Seminar-practical lesson No. 3
Verb. Four conjugations of Latin verbs. Imperative mood. Subjunctive mood in recipes.
Verbs in Latin, as in Russian, vary according to persons, numbers, tenses and moods.
The verb has 3 persons, two numbers, six tenses (we only need the present tense), three moods: indicative, imperative and subjunctive; 2 voices: active (genus activum) voice and passive (genus passivum)
Actual: when the action is performed by the person himself.
For example: A doctor treats a patient.
Passive: when an action on 1 person comes from another person.
For example: A patient is being treated by a doctor.
The verb has 2 persons: singular and plural:
numerus singularis (sing).
numerus pluralis (pl.)
The verb is conjugated in 3 persons singular and plural. But the peculiarity is that personal pronouns with verbs in Latin are not installed. How to determine the number? - at the end (and are called personal endings). Therefore, the person of verbs is determined by the personal endings of the active and passive voices. The endings are the same for verbs of all conjugations.
Personal endings
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1. –o |
1. – or |
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2. -s |
2. – ris |
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3. –t |
3. - tur |
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For the verb headset.
There are 4 conjugations in Latin. Whether a verb belongs to one conjugation or another is determined by the ending of the indefinite form - re and the nature of the stem.
I – ā re dare - give, issue (donate), signare - designate
II – ē re miscere – to mix
III – ĕ re(ĕ – connecting vowel, does not refer to the stem or ending) recipĕre – to take
IV – ī re audire – listen, hear
To find the stem of a verb you need to look at verbs 1, 2, 4 conjugations, discard the ending – re, in the indefinite form of the verb, and in 3 discard conjugations –ĕ re, because . ĕ - connecting vowel sound.
On the desk:
I conjugation, the verb ends in –a (base) da, signa.
II - e (base) misce
III acc. sound recip
To conjugate a verb, you need to substitute the personal endings of the active and passive voices to the base of the verb. Only for verbs of the first conjugation the personal ending -o will merge with the final a (from the stem) o + a = o
In other cases there are no changes.
In dictionaries verbs are given in the initial form, i.e. in 1st person singular the number of the active voice and, separated by a comma, the ending of the indefinite form with the end of the stem and the digital designation of the conjugation are given.
Open a dictionary and look it up.
Dare, do, are, - 1 – give, give out
Miscere, misceo, ere, - 2 - mix
Recipere, recipio, ere, 3 – take
Audire, audio, ire, 4 – listen.
For example: curo, are, 1 – curare (need to be translated into an indefinite form, find the stem and only then conjugate)
Imperative mood.
When writing a prescription, the doctor uses laconic verb formulas in the imperative mood.
Recipe. Take it.
Misce. Mix it up.
Sterilĭ sa! Sterilize!
Da. Give it, give it out.
Signa(Denote.)
Greeting: Be healthy. Live healthy (literally) Vive vale! Hello, goodbye!
I tell you: Vivite valete!
The use of the subjunctive mood in recipes.
In addition to forms of the imperative mood, forms of the Latin subjunctive mood of the passive voice can be used, which have almost the same meaning.
Misceā tur. Let it be mixed. (Mix.)
Sterilisē tur! Let it be sterilized! (Sterilize!)
Detur. Let it be given out (Give out.)
Denturtalesdosesnumĕ ro... Let such doses be given out in number... (Give out such doses in number...)
Signē tur. Let it be indicated. (Denote.)
Recipes often contain formulas containing the subjunctive mood of the verb turn out, which is translated into Russian using the particle let:
Fiat– 3 l. units h. - let it work out.
Mn. number: fiant- let them succeed.
Misce, fiat pasta. Mix to make a paste.
Ut fiat – to succeed (subjective clause of purpose).
Misce, ut fiat pasta Mix to make a paste.
Misce, fiant suppositoria. Mix and make candles.
Misce, ut fiant suppositoria. Mix to make candles.
Qui querit, reperit - He who seeks finds.
Veni, vidi, vici - came, saw, conquered (Julius Caesar)
Homework: learn the material from the notes. Additionally read: § 11, 13, 15, 17, 20 (Gorodkova Yu.G. Latin language. ROSTOV on Don, 2007) Complete tasks § 12, 14 (M.F). Learn vocabulary topic 4 (Shadrina Yu.V. Basics of the Latin language. Workshop, KhSU named after N.F. Katanov, 2010)
Control questions
The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:
modus - mood;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
numrus - number: singulris - singular, plurlis - plural;
persona - face;
conjugatio - conjugation.
The mood of the verb characterizes the attitude of the action to reality. Indicative mood (mMdus indicat+vus), or indicative - is used if the action actually happened, is happening or will happen ( I walked, I walk, I will walk).
The voice of the verb shows whether someone (something) performs an action himself, or whether it is performed on him. Active voice of the verb (genus activum) - is used when a person or thing independently performs an action: Workers building a house(active voice).
The person of the verb shows who is doing the action:
· first person (persMna pr+ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk ;
· second person (persMna secnda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;
· third party (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walks .
Basics of the Latin verb (general information). Basis of infection
The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Different tenses of verbs (more precisely, tense forms) are formed from different stems of the same verb (these stems can differ by alternating vowels, adding suffixes, etc.). One of these foundations is the basis of infection.
The basis of the infection serves to form forms of different times with the meaning of an action incomplete in time ( infectus - "unfinished ").
4 Latin verb conjugations
There are 4 conjugations in Latin. They differ in the final sound of the stem, to which the personal endings of the verb are added. The Latin verb forms a significant part of tense forms, like Russian: endings are added to the base of the verb (the so-called personal endings, because they distinguish between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person forms).
For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;
for II conjugation - on;
in III conjugation - on a consonant or on m ;
in IV conjugation - on + .
Among the forms formed from the base of the infect are infinit+vus praesentis act+vi (indefinite form of the present tense of the active voice), as well as praesens indicat+vi act+vi (present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice).
Infinite+vus praesentis act+vi
Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi is translated into Russian by an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re :
I ref. orn-re decorate
II reference doc-re teach
At III sp. A connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending:
III reference teg--re cover
statu--re install
IV reference aud+-re listen
NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs II and III conjugations: in II sp. long and, therefore, stressed, in III reference. short and therefore the stress falls on the previous syllable: docre, But tegre .
Exercise 1
Praesens indicat+vi act+vi
N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized completely, because... all their characteristics are important.
Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to the Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infection using personal endings of the active voice:
Personal endings of the active voice:
Conjugation of the Latin verb in praesens indicativi acti:
Notes on the table:
For verbs I sp. in the form of 1 l. units h. the vowel of the base merged with the ending O :
orn-o -> orno
For verbs IV sp. in the form of 3 l. plural a connecting vowel u is inserted between the base and the ending: aud+ - u - nt .
For verbs III sp.:
· in the form of 1 l. units the ending is attached directly to the base. There is no connecting vowel: teg-o ;
· in all other forms (except 3 literal plural) a connecting vowel i is inserted between the base and the ending: teg-i-s, teg-i-t etc.;
· 3 l. plural a connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending m(as in IV conjugation): teg-u-nt .
Dictionary form of verbs
As mentioned above, the type of conjugation of a verb is determined by what sound its stem ends with. In practice, the basis of the infection can be obtained by discarding the ending infinit+vus praesentis act+vi from the form -re :
orn-re, the basis - orn -
Or from a 1 liter mold. units praesens indicat+vi act+vi - ending O :
tag - o, the basis - tag -.
However, it is not always possible to determine the basis of the infection using one of these forms (cf.: 1 l. unit. praes. ind. act. from ornre - orn-o, but the basis is orn; inf. praes. act. - teg--re, but discarding - re, we get tag-, and the basis - tag -).
Therefore, to accurately determine the type of verb conjugation, you need to know both of these forms: 1 l. units h. praesens ind. act. in dictionaries it is indicated first, inf. praes. act. - the last one. (Dictionaries also indicate other forms of verbs; see the lecture about them).
If the form is 1 l. units h. praesens indicat+vi act+vi differs from other forms of the verb indicated in the dictionary only by the final part, then the dictionary lists only their final elements - those that bear the difference: orno, re. Instead of orno, ornare Before getting acquainted with other basics, we will consider the dictionary form of recording verbs: orno, re decorate .
Verb sum, esse to be. Praesens indicativi of the verb esse
Verb sum, esse be- one of the most common Latin verbs. Its present tense forms are formed from different bases:
| sing. | plur. | |
NB: Latin personal forms of verbs, unlike Russian ones, carry a clearly expressed meaning of person and number. Therefore, personal pronouns in the form N. sing. (i.e. in the role of the subject) are usually not used (for their use, see the lecture.), and verbs should be translated into Russian “together” with the pronoun corresponding to its person and number:
orno - I decorate,
ornas - you decorate etc.
Exercise 2
III conjugation verbs in -io
Verbs of III conjugation in - io(or verbs of III conjugation) end in 1 l. units h. praes. ind. act. on - io(hence the name). Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi ends in -ere (like all III sp. verbs). In praes. ind. act. they have the following conjugation system:
capio, re take
| sing | pl | |
Formally, verbs of III conjugation change in the same way as verbs of IV conjugation, but for verbs of IV conjugation. sound + before the ending it is long, stressed, and for verbs of the third conjugation it is short, unstressed: aud+mus, But cap-mus .
Verbs III reference on - io few, but they are very common. The most common ones should be memorized:
capio, re - take
facio, re - to do
fugio, re - to run
jacio, re - throw(not to be confused with jaceo, here lie)
conspicio, re - to review
.
Exercise 3
General information about the Latin noun
The Latin noun is characterized using the following concepts:
genus - gender (not to be confused with genus - voice of the verb):
o mascul+num - male (denoted by the letter m)
o femin+num - female (denoted by the letter f)
o neutrum - average (denoted by the letter n),
numrus - number
casus - case
Latin has 6 cases:
Nominat+vus (N) - Nominative case, nominative.
Genit+vus (G) - Genitive case, genitive.
Dat+vus (D) - Dative case, dative.
Accusat+vus (Acc) - Accusative case, accusative.
Ablat+vus (Abl) - Ablative.
Vocat+vus (V) - Vocative case, vocative.
The meaning of the Latin ablative includes the meaning of the Russian instrumental prepositional case, and also, partly, the genitive. When characterizing a noun in the ablative form, you need to call the case “ablative”, and not try to give a Russian analogue.
The vocative case is used when addressing someone. In modern Russian the vocative has been lost, but in Old Russian it existed; its remains are preserved in the form of words father! God! God! and etc.
The form vocat+vus in almost all words coincides with the form nominat+vus (with the exception of words of the 2nd cl. in - us, about which see below), so it is necessary to distinguish between them: filia cantat - daughter sings, And Filia mea! O my daughter!
I and II declension of nouns
In the Latin language of noun declensions, the first declension includes nouns ending in the form nominat+vus singulris in a. This:
feminine nouns: terra earth ;
masculine nouns with the meaning of male persons (including names): nauta sailor, Catil+na Catilina(name of an ancient Roman statesman).
The basis of words of the first class. ends in a.
NB: the gender of a Latin noun and its corresponding Russian noun may not be the same! (this is typical for all declinations): silva(f)- forest(masculine).
The II declension includes:
Masculine words ending in -um in N. sing: bellum war .
masculine vir husband, man, person .
Exceptions:
Names of trees, countries, cities, islands (peninsulas) belonging to the II class. and ending in N. sing on -us, are feminine: laurus (f) laurel, Corynthus (f) Corinth(name of a Greek city), Aegyptus (f) Egypt .
Word humus soil, earth- female.
Word vulgus mob, crowd- neuter.
The stem of the second declension ends in M .
Notes on the table
Word vir husband, man, person inclines like this: G. sing. viri, D. sing. viro etc. Vocat+vus coincides with the nominative.
The concept of an ending (the endings are separated by hyphens in the table) in this case is quite arbitrary, since the final sound of the stem (directly or modified) is included in the endings. Thus, when we say, for example, that the stem of the first declension ends in, we mean that this is manifested in the endings case forms words of the first declension (and not that case endings are added to the stem).
As can be seen from the table, the I and II declensions have historically been characterized by the same endings; the differences between them come from the subsequent fusion of endings and stems.
Analogies in endings of the 1st and 2nd declensions:
· ending G. pl. in class I - rum, at II class. - Mrum. D. pl. = Abl. pl.; in both declensions this form ends in -is .
· Acc. pl. in the first class ends with -as, in the IInd on -os .
· Accusat+vus singulris in words of the I and II declensions (and in all Latin words, except neuter words of the III and IV declensions) ends in m: terram, lupum etc.
· Ablat+vus singulris of both declensions represents the basis of the inflected words “in its pure form” (ends, respectively, with - and on -M).
· Genit+vus sing. = Nominat+vus plur. (except for words of the second declension of the neuter gender).
This is an ancient ending, inherent in the common origin of Latin and Russian words cf. genders of both languages: compare window(w.r.): I.p. plural window; V.p. plural window .
In words of the 2nd class. masculine to - us form vocat+vus sing. ends with: lupus(N. sing.) - lup(V. sing.).
For proper names of the 2nd declension ending in N. sing. on - ius, as well as for words filius son And genius genius(in meaning guardian spirit) Voc. sing. ends with i : Ovidius Ovid(name of a Roman poet) - Ov-di, filius - fili .
Exercise 4
Most nouns of the second class. on - er have a fluent vowel: in indirect cases it disappears: N. sing. ag e r- G. sing. agri(cf. Russian vet e p - wind). However, there is no large group words in which the declination is preserved (cf. Russian. evening e r - evening e ra): these are words
puer(G. sing. puri) - boy
socer(G. sing. socri) - father-in-law
vesper(G. sing. vespri) - evening
gener(G. sing. genri) - son-in-law
NB: short, therefore the stress in oblique cases is placed on the 3rd syllable from the end: puri, puro etc. (except puerMrum).
Formally D. sing. and Abl. sing. words of the II declension are the same, but they differ in the length / brevity of the final O: D. sing. ends in O (short), Abl. sing. - on M (long).
Exercise 5. Exercise 6
Dictionary form of recording nouns
In Latin, it is not uncommon for nouns referring to different types declinations, have the same endings in N. sing. (For example, lupus - wolf II declension, tempus time- III class , A fructus fruit- IV class). Therefore, to determine the type of declension of a word, along with the form N. sing., it is also necessary to know the form G. sing., because endings G. sing. differ for words of all declensions (each declination has its own ending G. sing.). Ending G. sing. is a practical sign of declination; for example, words of the first declension end in G. sing. on -ae, II declination - on i.
The system of case endings of a word is also influenced by its gender (cf.), which should also be remembered.
Thus, in order to correctly inflect a word, you need to know:
its form N. sing.
form of G. sing.
All these three elements are reflected in the dictionary form of recording nouns. In addition, it includes the Russian translation of the word: lac, lactis n milk(this is a word of the 3rd century).
If the form G. sing. differs from the form of N. sing. only ending, then the word is written like this: terra, ae f earth (ae- ending G. sing.). The entry is read as follows: “terra, terre, femininum” (the form G. sing. and the genus designation are reproduced in full).
If the form G. sing. has any other differences from N. sing. (except for the ending), then the final part of the form G. sing., which has undergone changes, or the entire word in G. sing. is written in the dictionary. : consuetkdo, tud-nis f habit; lex, legis f law .
Nouns are singular and only plural
In Latin, as in Russian, there are nouns that have only a singular form (including a significant part of proper names): Ovidius, ii m Ovid, or only plural: liberi, Mrum m children; castra, Mrum n(military) camp. Unlike the Russian language, words that have only plural forms have a gender (see examples), which affects their case endings: N. sing. castr(n), but libri(m).
Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions. Dictionary form of writing adjectives
I - II declensions
Like Russian, Latin adjectives change according to gender. There is a large group of adjectives that are inflected in the masculine and neuter forms according to the 2nd declension, and in the feminine form in the 1st declension. N. sing. such adjectives in the masculine gender end in - us or - r, in feminine - on - A, on average - by -um: bonus, bona, bonum good, good, good.
In the dictionary, these adjectives are written as follows: the masculine form is given in full, and then the endings of the feminine and neuter gender are given, separated by a comma (or the final elements of these forms, if they differ from the masculine form not only in the ending). Only the form mascul+num is translated: bonus, a, um good(we read “bonus, bona, bonum”), pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful(we read “pulkher, pulkhra, pulkhrum”).
Among the adjectives that have N. sing. ending - r, most lose the vowel in N. sing forms. feminine and neuter. This is reflected in the dictionary form of the entry: niger, gra, grum black(read "Niger, Nigra, Nigrum"). However, among them there is a group of words in which the declension is preserved (cf. the same phenomenon in the II cl. nouns); This:
liber, ra, rum - free
miser, ra, rum - unhappy
asper, ra, rum - rough, difficult(figuratively)
tener, ra, rum - tender
| singularis | |||||||
| m | f | n | m | f | n | ||
| pluralis | |||||||
| singularis | pluralis | ||||||
Notes on the table
Vocat+vus sing. for masculine adjectives - us has an ending. In all other cases, the vocative coincides with the nominative.
Vowel sound in adjectives like liber- short, unstressed; the stress falls on the previous syllable, i.e. 3rd from the end of the word (except for forms of G. plur. on - Mrum): libri, librum etc.
N.B. It is necessary to distinguish the following words that are similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning:
libr, ra, rum - free(adj.)
libri, Mrum m - children(noun, plural word only)
librum, i n - scales(noun)
liber, libri m - book(noun)
Conversion of adjectives into nouns
Some nouns are adjectives in origin (cf. Russian. "bathroom" -> "bathroom"): Romnus, a, um Roman -> Romnus, i m Roman , Romna, ae f Roman. Neuter adjectives especially often turn into nouns: bonum good -> bonum, i n good, good .
Possessive pronouns
Latin possessive pronouns
meus, mea, meum - mine
tuus, tua, tuum - yours
noster, nostra, nostrum - ours
vester, vestra, vestrum - yours
suus, sua, suum - yours
like adjectives, they change according to gender, are declined according to the 1st - 2nd declension and are written in the dictionary: meus, a, um my etc.
The pronoun meus in Voc. sing. takes the form mi: O mi fili! O my son!
Unlike Russian, in Latin the pronoun suus, a, um your used only in relation to the third person ( he, she, it, they) both numbers; with first person ( me, we) the pronoun is used meus, a, um my(singular) and noster, stra, strum our(with plural). With a second person ( you you) used tuus, a, um yours(with units) and vester, stra, strum yours(with plural parts).
In all cases these pronouns
References
Miroshenkova V.I., Fedorov N.A. Textbook of the Latin language. 2nd ed. M., 1985.
Nikiforov V.N. Latin legal phraseology. M., 1979.
Kozarzhevsky A.I. Textbook of the Latin language. M., 1948.
Sobolevsky S.I. Latin grammar. M., 1981.
Rosenthal I.S., Sokolov V.S. Textbook of the Latin language. M., 1956.
General information The Latin verb distinguishes the following grammatical categories: person, number, tense, mood and voice. In Latin, two voices are distinguished: active (genus actīvum); passive (genus passivum); and three moods: indicative (modus indicatīvus); imperative (modus imperatīvus); subjunctive (modus conjunctivus). The meaning of the indicative and imperative moods is the same as in the Russian language. A verb can also have a perfective or imperfective form.
In the morphological system of the Latin verb, two groups of tenses are distinguished, symmetrically united by the method of formation around opposing stems - the stem of the infective and the stem of the perfect. The group of infectious tenses (incomplete in time) includes: Praesens (present tense); imperfectum (past tense of imperfect form); futūrum primum (future first, futūrum I denotes only the relation of the action to the future, regardless of its completion). The group of perfect tenses (completed in time) includes: perfectum (denotes a completed action, regardless of its duration); plusquamperfectum (denotes an action that occurred before the occurrence of another action in the past); futūrum secundum (the future is second; it denotes an action that will be performed before the occurrence of another action, also related to the future).
Features of the verb form: suffixes used to indicate tense and mood; inflections, with the help of which person, number and (in most cases) the voice of the verb are expressed. These formants are added to the base of the verb, which is how the synthetic structure of the Latin language is expressed. However, verb forms passive voice Perfect systems are formed in an analytical (descriptive) way - using the participle of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb “to be”. E.g. Laudātus est - he was praised.
FOUR CONJUGATIONS OF A LATIN VERB Regular Latin verbs are divided depending on the final vowel of the base infect into four conjugations: 1. ā (ornā); 2. ē (monē); 3. ĕ (mittĕ); 4. ī (audī).
The infinitive (infinitīvus) is formed using the suffix rĕ, attached directly to the stem: ornā rĕ – decorate, monē rĕ – convince, audī rĕ – listen, mittĕ rĕ – send. The dictionary designation of verbs in Latin begins with the 1st form. units part of the present tense, which is formed by adding the personal ending ō to the stem of the verb. Infinitive I. sp. ornā re – decorate II. monē re – to convince III. mittĕ re – send IV. audī re – listen Basis ornā monē mittĕ audī l e l. units hours present vr. ornō – I decorate Mone ō – I persuade Mittō – I send audi ō – I listen
BASES AND BASIC FORMS OF THE VERB To form the tense forms of the Latin verb, its bases, of which there are three, are used. All bases are presented in the so-called basic forms of the verb. There are 4 main verb forms in Latin: 1. 1st person singular. part praesentis indicatīvi actīvi. It is formed from the base of the infection by adding the ending ō. (E. g. ornō, moneō, mittō, audiō.) The basis of the infect serves to form all tenses of the infective system of both voices of the indicative, subjunctive and imperative moods. 2. 1st person unit. h. perfecti indicatīvi actīvi (past complete tense of the active voice). This form always ends in ī (E. g. оrnāvī, monuī, mīsī, audīvī - I decorated, convinced, sent, heard). By discarding the ending ī, we get the perfect stem (оrnāv, monu, mis, audiv), from which all tenses of the perfect active voice system are formed. 3. Supīnum (supin) – a verbal noun ending in um (E. g. ornātum, monĭtum, missum, audītum). By discarding the final um, we get the basis of supina (ornāt, monĭt, miss, audīt). It serves to form the past participle of the passive voice (participium perfecti passīvi), necessary for the formation of analytical forms of the passive voice of the perfect system. 4. Infinitīvus praesentis actīvi is formed from the same infectious stem as the first form by adding the suffix rĕ (ornārĕ, monērē, mittĕre, audīre) to the stem.
The stems of the perfect and supine are formed differently for different verbs. There are 6 ways to form perfect stems from a verb root. The types of formation of perfect stems are as follows: 1. For verbs 1 and IV conjugations, the norm is perfect on vi (suffix v attached to the stem of the infect, + ending ī), supin on tum. E.g. orno, ornāvī, ornātum, ornārĕ – to decorate; audio, audīvi, audītum, audīre – listen. To indicate the main forms of such verbs, next to the form of the 1st letter is sufficient. sing. praesentis put a number indicating the conjugation: laudo 1 to praise; clamo 1 to shout; paro 1 cook; audio 4 listen, hear; finio 4 finish; servio 4 serve. 2. For most verbs of the second conjugation, the norm is perfect on uī (suffix u + ending ī), supine on ĭtum or tum. The final sound of the base of the infection ē is absent in this case. E.g. monеō, monuī monĭtum, monēre 2 convince; doceō, docuī, doctum, docēre 2 teach. A number of verbs of the second conjugation do not have a supine: studeō, studuī, – studēre 2 strive. 3. In verbs of III conjugation, in which the thematic vowel at the base of the infection is preceded by an anterior or posterior consonant, the perfect on sī (suffix s + ending ī), supiy on tum or sum is often found. In this case, consonants in the position before s experience various phonetic changes. The velar g before s and t is deafened. In writing, a combination with [k] with the sound s is indicated by the letter x: ducō, duxī (from duc + si), ductum, ducĕrĕ 3 news. Voiced labial b is also voiced before s and t: scribō, scripsī (from scrib + si), scriptum, scribĕre 3 write. Front-lingual d and t are assimilated to the subsequent sound s, and double s after a long vowel is simplified: cedō, cessī (from ced + si), cessum, cedĕrĕ 3 step.
4. In a significant number of verbs, the perfect stem is formed not by adding a suffix (v, u, s) to the infectious stem, but by lengthening the root vowel. Supin, as usual, ends in tum or sum. This type is represented in verbs of various conjugations: vĭdeō, vīdī, vīsum, vĭdērĕ 2 see mŏvеō, movī, mōtum, mŏvērĕ 2 move lĕgō, lĕgī, lĕctum, lĕgĕrĕ 3 read vĕniō, vēnī, v ĕntum, vĕnīrĕ 4 come in the indicated verbs: the basis of the infection vĭdē, mŏvē, lĕgĕ, vĕnī base perfect vīd, mov, lĕg, vēn If the root vowel is short ă, then its lengthening often leads to the appearance of a vowel of a new quality - long ē. This phenomenon is observed in the following very common verbs: āgō, ēgī, actum, ăgĕrĕ 3 drive, act căpiō, sēpī, căptum, căpĕrĕ 3 take făciō, fēcī, făctum, făcĕrĕ 3 do jăciō, jēcī, jăctum, jăcĕrĕ 3 throw in the listed verbs : infectious basis: ăgĕ, căpĕ, făcĕ, jăcĕ perfect basis: ēg, сēp, fēc, jēc
5. Some Latin verbs retain the ancient form of the Indo-European perfect, formed by doubling the initial consonant. The syllable-forming element was the vowel ĕ. However, under the influence of the root vowel verb, it often assimilated with it: dō, dĕdī, dătum, dărĕ give mordeō, momordī, morsum, mordērĕ 2 bite сurrō, cucurrī, cursum, currĕrĕ 3 run 6. In a number of verbs of the III conjugation, the basis of the perfect does not differ from verbal root (perfect simplest stem): statuo, statui, statūtum, statuĕre 3 put.
Infect system The tenses included in the infect system (praesens, imperfectum, futūrum 1) denote an action in its incompleteness, are formed from the same base and have the same personal endings. They differ in the absence of a suffix (praesens indicativi) or its presence (all other temporary forms of the infection system).
Personal verb endings All tenses of the Latin verb, except perfectum indicatīvi actīvi, have the following personal endings (verb inflections) in the active voice, regardless of the type of verb conjugation, tense and mood: 1 e l. 2 e l. 3 e l. Singulāris o or m s t Plurālis mŭs tĭs nt
The forms of the passive voice (passīvum) of tenses of the infectious system differ from the forms of the active voice only in special (passive) endings: 1 e l. 2 e l. 3 e l. Singulāris or or r rĭs tur Plurālis mur mīnī ntur
Forms formed from the basis of the infection Praesens indicatīvi The meaning of the Latin praesens indicatlvi completely coincides with the meaning of the present tense in Russian. It expresses both an action that is simultaneous with the moment of utterance, and generally ongoing: puella cantat the girl sings (at the moment of utterance); amat victoria curam victory loves care (that is, victory requires effort) here is characterized by a constantly ongoing action (victory always requires effort). The present tense is used, as in the Russian language, in the meaning of the past (praesens historĭcum) to give the narrative more vividness and concreteness of the image. Pugnam heri in somnis vīdi: tubae canunt, terra consŏnat, equi currunt, gladii fulgent Yesterday in a dream I saw a battle: trumpets sound, the earth responds, horses gallop, swords sparkle.
For verbs of all conjugations, the present tense forms of the indicative mood of the active voice (praesens indicatīvi actīvi) are formed by adding ordinary personal endings to the base of the infect. Verbs have III and IV conjugations in 3 years. plural h. the personal ending is added using the thematic vowel u: capiunt, audiunt.
When forming the present tense forms of verbs of the third conjugation, the thematic vowel of the stem ĕ/ŏ underwent phonetic changes, which boiled down to the following: 1. In 1 m l. units h. the thematic vowel merged with the ending ō, as in the I conjugation; 2. In 3 ml. pl. h. thematic vowel ŏ changed into ŭ: mitto nt > > mittunt; 3. In other persons, the thematic vowel ĕ was reduced to short ĭ. The evolution that the thematic vowel undergoes ĕ/ŏ can be reduced to an easy-to-remember formula: § there is no vowel before (mitt o) § before nt u (mittu nt) § before r ĕ (mittĕ re) § in other cases ĭ (mittĭ s, mittĭ t, mittĭ mus, mittĭ tis).
Conjugation pattern Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I reference ornā re decorate II resp. monē re convince III req. mittĕ re send IV reference. audī re listen orn ō ornā s orna t ornā mŭs ornā tĭs orna nt mone ō monē s mone t monĕ mŭs monĕ tĭs mone nt mitt ō mittĭ s mitti t mittĭ mŭs mittī tĭs mittu nt audi ō aud ī s audi t audī mŭs audī tĭs audi u nt
The conjugation of verbs in the present tense of the passive voice (praesens indicatīvi passīvi) follows the usual rules: 1. In 1 m l. units of verbs of the first conjugation, the final vowel of the stem merges with the ending: orna or > ornor. 2. In the III conjugation, the thematic vowel is absent before the vowel (1 e. unit: mitt or), remains as ĕ before r (2 e. unit: mittĕ ris), passes into u before nt (3 e l. plural: mittu ntur), is reduced to ĭ in all other cases (for example, in the 3rd l. singular: mittĭ tur). 3. In the III conjugation, the vowel of the base ĭ becomes ĕ before r (2nd singular unit capĕ ris from capĭ ris, like саре from саpĭre); 4. In 3 ml. pl. parts III and IV of the conjugations are preserved, as in the active thematic u (from o). The resulting forms are: capiuntur, audiuntur.
Conjugation pattern Number/person I reference. II reference base ornā S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. basis monē orn or ornā rĭs ornā tur mone or monē rĭs monē tur ornā mĭnī orna ntur monē mur monĕ mĭnĭ mone ntur III reference. IV reference basis mittĕ basis audī mitt or mittĕ rĭs mittĕ tur audi or audī rĭs audī tur mittĕ mĭnī mittu ntur audī mĭnĭ audi u ntur Ornor - they decorate me; mittuntur - they are sent
Imperfectum indicatīvi Imperfectum indicatīvi (corresponds to the Russian past tense of the imperfect form or denotes the beginning of an action) of both voices of verbs I and II conjugations is formed by adding the suffix bā to the base of the infect, and the suffix ēbā and the corresponding personal endings for verbs III and IV conjugations. The thematic vowel of verbs of III conjugation (mittĕ re), as a general rule, is absent before the vowel of the suffix: mitt ēba m. To form forms of the passive voice, respectively, passive personal endings are taken. Activum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. I sp. III reference Passivum I sp. ornā ba m ornā bā s ornā ba t Pl. 1. 2. 3. mitt ēba m mitt ēbā s mitt ēba t ornā ba r ornā bā rĭs ornā bā tur ornā bā mŭs ornā bā tĭs ornā ba nt mitt ēbā mŭs mitt ēbā tĭs mitt ēba nt ornā bā mur ornā bā mĭnī ornā ba ntur Ornābam – I decorated; mittēbar – I was sent away. III reference mitt ēba r mitt ēbā rĭs mitt ēba tur mitt ēbā mĭnĭ mitt ēbā ntur
Futūrum I (primum) indicatīvi Futūrum I (primum), the first future, corresponds to the Russian future tense of both imperfect and perfect forms. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both voices for verbs of I and II conjugations is formed by adding the suffix b (orna+b, monē+b) and personal endings (active or passive, respectively) to the base of the infect. In 1 ml. units h. the ending is attached directly to the suffix, and in other forms through thematic vowels, as in the present tense of the active or passive voice of verbs of the III conjugation. Futūrum I indicatīvi of both voices for verbs of III and IV conjugations is formed by adding 1 m l to the stem. units including the suffix a, in other forms - the suffix ē and the corresponding personal endings. Verbs of III conjugation do not have a thematic vowel before the vowel suffix.
Conjugation pattern Passīvum Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I reference III reference ornā b ō ornā bĭ s ornā bi t mitt a m mitt ē s mitt e t ornā b or ornā bĕ rĭs ornā bĭ tur mitt a r mitt ē rĭs mitt ē tur ornā bĭ mŭs ornā bĭ tĭs ornā bu nt mit t ē mŭs mitt ē tĭs mitt e nt ornā bĭ mur ornā bĭ mĭnī ornā bu ntur mitt ē mĭnĭ mitt e ntur Ornābo – I will decorate (decorate); mittar - they will send me.
Praesens conjunctīvi (present tense of the subjunctive mood) of both voices for verbs of the first conjugation is formed by replacing the final vowel of the base infective a with the suffix ē and adding personal endings (active or passive, respectively). Praesens conjunctīvi of both voices for verbs II, III and IV conjugations is formed by adding the suffix ā and the usual personal endings (active or passive, respectively) to the base of the infect. Some verbs of III conjugation do not have a thematic vowel before the suffix vowel.
Conjugation pattern Voice Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I reference III reference orne m ornē s orne t mone a m mone ā s mone a t mitt a m mitt ā s mitt a t ornē mŭs ornē tĭs orne nt mone ā mŭs mone ā tĭs mone a nt mitt ā mŭs mitt ā tĭs mitt a nt Ornem - I would decorate ; moneam – I would convince; mittam - I would send.
Conjugation pattern Passīvum Voice Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I reference orne r ornē rĭs orne tur ornē mĭnī orne ntur II resp. mone a r mone ā rĭs mone a tur mone ā mĭnī mone a ntur III Ref. mitt a r mitt ā rĭs mitt a tur mitt ā mĭnī mitt a nt Orner – I would be decorated; monear – they would convince me; mittar - they would send me.
Imperfectum conjunctīvi (past incomplete tense of the subjunctive mood) of both voices for all verbs is formed by adding the suffix rē and the usual personal endings (active or passive, respectively) to the base of the infectious. For verbs of the III conjugation, the final vowel of the stem ĭ goes before the suffix rē to ĕ: сарĭ + rē + m > > сарем.
Conjugation pattern Actīvum Number/person S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. I reference Passivum III sp. ornā re m ornā rē s ornā re t mittĕ re m mittĕ rē s mittĕ re t ornā re r ornā rē rĭs ornā re tur ornā rē mŭs ornā rē tĭs ornā re nt mittĕ rē mŭs mittĕ rē tĭs mittĕ re nt ornā rē mur ornā rē mĭnī ornā re ntur Ornārem – I would decorate; mittĕrem - I would send. III reference mittĕ re r mittĕ rē rĭs mittĕ re tur mittĕ rē mĭnī mittĕ re nt
Imperatīvus praesentis (imperative mood) Imperatīvus has a singular and plural form. The singular form coincides with the basis of the infection. For verbs of III conjugation, the final vowel of the stem ĭ becomes ĕ. The plural form is formed by adding the ending tĕ to the base of the infect (cf. in Russian te). For verbs of the third conjugation, the thematic vowel ĕ becomes ĭ. Singularis I sp. III reference IV reference orna! monē! mittĕ! audī! Plurālis decorate! convince! send! Listen! ornā tĕ! monē tĕ! mittĕ tĕ! audī tĕ! decorate! convince! send it! listen! There are also forms of the imperative of the passive voice, usually in a reflexive meaning: they are formed by adding the endings rĕ (for singular) and mĭnī (for plural) to the base of the infectious voice.
To express prohibition in Latin, a special descriptive form is used. It is composed of the imperative from the irregular verb nolo (I don’t want) in the corresponding number and the infinitive of the verb with the main lexical meaning. Sing. : noli ornārĕ, (monērĕ, mittĕrĕ, audīrĕ)! do not decorate (convince, send, take, listen). ,Pl. : nolītĕ ornāre, monēre, mittĕre, audīre! do not decorate, do not persuade, do not send, etc.
Non-personal (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The infect system also includes the following non-personal forms of the verb: infinitīvus praesentis actīvi, infinitīvus praesentis passīvi, participium praesentis actīvi, gerundīvum, gerundium. Infinitlvus praesentis passīvi (infinitive of the present tense of the passive voice) is formed by adding to the base of the infect the suffix rī for verbs of I, IV conjugations and the suffix ī for verbs of III conjugation. There is no final stem vowel in verbs of III conjugation. Ornā rī Monē rī Mitt ī Audī rī to be adorned, to be adorned to be convinced, to be persuaded to be sent, to be sent to be heard, to be heard, to be listened to
Participium praesentis actīvi (present participle of the active voice) is formed by adding to the base of the infect the suffix nt for verbs of I and II conjugations and the suffix ent for verbs of III and IV conjugations. Nominatīvus sing. – sigmatic and as a result of phonetic changes ends in ns or ens. Morphologically, these participles belong to the III class adjectives. one ending, sapiens type. However, in abl. s. they usually end in ĕ. Participium praesentis actīvi corresponds in meaning to both the Russian participle and the gerund: ornā ns decorating, decorating; monē ns convincing, convincing; mitt ēns nsending, sending; sari ēns taking, taking; audi ēns listening, listening. Gen. s. : orna nt is, mone nt is, mitt ent is, capi ent is, audi ent is. In Latin, nouns of the first class are formed from stems with nt. type scientia, potentia (from participles: sciens, scient is; potens, potent is).
Gerundīvum (gerundive) is a verbal adjective formed by adding to the base of the infection the suffix nd for verbs of I and II conjugations, the suffix end for verbs of III and IV conjugations and the endings of adjectives of I and II declension. Orna nd us, a, um; mone nd us, a, um; mitt end us, a, um; capi end us, a, um; audi end us, a, um. Gerundium (gerund) is a verbal noun denoting the process of action. It is formed using the same suffixes as the gerund, having the form of only oblique singular cases of the 2nd declension. Gen. orna nd i decorations, Dat. Abl. orna nd o, Ass. (ad) orna nd um.
Perfect system The tenses included in the perfect system (perfectum, plusquamperfectum, futūrum II) are parallel to the three tenses of the infectious system. Their belonging to the same type is morphologically expressed by the common formation of verbal forms. However, unlike the infective system, the active and passive forms of the tenses of the perfect system differ not in endings, but in the very principle of their formation. The active voice of these tenses is formed synthetically from the perfect stem. The passive voice is formed analytically (descriptively) using the participium perfecti passīvi conjugated verb and personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse. Since the participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the supine, the perfect system differs in forms formed: a) from the base of the perfect; b) from supina. All verbs, regardless of whether they belong to one conjugation or another, are conjugated the same way in the tenses of the perfect system.
Forms formed from the base of the perfect Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi The Latin perfect has two meanings: 1) The perfect expresses an action that ended in regardless of its duration (perfectum historicum). past, Vēni, vīdi, vīci – I came, I saw, I conquered (Julius Caesar’s message about the quick victory over the Bosporan king Pharnaces). This statement states a single fact that occurred in the past over a relatively short period of time. Ego semper illum apprellāvi inimīcum meum - I always called him my enemy. Here we also mean an action relating to the past, but covering a relatively large period of time, and this is emphasized by the adverb always (semper). In Russian, in the latter case, the use of the perfect form is impossible. This applies to most cases when the perfect characterizes an action, which is additionally defined by indicating its duration (so many years, days, always, often, long). In eā terrā diu mansi I stayed in this country for a long time.
b) The perfect expresses a state that continues in the present as a result of an action performed in the past (perfestum praesens). Consuēvi – I got used to it (and still keep the habit). Sibi persuāsit – he was convinced (and still remains convinced). More often in this meaning the form of the perfect passive voice is used: illud mare Aegaeum appellatum est - this sea was called the Aegean (and is still called).
Perfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding special personal endings to the perfect stem, the same for all conjugations: Singulāris 1 e l. 2 e l. 3 e l. ī ĭstī it Plurālis ĭmŭs ĭstĭs ērunt ________________________________________ Person/number I reference. , stem on ornāv (perfect on vi) S. 1. 2. 3. Pl. 1. 2. 3. III reference. , base on cēp (perfect with vowel lengthening) I sp. , base on dĕd (perfect with doubling) ornāv ī – I decorated ornāv ĭstī ornāv it cēp ī – I took cēp ĭstī cēp it dĕd ī – I gave dĕd ĭstī dĕd it ornāv ĭmŭs ornāv ĭstĭs or nāv ērunt cēp ĭmŭs cēp ĭstĭs cēp ērunt dĕd ĭmŭs dĕd ĭstĭs dĕd ērunt
Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi Plusquamperfectum (past tense) means a completed action that occurred before another action related to the past. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrā and the usual personal endings of the active voice to the perfect stem. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕra m – I decorated (before) 2. ornāv ĕrā s 3. ornāv ĕra t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrā mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrā tĭs 3. ornāv ĕra nt Monu ĕra m, mīs ĕra m, сĕр ĕra m, dĕd ĕra m, fu ĕra m, potu ĕra m are formed in the same way.
Futūrum II (secundum) indicatīvi actīvi Futūrum II (future second) means an action that will occur in the future before another action transmitted by the future first. Futūrum II is translated into Russian as the future perfect tense. Futūrum II indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffixes ĕr for l and l to the perfect stem. units h., ĕrĭ for all other persons and the usual personal endings of the active voice (l e l. o). Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕr ō – I will decorate (earlier) 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Monu ĕr ō, mīs ĕr ō, sĕr ĕr ō, fu ĕr ō, audīv ĕr ō are formed in the same way.
Perfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĕrĭ and the usual personal endings to the base of the perfect. Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĕri m – I would decorate 2. ornāv ĕrĭ s 3. ornāv ĕri t Pl. 1. ornāv ĕrĭ mŭs 2. ornāv ĕrĭ tĭs 3. ornāv ĕri nt Monu ĕri m, mīs ĕri m, сĕр ĕri m, fu ĕri m, audīv ĕri m are formed in the same way.
Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi actīvi is formed by adding the base perfect suffix ĭssē and the usual personal endings. to Conjugation pattern S. 1. ornāv ĭsse m – I would decorate (before) 2. ornāv ĭssē s 3. ornāv ĭsse t Pl. 1. ornāv ĭssē mŭs 2. ornāv ĭssē tĭs 3. ornāv ĭsse nt Monu ĭsse m, mīs ĭsse m, sĕr ĭsse m, fu ĭsse m, audīv ĭsse m are formed in the same way.
Infinitīvus perfecti actīvi is formed by adding the suffix ĭssĕ to the base of the perfect: ornav ĭssĕ – decorate (in the past), mīs ĭssĕ, fu ĭssĕ. Usually used in infinitive phrases.
Forms formed from supin Suрīnum (supin) is a verbal name formed from a verbal root by adding the suffix tu, and refers to names of the IV declension. Supin has only two cases: Accusatīvus (captum – supīnum I) and Ablatīvus (captū supīnum II) here it is clearly visible that it belongs to the IV declension. The accusative case of supina coincides with the neuter form participium perfecti passīvi (past participle of the passive voice): captus, capta, captum - taken, taken, taken. Therefore, a rule arose according to which participium perfecti passīvi is formed from the base of supina I by adding the generic endings us, a, um. In this case, the form of supine I without the final um is taken as the basis of the supin. Examples of participium perfecti passīvi (base of supina + us, a, um): omatus, a, um – decorated, aya, oe; being decorated; monĭtus, a, um – convinced, aya, oh; being convinced; missus, a, um – sent, aya, oh; being sent; audītus, a, um – (u) heard, aya, oh; being heard.
With the help of the participium perfecti passīvi of the conjugated verb and the personal forms of the auxiliary verb esse, forms of the passive voice of the tenses of the perfect system are formed. Since the meaning of the perfect (completeness of the action) is already contained in the participium perfecti passīvi itself, the auxiliary verb esse is taken in tenses of the infective system, namely: for the perfectum passīvi the praesens of the verb esse is taken; for plusquamperfectum passīvi imperfectum of the verb esse; for futūrum II passīvi – futūrum I of the verb esse.
Examples of conjugation of tenses of the perfect system in the passive voice Perfectum indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a sum I was decorated es est sumus esit sunt Similarly, monĭtus, a, um sum, est – I was convinced, etc. are formed, monĭti, ae, a sumus, estis, sunt - we were convinced, etc.
S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Plusquamperfectum indicatīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a eram I was decorated (before) eras erat erāmus erātis erant Similarly, monĭtus, a, um eram, eras, erat are formed; monĭti, ae, a erāmus, erātis, erant. Futūrum II indicatīvi passīvi S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a ero I will be decorated (earlier) eris erit erĭmus erĭtis erunt Monĭtus, a, um ero, eris, erit are formed in the same way; monĭti, ae, a erĭmus, erĭtis, erunt.
Perfectum and plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi are formed according to the same rule, only the auxiliary verb esse is taken in the conjunctive: to form the perfect in the present tense, the conjunctiva is used, to form the plusquamperfect in the imperfect. S. 1. 2. 3. 1. Pl. 2. 3. Perfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a sim I would be decorated sis sit simus sitis sint Plusquamperfectum conjunctīvi passīvi ornātus, a, um ornāti, ae, a essem I would be decorated (before) esses esset essēmus essētis essent
Non-finite (non-conjugated) forms of the verb The perfect system also includes the following non-finite forms formed from the stem supina: infinitīvus perfecti passīvi, participium futūri actīvi, infinitīvus futūri activi, infinitīvus futūri passīvi. Infinitīvus perfecti passīvi (past infinitive of the passive voice) is formed from participium perfecti passīvi and the infinitive esse. It is used only in infinitive phrases, and the passive participle included in it agrees in case, number and gender with the logical subject of the phrase. Therefore, participium perfecti passīvi can have the form of the nominative or accusative case of any gender and number. S. ornātus, a, um (um, am, um) esse PI. ornāti, ae, a (os, as, a) esse – to be decorated (in the past). Participium futūri actīvi (participle of the future tense of the active voice) is formed from the stem supina by adding the suffix ūr and the generic endings of adjectives I II cl. (us, a, um). It expresses the intention to perform the action indicated by the meaning of the verb: ornāt ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to decorate, monit ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to convince, miss ūr us, а, um intending (intending) to send.
Participium futūri actīvi in combination with the infinitive esse forms the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi (infinitive of the future tense of the active voice), used only in infinitive phrases. Part of infinitīvus fut. act. the active participle of the future tense, consistent with the logical subject of the turn in case, number and gender, can here have the form of a nominative or accusative case of any gender and number. S. ornatūrus, a, im (um, am, um) esse Pl. ognatūгi, ae, a (os, as, a) esse decorate (in the future). Infinitīvus futūri passīvi (future infinitive of the passive voice) consists of two verb forms: supina on um and the form īrī, which is in origin the passive infinitive of the present tense from the verb īrĕ to go. Ornātum īrī – to be decorated (in the future), missum īrī, captum īrī.
Descriptive conjugation of the active voice By combining participium futūri actīvi with forms of the auxiliary verb esse, special analytical (descriptive) forms are formed, with the help of which, in accordance with the basic meaning of participium futūri actīvi, intention is expressed. Sing. ornatūrus sum (es, est) I (you, he) intend to decorate; Plur. ornatūri sumus (estis, sunt) we (you, they) intend to decorate. This combination of participium futūri actīvi with forms of the verb esse is usually called descriptive conjugation of the active voice (conjugatio periphrastĭca actīva). In descriptive conjugation, all forms of the verb esse are possible, except the imperative. Epistŭlam sciptūrus sum (es, est...) I (you, he...) intend (assume...) (to) write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus еram (fui, fuĕram) I intended (intended) (to) write a letter. Epistŭlam sciptūrus ero (fuĕro) I will intend (want) (to) write a letter. In a number of cases, participium futūri actīvi in conjunction with forms of the verb esse is used not to express intention, but to denote an action that will occur in the future. This is the meaning of the participle in ūrus in the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi. In the same way, participium futūri actīvi in conjunction with the conjunctive forms of the verb esse (ornatūrus, a, im sim, sis, sit; ornatūrus, a, um essem, esses, esset), used in certain types of subordinate clauses, serves only to denote an action, upcoming in relation to the action of the control sentence. In this case, descriptive forms of the conjunctive are translated into Russian by the indicative of the future tense.
Negative verbs (Verba deponentia) Negative verbs, as a rule, have only passive forms, moreover, with a non-passive meaning (some active forms). This peculiar group of verbs is represented in all four conjugations: arbĭtror, arbltrātus sum, arbltrāri I believe, count, think rolliseog, rollicĭtus sum, rollicēri II promise utor. usus sum, uti III use partior, partītus sum, partīri IV divide Positive verbs have three main forms; they do not have a perfect basis, from which only active voice forms are formed. As for supin, its base is contained in the form of 1 liter. units part perfectum passīvi: arbitrātus sum; in the participium perfecti arbitrātus it is enough to replace the final us with um to get the form of supina arbitrātum.
In a regular transitive Latin verb, each form of the active voice corresponds to a form of the passive voice, for example, in the indicative: Actīvum Passīvum orno - I decorate Praesens: Imperfectum: ornābam - I decorated Perfectum: ornāvi - I decorated ornor - I am decorated, I am decorated ornābar - I was decorated , I was decorated ornātus sum – I am decorated, I was decorated. Deposited verbs do not have such opposition: only passive forms that exist in them have a non-passive meaning: praes. ind. arbĭtror I suppose, imperf. ind. arbitrābar I believed, fut. I ind. arbitrābor I will assume, perf. ind. arbitrātus sum I suggested, etc. The negative verb is conjugated like any regular verb of the corresponding conjugation in the passive voice: arbĭtror, like ornor; utor, like mittor, etc. The imperative mood (imperatīvus) of deferential verbs also has a passive form; in the singular it ends in rĕ, coinciding with the infinitīvus praesentis actīvi form of the corresponding conjugation; in the plural coincides with 2 m l. praes. ind. passīvi on mĭnī: arbitrāre, arbitrāmĭni.
From the general characteristics of deferential verbs it follows that the participium perfecti of deferential verbs usually has the meaning of the active voice. This discrepancy between form and meaning becomes especially clear when comparing participles of synonymous verbs, of which one is correct transitive verb, and the other is negative: part. perf. from dicĕre – dictus spoken; part. perf. from loqui – locūtus said. However, for some deferential verbs, participium perfecti passīvi has the meaning of both active and passive voice: from meditator I ponder meditātus pondered and thoughtful, from popŭlor I devastate populātus devastated and devastated.
Verbal names that do not have corresponding forms in the passive voice (participium praesentis actīvi, gerundium, supīnum, participium futūri actīvi) are formed with adjective verbs, as in the active voice of ordinary verbs: participium praesentis arbĭtrans, gerund arbitrandi, participium futūri actīvi arbitratūrus, and , um, supin arbitrātum. Since deferential verbs have a paraticipium futūri actīvi, they also have the form infinitīvus futūri actīvi formed with its help: arbitratūrus, a, um esse (this form can only be found in infinitive phrases). The only form of negative verbs that retains the passive meaning is the gerund: arbitrandus is the one about whom one should think.
Semi-deponental verbs (Verba semideponentia) Verbs that have the features of the deponent (i.e., a passive form without a passive meaning), but not in all tenses, are called semi-deponential. Typically, in semi-depositional verbs, the tenses of the tense are in the form of the active voice, and the tenses of the perfect are in the form of the passive voice. Audeo, ausus sum, audēre 2 dare; gaudeo, gavīsus sum, gаudēre 2 rejoice; confīdo, confīsus sum, confidĕre 3 trust. Some semi-negative verbs, on the contrary, have a passive form in the infecte and an active form in the perfect: revertor, reverti 3 return. c You should pay attention to the coincidence of the two forms: perfectum indicatīvi, l e l. units h.: reverti I returned; infinitīvus praesentis: reverti return.
Irregular verbs (Verba anomăla) Irregular verbs include (with their derivatives): sum, fuī, –, еssĕ be ēdō, ēdī, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) eat, eat fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fĕrrĕ carry vŏl ō, vŏluī, –, vĕllĕ wish eō, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ go fiō, făсtus sum, fiĕrī do, become
Irregularities in the conjugation of the listed verbs are found almost exclusively in infect and are reduced mainly to the following phenomena characteristic of the oldest stage of development of the Latin language: a) alternation of stems in the infect system: ĕs /s for the verb sum, ĕ /ī for the verb eo. b) the formation in a number of cases of so-called athematic forms, in which personal endings were attached directly to the root, which was also the basis of the verb. Athematic forms were preserved for these verbs, as a rule, before r, s and t. Eg. : based on ĕs (verb esse) 3 e l. units tsp and 2 tbsp. pl. hours present vr. have the forms es t, es tis without the thematic vowel conjugation characteristic of ordinary verbs III; similarly with the stem fĕr (verb ferre) 2nd and 3rd letter. units tsp and 2 tbsp. pl. hours present vr. have fer s forms. fer tis. Athematically formed in most cases are the forms infinitīvus praesentis actīvi (es se, fer re from fer se, vel le from vel se, ī re with the transition s > r), imperative (es be! Es te be! fer carry! fer t carry! ī go! ī te go. ,), imperfectum conjunctīvi (es se m, fer re m, vel le m, i re m). c) formation of praesens conjunctīvi using the optative suffix ī: sim, edim, velim. The verbs sum and fero are also characterized by the formation of the perfect system from a different root than in infskt: fu and tŭl.
The verb sum, fui, –, esse The verb esse may have an independent meaning in Latin. In terrā est vita there is (exists) life on earth. However, much more often the verb esse is used as a connective of a compound nominal predicate. Terra est stella – earth (is) a planet. The tenses of the infective system of the verb esse are formed from the stem ĕs, which alternates with the stem s. Praesens indicatīvi actīvi is formed by adding the usual personal endings to the indicated stem. The forms formed from the stem ĕs are athematic. In the same forms where the stem is s, it becomes widespread in the form of the thematic vowel ŭ. As a result, the conjugation of the verb esse in the indicative mood takes the following form: Singulāris 1. 2. 3. Plurālis su m ĕs ĕst sŭ mŭs ĕs tĭs su nt present tense
Imperfectum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed by adding the suffix ā and the usual personal endings to the full stem of the infect: stem ĕs + suffix ā + personal ending m = esam; according to the law of rhotacism, the intervocalic s turns into r: esam > eram, esas > eras, etc. I was, etc. Futūrum indicatīvi of the verb esse is formed from the base infect ĕs. In 1 ml. units h. it is directly joined by the personal ending ō: ĕs + ō > ĕrō (s > r according to the law of rhotacism). From 2nd year units h. personal endings are added using the corresponding thematic vowels ĭ and ŭ; therefore, the conjugation is no different from the conjugation in the present tense of verbs of the III conjugation: ĕr ō, ĕr ĭ s, etc. I will, etc. Praesens conjunctīvi of the verb esse is formed from the stem s by adding the suffix ī and the usual personal endings: s i m, s ī s, etc. I would be, etc. The Imperfectum conjunctīvi of the verb esse retains the ancient form of the imperfect suffix sē, since this suffix is attached directly to the final consonant of the base of the infect ĕs (there is no reason for rhotacism): ĕs se m, ĕs sē s, etc. I would, etc.
Imperatīvus praesentis is formed athematically: 2 e l. units h.: ĕs be! 2 e l. pl. h.: ĕs tĕ be! There is no Participium praesentis from the verb esse. To convey the philosophical concept of “being,” Julius Caesar introduced the form ens, entis, which became widespread in late Latin. The forms of the verb esse in the perfect system are formed from the stem fu in a similar way to the forms of regular verbs. From the stem fu, participium futūri actīvi is also formed: vi futūrus, a, um future. With the help of the latter, infinitīvus fut is formed. act. : act futūrus, a, um (i, ae, a) esse. Other form inf. fut. act. fŏrĕ.
Verbs compounded with esse In Latin, a small group of compound verbs is often used, formed by adding one or another prefix to the verb esse. The most common: ab sum, a fui, –, ab esse to be absent, to be at a distance, to defend ad sum, ad fui (affui), –, ad esse to be present, to help de sum, de fui, –, de esse to be lacking, not to be enough , not to be inter sum, inter fui, –, inter esse to be among (what dat.), to participate; intĕrest is important; there is a difference prae sum. prae fui. –, prae esse to be in front (of which dat.), to stand at the head (of which dat.) pro sum, pro fui, –, prod esse to benefit, to help (prosum
Other irregular verbs The verb ĕdō, ēdĭ, ēsum, ĕdĕrĕ (or ēssĕ) eat, eat has parallel (thematic and more ancient athematic) forms in ēssĕ infection. In athematic forms, before the endings s (se) and t (tis), the stem ĕd becomes ēs. Athematic forms of praesens conjunctīvi are formed using the suffix ī: ēd i m, etc. The remaining forms follow the usual III conjugation (modeled on the verb mitto, ĕre). Verbs complex with ĕdō display features characteristic of a simple verb, for example: comĕdō, сomēdī, сomesum (comestum), comĕdĕre and сомессе eat, eat.
Verb fĕrō, tŭlī, lātum, fĕrrĕ to carry. The infectious stem fĕr is opposed by the perfect stem tŭl and the supina stem lāt, which go back to the verb tollo to raise. The sounds r, s and t of endings and suffixes are added to the base of the infection directly, without a thematic vowel (athematic formation of forms). Praes. ind. : fĕrō, fĕrs, fĕrt, fĕrĭmŭs, fĕrtĭs, fĕrunt. The remaining forms are formed correctly according to the III conjugation: Praes. conj. : feram, ferās, etc.; ferar, ferāris, etc. Imperf. ind. : ferēbam, ferēbas, etc.; ferēbar, ferēbāris, etc. Fut. I: feram, ferēs, etc.; ferar, ferēris, etc. Participium praes. : ferēns, entis. Gerundium: ferendi. Gerundīvum: ferendus, a, um. Passive forms 3rd year. present vr. fertur, feruntur are used to mean say. The forms of the verb fero in the perfect system are formed from the stem tul in the active, from the stem lat in the passive, similarly to the forms of regular verbs.
Verbs compound with fĕrō: af fĕrō, at tŭlī, al lātum, af fĕrrĕ bring au fĕrō, abs tŭlī, ab lātum, au fĕrrĕ take away, remove, separate con fĕrō, con tŭlī, col lātum, con fĕrrĕ demolish (in one place ), gather; compare dif fĕrō, –, –, dif fĕrrĕ differ ef fĕrō, ex tŭlī, e lātum, ef fĕrrĕ endure in fĕrō, in tŭlī, il lātum, in fĕrrĕ bring in, begin of fĕrō, ob tŭlī, ob lātum, of fĕrrĕ propose prae fĕrō, рре tŭlī, prae lātum, prae fĕrrĕ to offer, to carry around, to prefer re fĕrō, re tŭlī, re lātum, re fĕrrĕ to carry back, to carry back; restore; report, report refert (res + ferre) important, matters
Verb vŏlō, vŏlui, –, vĕllĕ want, desire. This verb has alternating vowels ĕ/ŏ (vĕl /vŏl) at the base of the infect. From the stem vŏl the indicative forms are formed, from the stem vĕl the conjunctive and infinitive forms are formed. Several forms of athematic conjugation have been preserved: 3 e l. units part vult from vŏl t, 2 e l. pl. h. vŭltis from vŏl tis, infinitive vĕllĕ from *vĕl sĕ (s > l as a result of complete progressive assimilation). Praesens conjunctīvi is formed using the optative suffix ī: velim, etc. Derivations from this verb: nōlō, nōluī, –, nōllĕ not to want; mālō, māluī, –, māllĕ want more, prefer. The remaining forms are formed correctly according to the III conjugation. Imperatīvus is used only from used to express prohibition. nolo: nōlī, nōlītĕ – and
Verb eō, iī, ĭtum, īrĕ to go. A peculiarity of this verb is the alternation of the stem infect: ĕ before vowels (exception part. praes. iēns), ī before consonants. Suffixes: in imperfectum bā, in futūrum I b (as in archaic forms of the IV conjugation). In tenses of the perfect system, the combination iī is preserved when the first i is stressed, ii > i when the second i is stressed (for example, 2nd singular and plural perfectum ind.: iísti > isti: iístis > istis, plusquarnperfectum conj . : iíssem > issem). Imperatfvus praes. : ī, ītĕ. Infinitīvus praes. : īrĕ, perf. : īssĕ, fut. : itūrus, a, um esse. Participium praes. : iēns, euntis. Gerundium: eundi. 3 e l. units h. praes. ind. pass. used in an indefinite meaning: itur go. The form infinitīvus praesentis passīvi īrī is used only to form the descriptive form infinitīvus futūri passīvi (ornatum īrī) from verbs. In this case, the form īrī, without having a specific verbal meaning, serves to express the idea of the future.
Verbs compound with eo: ео ab еō, ab iī, ab ĭtum, ab īrĕ leave ad eō, ad iī, ad ĭtum, ad īrĕ approach, address ex еō, ex iī, ex ĭtum, ex īrĕ exit in eō, in iī , in ĭtum, in īrĕ enter, enter, begin intĕr eō, inter iī, inter ĭtum, inter īrĕ perish per eō, per iī, per ĭtum, per īrĕ perish praetĕr eō, praeter iī, praeter ĭtum, praeter īrĕ pass by (whom , what ass.) prod eō, prod iī, prod ĭtum, prod īrĕ act, benefit red eō, red iī, red ĭtum, red īrĕ return trans eō, trans iī, trans ĭtum, trans īrĕ move Some complex verbs acquire a transitive meaning and in this case they have completely passive voice forms, e.g. : praetereor pass me by.
Verb fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī to do, become, happen, happen, happen. This verb has the meaning of the passive voice to facio, although all tenses of the infectious system are formed only in the active voice. On the contrary, tenses of the perfect system have only a passive form, for the formation of which part is used. perf. pass. from the verb facio – factus, a, um. Thus, the verb fio, fio factus sum, fiĕri is semi-negative and also suppletive: the basis of the infective system fi (a variation of the root fu to be), the basis of the passive participle fact. In the infect system, the verb fio is conjugated according to the IV conjugation with minor deviations: inf. praes. fiĕri (archaic form fiĕrĕ) and imperfectum conj. fiĕrem; ī basically remains long before a vowel (short ĭ only in the forms: fĭt, fĭĕrī, fĭĕrem, etc.).
Verbs formed from făcio with the help of prefixes change the root vowel (ă changes to ĭ in an open medial syllable, to ĕ in a closed one) and form passive voice forms correctly, like verbs of III conjugation with an infective stem on ĭ; eg , verbs: per fĭciō, per fēcī, per fĕctum, per fĭcĕrĕ to complete, inter fĭciō, inter fēcī, inter fĕctum, inter fĭcĕrĕ to kill, have the following forms of the passive voice: perfĭcior, per fĕctus sum, per fĭcī to be completed; inter fĭcior, inter fĕctus sum, inter fĭcī to be killed. Praesens indicatīvi passīvi: perficior, perficĕris, perficĭtur, etc. Verbs formed from facio by compounding do not change the root vowel ă and have passive voice forms, as in fīō, făctus sum, fĭĕrī. Thus, the first part of a complex verb is the basis of the infection of the verb pateo, ui, –, ēre to be open or the verb assuesco, suēvi, suētum, ĕre to get used to; verbs are formed by compounding: рate făсiō, рate fēcī, рate făсtum, рate făсĕrĕ open; assuē făсiō, assuē fēcī, assuē făсtum, аsuē făсĕrĕ to accustom. The main forms of the passive voice: рate fīō, рate făсtus sum, рate fĭĕrī to open; assuē fīō, assuē făсtus sum, assuē fĭĕrī get used to it. Praesens indicativi passivi: рattĕfĭо, рatĕfīs, рatĕfit, etc.
The number of irregular verbs also includes the verb dō, dĕdi, dătum, dăre I give, the only one in the Latin language in which the stem of the infection ends in a short ă. Long ā has only two forms: 2 e l. units h. praes. ind. act. dās and 2 e l. units part of the imperative dā. Due to the brevity of the root ă, when forming verbs derived from do, the basis of the infection is ă > ĕ, and complex verbs pass into the III conjugation: trado, tradĭdi, tradĭtum, trĕdĕre 3 convey condo, condĭdi, condĭtum, сondĕre 3 create, found. However, in verbs with a two-syllable prefix, the root ă is preserved: circumdo, cigсumdĕdi, circumdătum, circumdăre I surround.
Insufficient verbs (Verba defectīva) Verbs of which only some forms are used are called insufficient. The most important of them: 1. inquam I say (placed at the beginning of direct speech) Praes. ind. : inquam, inquis, inquit; , inquiunt Perf. ind. :inquit Fut. 1 ind. : inquiēs, inquiet The form inquam is an ancient conjunctive, actually I would say. 2. aio I say, I affirm; 3 e l. units h. praes. and perf. ind. : ait. 3. Verbs that have only perfect forms: Perfectum ind. act. Supinum soerī I began coeptum odī I hate – memĭnī I remember – Infinitīvus coepisse odisse meminisse From the verb memĭnī the form imperatīvus futūri is also used: mementō, mementōte remember, remember. The verbs odī and memĭnī represent perfectum praesens, that is, they indicate the state achieved at the time of the story.
Impersonal verbs (Verba impersonalia) Impersonal verbs are used only in 3 years. units h. and in the infinitive. Impersonal verbs are divided into three groups: 1. Impersonal verbs, which are isolated forms of the 3rd century. units including ordinary verbs that also have other personal forms. The impersonal forms of such verbs usually mean natural phenomena: fulget, fulsit, fulgēre lightning flashes (fulgeo, fulsi, ēre 2 sparkle); tonat, tonuit, tonāre thunder roars (tono, ui, āre 1 to thunder). 2. Verbs that are always used impersonally: decet, decuit, decēre decently, appropriately; goes to the face; libet, libuit (libĭtum est), Iibēre whatever, I want; licet, licuit (licĭtum est), licēre possible, allowed; oportet, oportuit, oportēre necessary, should. 3. Verbs that have a different meaning in the impersonal form than in the personal form: constat, constĭtit, constāre known (consto 1 stand, consist); accĭdit, accidĕre happens (accĭdo 3 fall, fall); praestat, praestĭtit, praestāre better (praesto 1 to stand in front, to surpass).
General information about the Latin verb
The Latin verb is characterized by the following concepts:
modus - mood;
tempus - time;
genus - pledge;
num_rus - number: singul_ris - singular, plur_lis - plural;
persona - face;
conjugatio - conjugation.
The mood of the verb characterizes the attitude of the action to reality. Indicative mood (mMdus indicat+vus), or indicative - is used if the action actually happened, is happening or will happen ( I walked, I walk, I will walk).
The voice of the verb shows whether someone (something) performs an action himself, or whether it is performed on him. Active voice of the verb (genus activum) - is used when a person or thing independently performs an action: Workers building a house(active voice).
The person of the verb shows who is doing the action:
- first person (persMna pr+ma) - the action is performed by the speaker or those with whom he unites himself: I walk, we walk;
- second person (persMna secnda) - actions are performed by the interlocutor (interlocutors): you walk, you walk;
- third person (persMna tertia) - the action is performed by one or those who are not participating in the conversation: he, she, it walks, they walks.
Basics of the Latin verb (general information). Basis of infection
The Latin verb has 5 tenses. Different tenses of verbs (more precisely, tense forms) are formed from different stems of the same verb (these stems can differ by alternating vowels, adding suffixes, etc.). One of these foundations is the basis of infection.
The basis of the infection serves to form forms of different times with the meaning of an action incomplete in time ( infectus - "unfinished").
4 Latin verb conjugations
There are 4 conjugations in Latin. They differ in the final sound of the stem, to which the personal endings of the verb are added. The Latin verb forms a significant part of tense forms, like Russian: endings are added to the base of the verb (the so-called personal endings, because they distinguish between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person forms).
For verbs of the first conjugation, the stem of the infect ends in;
in II conjugation - on _ ;
in III conjugation - on a consonant or on m;
in IV conjugation - on + .
Among the forms formed from the base of the infect are infinit+vus praesentis act+vi (indefinite form of the present tense of the active voice), as well as praesens indicat+vi act+vi (present tense of the indicative mood of the active voice).
Infinite+vus praesentis act+vi
Infinit+vus praesentis act+vi is translated into Russian by an indefinite form of the verb (for example ., walk). It is formed from the base of the infection with the help of the ending - re:
I ref. orn_-re decorate
II reference doc_-re teach
At III sp. a connecting vowel is inserted between the base and the ending _ :
III reference teg-_-re cover
statu-_-re install
IV reference aud+-re listen
NB: It is necessary to distinguish between the infinitives of verbs II and III conjugations: in II sp. _ long and, therefore, stressed, in III reference. _ short and therefore the stress falls on the previous syllable: doc_re, But tag_re.
Exercise 1
Praesens indicat+vi act+vi
N.B. The names of tenses should be memorized completely, because... all their characteristics are important.
Praesens indicat+vi act+vi corresponds in meaning to the Russian present tense. It is formed from the base of the infection using personal endings of the active voice:
Personal endings of the active voice:
