Lyapina Maria 5 "b" class GBOU secondary school No. 43, St. Petersburg
The emergence and use of various measures of length in Russia and other countries.
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MEASURES OF LENGTH OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES Completed by a student of the 5th "B" class of secondary school No. 43 Lyapina Maria Teacher: Korsukova V.K.
It is impossible to imagine the life of a person who would not make some, even the simplest, measurements. “Without measure, you can’t weave bast shoes,” says a Russian proverb. Even for a primitive man, who built his own dwelling, made the simplest tools, it was necessary to use various measuring devices. A specific object was taken as a unit of measurement - a stone, grain, stick, rope. The first counting instrument of man was the fingers and toes. The same fingers, hands, feet and other parts of the body served as models for creating the first measures of length.
STEP is one of the oldest measures of length. The average length of a human step is 71 cm. Information has been preserved about the use of a step to determine the distance between cities in Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Egypt, Persia. Step as a measure of length is still used today. There is even a special device - a pedometer, similar to a pocket watch, which automatically counts the number of steps a person has taken.
ELBOW is a unit of length that has been used since ancient times. Initially, the elbow was defined as the distance in a straight line from the elbow to the end of the middle (or thumb) finger of an outstretched hand or clenched fist. The builders of the Egyptian pyramids considered the cubit as the standard of length. The elbow is one of the main Russian measures of length. It has been mentioned in literary monuments since the 11th century. In different centuries, the cubit was from 38 cm to 51 cm. From the 16th century it was gradually replaced by the arshin and in the 19th century it was almost never used.
For many peoples, the measure of length cubit was known from ancient times and was valid until the beginning of the 19th century. As you can already guess, the size of the cubit in each country was different. Country Size in centimeters Egypt 45 Egypt (royal) 52.5 Persia 38.5 Persia (royal) 53.3 Greece 46.3 Rome 44.4 Tunisia 47.3 Far East 45
ARSHIN has been mentioned in literary sources since the middle of the 16th century. The name comes from the Persian word "arsh" - elbow. This is the length of the entire outstretched arm from the shoulder joint to the terminal phalanx of the middle finger. There are 71 cm in an arshin. But in different countries ah (and even in different provinces of Russia) had their own units for measuring length, so merchants, selling their goods, as a rule, measured it with their own arshin, deceiving buyers. This is where the saying “Measure by your own arshin” came from. To eliminate confusion, a state arshin was introduced, that is, a standard arshin, which is a wooden ruler, at the ends of which metal tips with the state brand were riveted.
INCH (translated from Dutch - "thumb") - a measure originally equal to the length of the upper phalanx thumb or the length of 3 dry grains of barley, pulled out from the middle part of the ear. 1 inch is equal to 2.54 cm. Scientists have not been able to determine the origin of this unit: England, Holland or even the Roman Empire. In Russia, at the beginning of the 18th century, the inch was chosen by Peter I to designate the main unit of length. Currently, this measure is used to measure the diameter of pipes, car tires and so on.
The rulers of different countries liked to establish their own measures, often associated with himself. For example, the English King Henry I introduced the YARD as units of length - the distance from the tip of His Majesty's nose to the thumb of the outstretched hand. This unit of measurement was legalized in 1101. And only in 1768 in England was the standard of the yard made. In England and the USA, the yard is still used, its length is 0.9144 m.
An interesting story is the creation of another English unit of length - FUT, which in English means "foot". The foot was defined as follows: 16 Englishmen lined up in a chain in such a way that each next one touched the heels of the previous one with the ends of their toes. 1/16 of such a chain was 1 foot. It is currently used in a number of countries, while the values \u200b\u200bof the unit are different, for example, the British or English foot is 30.48 cm.
VERSHOK - an old Russian measure of length, used before the introduction of the metric system of measures, was originally equal to the length of the phalanx of the index finger. In modern terms, it is equal to 4.5 cm. The name "vershok" comes from the word "top". In the literature of the 17th century, there are also fractions of an apex - half an apex and a quarter apex.
SPAN is the distance between the ends of the extended fingers (thumb and index). The span was the base value used in Rus' from time immemorial. It was often used in everyday life for an approximate determination of small lengths. The span had no material design - they used the hand. A measured span was used, equal to 17.95 cm, a great span - 22-23 cm, a somersault span (a span with the addition of two joints of the index finger) - 27 cm.
SAZHEN is an old Russian measure of length. The name sazhen comes from the verb "to squeeze", meaning "to reach something". According to historians, there were more than 10 fathoms, and they had their own names. Most often, simple (the distance between the thumbs of the hands extended in opposite directions), flyweight (the distance between the tips of the middle fingers of the hands extended in opposite directions) and oblique (determined by the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers extended diagonally) were used.
VERSTA is an old Russian travel measure. Its early name is field. This word originally denoted the distance traveled from one turn of the plow to another during plowing. The size of the verst changed several times. In modern terms, the length of a verst is 1060 m. At the beginning of the 19th century, black and white striped poles appeared along the main roads of the Russian state, on which distances were marked. These pillars were also called "versts".
To measure long distances, the MILE was used - a unit of length, which was very common in many countries of the world. In ancient Rome, a mile was defined as "a thousand double steps of an armed Roman soldier." It was equal to 1481 m. In the Middle Ages, in the countries of Europe, national miles that did not match in size were used. In Russia, a mile was equal to 7 versts or 7467.60 m. At present, a mile is used mainly in maritime affairs and is equal to 1852 m.
Measures of length in proverbs and sayings For seven miles of jelly slurp. To sail on the sea - to be an inch away from death. You are a sap from the case, and it is a sage from you. Arshin for caftan, two for patches. We do not need an inch of foreign land, but we will not give up our own inch. See a sazhen through the ground. Seven spans in the forehead. Write in cursive letters. From word to deed - a whole mile. An old man with a jug, a beard with a arshin. Five miles to heaven and all in the forest. Don't give up an inch. They searched for a mosquito for seven miles, and a mosquito was on the nose. Stepped - and conquered the kingdom.
Conclusion: ancient measures are found in literary and historical works, proverbs, sayings, mathematical problems. And in order to correctly interpret the text, we must have an idea of what measured units existed earlier in different countries of the world, and in what relation they were with each other.
Particular attention should be paid to the question of the medieval system measures of area, since in the era of feudalism it was the measurement land plots was the most important thing.
In the era of the early Middle Ages, a new unit of area appeared - bonuir. Its exact meaning is still unknown. It may have been 1.28 ha
From the very beginning of the Middle Ages, the practice of measuring land in terms of grain that can be sown on it has developed. Sometimes such a measurement was carried out descriptively: "a field where two modia of grain can be sown"). There were other ways to measure the land: by the crop that can be harvested here, by the number of livestock that can be pastured here, by the length of the perimeter of the site.
And yet, starting from the early Middle Ages, attempts were made to unify measures and weights.
More or less clear systems of measures of area were formed in England and Germany in the era of the high Middle Ages. In medieval England, the original unit of land ownership, as well as the fiscal unit, was guide(from English "domestic, members of the household"). Gaida was originally understood as a land area sufficient to feed a peasant family for a year. Hyde was divided into 2, 3, more often - 4 virgates, and the virgata, in turn, by 2 or 4 farthingdale. A more or less accurate idea of the area of the haida can be obtained starting from the 11th century, when it and related units began to be recalculated in acres. Acre was the second "basic standard" unit and was originally understood as the area of a piece of land that a team of bulls could plow in a day.
The number of acres in the guide could be 60 (about 24.3 ha),
A larger unit of area in England than the acre was mile², equal to 640 acres (2.59 km²). The acre itself consisted of 4 ores. In one ore - 40 childbirth². 1 genus² consisted of 30.25 yards². 1 yard² equaled 9 ft². 1 foot² consisted of 144 inches
In Germany, the “analogue” of the guide was gufa. Looked like an English acre morgen.
Gufa becomes a unit of area from 7 to 12 hectares.
Note that the word “morgen” denoted the area of the field that could be plowed in the first half of the day, hence the name, which translates as “morning”. Morgens, in turn, were divided into sections rue. Rute, like virgata, also means a measuring stick, a rod. There were 120, 160, 180, 240, 300, 400 of them in various morgens.
In some regions of Germany, such a unit of area was also used, such as ioh from 30 to 55 ares (acres). Another old German measure of area was tagewerk(from the German “work of one day”), which was equal to 0.23 - 0.36 ha.
The most famous system measures of length developed in the medieval England. She acquired a finished look under Elizabeth I:
Inch means "thumb" in Dutch. Initially, the length of an inch was defined as the length of the joint (last phalanx) of the thumb of the male hand.
In the metric system, an inch is 2.54 cm.
Hand means "hand" in English. It is equal to four inches, i.e. 10.16 cm. The measure was used primarily to measure the height of horses.
Foot means "foot" in English. During the historically first attempts to introduce legalized units, the foot was defined as "the average length of the steps of 16 people leaving the morning on Sunday."
Yard- in Old English means "stick, branch." It is equal to three feet. According to legend, the yard, by decree of King Henry I, issued in 1100, was defined as the distance from the middle of his nose to the end of the middle finger of his outstretched hand.
Mile- translated from Latin means "a thousand double steps." In England, it was equal to 8 furlongs, i.e. 1609.344 m.
Another well-known system of measures of length was french (more precisely, Parisian), based on a unit called toise and similar in origin to the Russian oblique sazhen. Toise was about 1.9 m, so when the French talk about tall man“Long as a tuaz”, their comparison is much less exaggerated than, say, a similar Russian proverb “Long as a verst of Kolomna”. Long distances in France were measured miles And league. Lie, in accordance with the Gallo-Roman traditions, was equal to 1.5 miles (which was approximately 4.8 km).
Typical for German lands the system of ratios of the basic units of length is formulated in treatises on the marking of fields. According to these writings, four fingers make a palm, four palms make a foot, and two feet make a cubit. Long distances in the German lands were measured in miles. The great German mile was close to 7.3 km in length, but this is only one of the many miles used in Germany. The German nautical mile used in the Baltic was approximately 10 km.
In ancient times, a person had to gradually comprehend not only the art of counting, but also measurements. When an ancient man, already thinking, tried to find a cave for himself, he was forced to measure the length, width and height of his future refuge with his own height. And this is what measurement is. Making the simplest tools, building dwellings, getting food, it becomes necessary to measure distances, and then areas, capacities, mass, time. Our ancestor had only his own height, the length of arms and legs. If a person used fingers and toes when counting, then hands and feet were used to measure distances. There was no people who would not choose their own units of measurement
The builders of the Egyptian pyramids considered the cubit (the distance from the elbow to the end of the middle finger) as the standard of length, the ancient Arabs - hair from a donkey's muzzle, the British still use the royal foot (translated from English, foot means leg), equal to the length of the king's foot. The foot length has been refined with the introduction of the stem unit. This is “the length of the feet of 16 people leaving the church from Sunday morning.” Dividing the length of the stem into 16 equal parts, we got the average length of the foot, because people of different heights came out of the church. The length of the foot began to equal 30.48 cm. The English yard is also associated with the size of the human body. This measure of length was introduced by King Edgar and was equal to the distance from the tip of His Majesty's nose to the tip of the middle finger of the outstretched hand. As soon as the king changed, the yard lengthened, as the new monarch was of a larger build. Such changes in length are a great confusion, so King Henry 1 legalized a permanent yard and ordered a standard to be made from elm. This yard is still used in England (its length is 0.9144 m). To measure small lengths, the length of the joint of the thumb was used (translated from Dutch, an inch means thumb). The length of an inch in England was refined and became equal to the length of three grains of barley, taken out from the middle part of the ear and set to each other with their ends. It is known from English novels and stories that peasants often determined the height of horses with their palms.
It has been established that this is the length of the stadium in Olympia, in which there was a run in the program of the Olympic Games of Ancient Hellas - 192.27 m. This measure was introduced in Babylon, and then passed to the Greeks. The stages were taken as the distance that a person walks with a calm step during the period of time from the appearance of the first ray of the sun, at its sunrise, to the moment when the entire solar disk is above the horizon. This time is approximately two minutes.
To measure large distances in antiquity, a measure was introduced, called a field, and then instead of it, a verst appears. This name comes from the word twirl, which at the beginning meant the turn of the plow, and then the row, the distance from one to the other turn of the plow during plowing. The length of a mile in different time was different - from 500 to 750 fathoms. Yes, and there were not one, but two versts: the track - it measured the distance of the path and the boundary - it measured the land
The distance was measured in steps by almost all peoples, but for measuring fields and other large distances, the step was too small a measure, so the measure of the cane or double step was introduced, and then the double cane, or persha. In maritime affairs, a cane was called a stock. In England there was such a measure as a good plowman's stick, the length of which was 12 - 16 feet. In Rome, a measure is introduced equal to a thousand double steps, called a mile (from the word mille, milia - a thousand)
The Slavs had such a measure of length as “throwing a stone” - throwing a stone, “shooting” - the distance that an arrow flew from a bow. Distances were measured like this: “Pechenegia was five days away from the Khazars, six days from the Alans, one day from Rus', four days from the Magyars, and half a day’s journey from the Danube Bulgarians.” In ancient letters of granting land, you can read: “From the churchyard in all directions to the roar of a bull”, which meant - at a distance from which the roar of a bull can still be heard. Other peoples had similar measures - “cow cry”, “cock cry”. The time “until the boiler of water boils” also served as a measure. Estonian sailors said that there were still “three pipes” to the shore (the time spent smoking pipes). “Cannon shot” is also a measure of distance. When horseshoes for horses were not yet known in Japan and they were shod with straw soles, the “straw shoe” measure appeared - the distance at which this shoe wore out. In Spain, a measure of distance is known - a cigar: the distance that a person can go smoking a cigar. In Siberia, in ancient times, a measure of distance was used - beech. This is the distance at which a person ceases to see separately the horns of a bull
Until recently, the unit of pharmaceutical weight was called a grain, which means grain. The unit of mass of precious stones and pearls is carat - the weight of the seed of one of the types of beans is 0.2 g
Among the Romans, the measure of land plots was yuger (from “yugum” - yoke). This is a piece of land plowed in a day by two oxen harnessed to a wooden yoke.
For many peoples in the old days, the measure of weight often coincided with the measure of the value of the goods, since money was expressed in the weight of silver and gold. So, in Babylon, the monetary unit was the shekel, and in Rome, ass were also units of weight. This is the origin of the English currency, the pound sterling.
2. Measurement methods Ancient Rus'
Ancient Rus' had its own measurements. The oldest measures of length are the cubit and sazhen. The elbow was the length from the elbow to the front joint of the middle finger and was equal to half an English yard. The name sazhen comes from the Slavic word syag - step. At first, it meant the distance one could step. Then they began to distinguish fathoms - flywheel, oblique, state, measured, large, Greek, church, royal, sea, trumpet. This measured only the length of the pipes in the salt mines. Flywheel or measured fathom - the distance between the outstretched fingers of outstretched hands (176 cm). A simple sazhen (152 cm) is the distance between the span of a person's outstretched arms from the thumb of one hand to the thumb of the other. Oblique fathom (248 cm) - the distance between the sole of the left foot and the end of the middle finger of the outstretched right hand
Small distances in Rus' were measured in quarters, spans and arshins. A quarter is the distance between the extended large and index fingers, span - the distance from the end of the thumb to the end of the little finger with the greatest possible separation. Four quarters made up an arshin, which, in turn, fit into an oblique sazhen three times. A measure of length equal to 0.1 inch was called a line (obviously because it could be set aside with a ruler). The smallest ancient Russian measures of length include a point equal to 0.1 lines. Perhaps this is where the word accuracy comes from.
Man needed to measure not only distance and length. There were also measures of liquid, bulk solids, units of mass, monetary units. Of the measures of liquid bodies of Ancient Rus', the following are known: a barrel, a bucket, a trough, a nozzle, a mug, a cup ... The main measure of a liquid was a bucket. Korchagami (12 kg) measured honey and wax. Nozzle - 2.5 buckets. A barrel was equal to 4 nozzles or 10 buckets. A barrel could be equal to 40 buckets. Smaller measures: damask - a tenth of a bucket, a cup - a hundredth of a bucket, the scale was equal to two cups
To measure loose bodies, a barrel and a cad (shackles) were used. Kad was a grain measure, containing 14 pounds of rye (about 230 kg). It was divided into two halves or eight octopuses (fours). Later, a garnet appeared, equal to 1/8 of the quadrangle. The name garnets comes from the verb to rake, and means a wooden or iron vessel for grain. There were many local measures: boxes, puz, matting, onions and others.
The oldest unit of mass (weight) was the hryvnia, or hryvnia, later called the pound. The Russian pound (400g) was smaller than the English pound (454g). The pound, like the pound, comes from the Latin root and means weight, heaviness. The pound was subdivided into 96 spools, and the spool into 96 shares.
In addition to the merchant pound, the apothecary pound was used, which was divided into 12 ounces. Larger units of weight were a pound, equal to 40 pounds, and Berkovets, equal to 10 pounds. Berkovets comes from the word Berkun - a large wicker basket, a box for bringing feed to livestock, for carrying hay, straw. The word ton has a similar origin, it comes from the English tun - barrel
The most ancient unit of weight and monetary account in Rus', apparently, was the hryvnia. Its weight was 409.5 g. It is believed that the hryvnia is from the word “mane”: in terms of the amount of silver, the hryvnia was equal to the cost of a horse. Hryvnias differed kunny, silver and gold. Kunny were prepared from low-grade silver and cost four times cheaper than real silver. The gold hryvnia was 12.5 times more expensive than the silver one. Later, the hryvnia began to be cut in half into hryvnias, and a new ingot of half the money hryvnia was called the ruble. The ruble (obviously from the word “cut”) became the main monetary unit in Rus'
The word "money", apparently from the name of the Indian silver coin "tanka" is found in the annals. Six money was altyn (from the Tatar alty - six). Altyn was equal to three kopecks. The name "penny" comes from small coins issued under Ivan the Terrible, depicting a horseman with a spear. Under Peter 1, hryvnias (10 kopeck coins) and fifty kopecks (50 kopeck coins) appeared.
Conclusion
The ratios between the units of measures were very diverse. All peoples developed a complex and intricate system of measures. Each, even the smallest state, each even slightly independent people, each city sought to measure by its own measures. This introduced great confusion in accounting for values and especially in trade.
With the development of trade relations between foreign countries, it was necessary to create standards. In different centuries, attempts were made to introduce standards. During this time, the system of measures has undergone many changes.
In 1960, the General Conference on Weights and Measures met, which was attended by representatives of 32 countries. The International System of Units was adopted. Since 1963, it has been used in all areas of science, technology and the national economy.
Bibliography
1. Klimenchenko D “Quantities and their measurements”
2. Shabalin S.A. “Measurements for all”
Value is something that can be measured. Concepts such as length, area, volume, mass, time, speed, etc. are called quantities. The value is measurement result, it is determined by a number expressed in certain units. The units in which a quantity is measured are called units of measurement.
To designate a quantity, a number is written, and next to it is the name of the unit in which it was measured. For example, 5 cm, 10 kg, 12 km, 5 min. Each value has an infinite number of values, for example, the length can be equal to: 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, etc.
The same value can be expressed in different units, for example, kilogram, gram and ton are units of weight. The same value in different units is expressed by different numbers. For example, 5 cm = 50 mm (length), 1 hour = 60 minutes (time), 2 kg = 2000 g (weight).
To measure a quantity means to find out how many times it contains another quantity of the same kind, taken as a unit of measurement.
For example, we want to know the exact length of a room. So we need to measure this length using another length that is well known to us, for example, using a meter. To do this, set aside a meter along the length of the room as many times as possible. If he fits exactly 7 times along the length of the room, then its length is 7 meters.
As a result of measuring the quantity, one obtains or named number, for example 12 meters, or several named numbers, for example 5 meters 7 centimeters, the totality of which is called composite named number.
Measures
In each state, the government has established certain units of measurement for various quantities. A precisely calculated unit of measurement, taken as a model, is called standard or exemplary unit. Model units of the meter, kilogram, centimeter, etc., were made, according to which units for everyday use are made. Units that have come into use and approved by the state are called measures.
The measures are called homogeneous if they serve to measure quantities of the same kind. So, grams and kilograms are homogeneous measures, since they serve to measure weight.
Units
The following are units of measurement for various quantities that are often found in math problems:
Measures of weight/mass
- 1 ton = 10 centners
- 1 centner = 100 kilograms
- 1 kilogram = 1000 grams
- 1 gram = 1000 milligrams
- 1 kilometer = 1000 meters
- 1 meter = 10 decimeters
- 1 decimeter = 10 centimeters
- 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters
- 1 sq. kilometer = 100 hectares
- 1 hectare = 10000 sq. meters
- 1 sq. meter = 10000 sq. centimeters
- 1 sq. centimeter = 100 sq. millimeters
- 1 cu. meter = 1000 cubic meters decimeters
- 1 cu. decimeter = 1000 cu. centimeters
- 1 cu. centimeter = 1000 cu. millimeters
Let's consider another value like liter. A liter is used to measure the capacity of vessels. A liter is a volume that is equal to one cubic decimeter (1 liter = 1 cubic decimeter).
Measures of time
- 1 century (century) = 100 years
- 1 year = 12 months
- 1 month = 30 days
- 1 week = 7 days
- 1 day = 24 hours
- 1 hour = 60 minutes
- 1 minute = 60 seconds
- 1 second = 1000 milliseconds
In addition, time units such as quarter and decade are used.
- quarter - 3 months
- decade - 10 days
The month is taken as 30 days, unless it is required to specify the day and name of the month. January, March, May, July, August, October and December - 31 days. February in a simple year has 28 days, February in a leap year has 29 days. April, June, September, November - 30 days.
A year is (approximately) the time it takes for the Earth to complete one revolution around the Sun. It is customary to count every three consecutive years for 365 days, and the fourth following them - for 366 days. A year with 366 days is called leap year, and years containing 365 days - simple. By the fourth year, one extra day is added next reason. The time of revolution of the Earth around the Sun does not contain exactly 365 days, but 365 days and 6 hours (approximately). Thus, a simple year is shorter than a true year by 6 hours, and 4 simple years are shorter than 4 true years by 24 hours, that is, by one day. Therefore, one day (February 29) is added to every fourth year.
You will learn about other types of quantities as you further study various sciences.
Measure abbreviations
Abbreviated names of measures are usually written without a dot:
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Measures of weight/mass
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Area measures (square measures)
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Measures of time
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measure of vessel capacity
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Measuring instruments
To measure various quantities, special measuring instruments are used. Some of them are very simple and are designed for simple measurements. Such devices include a measuring ruler, tape measure, measuring cylinder, etc. Other measuring devices are more complex. Such devices include stopwatches, thermometers, electronic scales, etc.
Measuring instruments, as a rule, have a measuring scale (or short scale). This means that dash divisions are marked on the device, and the corresponding value of the quantity is written next to each dash division. The distance between two strokes, next to which the value of the value is written, can be further divided into several smaller divisions, these divisions are most often not indicated by numbers.
It is not difficult to determine which value of the value corresponds to each smallest division. So, for example, the figure below shows a measuring ruler:
The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. indicate the distances between the strokes, which are divided into 10 equal divisions. Therefore, each division (the distance between the nearest strokes) corresponds to 1 mm. This value is called scale division measuring instrument.
Before you start measuring a quantity, you should determine the value of the division of the scale of the instrument used.
In order to determine the division price, you must:
- Find the two nearest strokes of the scale, next to which the magnitude values are written.
- Subtract the smaller value from the larger value and divide the resulting number by the number of divisions in between.
As an example, let's determine the scale division value of the thermometer shown in the figure on the left.
Let's take two strokes, near which the numerical values of the measured quantity (temperature) are plotted.
For example, strokes with symbols 20 °С and 30 °С. The distance between these strokes is divided into 10 divisions. Thus, the price of each division will be equal to:
(30 °C - 20 °C) : 10 = 1 °C
Therefore, the thermometer shows 47 °C.
Measure various quantities in Everyday life each and every one of us has to do. For example, to come to school or work on time, you have to measure the time that will be spent on the road. Meteorologists measure temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed, etc. to predict the weather.
What measures of length existed in antiquity? Every country in the world has its own way of measuring distance. But this is very inconvenient, because in different countries these systems of measures do not coincide. Units of measurement have come down to us from time immemorial. The English king once, many, many years ago, pulled forward right hand and declared: “The distance from the tip of my nose to the thumb of my hand will serve as a measure of length for all my people and be called “YARD”. His subjects immediately prepared a bronze rod “from the royal nose to the finger”, and for a long time the yard became a unit of length for all Englishmen. The length of a yard is 91.44 cm. Units of measurement have come down to us from time immemorial. The English king once, many, many years ago, stretched out his right hand and declared: “The distance from the tip of my nose to the thumb of my hand will serve as a measure of length for all my people and be called “YARD”. His subjects immediately prepared a bronze rod “from the royal nose to the finger”, and for a long time the yard became a unit of length for all Englishmen. Yard length 91.44 cm.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, another unit of length was invented - FUT. A foot is the average length of an adult male foot. In English it means "foot", "leg". One foot is equal to 30.48 cm. Long distances were measured in ancient Rome in steps: 2000 steps later became equal to one mile, or 1.609 km.
In ancient times, the Indians used their unit of measure for the territory when buying land. The area that a person runs in a day was such a unit of measurement. Therefore, in order to buy more land, the buyer hired the fastest "measurer" - a runner, for example, there were their own measures of length - a vershok, span, cubit. Long distances were measured by the flight of an arrow. However, these were approximate, imprecise measures. After all, different people could have different inches, spans, elbows. Yes, and the bow shot at different distances. Therefore, with the development of trade, exact measures of length were required. So that the seller and the buyer do not deceive each other ... ARSHIN became such a measure in Russia. Three arshins made a FATCH, 500 fathoms - a VERST. In ancient times, the Indians used their unit of measurement of the territory when buying land. The area that a person runs in a day was such a unit of measurement. Therefore, in order to buy more land, the buyer hired the fastest "meter" - a runner. And in Ancient Rus', for example, there were their own measures of length - a vershok, a span, an elbow. Long distances were measured by the flight of an arrow. However, these were approximate, imprecise measures. After all, different people could have different inches, spans, elbows. Yes, and the bow shot at different distances. Therefore, with the development of trade, exact measures of length were required. So that the seller and the buyer do not deceive each other ... ARSHIN became such a measure in Russia. Three arshins made a FATCH, 500 fathoms - a MILESTONE..
In the 18th century, Russia got two copies: N 11 and N 28 ... In the 18th century, French scientists proposed a metric system of measures for all times and for all peoples. The meter was chosen as a unit of length - one forty-millionth part of the earth's meridian passing through Paris. Scientists have made a standard (sample) of the meter in the form of a ruler of platinum. It's such a metal. True, everyone was afraid that this standard would be lost, and just in case, they made 31 copies of the meter and distributed them to different countries. Russia - got two copies: N 11 and N Now most countries use this metric system
Title - translation Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Linear value in the SI system (often approximate) SI Other variants of linear values \u200b\u200b“finger” dactyl (other Greek δάκτυλος) other Greek. digit (lat. digitus) lat. 1.85cm 1.85cm approx. 1 inch 1.997 cm "1/12 whole" ounce (lat. un cia) lat. OK. 7 cm 7.39 cm 22.18 cm \u003d 3 palm "foot" pus (other Greek πούς) other Greek. dog (lat. pes) lat. dog monetalis (lat. pes monetalis) lat. dog naturalis (lat. pes naturalis) lat. dog drusianus (lat. pes drusianus) lat. 29.62 cm dog \u003d 1 Roman foot \u003d 12 ounces 29.62 cm 25.00 cm 33.27 cm 30.80 cm 29.57 cm; 29.6352 cm
Measures of area GreeceGreece (Athens) Athens Roman Empire What was the measure based on? πλεθρ ον square feet 876 m² arura arura (50 square feet) 43.8 m²
Ancient Egypt Measures of length 1 Parasang is equal to 1/9 shem = 6.98 kmParasang 1 shem = 62.82 km Egyptian system (from the 5th to the 1st centuries BC inclusive): Athur ordinary = 3 miles = 5.235 km. Athur royal = 1 1/2 parasangam = 10.47 km. Parasang = 1 1/9 shema = 6.98 km. Shem \u003d 1 1/5 atura of the usual \u003d 6.282 km. Mile = 10 furlongs = 1.745 km. Stadion = 3 1/3 khet = 174.5 m. Xylon \u003d 3 royal cubits \u003d 1.57 m. Royal cubit \u003d 1 1/6 cubits small \u003d 1 1/5 pigon \u003d 52.35 cm. Zeretz (feet) = 1 1/3 spitam = 2 dihasam = 34.9 cm Spitam = 1 1/2 dihas = 26.175 cm Dihas = 2 shespam = 17.45 cm Shesp = 4 tebam = 8.725 cm Teb (finger) \u003d 2.18 cm. Canna \u003d 5 steps \u003d 11 2/3 grains \u003d 4.07 m. Step \u003d 2 1/3 grains \u003d 81.44 cm.
English system of measures The English system of measures is used in Great Britain, the USA and other countries. Some of these measures in a number of countries vary somewhat in size, so the following are mainly rounded metric equivalents of English measures, convenient for practical calculations.
Measures of length 1 nautical mile (nautical mile, UK) = 10 cable cables = 1.8532 km nautical mile 1 nautical mile (nautical mile, USA, from July 1, 1954) = 1.852 km 1 cable (cable, UK) = 185.3182 mcablets 1 cables (cable, USA) = 185.3249 m 1 statute mile (statute mile) = 8 furlongs = feet = 1609.344 mustard mile 1 furlong (furlong) = 10 chains = 201.168 mfarlong 1 chain (chain) = 4 rods = 100 links = 20.1168 mchain 1 rod (rod, pole, perch, field, perch) = 5.5 yards = 5.0292 mrodpolperch 1 yard (yard) = 3 feet = 0.9144 yard 1 foot (foot) = 3 handam = 12 inches = 0.3048 mft 1 hand (hand) = 4 inches = 10.16 cmhand 1 inch (inch) = 12 lines = 72 dots = 1000 mils = 2.54 cm 1 line (line) = 6 dots = 2 .1167 mm line 1 point (point) = 0.353 mm point 1 mil (mil) = 0.0254 mmmil
Area measures 1 mile² (square mile) \u003d 640 acres \u003d 2.59 km² 1 acre (acre) \u003d 4 ores \u003d 4046.86 m2 , perch²) = 30.25 yards² = 25.293 m² 1 yard² (square yard) = 9 feet² = 0.83613 m² 1 ft² (square foot) = 144 inches² = 929.03 cm² ft² 1 inch² (square inch) = 6.4516 cm²
