, protect it,! and P1-P4 protect the brake electromagnet coil and the alarm circuit from short circuit. The circuit is powered by 24 V batteries.
Control questions
1. What office telephone systems are used on ships?
2. Name the signaling and calling devices of telephone sets and switches.
3. What is the difference between the modes of operation of a microphone and a telephone for electromagnetic transducers with a differential magnetic system?
4. Name the main parts of a ship's battery-free telephone.
5. Explain the operation of the PBX functional diagram.
6. What signaling systems are used on river vessels?
7. Name the components of fire alarm systems and the difference between beam systems and loop systems.
8. Explain the operation of the circuit for switching on the call of the SPASZO alarm system.

Ship alarm systems help to avoid or deal with emergencies efficiently and correctly. Alarms are installed on all ship systems and machinery to notify the crew of a dangerous situation that may arise on the ship.

The signaling on the ship is both audible and visual, so that a person can at least hear an audible signal when working in a department where it is not possible to see a visual signaling and vice versa.

It is normal practice in the international maritime industry that the alarm for a particular warning is the same on all ships. This commonality helps to understand the type of warning or alarm and solve problems faster.

Vessel's Man Overboard Alert System: When a person falls overboard, an internal alarm on the vessel alerts the crew with lights and sounds. Various systems ship warning may have additional functions.

The personnel call system on the ship is designed to call personnel: service, duty, medical, as well as personnel who are in cooled holds.

Ship alarm systems are represented by various models and brands of world manufacturers. In our catalog you can choose and buy a Raymarine warning system, Unicont ship alarm systems and other models.