One-part sentences- sentences, the grammatical basis of which is represented by one main member (subject or predicate).

One-part sentences

One-part verb sentences

1. B definitely personal proposals an action called a simple or compound predicate correlates with a specific person not expressed verbally in the sentence.

verb in 1st or 2nd person form indicative mood (I remember bright moonlit night(Kataev). I'm falling into a strange oblivion(Kataev). I won't continue an inventory of these masquerade impressions(Nabokov). Danilo Kupora You know? (L.N. Tolstoy). Very I'll be glad, if it will be for you too(L.N. Tolstoy);

Don't drive me!(Ostrovsky). Second Lieutenant Romashov, order play something for your ears(Kuprin)).

2. B vaguely personal sentences the character is thought of as vague, unknown, or unimportant for the message.

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:

verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( Nowhere do not know how so much spend money like in Odessa(Averchenko));

verb in the plural form of the past tense of the indicative mood ( For the time being, old Moscow, its central part didn't touch (Kataev). In Moscow it met very cordially(Shalamov). His called to the commandant(Kataev). Horses tied up for a stand(Kataev));

verb in the plural form of the subjunctive mood ( If only knew what do you want, a holiday would be canceled (L.N. Tolstoy)).

3. B generalized personal sentences The action applies to a wide range of people. Such sentences contain advice, orders, etc., and therefore are often presented in proverbs.

Ways of expressing a simple verbal predicate or an auxiliary part of a compound predicate can be as follows:

verb in the 2nd person singular or plural indicative mood ( Yes, my brother, it’s okay can't help it... (Kuprin). Easily you can't take it out and fish from the pond(proverb). Over your head you won't jump (proverb). Jump up you won't get caught (proverb). You will hold on to each other - you can Nothing Do not be scared (proverb));

verb in the form imperative mood (Of two evils choose smaller(proverb));

(sometimes) verb in the 3rd person plural form of the present or future indicative mood ( After a fist fight don't wave (proverb). To a foreign monastery with its own charter don't go (proverb)).

4. B impersonal sentences called an action or state that exists independently of the producer of the action or the bearer of the attribute.

Main member impersonal offer can be represented by a simple verbal predicate, a compound verbal predicate, or a compound nominal predicate.

The main ways to express a simple verbal predicate:

verbs in the form of the neuter indicative mood of the past tense ( At the top of the hill we drenched predawn wind(Korolenko). In London did not have not a single person close to me(Herzen). Furniture in the room was A little(Strugatsky));

verb in 3rd person form singular present or future indicative tense ( It's getting dark , by night a blizzard rises(Bunin). And then again, near the very windows, pine and spruce trees will often be covered in snow, black forests will approach in dense thickets, will darken in the wagon...(Bunin));

impersonal verb, often with negation ( Can't sleep to me, can't sleep... (Turgenev). It's getting light . Here is a glimpse of the village, houses, gardens(Gogol). Pinocchio used his fingers to explain to this fool that it was dark and dangerous now, but when dawn- they will run to the girl(A.N. Tolstoy));

word No(Neither Shura nor me are already in Saransk at this time No (Trifonov)).

The main way of expressing a compound verbal predicate: auxiliary part (personal verb in the form of the indicative mood of the neuter past tense, impersonal verb, state category word) + infinitive ( I had to endure it a lot of fights(Shalamov). To me lucky repeatedly visit in the Dresden gallery(Paustovsky). It was starting to get light (Kuprin). In my laboratory can be removed the most ridiculous sci-fi movie ever(V.P. Aksenov). It is forbidden the same person on the street throwing away (Kataev). However, I had to bitterly be disappointed (Korolenko)).

The main ways of expressing a compound nominal predicate:

linking verb in the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + short passive participle in the neuter form ( In her eyes, languid, tired, the burden of bliss was written; everything in his room breathed heaven; was so light, so removed (Gogol). In Aristarchus's room smoky ...(Shukshin). She became happy, perked up, got excited and started apologizing that she had not tidy (Kuprin));

linking verb in the form of the 3rd person indicative mood of the past or future tense or zero connective (in the present tense) + word category state ( The best thing was in forests(Paustovsky). From this cold praise of the impressionable Ninotchka got bored (Andreev). At the Maly Theater comfortable, purely, proudly, luxuriously (Olesha). It was dark since morning(Prishvin). In Ksenia Feodorovna's room as before it was quiet (Trifonov)).

5. B infinitives proposals The action is called desirable, possible/impossible, necessary, etc. The main member is the predicate, expressed by the independent infinitive ( Deep above the shore of Sevan dig tunnel by lowering a vertical shaft into it from the surface of the earth(Kataev). - Where would fish take? - he said, looking around and patting his pockets. - A fish...(Strugatsky). So the hunters finally made an agreement: this hare don't kill, A fire by(Kuprin)).

One-part nominal sentences

Nominative (nominative, substantive, nominative) sentences have a general meaning of being the subject of speech ( Early Moscow evening, winter, warm(Shalamov). And here is the lane connecting Tverskaya with Nikitskaya(Olesha). Golden night!(Leskov). Silence, light, aroma and beneficial, revitalizing warmth(Leskov). What a wonderful land!(Goncharov). - Ah, here she is! - he shouted laughing(Tolstoy)).

The main ways of expressing the main member - the subject - are a noun, a pronoun, and a noun phrase.

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Nouns denote objects and phenomena.

Genus

Every noun in Latin belongs to one of three genera:

• Male (genus masculinum)
• Female (genus feminum)
• Average (genus neutral)

Animate nouns are classified into gender according to biological sex.

Besides

TO masculine include the names of months, mountains, winds, large rivers, peoples, professions.

TO feminine include the names of countries, cities, islands, precious stones, trees.

TO neuter traditionally include the names of metals, elements, fruits, as well as indeclinable words.

The gender of a noun is indicated in the dictionary; it is indicated by one of three letters: " m "(male)" f "(female)" n " (average).

Number (numerus)

In Latin, nouns can be used in singular or plural.

Singular number (numerus singularis) – to designate one thing,

Plural number (numerus pluralis) – to denote many objects.

In dictionary and reference entries, the number of a noun is indicated by two letters: Sg (singular) or Pl (plural).

Case (casus)

A noun can appear in one of six cases:

Nominative case (casus nominativus) - answers the questions: “Who?” “What?”, in a sentence in the nominative case there is a subject or a nominal part of the predicate. Identified by the letter " N "or a combination" Nom ".

Genitive case (casus genetivus) – answers the questions: “Whom?” “What?”, in the sentence in the genitive case there is an inconsistent definition of another noun. Identified by the letter " G " or " Gen ".

Dative case (casus dativus) – answers the questions: “To whom?” “To what?”, in a sentence in the dative case there is an indirect object accompanying the action. Denoted by a capital letter " D "or a combination" Dat ".

Accusative case (casus accusativus) – answers the questions: “Whom?” "What?", in a sentence in accusative case there is a direct object to which the action is directed. Denoted by " Ac " or " ACC ".

Separative or deferential case (casus ablativus) - answers the questions: “By whom?” “With what?”, the adverbial case is in the positive case in the sentence. Identified by the letters " Ab " or " Abl ".

Vocative case (casus vocativus) - an address to a person or object, is not a part of the sentence. Identified by the letter " V "or a combination" Voc ".

Declination

Each noun in Latin belongs to one of 5 declensions. Declension is determined by the ending of the genitive singular.

• I declension -ae
• II declension -i
• III declension -is
• IV declension -us
• V declination -ei

There are also differently inflected words “vesper” (II or III), “domus” (II or IV).

They often talk about types of declination and equate them to 5 declensions. Strictly speaking, this is not true. There are significantly more types of declension in the Latin language than there are declensions. It should be noted that in Latin, knowledge of whether a noun belongs to one or another declension gives only an approximate idea of ​​the ending of the word in one case or another. It is the types of declination that give an accurate idea of ​​the endings. The system of declension types in the Latin language is more extensive than the system of declensions, because it takes into account the variability within 5 declensions, and therefore it is easier to use it to solve a practical problem - the declination of words.

Many textbooks have a very strange attitude towards types of declension. General system There are no types of declension and different versions can be found in different sources, but, as already mentioned, it is customary to talk about 5 declinations or 5 types of declension, and then stipulate that there is, for example, declension IIIa, which is slightly different from declension IIIb.

Here we will not indicate specific type names, because... Different authors call them differently, but we will try to describe the most detailed classification. So:

IN I declension nouns of 2 types:

1. male
2. female

(declension paradigm is the same).

In II declension- 6 types:

1. ending in -us (in N.Sg.) masculine and female,
2. ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) male,
3. ending in -ir (in N.Sg.) masculine,
4. ending in -er (in N.Sg.) masculine,
5. ending in -um (in N.Sg.) neuter,
6. ending in -ius (in N.Sg.) neuter.

The declension of all types is different.

A special type of declension is formed by the noun “deus” - god.

IN III declension - 6 types:

• 2 consonants:
  1. masculine and feminine,
  2. neuter.
• 2 vowels:
  1. ending in -e, -al, -ar neuter (equisyllabic and equally complex);
  2. equisyllabic ending in -is feminine.
• 2 mixed:
  1. equisyllabic, ending in -es, -is (masculine and feminine);
  2. unequally syllabic with different endings (masculine and feminine).

Almost all types are small, but different.

Separate types of declination form the words “vis” - strength, “bos” - bull, Iuppiter - Jupiter.

IN IV declension- 2 types:

1. ending in -us masculine and feminine,
2. ending in -u neuter.

IN V declension types are not highlighted.

It is somewhat more difficult to determine whether a word belongs to one or another type of declension than to determine the declension itself. Determining the type of declension requires a somewhat more subtle analysis of the word, but over time this becomes a very useful habit.

A separate article will be devoted to types of declination, which is currently (unfortunately) in development.

Dictionary form of the noun

In the dictionary (except educational dictionaries, about them is a separate conversation altogether) the noun is in the nominative singular case. Immediately after, separated by a comma, the ending of the genitive case of the singular is indicated (the same one by which the declension of the noun is determined), but if the basis of the nominative and genitive cases are different, then the whole word can be indicated in second place. Then, separated by a space (usually in italics), the noun belongs to one of 3 genders (m, f or n).

For example:

ramus, i m branch
Nominative - ramus,
Genitive - rami(II declension),
Genus - m- male.

lanx, lancis f bowl
Nominative - lanx
Genitive - lancis(hence, III declension)
Genus - f- female.

Noun endings in declension

The Latin language, despite the fact that it is dead, is still of keen interest in various spheres of human activity, including for linguists.

About Latin

Latin belongs to the Italic branch of Indo-European languages. Despite the fact that Latin is a dead language, interest in its history and study does not fade in our time.

The languages ​​of the Italic branch included Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian and Latin, but over time the latter supplanted the others. People who spoke Latin were called Latins, and their region of residence was called Latium. Its center was in 753 BC. e. was Rome. Therefore, the Latins called themselves Romans, the founders of the great Roman Empire and its culture, which later influenced all spheres of life in Europe and the world.

Characteristics of grammar

All parts of speech in Latin are divided into changeable and unchangeable. Modifiers include noun, adjective, verb, participle, pronoun, gerund, gerund. The unchangeable ones include adverbs, particles, conjunctions and prepositions. For variable parts of speech there is a declension system in Latin.

Unchangeable parts of speech

The unchangeable parts of speech include conjunction, particle, preposition and interjection.

Variable parts of speech

Variable parts of speech are inflected by gender, number and case and conjugated by person, number, tense, voice and mood.

Language learners should know that Latin has three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter), two numbers (singular and plural), six cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and vocative), and five declensions.

Let's take a closer look at the declension system in Latin. When declined, the form of the word changes, that is, the ending changes.

Cases and declension

Why is the declension system in Latin interesting? There are five declension forms for nouns, and three for adjectives.

The first declension includes feminine nouns and adjectives that end in -a in the nominative case and -ae in the genitive case. For example, agua - aguae (water).

The second declension includes masculine nouns and adjectives with the ending -us and the neuter gender with -um in the nominative case and the ending -i in the genitive. For example, albus-albi (white), oleum-olei (oil).

The third declension includes nouns and adjectives whose endings are not listed above or below. This is the most large group words, since this includes nouns and adjectives of all three genders.

So, in the nominative case the endings in the words y:

• masculine - -er, -os. oe, or.
• feminine - -x, -io, -is;
• neuter --ur, -n, -ma, -i, -c, -e.

In the genitive case they all have the endings -ips, -icis, -tis, -cis, -inis, -is, -eris, -oris, onis.

The fourth declension includes masculine nouns that end in -us and do not change in the genitive case. For example, spiritus (spirit).

The fifth declension includes feminine nouns ending -es in the nominative case and ending -ei in the genitive. For example, species-speciei (collection).

Adjectives, pronouns and nouns in Latin vary in 6 cases:

• nominative (who? what?) - in a sentence takes the role of the subject or the nominal part of the predicate;
• genitive (whom? what?) - in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, complement or logical subject;
• dative (to whom? what?) - in a sentence it takes the role of an indirect object, an object or a person promoting an action;
• accusative (who? what?) - in a sentence is an object;
• instrumental and prepositional (by whom? with what?) - in the sentence they take on the role of adverbial circumstances;
• vocative - has no question, does not take on the role of any member of the sentence in the sentence.

Conjugation and tenses

The verb in Latin has the following characteristics:

• Mood - imperative, subjunctive and conditional.
• Time - pre-past, past (perfect and imperfect forms), present, pre-future and future.
• Voice - active (active) and passive (passive).
• The number is singular and plural.
• Face - first, second and third.
• Conjugation determined by the final sound of the stem. There are 4 conjugations in total - I - -ā, II - -ē, III - -ĭ, -ŭ, consonant, IV - -ī. The exception is the verbs esse, velle, ferre, edere, nolle, which have their own conjugation features.

The pre-past tense tells about an event that happened before an action that happened in the past. For example, Graeci loco, quo hostem superaverant, trophaea statuebant. - The Greeks erected trophies (monuments) in the place where they defeated the enemy.

The pre-future tense tells about an event that will happen earlier than the one the person is talking about. For example, Veniam, quōcumque vocāveris. - I’ll go wherever you call me.

When determining the conjugation of a verb, the infinitive form in the present tense is used active voice, which has the ending -re and the letter that comes before the indicated ending determines the conjugation of the verb. For example, laborare is a first conjugation because the -re is preceded by the letter a.

Numeral

Numerals in Latin can be ordinal, quantitative, disjunctive and adverbial. The endings of ordinal adjectives are the same as those of adjectives and agree with nouns in gender, number and case.

The Latin language has its own system of numbers, which are designated by letters of the alphabet.

Pronouns

In Latin, pronouns are divided into:

• personal;
• returnable;
• possessive;
• index;
• relative;
• interrogative;
• uncertain;
• negative;
• definitive;
• pronominal adjectives.

Adverbs

Adverbs in Latin are divided into independent and derivative and show the characteristics of a process or action.

Latin in medicine

Latin is a mandatory language to study at any medical university, as it is the basic language of medicine throughout the world. Why? The fact is that in Greece, before its conquest by the Romans, there was a developed medical system with its own terminology, the foundation of which was laid by Hippocrates. These terms have survived unchanged to this day. The words derma, gaster, bronchus, dispnoe, diabetes are familiar to any Greek person. But over time, the Latinization of medical terminology occurred and today it is pure Latin, but a mixture with Greek. There are several objective reasons why Latin is not losing ground:

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the laws of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning- this is the content of a word that generalizes in our minds the idea of ​​an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, straight, serous, flexion, etc.).

The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical affiliation of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of a feature in an adjective), and the particular meaning due to changes in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; straight, straight, straight, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection.

The grammatical categories by which the forms of a noun change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebrae body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - manubrium of the sternum).

The inflection of nouns by case and number is called declension.

There are 6 cases in Latin.

Nominativus (Nom.) – nominative (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) – genitive (who, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) – dative (to whom, to what?).

Accusativus (Acc.) – accusative (who, what?).

Ablativus (Abl.) – ablative, instrumental (by whom, with what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) – vocative.

For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena and the like, only two cases are used in medical terminology - nominative (nominative) and genitive (genitive).

The nominative case is called direct case, which means there is no relationship between words. The meaning of this case is the naming itself. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning.

There are 5 types of declensions in the Latin language, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms).

A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) is the genitive singular in Latin. Genus forms p.un. hours are different in all declensions.

A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the gender ending. p.un. h., therefore in dictionaries the form gender. p.un. h. is indicated along with the form named after. p.un. hours and they must be learned only together.

Nouns are listed in the dictionary and learned in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the form of the word in them. p.un. h.;

2) end of birth. p.un. h.;

3) designation of the gender - masculine, feminine or neuter (abbreviated by one letter: m, f, n).

For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is (f), margo, is (m); os,is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us (m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f).

Some nouns have III declension before the gender ending. p.un. h. -is is also assigned to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p.un. h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p.un. h.:

Full form of the genus. p.un. parts in such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (= corpor – is); foramen, -inis (= foramin – is).

For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to its gender. p.un. h. by discarding its ending. If the basics are in them. p.un. hours and birth p.un. h. coincide, then in the dictionary form only the ending gender is indicated. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p.un. hours without ending.

Let's look at examples.

The practical basis is the basis to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form gender is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis.

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum – m), feminine (femininum – f) and neuter (neutrum – n).

The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of equivalent Russian words, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine whether a Latin noun belongs to one gender or another only by the characteristic endings in the noun. p.un. h. For example, words starting with -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words starting with -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.).

The declension sign of a noun is the gender ending. p.un. h.; a sign of gender - a characteristic ending in them. p.un. h.

You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of classes on the III declension. In this paragraph we will only talk about the signs of grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p.un. including characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

There is no doubt that nouns ending in -a are feminine, and nouns ending in -um, -on, -en, -u are neuter.

As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, first of all, information about the declension of the word.

All nouns ending in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are necessarily masculine, for example:

lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i;

ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m – masculine.

If a noun ending in -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender must be clarified using such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine.

For example:

tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is;

corpus, or-is – neuter gender, juventus, ut-is – feminine gender.

Nouns of the III declension were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension is the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions.

1. The III declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p.un. h on -is (sign of III declension).

2. In them. p.un. including words not only different kinds, but even the same genus has different endings characteristic of a certain genus; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -er, -ex, -es.

3. Most nouns of the third declension have stems in them. n. and gen. items do not match.

For such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., and by birth. n. by dropping the ending -is.

1. If in the dictionary form of any noun there is a gender before the ending. p.un. h. -is is assigned to the end of the stem, which means that in such a word the stem is determined by gender. P.:

Base cortic-.

2. If in the dictionary form before the ending gender. p.un. h. -is there is no postscript, which means that the basis of such a word can be determined by them. p.un. h., discarding the ending with them. P.:

3. Nouns of III declension depending on the coincidence or discrepancy of the number of syllables in them. n. and gen. p.un. h. there are equisyllabic and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the precise determination of the genus in a number of cases.

Equisyllabic

No. pubes canalis rete

Gen. pubis canalis retis.

Unequisyllabic

No. pes paries pars

Gen. pedis parietis parti.s

4. Monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form have gender. n. the word is written in full:

The gender is determined by the endings. p.un. h., characteristic of a certain gender within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account:

1) know that this word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other;

2) know what endings are in them. p.un. h. are characteristic of one or another gender of the III declension;

3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of a given word.

1) nouns ending in -a – feminine;

2) nouns ending in -urn, -en, -on, -u – neuter;

3) most nouns ending in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine;

4) words starting with -us ending in gender. p. on -r-is, – neuter.

Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) an adjective or form a word form for it. p.m. h.

The belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve in most cases as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). However, it is useful to remember the following relationship between the gender of a noun and its declension:

1) in the I and V declensions – only feminine gender;

2) in the II and IV declensions – masculine and neuter gender;

3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Of the words ending in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few – to the IV.

It is important to remember that in dictionary form some of the most frequent nouns are of the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) – arc; sinus, us (m) – sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) – passage, move; plexus, us (m) – plexus; recessus, us (m) – recess, pocket.

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) which belongs to the Italic group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for number and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case and gender; verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a frequently used category. The verb inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, Latin became the dominant language, first in Italy and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn into Romance languages ​​such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French brought many words into English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had developed into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form. It is attested in inscriptions and the works of Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, and theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when other European languages ​​began to supplant it. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the understanding - “folk”), became the ancestral language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. Given the related origin of these languages ​​between them this moment there are significant differences formed as Latin developed in conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as a primary language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages ​​and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflected language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation using inflections dominates. Inflections represent words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of a root, which carries the meaning of a word, and an ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is derived from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and which is a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

• The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine ones, naming a person’s occupation or nationality. The 1st declension of the Latin language is determined in the singular genitive case by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically, the first declension is -a.
• The 2nd declension in Latin usually ends with the letter - o. Identified in the singular genitive case by ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
• The 3rd declension in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
  1. Consonant.
  2. Vowel.
  3. Mixed. Students are advised to thoroughly master the first three categories.
• Fourth declension, predominantly ending with the letter -y in noun cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
• The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, the declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a strongly inflected language. in Latin it is practically no different from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Let's look at all seven cases:

• The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is, the initial form of the noun.
• The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
• The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of a sentence using special verbs, with some prepositions.
• used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing place of direction.
• The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
• The vocative case is used when a noun expresses an address to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative form, with the exception of the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
• The locative case is used to indicate location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly discussed the endings (Latin) of declension above. For example, for 1st declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The present tense root can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for negative verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "to exhort", the second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - “to warn”, verērī, - “to intimidate”, third conjugation - in -ere, -ī: dūcere - “to lead”, ūtī - “to use”; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - “hear”, experīrī - “try”. Thus, Latin verb conjugated by person depending on the conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partly available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

• Present tense.
• Imperfect.
• Past perfect tense.
• Pre-past (long past) tense.
• Future perfect tense.
• Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has a category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-European origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into the Latin one, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Osci, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of borrowings is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages ​​are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The branch of linguistics that studies Romance languages, their origin, development, typology is called Romance studies. Peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages ​​at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common language in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages ​​in total.