Contains a complete course of military topography. The presentation is distinguished by brevity, complete coverage of the material, accessibility and clarity of presentation. Designed to teach students how to study and evaluate terrain, navigate it, use topographic and special maps, geodetic data and photographic documents, as well as take measurements on the ground when organizing, conducting combat operations and commanding troops. It is based on a course of lectures and practical classes conducted by the authors over several years at the Faculty of Military Training. Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Education 3+ and the content of the cycle of disciplines F.01 “Military Training” of state educational standards for the preparation of bachelors and masters. For students of higher educational institutions studying the discipline “General Tactics”.
The work belongs to the genre of educational literature. It was published in 2017 by Knorus publishing house. On our website you can download the book "Military Topography" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The book's rating is 3.67 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also turn to reviews from readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In our partner's online store you can buy and read the book in paper form.
Military topography
Military topography is a science that makes it possible to develop methods and means for obtaining information about various terrain in the interests of combat activities.
Purpose of using topography
When using a completely powerful weapon and radio equipment, it is necessary to make precise topographic and geodetic measurements and calculations regarding their approximate direction of further actions, as well as determining the distance of their target. As a rule, such weapons have a considerable distance to hit a target, and therefore require extremely accurate measurement. But success in combat may require the most extreme, but precise decisions in the use of measuring technology. But it is also important that each member of the squad has a good eye and can quickly navigate and find a way to measure the distance to the target and other objects.
Simple Measurement Techniques
Simple linear and angular measurements are in demand for reconnaissance and terrain orientation, as well as for initial shooting data. The eye gauge is the most in a simple way for measurement, it is available to every military serviceman and is applicable in any conditions. Also, field binoculars are used for measurements; in the field of view of the binoculars there are two goniometric scales used to measure vertical and horizontal angles. If there are no binoculars, then you can use a regular ruler, but you need to have certain skills. Instead of a ruler, you can use improvised objects such as:
palm
finger
Matchbox
pencil
Also an indispensable assistant is a compass, which helps you navigate in the desired direction of the journey. A card that has many meanings and has several varieties becomes an indispensable assistant.
reference Information
Azimuths and directional angle. Magnetic declination, convergence of meridians and direction correction Selection of landmarks. Target designation from a landmark, in azimuth and range to the target, by pointing the weapon at the target Maintaining the specified (intended) direction of movement and distance. Avoiding Obstacles Compliance with the standard: “Movement along azimuths on foot” Compliance with the standard: “Orientation by map” Compliance with standards for military topography: 1.3, 5-10 Compliance with the standards: “Determination of direction (azimuth on the ground)” and “Measurement of distances (angles) on the ground using binoculars (ruler with millimeter divisions)” Compliance with standards: “Reading a map” Measuring and plotting directional angles on a map. Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and back Measuring distances on a map. Study of a site. Reading a map along the route Measuring angles and distances on the ground Image and reading of local objects on maps: hydrography, vegetation cover and soil, settlements, industrial enterprises and socio-cultural objects, road network and individual local landmarks Study of the tactical properties of the terrain: observation conditions and camouflage properties of the terrain (determining the mutual visibility of points), cross-country conditions, protective properties of the terrain Linear and angular units of measurement Map scales Terrain as an element of the operational combat situation. Determination of the general nature of the area from a map Avoiding obstacles. Finding the way back Familiarization with the map (map assessment), understanding the scale, section height, year of survey and reconnaissance, year of publication, direction correction, digitization of the coordinate grid Determination of azimuths to local objects Determining geographic coordinates and plotting objects on a map using known coordinates Determination on the map of absolute heights and relative elevations of terrain points, ascents and descents, and steepness of slopes Determining directions to the sides of the horizon using a compass, celestial bodies, and signs of local objects Determining the position of objects (points) in polar and bipolar coordinate systems, plotting objects on a map by direction and distance, by two angles or by two distances Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on a map by their coordinates Determination of the sides of the horizon, magnetic azimuths, horizontal angles and compass direction Determining the nature of local objects from images on maps Orientation on the terrain without a map. Determining your location relative to surrounding local objects. Maintaining the direction of movement according to celestial bodies, local objects, given azimuths Orientation on the terrain without a map. The essence of orientation Terrain orientation by azimuths. Magnetic azimuth. Determination of azimuths to local objects Orientation on the terrain using a map (scheme): methods of orienting a map (scheme), the procedure for identifying landmarks, determining your location, comparing the map (scheme) with the terrain Orientation to the terrain using a map for commanders of subordinate units and other persons Orientation on the map. Orientation of the map in directions to the sides of the horizon, to landmarks, along a linear landmark. Landmark recognition Orientation using a gyro-compass. Orienting the map in the car. Exit to destination Basic rules for maintaining a work card. Raising the card. Conventional signs and abbreviations used when maintaining a work map and drawing up other graphic documents. Basic elements of map content. Scale, non-scale and explanatory symbols. Card design. General rules for reading topographic maps Features of terrain orientation in conditions of limited visibility Preparing data for azimuth movement The concept of official graphic documents, their purpose and content Sequence and basic issues of studying and assessing terrain when planning and conducting operational combat operations and performing special tasks Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones
A program that includes a set of high-quality topographic maps, some of which were created by the Russian General Staff.
Application Soviet military maps includes topographical maps of the world providing continuous coverage around the world at scales of 100K-500K, road, terrain and satellite imagery from Google Maps, as well as a number of open street maps.
A nice feature of the application Soviet military maps for Android is the presence large quantity roads not shown on other maps. It is also worth noting that Soviet maps have lost their relevance for developed countries, since they were created in the 80s and it is advisable to use them only for countries in Africa and Asia. Otherwise, it is recommended to use Google maps and OSM layers.
Download the Soviet Military Maps app: one of the best off-road navigation apps on your Android.
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Name: Military topography.
This textbook outlines a course in military topography, knowledge of which is necessary for every officer
The first section of the textbook discusses the classification, mathematical basis and geometric essence of topographic maps, their content, methods of reading and measuring them. The properties of aerial photographs, the basics of their military interpretation and the rules for their use in solving combat missions are also discussed here.
The second section is devoted to terrain orientation different ways, including with the help of navigation equipment
The third section, in relation to the practical activities of unit commanders, examines the use of maps for studying terrain, assessing its tactical properties, command and control of troops and target designation in various types of combat, as well as drawing up combat graphic documents, the procedure and methods for conducting terrain reconnaissance
The appendix contains samples of topographic maps, tables of symbols, different kinds aerial photographs.
Terrain is one of the main and constantly operating factors in the combat situation, significantly influencing the combat activity of troops. Features of the terrain that influence the organization, conduct of combat and the use of military equipment are called its tactical properties. The main ones include its maneuverability and orientation conditions, camouflage and protective properties, observation and firing conditions.
Skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain contributes to the most effective application weapons and military equipment, stealth maneuvers and surprise attacks on the enemy, camouflage from observation and protection of troops from enemy fire. Consequently, when performing combat missions, each serviceman must be able to quickly and correctly study the terrain and evaluate its tactical properties.
Content
Introduction
§ 1. Subject, content, tasks and method of military topography
§ 2 The place and role of military topography in the system of combat training of troops
SECTION ONE
TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS AND AERIAL PICTURES, THEIR USE IN THE TROOPS
Chapter 1. Classification, purpose and geometric essence of maps
§ 3. Main types of cards
1. Features of the cartographic image
2. General geographical and special maps
3. Classification and purpose of topographic maps
§ 4. Mathematical basis for constructing maps
1. Geometric essence of the cartographic image
2. Distortions in map projections
3. Geodetic support networks
§ 5. Projections of Soviet topographic maps
1.Projection of maps at scales 1:25,000-1:500,000
2.Projection of a map at a scale of 1:1000000
§ b. Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps
1. Card layout system
2. Nomenclature of map sheets
3. Selection and extraction of the nomenclature of map sheets for the required area.
Chapter 2. Map measurements
§ 7. Measuring distances and areas
1.Map scale
2.Measuring lines on the map
3 Accuracy of measuring distances on the map
4. Corrections to distances for slope and tortuosity of lines
5. The simplest ways to measure areas on a map
§ 8. Determination of coordinates of terrain points and objects (targets) from a map
1.Coordinate systems used in topography
2. Determination of geographical coordinates
3.Definition rectangular coordinates
§ 9. Measurement using a map of directional angles and azimuths
1. Azimuths and directional angles
2.Measuring and plotting directional angles on the map
3.Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and back
Chapter 3: Reading Topographic Maps
§ 10. System symbols on the maps
1. Completeness and detail of the terrain image
2.Principles of construction and application of symbols on maps
3 Forks of symbols
4.Color design (coloring) of cards
5. Explanatory captions and digital designations
6.General rules card reading
§eleven. Relief depiction on maps
1.Types and elementary forms of relief
2. The essence of the relief image with horizontal lines
3.Types of contour lines
4 Representation of elementary relief forms by horizontal lines
5.Features of depicting horizontal and mountainous terrain with contours
6. Conventional signs of relief elements that are not expressed by contours
Features of the relief image on maps of scales 1:500,000 and 1:1000,000
§ 12. Studying the relief from the map
1. Study of the structure and elementary forms of relief
2. Determination of absolute heights and mutual elevations of terrain points
3.Determination of ascents and descents
4. Determination of the shape and steepness of the slopes
§ 13. Representation of water bodies on maps
1.Coastal stripes and shores of seas, large lakes and rivers
2. Lakes, reservoirs and other bodies of water
3. Rivers, canals and other objects of river systems
4.Wells and other sources of water
5.Additional data on water bodies contained in information about the area on a map at a scale of 1:200,000
§ 14. Image of vegetation and soil
1. Main elements of vegetation cover
2. Ground cover
§ 15. Image of settlements, industrial enterprises and socio-cultural objects
1.Settlements
2.Industrial and agricultural manufacturing enterprises and facilities
3. Communication facilities, power lines, pipelines, airfields and socio-cultural facilities
§ 16. Image of the road network
1.Railroads
2.Highway and dirt roads
§ 17. Boundaries and geodetic points
1.Borders and fences
2. Geodetic points and individual local objects - landmarks
Chapter 4. Aerial photographs of the area
§ 18. Types and properties of aerial photographs
1.Aerial photographs as reconnaissance and measurement documents
2.Types of aerial photographs
3 Use of aerial photographs by troops
4. Geometric essence of aerial photographs
5. The concept of distortion in aerial photographs
6. Visual properties of aerial photographs
7. The concept of photographic documents
§ 19. Preparation of aerial photographs for work
1. Linking aerial photographs to the map
2. Determining the scale of a planned aerial photograph
3.Applying the direction of the magnetic meridian to aerial photographs
4. The concept of preparation for work and the use of perspective aerial photographs
§ 20. Measurements from aerial photographs
1.Accessories for working with aerial photographs
2. Sterescopic (volumetric) examination of aerial photographs
3. Determination of distances and sizes of objects from aerial photographs
4. Transferring objects from an aerial photograph to a map
5. Determination of rectangular coordinates from aerial photographs
§ 21. Interpretation of aerial photographs
1. Unmasking (decryption) signs
2.Methods of deciphering aerial photographs
3. Reliability and completeness of interpretation of aerial photographs
4.Decryption of terrain objects
5. The concept of deciphering tactical objects
SECTION TWO
TERRAIN ORIENTATION
Chapter 5. Orientation using a map and aerial photographs
§ 22. The essence of orientation
§ 23. Determination of distances during terrain orientation and target designation
1.Eye meter
2. Determination of distances from measured angular dimensions items
3. Determination of distances using the speedometer
4. Measurement in steps
5. Determination of distances based on movement time
§ 24. Instruments and methods for determining directions and measuring angles on the ground
1.Magnetic compass and its application
2.Gyrohalf-compass and its use
3. On-site measurement of horizontal angles
4. Determining and maintaining the direction of movement according to the celestial bodies
§ 25. Techniques for orienting on a map (aerial photograph)
1. Map orientation
2. Determination of your location on a map (aerial photograph)
3. Comparison of the map with the terrain
§ 26. Map orientation while moving along a given route
1.Preparing for orienteering
2. Orientation on the way
3. Features of orientation when moving in different conditions
4. Restoring lost orientation
§ 27. Movement along azimuths
1.Preparing data for movement in azimuths
2. Movement along azimuths
3.Avoiding obstacles
4. Finding the way back
5.Accuracy of movement in azimuths
§ 2S. Responsibilities of unit commanders to ensure orientation and target designation on the battlefield
1.Selection and use of landmarks
2 Terrain orientation for commanders of subordinate and supporting units
3. Activities that provide orientation when operating at night and on terrain poor in landmarks
Chapter 6. Terrain orientation using ground navigation equipment
§ 29. Operating principle and main devices of navigation equipment
1. The principle of determining the current coordinates of a moving car
2. Basic navigation equipment
3. Machine location accuracy
§ 30. Preparation for orientation
1. Inspection and commissioning of equipment
2. Balancing the direction indicator gyroscope
3.Checking the machine's sighting device
4.Studying the route and preparing a map
5.Preparation of initial data
6.Setting coordinates and directional angle
§ 31. Orientation on the terrain with the help of a coordinator
§ 32. Features of preparation for work and operation of the course plotter
R SECTION THREE
USE OF MAPS AND AERIAL PICTURES BY UNIT COMMANDERS
Chapter 7. Map as a management tool
§ 33. Preparing the map for work
1.Acquaintance with the map
2.Gluing the card
3.Folding the card
4.Raising the card
§ 34. Basic rules for maintaining and using a work card
1.Basic rules for drawing the situation on a working map
2.Use of the map when making reports, setting tasks and drawing up combat documents
§ 35. Techniques for mapping elements of your battle order and goals
1.Identification of landmarks and goals and plotting them on the map
2. Mapping the elements of your battle order
3.Determination on the ground and mapping of invisibility fields
§ 36. Target designation using maps and aerial photographs
1. Target designation in rectangular coordinates
2. Target indication by kilometer grid squares
3. Target designation from the conditional line
4. Target designation from the nearest landmarks and contours shown on the map
5. Target designation by azimuth and range to the target
6. Target designation from aerial photographs
Chapter 8. Study of the area by the unit commander
§ 37. General rules for studying and assessing terrain
§ 38. Determination of the general character of the area
§ 39. Study of observation conditions and camouflage properties of the area
1. Determination of the mutual visibility of points using a map
2.Definition and mapping of invisibility fields
3.Construction of terrain profiles from a map
4. The influence of the curvature of the Earth and atmospheric refraction on the observation range
§ 40 Study of terrain conditions
1. Study of the road network
2.Study of off-road terrain
3. Conclusions on the influence of terrain maneuverability on the performance of a combat mission
§ 41. Study of the protective properties of the area
1. Study of the protective properties of the relief
2. Study of the protective properties of forests and the nature of soils and soils
3. Conclusions on the influence of the protective properties of the terrain on the performance of a combat mission
§ 42. Study of firing conditions
1. Determining the depth of the shelter
2.Determining the angle of cover
3. Determination of target elevation angle
§ 43. The concept of predicting changes in terrain in the area of a nuclear explosion
1. Determination of the degree of destruction of terrain objects and the heat of fires
2.Representation of forecasting results on the map
§ 44. Example of study and assessment of the terrain on the map by the commander
motorized rifle platoon assigned to the main marching outpost
§ 45. An example of studying and assessing the “terrain by the commander of a motorized rifle company when advancing from direct contact with the enemy
Chapter 9. Area reconnaissance
§ 46. Methods of reconnaissance of the area
1.Observation
2. Inspection of the area by patrols
3. Examination
§ 47. Route reconnaissance
§ 46. Reconnaissance of individual terrain objects
1.Reconnaissance of forests
2. Exploration of the swamp
3.Reconnaissance of the river
4. The concept of reconnaissance of terrain changes at the source of a nuclear explosion
§ 49. Graphic documents with intelligence information
1. Graphic recording of intelligence information in units
2.Types of combat graphic documents
3.Rules for drawing combat graphic documents
4. Techniques for drawing up terrain diagrams using a map or aerial photographs
Applications:
1. List of abbreviated captions used on topographic maps
II. Some approximate data on terrain traversability
III. Making a model on site
IV. Answers to examples and problems
Alphabetical subject index
V. Samples of topographic maps of the USSR
VI. Representation on maps of some varieties of flat, hilly and mountainous terrain
VII. Tables of symbols of topographic maps
VIII. Clippings from maps at scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000
IX. Samples of aerial photographs for interpretation
