Examples of the use of demonstrative pronouns in French. Pronouns in French: les pronoms. Simple forms of demonstrative pronouns

Inflected pronouns

simple shapes

Never used in isolation. After them, be sure to follow T

1) participle:

Voici son dessin, voici celui realise par mon fils. - Here is his drawing, here is the one my son made.

2) addition with suggestion(most often de).

The demonstrative pronoun used in sentences of this type is usually not translated into Russian. Instead, the same noun is repeated that was replaced by a pronoun in the French sentence:

Les chaussures de Michel sont noires, celles de Victor sont jaunes. - Michel's black boots, boots Victor - yellow.

3) relative clause:

Je vous présente ceux qui ont triomphé ce matin.- I present to you those,who won this morning.

complex shapes

Used on their own.

Particles ci and là indicate the remoteness of an object / person in space and time. Ci indicates what is closer in space, or replaces the noun that was mentioned last (in comparisons or homogeneous members offers). La- what's next or mentioned before:

Prenez celui-ci! - Take this one!(whichever is closer).

Prenez celui la! - Take that one!(what's next).

Marie et Anne travaillent bien, mais celle-ci est plus appliquée. - Marie and Anna study well, but the latter (Anna) is more diligent.

Invariable pronouns

1. Ce (c’) - “this”

Used assubject with the verb être, for example, in the case of selection, when the following follows:

1. relative pronoun(qui, que, dont, …):

C' est la fille dont je t'ai parle. - This is the girl I told you about.
Ce sont les artistes que nous avons vus au theater. - These are the artists we saw in the theatre.

2. subject expressed by a noun:

Ah, c'est beau, l'amour! - Oh, it's beautiful, love!

Ce sont and c'est are used before the names of professions and nationalities when representing unfamiliar faces:

Ce sont des étudiantes. - These are students.
C' est un chanteur. - This is a singer.
Ce sont des Espagnols. - These are the Spaniards.

In the case when acquaintances are introduced, personal pronouns are used:

Elles sont étudiantes. - They are students.
Robert? il est chanteur. - Robert? He is a singer.
Olga est espagnole. - Olga is Spanish.

2. Ceci, cela, ça - "this"

- Used as a subject with all verbs except être; and also as an addition or nominal part of the predicate:

Cela semble normal. - This seems normal.
Votre chat available ceci dans la gorge, dit le vétérinaire en montrant une grosse boule de fil. - Your cat had it in her throat,” the vet said, holding up a large ball of thread.
Elle sait conduire. Sans cela, elle ne pourrait pas réussir à faire tout ce qu'elle fait. - She knows how to drive a car. Without this, she would not be able to do everything that she does.

- Cela replaces a previous suggestion or idea; ceci - introduces the idea that will follow this statement:

On t'a dit que j'etais malade.<- Cela est absolute faux. - You were told that I was sick. It is not true.

Je vais te dire ceci. -I'm going to tell you this.

- Cela denotes a more distant object; ceci - closer:

Vu d'ici, celaest un animal et non une plante. -And from here it looks like an animal, not a plant.

Ceciest un vase précieux, pas un jouet.-This is a precious vase, not a toy.

- Ça replaces cela and cecispoken, but rarely used in writing:

Manger en class, ca ne se fait pas. - You can't eat in class.

- with a verb être cela may be replaced by ce:

Cen'est pas tres gentil de ta part. -This is not very good of you.

The pronoun in French is in many ways similar to the Russian pronoun. This is one of the main parts of speech, which replaces a noun, a subject in a sentence, that is, a pronoun acts "instead of a name."

There are six groups of pronouns in French:

• Personal
• pointing
• Possessive
• Interrogative
• relative
• indefinite

Each of these groups has its own meaning and special functions in speech. Let's consider each subsection in detail.

Unstressed verbal pronouns (in the sentence are subject): Je - I; Tu - you; Il - he; Elle - she; Nous - we; Vous - you; Ils - they (masculine); Elles - they (feminine).

Jeveux ecoutercagechanson. – I want to listen to this song.

(in the sentence they are an addition): Me - me, me; Te - you, you; Le (lui) - him, him; La (lui) - her, her; Nous - to us, us; Vous - to you, you; Les (leur) - them, them (masculine); Les (leur) - them, them (feminine).

nouslesinvitationsCheznous. We invite them to our place.

Independent stressed pronouns: Moi - me; Toi - you; Lui - he; Elle - she; Nous - we; Vous - you; Eux - they (masculine); Elles - they (feminine).

Ecoute moi! - Moi, je t'écoute. - Listenme! - I'm listening to you.

Demonstrative pronouns - what are they?

Demonstrative pronouns (les pronoms démonstratifs) are used in French without nouns. These are the pronouns:

Simple forms: Celui - that one; Celle - that; Ce - that; Ceux - those; Celles - those (feminine).

Regardezceslivresetchoisesezceluiquivousplaira. Look at these books and choose the one you like.

Complex shapes: Celui-ci - this one; Celui-là - that one; Celle-ci - this one; Celle-là - that; Ceci is; Cela it; Ça is; Ceux-ci - these; Ceux-là - those; Celles-ci - these (feminine); Celles-là - those (feminine).

Quelle robe preférez-vous: celle-ci ou celle-là? Which dress do you prefer: this or that?

demonstrative pronoun Ça is a truncated form of Cela, it is widely used in colloquial French:

• Comment ça va ? - Howaffairs?
• Ca va bien. - AllFine.
• Ç ameplaî t. - I like it.
• Ç am'est egal. - I don't care.
• Ç ayest! - Everything is fine! Ready!
• Ca ne fait rien. “Nothing terrible, nothing.

Possessive pronouns

French possessive pronouns (les pronoms possessifs) agree in gender and number with the noun they replace, as well as in person and number with the owner of the object. A possessive pronoun is always preceded by a definite article:

Masculine: le mien - mine; le tien - yours; le sien - his; le nôtre - ours; le vôtre - yours; le leur - them.

Feminine: la mienne - mine; la tienne - yours; la sienne - her; la nôtre - ours; la vôtre - yours; la leur - them.

In the plural, the ending -s is added.

Voilà ma parapluie, où est la tienne? - Heremyumbrella, AWhereis yours?

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns (les pronoms intérrogatifs) are divided into:

Simple: Qui - who; Que - what; Quoi - what; Qui est-ce qui - who; Qui est-ce que - what; Qu'est-ce qui - who; Qu'est-ce que - what.

Qui est entre? - Whohas entered?

Difficult: Lequel - which; Laquelle - which; Lesquels - which; Lesquelles - which (feminine).

Lequeldecesdeuxtuchoise? Which of these two do you choose?

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns (les pronoms relatifs) is a category that allows you to determine whose subject, to whom it refers.

These are the pronouns:

Qui- who, who;

Que- What;

Quoi- What;

Don't- which, whose;

Ou- where, where;

Lequel- which;

Auquel- to whom;

Duquel- which;

Laquelle- which;

A la quelle- which;

De la quelle- which;

Lesquels- which;

Auxquels- to whom;

Desquels– which;

Lesquelles- which (feminine);

Auxquelles- which (feminine);

Desquelles- which (feminine).

Voici le professeur dont les étudiants travaillent bien. - HereProfessor, whosestudentsFinework.

Here is such a diverse pronoun in French. We wish you good luck!

Allo, Marie? C'est Nicolas. Comment ça va?

— Comme ci comme ca!

Cha et cela

Cela is used very rarely in colloquial speech, as a rule it will always be replaced by ça, especially in such expressions as: ça va how are you, ça y est everything is fine; ready, comme ci comme ça so-so, etc. Cela is used in writing and in literary language: cela a été difficile it was difficult (ça a été difficile), après tout cela after all this (après tout ça), etc. d.

Exception: cela dit (cela [or ceci] dit...) (well) now... (après avoir dit) not ça dit.

But if cela is opposed to ceci it cannot usually be replaced by ça: ceci est à nous, cela est à vous, (in oral speech, the opposition ceci / cela is often neutralized by using ça: ça, c'est à nous; ça, c'est a vous).

Ce and ca

Ce is used mainly with the verb to be (être) as the subject:

C'est possible. It's possible. C'est Marie qui prepare le gâteau. Marie will cook a cake. C'est à lui que je me suis adressée. I turned to him. Est-ce qu'il est la? Is he there? Qu'est-ce que c'est. What is this? C'est-a-dire. That is.

The verb être can be either singular or plural: c'est moi, ce sont mes parents.

Stressed (independent) pronouns are used with turns c'est / ce sont ... qui.

The turnover c'est … qui is used with all persons (c'est moi/toi/ lui /elle / nous /vous .. qui), except for eux/elles - with the third person of the plural we use ce sont… qui: ce sont eux/ elles…qui. In colloquial French, c'est eux .. qui is used, but c'est elles ... qui is never used, to avoid ambiguity and ambiguity, since the turn sounds like in the singular c'est elle ..qui.

The phrase ce sont is not inverted: Ce sont tes affaires? Are these your things?

Ça is used with other verbs (as subject or object). It does not have a truncated form, there is no elision before the vowel:

Prenez ca. Take it. C'est comme ça. This is true. Ça y est! Ready. Ça arrive! Qui ca? Who? Où ça? Where? Ca suffit. It's enough. Ne me parle pas de ça. Do not tell me about it. Ça vous fait plaisir? Do you like it?

However, sometimes ça is used with être and ce with other verbs:

Ça n'a pas été difficile, ce doit être une étrangère.

Ce (c'/ç)

Ce is used mainly with the verb être:

• always used before the verb être in the present and past tenses (imparfait, passé composé, plus-que-parfait):

C'est bien; ce sont des tudiants; c'était facile; (ce) ç'a été difficile.

• always used before a verb in the present and past continuous (imparfait) in the negative form:

Ce n'est pas possible.

Ça used

• Before a pronoun:

Acheter cette maison n'est pas possible? - Si, ca l'est. (le = possible).

Pronouns…

In the case of French pronouns, these tricky words can drink a lot of blood - in some cases it is extremely difficult to remember which pronoun replaces what, and in what order the pronouns follow each other within the same sentence. How to understand all these "he", "us", "to her", "for them" in French?

In this article, we have compiled a clear, concise and complete instruction on how to get rid of repetitive nouns in a sentence and use pronouns to give your speech a true French idiomatic.

• Unstressed personal pronouns

Personal pronouns always agree in gender and number with the person or thing they replace in the sentence. These pronouns may look insignificant and tiny, but they instantly give sentence structure completeness and conciseness and show that you understand how a French phrase is built according to the laws of the language.

You came across these pronouns right away in your first French lesson, because without them it is impossible to form a single sentence, and it is on them that the form of the conjugated verb depends. So, the pronouns that stand in the sentence in place of the subject:

1 l. units hours - je/j'- I
2 l. units hours - tu- You
3 l. units hours - il/elle/on- he she
1 l. pl. hours - nous- We
2 l. pl. hours - vous- you, you
3 l. pl. hours - ils/elles- They

Jacques etait en retard. - il etait en retard. ( Jacques late. - He late).

2) Pronouns that replace the direct object

Je t'aime! Tu m'aimes! - I love you! You like me!

Well, we started, right? These two phrases are known to 99% of everyone who is not indifferent to French, but we just have to figure out that they contain pronouns that replace direct objects.

So, first of all, consider all the pronouns of this group:

1 l. units hours - me/m'- me
2 l. units hours - te/t'- you
3 l. units hours - le/la/l'- his her
1 l. pl. hours - nous us
2 l. pl. hours - vous- you
1 l. pl. hours - les- their

We remind you that truncated forms of pronouns (j’, m’, t’, l’) are placed when the word following it begins with a vowel or silent “h”.

Je mange le gateau. - Je le mange. (I eat cake. - I his eat.)

Tu aimes les films francais. - Tu les aimes.(You love French films. - You their love.)

Attention: A pronoun always agrees in gender and number with the noun it replaces. Yes, you have to keep an eye on this, but that's French.

3) Pronouns replacing indirect object

1 l. units hours - me/m'- to me
2 l. units hours - te/t'- you
3 l. units hours - lui- to him to her
1 l. pl. hours - nous- us
2 l. pl. hours - vous- to you
2 l. pl. hours - leur- them

As you can see, these pronouns are similar to those that replace the direct object, but they perform a different function - they replace the noun in the sentence, which is used with a preposition.

Attention: the pronoun system differs in the forms of 3 l. units hours and 3 liters. pl. hours: direct objects are replaced by le/la/les, indirect additions - on lui/leur.

Examples to see this in practice:
Je demand a ma mere.- Je lui demande. (I ask my mother. - I ask her).
Je donne le cadeau aux enfants. - Je le leur donne. (I give a gift to children. - I give his them.)

Don't worry about two pronouns in a row in the last sentence just yet - there's a great hack at the end of this article on how to remember the correct pronoun order in a sentence.

How do you know when to use one pronoun and when to use another? Look for an offer. If the noun is preceded by a preposition, it is definitely an indirect object.

4) Personal stressed pronouns

It is quite possible that the stressed pronoun was the first French word in your life - you could, for example, in response to the question “Qui est là?” answer "Moi!".

These pronouns perform different functions and are used in a large number of constructions. Most often they appear in a sentence when it is necessary to place a logical stress on the subject:

1 l. units hours - moi
2 l. units hours - toi
3 l. units hours - lui/elle/soi
1 l. pl. hours - nous
2 l. pl. hours - vous
3 l. pl. hours - eux/elles

In total, there are 11 ways to use stressed pronouns in a sentence, let's focus on the most common ones:

• After C'est or Ce sont.
  C'est toi qui laves la salle de bain. - You clean the bathroom.
• When there are several subjects in a sentence - a noun and a pronoun or two pronouns.
  Michel et moi avons fait du shopping. Michelle and I went shopping.
• When a question is asked.
  Je suis content, et toi? - I'm happy, and you?
• After suggestions.
  Chez lui, sans elle- at his house, without her
• in comparative designs.
  Nous sommes plus rapides qu' eux. We are faster than them.
• When indicating ownership.
  Cette tarte est a elle. This cake belongs to her.

Everything, you can get out of the blow and move on to the most interesting.

5) Reflexive pronouns

Let's finish talking about personal pronouns on reflexive pronouns and those verbs with which they are used. To everyone whose native language is Russian, reflexive verbs seem redundant and illogical. But in French they are common, and if you forget about the reflexive particle, you can completely distort the meaning of the whole sentence.

Me, te, se, nous, vous, se- reflexive pronouns that are part of reflexive verbs:

se laver - to wash
se casser - break (some part of the body)
s' habiller - to dress

Pronouns change in person and number during verb conjugation:
Je me lave.
Tu te laves.
il se lave.
nous nous lavons.
Vous vous lavez.
Ils se lavent.

Probably, for the first time, you can feel like a complete idiot, saying out loud nous nous lavons, but reflexive pronouns always agree with the subject in gender and number, and in some cases there is such a funny coincidence in forms.

• Impersonal pronouns

6) Non-personal pronouns that act as the subject

Ce, il- analogues of the impersonal "it" in English. In general, they are interchangeable, but ce more often used in informal communication.

Examples:
il est possible que… - It is possible that…
C'est moi. - It's me.
il est nouveau. - It's new.
C'est fini! - Finished!

7) Relative pronouns

These pronouns act as a link between the main and subordinate clauses in a complex sentence. A total of 5 relative pronouns, each with its own precisely limited scope of use.

The pronoun replaces the direct object in the subordinate clause. In function and usage, it can be compared with "that" in English, their fundamental difference is that the English "that" in a sentence can often be omitted, while the French "que" must be present in the sentence. Compare for yourself:

Où est la chose que j'ai achetee hier? Where is the item I bought yesterday?

The pronoun replaces the subject in the subordinate clause and in some cases resembles the English "who":

Je voudrais un prof qui donne pas de devoirs. - I would like to study with a teacher who does not give homework.

However, the pronoun qui can also apply to inanimate objects:

Cependant, le prof donne des devoirs qui nous aident à apprendre. - However, the teacher gives us homework that helps us learn.

In the last example qui refers to a noun devoirs(homework).

• Lequel/Laquelle/Lesquels/Lesquelles

These beautiful and melodic pronouns replace indirect objects with a preposition.

Attention: if the noun denotes a person, you must use the combination "preposition + qui».

french lequel in some cases it can be similar to the English "which":

Je n'ai pas lu la letter a laquelle tu as repondu. - I didn't read the letter you replied to.

• Don't

For indirect objects with a preposition de French has a separate pronoun dont, which can be compared with the English "whose" or "that".

It is often used in sentences with a prepositional verb such as Parler de(talk about something) avoir besoin de(to need something) or avoir peur de(to be afraid of something).

For example:

Le pronom dont j'ai peur! - suggestion, whom I'm afraid!

This pronoun indicates a place in space and is often the same as the English "where":

C'est la où j'ai mange hier. - That's where I ate yesterday.

Interestingly, the pronoun où can also indicate a time circumstance:

Mercredi, c'est le jour où je pars. - Wednesday is the day I leave.

8) Adverbial pronouns

To our luck, French, generous with pronouns, in this case was limited to only two - y And en.

Y à + noun, while en replaces a noun in combination de + noun.

These pronouns are both extremely important and are used in virtually every phrase. You could already remember some set phrases in which these pronouns are present: il y a...(analogue of the English "there is") or J' en ai un(I have one]). Let's see where else they live.

Let's start with examples:

Je voudrais aller a Paris. - Je voudrais y aller. (I would like to go to Paris. - I would like to go there.)

Il pense a l'éte dernier. -Il y pense. (He thinks about last summer. - He thinks about him.)

This pronoun can also replace a whole sentence, which is introduced using the preposition à :

Je pense à ce que j'ai lu. -J' y pense. (I think about what I read. - I think about it.)

Attention: at this stage, pronouns are already easy to get confused. Y used instead of a noun in combination à + inanimate noun. Don't confuse it with lequel, which is used as an allied word, or with lui/leur, which replace the indirect object expressed by an animate noun denoting a person.

Again, examples first:

Ma mere prepare des pates. - Ma mere en prepare. (Mom is cooking pasta).

Pronoun en can also act as a substitute for a noun in the combination "numeral / adverb of quantity + noun":

Il a beaucoup de bonbons. -Il en a beaucoup. (He has a lot of sweets. - He has their a lot of.)
Elle a deux liveries.-Elle en a deux. - She has two books. - She has their two.

Attention: pronoun en should always be used when talking about the amount of something. So, you can't say J'ai un.In this form, it will at best be regarded as the beginning of a sentence J'ai un…livre. To say "I have one", you need to insert a pronoun en: J'en ai un.

9) Indefinite pronouns

autres- other
chacun, chacune- each, each
certain, certaine- some, some
plusieurs- many, many
quelqu'un- anyone
tout- All
tous, toutes- All

Attention: Most indefinite pronouns are combined with a verb in the form of 3 l. units h.

LIFE HACK!

As promised, we show a way to correctly arrange pronouns in a sentence. Do you know the French children's song "Frère Jacques"? Whenever you think where to put le, And where to - lui sing to the tune of the song:

me, te, nous, vous
me, te, nous, vous
le, la, les
le, la, les
lui, leur
lui, leur
y
en
y
en

Now you can easily give out furious turns at first glance like “ Je le lui ai donne!