Mooring device - a set of devices and mechanisms located on the upper deck and designed to securely hold the ship at the berth (pier), floating structures or the side of another ship. It provides mooring of the ship with the stern, side (lag) and bow, and is also used for towing, transferring cargo on the move and in other cases. General form the mooring device of a surface ship is shown in fig. 2.1.
Rice. 2.1. Mooring device of a surface ship:
1, 11 - mooring fairleads; 2 - bollard; 3, 10 - spiers; 4 - bale plank; 5 - duck: 6 - views; 7 - baskets for fenders; 8 - gangway; 9 - biteng; 12 - mooring lines
The mooring device includes: mooring lines - flexible steel, synthetic or vegetable cables, with which they pull and fasten the ship; devices for storing mooring lines and their supply; bollards, bitengs, ducks used to secure the mooring lines on the deck of the ship; mooring fairleads and bale slats designed to take the mooring lines overboard, give them the right direction and protect them from chafing against the side; mooring mechanisms - spiers, windlasses, winches used for hauling and etching mooring lines; fenders softening the impact of the hull on the berth or side of another ship.
Moorings. On surface ships and submarines, flexible steel cables GOST 3071-66 and 3083-66 are usually used as mooring lines. The diameter of the steel mooring cable is determined by the displacement and class of the ship (Table 2.1).
T a b l e 2.1
On boats, vegetable (hemp or manila) cables with a circumference of 60-100 mm are often used as mooring lines, which are convenient for hand picking and pickling. On some ships and vessels, and on tankers, mooring cables made of artificial fiber are used without fail - kapron cable GOST 10293-67. Synthetic cables are very promising due to their lightness, elasticity (resistance to dynamic loads) and high anti-corrosion qualities.
Auxiliary ships of the Navy are supplied with mooring lines in accordance with the rules of the Register of the USSR. The length of the mooring lines must be at least the length of the ship, and one of the stern mooring lines must consist of a full coil of cable (220 or 300 m) for the return of the stop anchor (see Ch. 3). At both ends of the mooring line, fires about 1 m long are closed. Devices for storing mooring lines and their supply. Vyush to and serve for storage of working moorings, convenience of their giving and cleaning. The most widespread are horizontal mooring views (Fig. 2.2), equipped with a brake. Vertical views (Fig. 2.3) are used only for vegetable and synthetic cables; they are less convenient to use, but take less space. The views are placed on the deck or in the superstructures in such a way that it is convenient to put the mooring lines both on the bale bar and on the mooring drum of the mechanism. Spare mooring lines are stored in rigging pantries.
Rice. 2.2. Horizontal mooring view
Rice. 2.3. Vertical mooring view
Mooring lines to the berth (neighboring ship) at a distance of 15-25 m are fed manually with the help of throwing lines. The given throwing end is tied into the base of the mooring line, previously brought out into the bale bar (cluse). When feeding heavy mooring lines, first, with the help of the throwing end, a conductor is fed - a strong vegetable cable with a circumference of 60-100 mm, on which the mooring lines are then selected.
A line-throwing device is used to supply mooring (as well as towing, etc.) cables over long distances. The most common is the reactive line-throwing device LU-1 (Fig. 2.4). The flight range of a rocket with a line is up to 275 m. A nylon line with a diameter of 6 mm has a breaking strength of over 400 kgf.
Rice. 2.4. Line-throwing device LU-1:
1 - front sight; 2 - shield; 3 - trunk; 4 - trigger mechanism; 5 - rocket; 6 - steel cable; 7 - bed; 8 - nylon line; 9 - box
gun barrel - steel pipe open at both ends. Along the lower generatrix, the barrel has a slot for the passage of a steel cable connecting the rocket to the line. From below the barrel is closed with a wooden stock. The barrel has a window for the passage of the striker of the firing mechanism. A nylon line 400 m long is placed in a box in a certain way. The sighting device consists of a front sight and two crosshairs printed on the sight glass of the shield. When launching a rocket at a distance of 200-250 m or at shorter distances with a headwind, the gun should be given an elevation angle of 30 °; when launching a rocket at a distance of 100-150 m, the elevation angle should be 15 °. Line throwing is carried out by pointing the gun "from the hand" at the upper points of the ship (tops of masts, pipes, etc.). The shooter's face must be behind the shield.
Knechts- paired steel (rarely cast iron) cylindrical pedestals, fixed on a common foundation and firmly connected to the ship's hull. They are installed in the bow and stern ends, and sometimes in the middle part of the upper deck. Bollards (GOST 11265-65) are divided depending on the design into straight and cross; according to the method of manufacture - cast and welded (Fig. 2.5).
Rice. 2.5. Mooring bollards:
a - cast straight lines; b - welded straight lines; c - cast cross double
Mooring, dressed with fire on the coastal fell or the bollard of another ship, passes through the hawse (bale bar) and is attached to the bollard with four or five figure-eight hoses. The tides on the outer sides of the bollards (Fig. 2.5, a, b) allow you to attach two mooring cables to one bollard and etch each of them separately. Cross bollards (Fig. 2.5, c) are installed on small (low-sided) ships and vessels; the cross member on the bollard allows the direction of the cable at an angle upwards. In order not to break the bollards during strong jerks, they are installed on the deck relative to the fairleads, bale strips and mooring mechanisms in such a way that the longitudinal axes of the bollards are located along (at a slight angle) the direction of the mooring thrust.
Single bollards - b and teng and (Fig. 2.6) and ducks (Fig. 2.7) are used to fasten the mooring lines of small ships, boats and boats moored at the side.
Rice. 2.6. Single cross bollard - biteng
Rice. 2.7. Mooring duck
Cable stoppers are used for locking covered steel mooring cables during the transfer of mooring lines from spiers to bollards. They are installed in the area between the spire and the bale bar. The most common is the chain stopper (Fig. 2.8) - a three-four-meter segment of the rigging chain with a caliber of 5-10 mm, attached to the deck butt or taken by the bollard bollard with a protracted loop. The chain is superimposed behind the moorings with a locking knot and subsequent three or four flat hoses in the direction of pull, against the direction of the cable lay. The running end of the chain is attached to the mooring line.
Rice. 2.8. Stoppers for mooring line:
a - chain; b - wedge; c - Carpenter systems
The use of a chain stopper with strong mooring tensions can lead to deformation and damage to the cable. Therefore, on large ships and vessels, portable wedge stoppers are sometimes used, which lock the cable with the help of a movable wedge. On small ships, stoppers for mooring cables are not used; moorings are selected through the bollard manually.
Mooring fairleads and bale slats. Side lock (Fig. 2.9) - a round or oblong hole in the bulwark, bordered by a cast frame, for passing the cable. Deck locks (Fig. 2.10) are used on deck areas fenced with handrails. Bow and stern deck fairleads, installed at the stem and stern, are used not only for mooring, but also for towing.
Rice. 2.9. Side mooring hawse
Rice. 2.10. Deck mooring clew
C o u t slats - steel or cast iron castings in the form of an open frame for guiding the mooring cable (GOST 11264-65); they come without rollers or with one, two or three rollers (Fig. 2.11).
Rice. 2.11. Bale planks
Mooring mechanisms- spiers and winches - designed for hauling and pickling mooring lines under load. Mooring winches are not used on warships. To work with bow moorings, mooring drums of capstans and windlasses are used. Large ships have one or two mooring capstans on the poop; boats and submarines may not have them. There are two main types of mooring capstans:
Two-deck, in which the head of the spire is located on the upper deck, the rest of the mechanisms are on the deck below the upper one;
- single-deck, in which all mechanisms are located on the upper deck or below it, on a common foundation frame near the head of the spire; the most modern single-deck spiers are ballerless.
A two-deck mooring capstan is shown in fig. 2.12. On the upper deck there is a capstan head - a conical mooring drum connected to a vertical axis - a stock, which is driven by an electric motor through a gearbox. The electric motor has an electromagnetic shoe brake, with which it is stopped; when power off.
Rice. 2.12. Mooring capstan ShER-13D/1:
1 - spire head; 2 - stock; 3 - reducer; 4 - electric motor; 5 - shoe brake
The device of the head of the spire is shown in fig. 2.13. The mooring drum is connected by means of pins to a coupling fixedly mounted on the stock, and rotates on bronze bushings around the stationary gearbox housing. Three satellite gears are rolled along the inner gear rim of the gearbox housing, which engage with a gear rigidly mounted on the stock. In the lower part, the mooring drum has four pawls (pawls), which, to prevent reverse motion, rest against the ratchet teeth on the flange of the gearbox housing.
Rice. 2.13. Spire head SHER-13D/1:
1 - nest for embossing; 2, 3 - holes for lubrication; 4 - hole for access to the finger; 5 - finger; 6 - bushing; 7 - mooring drum; 8 - gearbox; 9 - gear-satellite; 10 - stock; 11 - stock gear; 12 - flange of the gearbox housing; 13 - gearbox housing; 14 - clutch; 15 - fell (doggy)
The spire has a manual (emergency) drive with the help of punches inserted into special sockets. To translate to manual drive, it is necessary to disconnect the mooring drum from the stock, for which, through special holes, remove the fingers from the coupling. Other holes in the capstan head serve to fill the internal cavities with grease.
Ballerless mooring capstan (Fig. 2.14) has smaller dimensions, since the electric motor and gearbox are located inside the head. All spire units are mounted on the gearbox housing, which is attached to the deck foundation. The torque of the electric motor through the coupling, the gears of the reducer and the drive gear is transmitted to the internal ring gear of the mooring drum. The mooring drum rotates around a fixed support sleeve. The electric motor is equipped with an electromagnetic shoe brake.
Rice. 2.14. Mooring capstan ШЭ-58:
1 - shoe brake; 2 - electric motor: 3 - support glass; 4 - mooring drum; 5 - coupling; 6 - gearbox housing; 7 - ring gear; 8 - pinion
The spire motors are controlled from control panels (controllers). Some data of mooring capstans are given in Table. 2.2.
T a b l e 2.2
Fenders. Soft, wooden and pneumatic fenders are used on ships and vessels. The most common are soft fenders (Fig. 6.12). In a stowed manner, fenders are stored in special baskets on deck. The fender falls overboard at the end of the vegetable cable and is held at the point of contact between the ship's hull and the berth (the hull of another ship). Some data of soft fenders are given in Table. 2.3.
T a b l e 2.3
As a wooden fender, a log with a diameter of 200-250 mm is used, which is suspended on a duck overboard using a rigging chain or cable. With the permanent basing of large ships, wooden fenders are made in the form of a package of logs (raft) floating on the surface of the water between the side and the pier. Wooden fenders have high strength, but low shock absorption capacity.
Rubber-fabric pneumatic fenders are the most convenient for mooring ships on the high seas. Such fenders are usually made up of separate cylinders, the design of which is shown in Fig. 2.15. The fender, consisting of four cylinders connected by chains to the eyes, weighs about 1800 kg, so it falls overboard with a ship's boom and is afloat. In the working position at the side, the fenders move during waves, so they should be mounted on synthetic or vegetable cables and their position should be observed.
Rice. 2.15. Pneumatic fender cylinder:
1 - rubber-fabric sheath; 2 - inflatable chamber; 3 - flange; 4 - eye for connecting cylinders
Submarine mooring device includes: mooring lines, bollards, ducks and bale strips, mooring capstan. Mooring cables are stored on views installed in the superstructure. Mooring fixtures on the upper deck (bollards, cleats, bale planks) are retractable. The stock of the bow mooring capstan (Fig. 3.2) is driven by the windlass of the anchor device. The mooring drum of the spire is usually removable, in a stowed way it is stored in the superstructure. When the mooring capstan is in operation, the windlass chain drum is switched off.
Mooring work and safety measures. Before starting work with mooring lines, it is necessary to prepare the mooring device, and check all its mechanisms in operation. The mooring lines that will be used in accordance with the chosen mooring option are unwound from the views to the required length and passed into the bale strips (cluses). The conductors are tied into the bases of the mooring lines in advance; getting ready required amount throw ends. The fenders are taken out of the baskets and carried along the corresponding board (stern). Mooring lines to increase the working length (and therefore for better shock absorption) are not recommended to be run perpendicular to the berth. The bending of the cable on bale planks and bollards should be minimal.
Coastal bollards, as a rule, are used by several ships, therefore, in order to ensure the free return of any mooring light, each of them should be wound from below into the mooring fires already on the bollard. If the mooring lines are started with an earring, then it should be on the floor below the lights of other mooring lines (Fig. 2.16).
Rice. 2.16. The order of winding several moorings on a fire with lights (I, II, III) and an earring (IV)
It is always necessary to start the running end of the mooring line on the mooring drum of the capstan (windlass, winch) from the bottom of the drum. The root end (guy) should come out from the top of the drum. Due to the different magnitude of the friction forces of the cable, when working with steel cables, at least four hoses should be applied to the mooring drum; with synthetic - at least five; with vegetable - at least three. It is possible to choose moorings with a capstan only after the report that it is wound up on a fall (bollard of a neighboring ship).
Mooring on the bollard (Fig. 2.17) is attached from the running end. The tension of the free (root) end of the mooring line quickly decreases with the imposition of each subsequent hose, reaching with five hoses (eights) of the steel mooring line 0.25% of the load of the running end. For reliable fastening, the upper mooring hoses are shackled. It is unacceptable to lay a mooring line on a bollard from the root end (facing the view) or the last hose with a loop, since in this case there are serious difficulties with the return of the mooring line.
Rice. 2.17. Laying and fastening of the mooring line on the bollard:
1 - running end; 2- cable; 3 - root end
The moorings imposed on the bollard, on which the pegs were formed (Fig. 2.18), must not be left or overetched. It is necessary to take the cable to the stopper, straighten the pegs and only after that fasten the moorings on the bollard.
Rice. 2.18. The formation of pebbles on the cable
Only persons in charge of them and authorized to service them are allowed to work with mooring mechanisms. The safety of work on the mooring device largely depends on the high organization of work (in accordance with the schedule) and their unified management.
Basic safety measures when working on a mooring device:
Personnel working with steel moorings must be equipped with gloves;
- personnel during work should not be near the moving cable and inside its hoses, and standing on the guy line - should not be closer than 1.5-2 m from the mooring drum;
- cables should not have protruding wires and broken strands;
- the mooring cable should be selected and etched manually only by intercepting it with your hands, while not allowing it to slip;
- cable hoses can only be applied to a locked capstan drum (windlass, winch);
- capstan (windlass, winch) should work smoothly, without jerks;
- it is impossible to wind off the excess length of the mooring line from the view, and the slack formed during the work should be immediately picked up;
- the mooring line, which is under load, must be removed from the mooring drum of the capstan (windlass, winch) and fastened to the bollard with a stopper;
- when working with a synthetic cable, it should be taken into account that under load it turns into a kind of spring and when the guy is loosened on the mooring drum, a sharp shift of the cable occurs.
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Purpose: pulling the vessel to the coastal and floating structures and securely fastening to them.
Mooring methods.
The most common variant of mooring operations is the mooring of the vessel side by side (beam) to the berth (Figure 3.4.1).
Rice. 3.4.1. Scheme of mooring the vessel with a lag:
1 - additional aft longitudinal moorings; 2 - aft longitudinal moorings; 3 - stern clamping moorings; 4 - nasal spring; 5 - stern spring; 6 - bow clamping moorings; 7 - bow longitudinal moorings; 8 - additional bow longitudinal moorings; 9 - bale strips (rollers); 10 - bollards; 11 - mooring fairleads.
This option provides the most reliable fastening of the vessel and maximum convenience in carrying out cargo operations. However, the ship takes up a lot of space along the length of the berth.
Mooring astern to the berth is typical for warships and oil tankers. In this mooring option, it is necessary to give up the anchor from the windward side.
The design of the mooring device.
The main element of the mooring device are moorings- flexible ties, with the help of which the ship is kept at the berthing facility. Steel, vegetable and synthetic fiber moorings are used.
Ropes made from plant materials (manila, sisal, hemp) are now used less and less.
Ropes made of synthetic fibers (polypropylene, nylon, nylon) are light, strong and durable and are now widely used. Nylon ropes produced in Russia with the same breaking load are much lighter than steel ones. Disadvantages of ropes made of synthetic materials: instant reduction in length when the load is removed, low coefficient of friction, ability to accumulate static electricity.
The general arrangement of the mooring device is designed in such a way as to ensure reliable fastening of the ship and at the same time not interfere with work on the ship and on the berth. From this point of view, it is preferable to place mooring points at the ends of the vessel - on the forecastle and poop decks. An example of the general arrangement of the mooring device is shown in Figure 3.4.2.
Rice. 3.4.2. General arrangement of the mooring device:
1 - bale bar; 2 - bollard; 3 - windlass; 4 - anchor clewse; 5 - mooring winch; 6 - view; 7 - guide rollers.
To secure the moorings are used bollards 2, which are steel or cast iron pedestals (Fig. 3.4.3). Structurally, bollards are single and double, straight and cross.
Rice. 3.4.3 Mooring bollards:
a - straight paired bollard; b - a pair of cross bollards.
To change the direction of mooring lines and protect them from damage when interacting with hull structures, guide rollers 7, bale slats 1 (with two or three rollers) and mooring fairleads(not shown in figure 3.4.2, see item 11 in figure 3.4.1). The design of bale slats with rollers is shown in fig. 3.4.4. Mooring fairleads are installed in the bulwark (Fig. 3.4.5, a), the holes in the fairleads are oval in shape to prevent a sharp bend in the mooring line passing through the fairlead. To reduce the friction of the mooring line on the edge of the fairlead, special design fairleads are used - for example, automatic (rotary) fairleads (Fig. 3.4.5, b), which have a rotating cage with two rollers, between which mooring lines are skipped. Bale planks are installed on decks with handrails.
Rice. 3.4.4 Bale planks with rollers
Rice. 3.4.5 Mooring fairleads:
a - a simple cast clewse; b - automatic key.
To pull the vessel to the berth after fixing the moorings on it, mooring mechanisms- windlasses, capstans and winches. For the bow group of mooring lines, anchor mechanisms are often used ( windlass 3 in Figure 3.4.2) with auxiliary drums for mooring operations. In the middle part of the vessel, the functions of mooring mechanisms can be performed by cargo winches. Mooring capstans are installed in the stern of the vessel or winches 5. The advantage of the winch is the reduction of manual operations, since the mooring line is constantly wound on the drum. Mooring winches are ordinary and automatic, maintaining a constant cable tension - their use is advisable on ships with a rapid change in draft during loading and unloading operations (container ships, bulk carriers, tankers).
Designed for storage of mooring lines views 6 - drums with flanges, which can be equipped with a drive and a brake.
To prevent damage to the ship's side during mooring, it is provided fender protection. According to the method of placement on the ship, permanent and removable means of fender protection are distinguished.
Permanent facilities include fenders (used on ships of small dimensions), as well as bow and stern towing fenders.
The most widely used are removable mooring fenders suspended during mooring operations at the side of the vessel in places that need protection. At present, pneumatic fenders, consisting of a chamber and a rubber cylinder into which air is pumped, are widely used.
Requirements for the mooring device.
The requirements are contained in the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea Vessels of the RMRS (volume 1, section III "Devices, equipment and supplies", clause 4 "Mooring arrangements"). Some General requirements:
1. The number, length and breaking force of mooring cables are determined according to a special table of the Rules in accordance with the characteristics of the equipment for a given vessel. The formula for characterizing the supply is given in topic 3.3.
2. For ships with A/N c greater than 0.9, the number of mooring lines must be increased:
When - for 1 piece,
When - for 2 pcs,
When - for 3 pcs.
3. Mooring cables made of vegetable and synthetic fibers should not be used with a diameter of less than 20 mm.
4. Steel cables must have at least 144 wires and at least 7 organic cores. Ropes on automatic mooring winches may have one organic core, but the number of wires must be at least 216.
5. Vegetable ropes must be manila or sisal.
6. Synthetic ropes must be made from homogenous approved materials (polypropylene, nylon, nylon, etc.).
7. The number and location of mooring bollards, bale strips and other mooring equipment are accepted based on design features, destination and general location of the vessel.
8. Mooring bollards can be steel or cast iron, according to the manufacturing method - welded or cast.
9. The outer diameter of the bollard must be at least 10 diameters of a steel cable, at least 5.5 diameters of a synthetic fiber cable and not less than the circumference of a vegetable cable. The distance between the axes of the bollards must be at least 25 steel cable diameters and at least three plant fiber circumferences.
10. To select mooring lines, both mechanisms specially installed for this purpose and other deck mechanisms (windlasses, cargo winches, etc.) having mooring drums can be used. The requirements for mooring mechanisms are contained in the Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-Going Ships of the RMRS (volume 2, section IX "Mechanisms", clause 6.4 "Mooring mechanisms").
Each ship must have a mooring device that ensures that the ship is pulled up to coastal or floating mooring facilities and securely fastened to them. The mooring device is used to fasten the vessel to the berth, the side of another vessel, raid barrels, bollards, as well as hauling along the berths. The mooring device includes:
Mooring cables;
Mooring fairleads and guide rollers;
Bale planks (with rollers and without them);
Views and banquets;
Mooring mechanisms (windlass cranks, capstan, winches); auxiliary devices (stoppers, fenders, staples, throwing ends).
Rice. Mooring device
Mooring cables (ropes). Vegetable, steel and synthetic cables are used as mooring ends.
Steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the berth. The most common on marine vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm. Steel moorings are stored on manual views equipped with a brake pressed by a pedal to the cheek of the drum. On large-tonnage vessels, mooring views with a drive are installed.
Mooring lines made of synthetic ropes are widely used. They are lighter than equal-strength steel and vegetable moorings, have good flexibility, which is maintained at relatively low temperatures. Do not use synthetic cables that have not been anti-static treated and do not have certificates.
To use positive traits Synthetic cables of various types are produced combined synthetic cables. On mooring winches, where the mooring is steel, that part of it that goes ashore is made of a synthetic cable in the form of a so-called "spring".
On ships carrying in bulk flammable liquids with a vapor flash point below 60 0 С, it is allowed to use steel cables only on superstructure decks that are not the top of cargo bulk compartments, if pipelines for receiving and discharging cargo do not pass through these decks. It is possible to use artificial fiber ropes on tankers only with a special permit of the Register (the formation of sparks is possible if these ropes break).
For timely detection of defects, mooring lines should at least once every 6 months be subject to scrutiny. Inspection should also be carried out after mooring at mooring lines in extreme conditions.
Depending on the position relative to the vessel, mooring lines are called: longitudinal, clamping, springs (bow and stern, respectively). Mooring lines at the outboard end have a loop - fire, which is thrown on the coast fell or fastened with a bracket to the eye of the mooring barrel. The other end of the cable is fixed on the bollards installed on the deck of the vessel.
The mooring device is designed to fasten the vessel to the berth, mooring barrels and bollards or to the side of another vessel.
The device includes:
Mooring cables;
Bale planks;
guide rollers;
Mooring mechanisms.
Auxiliaries:
stoppers;
Throwing ends;
Mooring cables (mooring lines, mooring lines) There are steel, vegetable and synthetic.
Mooring cables (ropes ). As mooring ends are used vegetable, steel and synthetic cables . Steel cables are used less and less, as they poorly perceive dynamic loads, require great physical effort when transferred from the ship to the berth. The most common on marine vessels are steel mooring lines with a diameter of 19 to 28 mm.
Service life of ship cables:
Steel cables - running rigging 2 to 4 years ;
Vegetable and synthetic ropes - cable work - 3 years , perline - 2 years ;
- other cables - 1 year.
The ends of the mooring cables end in a loop called - fire.
Number mooring cables on the ship, their length and thickness determined by the Register Rules .
The scheme for establishing mooring ends is shown in rice.
Main mooring lines served from the bow and stern ends of the vessel to directions, excluding vessel movement along the berth and departure from it . IN depending on direction mooring lines got their names . Moorings , wound up from the bow and stern ends of the vessel , holding back vessel from the movement along the pier are called bow (1) and stern (2) longitudinal. Shvartov, whose direction opposite to longitudinal called spring. Nasal (3) and stern (4)springs used for the same purposes as longitudinal ends. Moorings, wound up perpendicular to the berth , are called nasal (5) And aft (6) pressure. The clamping ends do not allow the vessel to move away from the berth in the squeezing wind.
Knights - cast or welded bollards (steel and cast iron) for fastening mooring cables. On transport ships, paired bollards with two pedestals are usually installed on a common base, hot flashes to hold the lower cable hoses, and hats does not allow the upper hoses of the mooring line to jump off the bollards.
They also install bollards with pedestals without tides,
and bollards with cross .
Bits with a cross convenient for fastening mooring ends directed top at an angle to the deck . Similar bollards establish in bow and stern parts of the ship both sides are symmetrical .
Sometimes on ships they install one bollard bollards – bitengs , which are used in towing .
bitengi- represent massive cabinets , whose bases are attached to upper deck or passed through it and attached to one of the lower decks . To hold the cable on the bits, there are spreaders .
Convenient when performing mooring operations - bollards with rotating pedestals, equipped with a locking device.
Pinned to moorings put "eight" two or three hoses on the bollards, and then on Turkish girl windlass. When rope choose , cabinets rotate and freely pass the cable . When the cable is selected, the bollards rotate and freely pass the cable. At the right time, remove the cable from Turkish women and impose and impose additional hoses on the curbstones of the bollard. At the same time, the stopper keeps the cabinets from rotating.
Cluses - devices through which the mooring lines are passed from the vessel. Cluses are steel (cast iron) with holes round shape ,
or oval shape , bordering holes in ship's bulwark .
Working surface hawse has smooth curves excluding sharp bends of mooring lines .
For mooring to board a vessel of small-sized floating craft, use hawsers with tides - horns.
In places where instead bulwark railing made , on the deck at the edge of the side, special cluses are fixed.
Strong mooring line friction about the working surfaces of the hawse of these structures leads to rapid wear of cables , especially synthetic, therefore, ships are widely used universal cleats ,
And swivel universal closures.
The universal hawse has vertical and horizontal rollers freely rotating in bearings, forming a gap into which the cable supplied to the shore is passed. Rotation of one of the rollers when the cable is pulled from any direction significantly reduces friction. The rotary universal fairlead has a rotating ball-bearing cage in the body.
Bale planks have the same purpose as mooring fairleads .
By design, bale slats are simple ,
with bitten ,
with one roller ,
with two rollers ,
with three – rollers.
For wiring mooring lines supplied to high berths and ships with high sides, apply closed bale slats.
The most widespread bale planks with rollers , the use of which is significantly reduces the cost of efforts to overcome the friction forces that occur during the selection of the cable .
For wiring mooring cables from the hawse to the drums of mooring mechanisms, metal pedestals with guide rollers.
Views - designed to store mooring cables. They have locking devices . Install them in bow and stern parts of the vessel not too much far from the knechts .
Mooring mechanisms- serve to pull the vessel on the established mooring lines to the berth, board of another vessel, barrel, to pull the vessel along the berth, as well as automatically adjust the tension of the mooring lines in case of fluctuations in the water level, tidal currents, changes in draft during loading or unloading of the vessel.
Mooring mechanisms include:
- windlass;
- mooring spiers;
- anchor mooring winches;
- simple and automatic winches.
windlasses and mooring capstans, have drums (turchki), which are used to select mooring cables .
On ships without stern anchor device , installed at the stern of the vessel mooring capstans that do not have a chain drum.
Vertical arrangement axes of rotation of the mooring drum capstan allows choose mooring lines from any direction . Concave outdoor the surface of the capstan drum and windlass can be smooth or have vertical welps - rounded ribs .
Welps- prevent the cable from sliding on the drum. However, due to kinks on them, mooring cables are damaged faster . Therefore, with widespread use on ships synthetic ropes , subject to greater friction when working on a capstan, capstan drums make smooth .
Anchor mooring winches, installed on some ships instead of windlasses , and are used during mooring operations in the same way as windlasses.
Simple mooring winch It has electric motor with built-in disc brake . The rotation of the winch engine through the mechanisms inside is transmitted to the shaft with the mooring drum. Through work disc brake, you can adjust the rotation speed of the mooring drum.
Automatic mooring winch compares favorably with a simple winch in that it can work in manual and automatic mode . IN manual mode winch is used for pulling the ship to the pier and for the selection of given cables. After the cable is selected tight, it remains on the winch drum . winch switch to automatic mode by setting required cable tension . At change, for some reason, the tension of the cable, the winch automatically picks up or etchs the mooring cable, providing a constant tension of the mooring cable .
Automatic winches are manufactured in two versions:
- with mooring cock connected to the mooring drum by a disconnecting clutch;
- without turkish , which are installed near the windlass and capstan.
Stoppers serve to hold the mooring cables in tensioned state when transferring them from the drum of the mooring mechanism to the bollards.
Stoppers are: chain (Fig. a), vegetable or synthetic (Fig. b).
chain stopper represents 10 mm rigging chain , And length 2 - 4 m , with a long link for fastening with a bracket to the deck butt, at the other end of the stopper, a vegetable or synthetic cable with a length of at least 1.5 m . And thick V two times thinner than the mooring end.
Stopper from vegetable or synthetic rope It is made from the same material as the mooring cables only twice as thin.
Throwing end necessary for supplying the mooring cable to the shore when the vessel approaches the berth.
Throwing end- This vegetable or synthetic tench thick 25 mm , length - 30 - 40 m , on one side of which is attached lightness (cargo braided with a thin vegetable torso) for increasing throw distance , the other end is tied to the fire of the mooring cable .
Fenders.
Fenders - intended for ship hull protection from hitting the quay wall , or about side of another ship during mooring operations and ship parking.
Fenders there are soft And tough
Soft fenders- This bags tightly stuffed with elastic material And braided with strands of vegetable rope or packed in special cases . Soft fenders have a yoke with a thimble for attaching a vegetable or synthetic cable to it, the length of which should be sufficient overboard at low berths and the smallest draft.
Rigid fenders – wooden blocks suspended on cables to the side of the ship. To give such a fender elasticity, it is wrapped around the entire length with a vegetable or synthetic cable.
Steering device of the ship.
Steering gear- serves for ship control . With steering gear you can change the direction of the vessel or keep it on a given course . During keeping the ship on a given course, the task of the steering device is to counteract external forces:
The flow that can cause the ship to deviate from the intended course .
Steering devices have been known since the appearance of the first floating craft. In ancient times, steering devices were large swing oars mounted on the stern, on one or both sides of the ship. During the Middle Ages, they began to be replaced by an articulated rudder, which was placed on the sternpost in the diametrical plane of the ship. In this form, it has been preserved to this day.
The steering device consists of the following parts:
- Steering wheel allows you to keep the ship on a given course and change the direction of its movement. It consists of a steel flat or streamlined hollow structure - rudder blade , and a vertical rotary shaft - ballera rigidly connected to the rudder blade. To the top end ballera brought to one of the decks planted sector or a lever tiller, to which an external force is applied to turn baller .
- steering motor through the drive turns the stock, which ensures the rudder shift. Engines are steam, electric and electro-hydraulic. The engine is installed in the tiller compartment of the vessel.
- Control post serves for remote control steering engine. It is installed in the wheelhouse. Controls are usually mounted on the same column with the autopilot. To control the position of the rudder blade relative to the center plane of the vessel, indicators are used - axiometers.
Depending on the principle of action, there are:
Passive rudders;
Active rudders.
Passive called steering devices that allow you to turn the vessel only during the course, during the movement of water relative to the hull.
Unlike him active The rudder allows the vessel to be steered whether it is moving or stationary.
According to the position of the rudder blade relative to the axis of rotation of the stock, there are:
- simple steering wheel - the plane of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation of the propeller ;
- semi-balanced steering wheel- only most of the rudder blade is located behind the axis of rotation of the propeller, due to which there is a reduced torque when the rudder is shifted;
- balance wheel– the rudder blade is located on both sides of the axis of rotation so that no moments occur when the rudder is shifted.
Active steering- an electric motor is built into the rudder blade, which drives the propeller. The electric motor for protection against damage is placed in the nozzle. By turning the rudder blade along with the propeller at a certain angle, a transverse stop appears, which makes it easier to turn the vessel. The active rudder also performs its functions while the vessel is at anchor. Active rudders are usually installed on special vessels where high maneuverability is required.
To facilitate the maneuverability of the vessel during mooring operations, bow and stern thrusters are used. Thrusters distinguish between:
- thrusters With counter-rotating screws.
- thruster with reverse rotation of the propeller.
In order for the active rudder to work, the feather of the passive rudder must stand at a certain angle. The rudder stock is driven by a rudder mounted below deck at the stern of the vessel..
Operating principle steering gear with electric drive.
1 hand wheel drive (emergency drive);
2 tiller;
3 gearbox;
4 steering sector;
5 electric motor;
6 spring;
7 stock rudder;
8 rudder blade;
9 segment worm wheel and brake;
10 worm.
If it is needed turn the rudder , you need to run electric motor with a certain speed which is associated with steering column on navigation bridge . Through electrical devices (synchros, rotating transformers ) torque from the helm steering column on navigation bridge transferred to steering gear motor and from it to the rudder blade.
At electrical steering faults steering wheel is driven movement by means of a manually operated mechanism consisting of a hand wheel drive . By turning steering wheel through worm gear rotation is transferred to tiller and from him to rudder stock .
On modern ships use an electro-hydraulic steering gear .
1 connector for connection to the ship's electrical network;
2 ship cable connections;
3 spare hydraulic fluid canister;
4 steering pump;
5 steering column with telemotor sensor;
6 indicator device;
7 telemotor receiver;
8 engine;
9 hydraulic steering machine;
10 stock rudder;
11 steering indicator sensor.
When the steering wheel is rotated on the steering column in the wheelhouse, the transmitting and receiving telemotor sensor on the steering column and steering machine is triggered. flowing under pressure into pipeline, the fluid drives a rod in the telemotor receiver, which transmits the movement to the steering pump in the appropriate direction . From the steering pump, the movement is transmitted to the rudder stock.
Mooring device designed to fasten the vessel to the berth, mooring barrels and bollards or to the side of another vessel.
The structure of the device includes: mooring cables, bollards, hawses, bale straps, rollers, views, mooring mechanisms,
as well as auxiliary devices - stoppers, throwing ends, fenders, mooring shackles.
, (mooring lines) can be steel, vegetable and synthetic. The number of mooring cables on a ship, their length and thickness are determined by the Register Rules.
The main mooring cables are fed from the bow and stern ends of the vessel in certain directions, excluding. both the movement of the vessel along the berth and the departure from it.
Depending on the directions in which they are filed, mooring cables got their name (Fig. 39). Cables 1 and 2, fed from the bow and stern, keep the vessel from moving along the berth and are called bow and stern longitudinal, respectively.
Cables 3 and 4 are called springs (bow and stern, respectively). The spring works in the direction opposite to its longitudinal end, and when paired with another spring, it performs the same work as the longitudinal ones.
Finally, cables 5 and 6, filed in a direction perpendicular to the berth, are called bow and stern clamps, respectively. They prevent the vessel from moving away from the berth during the squeezing wind.
(Fig. 40) are cast or welded hollow vertical bollards installed on the deck and serve to fasten mooring cables. On transport ships, paired bollards are usually installed with two steel or cast-iron pedestals on a common base.
Pedestals usually have tides that hold the lower cable hoses, and caps that prevent the upper hoses from jumping off the pedestal. Bollards with pedestals without tides and bollards with a cross are also installed. The latter are convenient for fastening mooring cables directed from above at an angle to the deck.
The bollards are installed in the bow and stern parts of the vessel on both sides symmetrically. The bollards available on large-tonnage vessels in the middle part are mainly used for mooring small watercraft to the side of the vessel. The bollards are securely fastened to box-shaped foundations, closed on all sides, welded to the deck.
rice. 39 Mooring lines
Sometimes single-pedestal bollards are installed on transport ships - bitengs, which are used for towing. Bitengs are massive pedestals, the bases of which are attached to the upper deck or passed through it and attached to one of the lower decks. To better hold the cable on the bits, there are spreaders.
Great convenience for the production of mooring operations is provided by special bollards with bollards rotating in bearings, equipped with a locking device. The mooring lines fixed on the pier are placed with a “figure of eight” with two or three hoses on the bollards, and then on the windlass crank. When selecting the cable, the bollards rotate and freely pass the cable. At the right moment, they remove the cable from the turret and put additional hoses on the bollards. At the same time, the locking device keeps the cabinets from rotating.
rice. 40 Knights
a - simple paired; b - steam rooms with tides; in - paired with a cross;
g - with rotating pedestals; d - biteng
rice. 41 Keys
a - round shape; b - oval, c - oval with horns; g - Panamanian;
d - universal, e - universal rotary
Clouses (Fig. 41) - devices through which mooring cables are passed during mooring operations. They are steel or cast iron castings with round or oval holes, bordering the same holes in the ship's bulwark.
The working surface of the fairleads has smooth roundings, excluding sharp bends of the mooring cables. The fairleads are installed in the bulwark on bolts or rivets.
To ensure mooring to the side of the vessel of small watercraft, the fairleads may have tides-horns. For the same purpose, in the immediate vicinity of the hawse, ducks are welded to the bulwark or to its racks.
In places where a railing is made instead of a bulwark, special hawses are used, attached to the deck at the edge of the side. To supply mooring lines, towing fairleads, firmly fixed on the bow and on the stern of the vessel, intended mainly for winding the towing cable, can be used.
Kip laths have the same purpose as mooring clews. They are usually installed in places where there is a railing, and are attached to the deck at the edge of the outer side.
(Fig. 42) are simple in design, with biting, with one or more rollers. For wiring mooring lines supplied to high berths, high-speed vessels, etc., closed bale strips are used.
The most widespread are bale bars with rollers, during the rotation of which during the selection of the cable, friction and force on the mooring mechanism are significantly reduced. To ensure the desired direction of the cable from the bale bar to the windlass crank, guide rollers are installed on the deck.
rice. 42 Bale planks
a - simple, b - with biting, c - with one roller; g - with two rollers;
d - with three rollers, e - closed with two rollers
Views are designed to store mooring cables. They have locking devices. Views are installed in the bow and stern of the vessel not too far from the bollards.
Stoppers serve to hold the mooring cables when transferring them from the drum of the mooring mechanism to the bollards. Stoppers are chain, vegetable or synthetic.
The chain stopper is a piece of a rigging chain with a diameter of 10 mm, a length of 2-4 m, with a long link for fastening with a bracket to the deck butt at one end and a plant cable with a length of at least 1.5 m at the other. Stoppers for vegetable and synthetic cables are made of the same material as the cable, but half the thickness.
Throwing ends serve as a conductor for supplying mooring cables to the shore when the vessel approaches the berth. The throwing end is a vegetable line or a braided nylon cord with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 30 - 40 m with small lights embedded at the ends. One of them serves to fasten lightness - a small canvas bag tightly filled with sand and braided with shkimushgar, the other - for the convenience of using the throwing end.
The throwing end, made from a new vegetable cable, is pre-pulled out so that pebbles do not form on it. To do this, a cable soaked in salt water is pulled between two uprights and a load is hung in the middle.
Fenders are designed to protect the ship's hull from damage during mooring, parking at the berth or at the side of another vessel. They are soft and hard.
Soft fenders are canvas bags tightly stuffed with some kind of elastic, non-deformable material (for example, cork chips) and braided with strands of plant cable.
The fender has a yoke with a thimble for attaching a plant cable to it, the length of which should ensure the fastening of the fender overboard at low berths and the smallest draft.
Rigid fenders - wooden bars (logs) up to 2 m long, suspended on cables to the ship's side. To give the fender elasticity, it is wrapped around the entire length with an old vegetable cable. When the ship is moored at the berth, rigid fenders are hung horizontally so that the fender rests on at least two adjacent frames.
Mooring shackles are used for fastening the mooring cable behind the coastal eye or the eye of the mooring barrel. In order to avoid deformation of the shackle or its pin with a strong tension of the mooring cable, it is recommended to bring the shackle not directly behind the eye and the cable eye, but as shown in Fig. 43.
