Sail lines are typically used on yachts that are under sail. Cables or ropes that are used for sails are very strong and durable connections made of quality material. Most often, these ropes and cables are used as gear for yachts, but in fact their scope of application is very wide.

Yacht ropes have various properties, due to the heavy loads, the requirements for such ropes are very different. Depending on where the cable is used, this may change the requirements and characteristics of the cable.

Haliard and clew ropes.

The cable used to control the sails is called the halyard and clew rope. The main requirements for such cables are durability, and the cable should not stretch and be very strong. Most often in this case, ropes made of high-strength polyester are used.

Mooring and anchor ropes.

The ropes and cables that are used to secure the ship at the pier are called the mooring line or mooring line. To do this, the rope must be elastic, very strong, and must also absorb all energy.

Previously, steel cables were used, but modern synthetic materials have completely replaced them. After all, thanks modern technologies The properties of the new ropes: durability, safety, elasticity, softness, make these ropes very popular among yacht lovers.

The rope for stretching the sail is called a sheet.

When choosing this cable, you need to take into account that it is soft, flexible, and at the same time durable, and has maximum flexibility. Yachtsmen put the highest demands on the sheets, because later the cables are wound into a stopper, so the outside of such a cable is a little rough.

Rope for ship rigging.

Ship's rigging often refers to all the ropes and cables that are used on a ship. Previously, such ropes were used only from natural materials, now in the age of technology, these ropes are usually of a synthetic composition. The main property and achievement in the synthetic composition is that such ropes practically do not absorb moisture.

Most often, the cables that are needed to control the sails are:

rope for the lower sail.
rope for hoisting sails.
rope for sails.

The presented cables are combined into one large group, which is called running rigging. Such cables on a yacht are much easier to replace. But to choose the right cable, let's talk about what kind of fibers are used in it.

Fiber Types for Running Rigging

Polyamide is most often used in fibers; it makes it possible to produce strong ropes that have shock-absorbing properties during jerks, and such ropes also reduce dynamic loads if they are installed on an anchor.
Polypropylene fibers in the cables enable them to have buoyancy properties.
Polyester fibers are most often used for yachts in sails. Due to their properties, namely the absorption of ultraviolet rays, they have minimal elongation, as well as a very affordable price.
Modified polyethylene has become possible to use thanks to modern technologies. Such ropes are very smooth and sliding. Most often they are produced in special braids to make them easy to attach.

When you rent a yacht from our company in Croatia, you don’t have to worry about the quality of the cables that come with it. Because we guarantee the safety of our clients.

Our experts will advise and help you decide which cable or rope you need.

sail holding tackle

Alternative descriptions

The position of a sailing vessel relative to the wind

Course, position of the ship relative to the wind

The ship's path from turn to turn

The position of the sailing ship relative to the wind

Path from turn to turn

The distance of a ship (vessel) from turn to turn when sailing on alternating courses

Running rigging tackle of a sailing ship (vessel)

Russian artificial satellite

Ship's heading relative to the wind

Heading upwind

Side to wind

The ship's course is broadside to the wind

Vessel's heading downwind

The ship's course is broadside to the wind

Heading relative to the wind

Ship's path

Tacking

Ship's course according to the wind

Vessel heading

Heading downwind

Windy course change

Section of the path when tacking

The ship's course relates. wind

Course according to the wind

Side to top

Course taking into account the wind

. "windy" course of the ship

Ship's course

Ship's heading relative to the wind

Vessel's position relative to the wind

The length of a ship's path from turn to turn

. "windy" course of the ship

Sailboat course

Heading across the wind

M. Morsk. rope, tackle that tensions the lower windward corner of the lower and oblique sails: the leeward one is called a sheet. On the Volga, tack called. stay, sheet leave. Since the tack is pulled (set) to windward, this word, with the addition: right, left, also denotes which side the wind is coming from, during a steep course (see bet, close-hauled); sail on starboard tack, on the left side of (against) the wind, which will blow from the right. The name of the tack tackle is given by the sail: main-tack, fore-tack, etc. The sheet is pulled, and the tack is set. Tack, relating to tack. Tack clamp w. Morsk. a hole in the side where the tack passes. Gals-tali w. pl. hoists, blocks with a base, for setting the tack in a fresh wind

Bottom sail cable

Windy course change

Below we introduce newcomers to the names the main elements of the yacht, standing and running rigging, sails and simply yachting (marine) terms.

Sail

A sail is a special fabric or plate that is attached to the hull of a yacht in order to convert the energy of air currents into the energy of forward motion of the vessel. From the point of view of its design, the sail is quite complex design. Now let’s take a closer look at such elements as "Mast" "Boom", "Shrouds", "Masail", "Spinnaker", "Stay", "Jib" and others.

Mast

A mast is a vertically standing structure on a boat that provides the sail with shape, stability and flexibility. Usually, when we talk about single-mast sailing yachts (“sloop”, “tender”), they mean the main mast.

Geek armament: 1 – boom; 2 - mast; 3 – heel with slider; 4 - sail; 5 – topenant; 6 - knock; 7 – main sheet; 8 boom guy; 9 − boom heel guy

- This is a device used to stretch the lower part (luff) of the slanting sails on a yacht. It is presented in the form of a horizontal spar and can be fixed in relation to the mast, either movably or in a non-movable manner.

Guys

Guys- these are special gear (usually galvanized or steel cables) of the standing rigging of a yacht, with the help of which the mast is strengthened. The number of shrouds directly depends on the thickness of the mast itself and the area of the sails.

Stay

Stay- this is a rigid steel cable of a ship's standing rigging that keeps the mast from falling backwards

Mainsail (sail)

Usually, grotto on single-mast yachts it is called the rear sail. Actually, the grotto is one of the most important components the sails of the yacht, how correctly the mainsail is adjusted in relation to the wind and the state of the water surface, determines how the ship will behave in certain weather conditions.

Staysail

The jib is a triangular shaped sail that is placed on the forestay to support the mast at the front.

A racing sail that operates in a range of courses from halfwind to jibe. Unlike a spinnaker, it has a smaller area; in addition, it can be used not only in racing, but also in cruising voyages with a small crew on board.

Sheet

Sheet(Dutch. schoot) - running rigging gear designed to stretch the lower (clew) corners of sails along the yard or boom. Also using sheets they pull back the corners of sails that do not have a spar. Every sheet receives an additional name based on the name of the sail, for example: mainsail sheets(walk back and stretch the sail to the leeward side).

FAL

False(Dutch val (from vallen- fall, let down) - gear designed for raising and lowering sails (mainsail, staysail and others), individual parts of the spar (for example, yards, topmasts, gaffs), flags, pennants, etc. Halies, used on ships and ships, refer to running rigging.

ends

End(s)- the name of any rope or cable in the navy. For example, when mooring, the mooring end is tied with one side to the pier (pier) to a bollard and the other to a cleat on a yacht.

Fenders

Fender- a lining, which is placed between the ship and the pier, so as not to damage the side, serves to reduce contact loads on the ship’s hull. Previously, fenders were woven from ropes, but later they were replaced inflated with air rubber balls or cylinders. Due to their cheapness and practicality, old car tires are most widely used as fenders.

Here are some more important terms

Leeward side- the side of the object facing the direction the wind is blowing.

Windward side- the side of the object facing the direction from which the wind is blowing.

Latrine- just a toilet. Previously, this was the name of the platform, in the form of a balcony, in the bow of a sailing ship, under the bow decoration. Served as a latrine for the crew.

Galley- just a kitchen

Overstay- a turn during which the ship's course crosses the direction of the wind, while the ship crosses the wind line with its bow. Turning from a southeast course to a southwest course with a south wind will be a tack. Often used when moving on tacks. Any turn of a sailing vessel (tacking or jibe[see]) is accompanied by a change of tack. Any other maneuver of a sailboat is not considered a turn.

Fordewind- 1) the ship’s course relative to the wind: the wind blows directly astern (tailwind); 2) turn the ship ( jibe, through jibe) when the wind line is crossed by the stern. Any turn of a sailing ship is associated with a change in tack. Other maneuvers of a sailing vessel are not considered a turn.

And finally - Admiral's hour

Admiral's hour- a pre-lunch break at 11 o'clock, which was announced daily in the fleet and in the Admiralty Board so that sailors and officers could "drink and eat" before lunch. Introduced by order of Peter I.

1.7. Sailing rig of a six-oared yawl

The six-oar yawl has a single-mast rack split sail rig, the main parts of which are spar- mast and rack, sail- foresail and jib, standing rigging- gear for maintaining the spar, running rigging- gear for raising and controlling sails (Fig. 19).

Foremast, glued from pine or spruce, 5.5 m long, serves as a support for the sails (Fig. 20). The lower tetrahedral end of the mast - Spurs lined with metal for durability fettered. The mast is put into step with a spur and fastened with a basting to the can. For better connection with the step, the spur has a groove into which the step pin fits. To ensure a tight fit of the mast to the can, its lower part in front has a flat shape. Above the can, the cross-section of the mast is round with a gradual decrease in diameter along the height. The greatest thickness of the mast (100 mm) is in the area of the basting. In this place it takes the main load of the sails. Above the basting on the mast it is strengthened yoke with hook for setting and fastening the fore-tack. On the upper end of the mast - a top level with its cut is put on and secured with screws yoke with pads for attaching cables. Below the yoke, a through hole is cut into which the pulley is placed. The running end of the fore-halde is passed through the pulley.

Guys (hemp rope 50 mm in circumference or steel cable 0 4-6 mm) secure the mast. A thimble and metal rings with grooves are woven into both ends of the shrouds.

Rice. 19. Sailing rig of a six-oared yawl:
1 - slack line; 2 - third line; 3 - raks-yoke; 4 - yoke; 5 - top; 6 - halyard; 7 - scale; 8 - half-benzel; 9 - slats; 10 - Naval flag; 11 - weather vane; 12 - vantine; 13 - foresail (sail); 14 - boots; 15 - krengels; 16 - fore-sheet; 17 - reef bows; 18 - thimble; 19 - cable lanyard; 20 - jib-sheet; 21 - steps; 22 - fitting; 23 - yoke with tack hook; 24 - fore-tack; 25 - jib-tack; 26 - bows; 27 - reef pins; 28 - thimble; 29 - jib; 30 - lyktros; 31 masts; 32 - grommet

The upper ends of the cables are attached to the butts of the yoke. The cables are attached to the lower thimbles Shterts- the ends of the line with a circumference of 25 mm, serving as cable turnbuckles for tightening and attaching cables to cable stays. The length of the cables must be such that, when covered, the cable lanyard is no shorter than 20 cm. It is prohibited to shorten the cables using knots.

Rice. 20. Mast:
1 - main mast; 2 - yoke with butts for fastening the upper ends of the cables; 3 - vantina; 4 - pulley for halyard; 5 - raks-yoke; 6 - yoke with a hook for attaching the fore-tack; 7 - mast spurs in a frame; 8- thimble; 9 - fastening the pin to the shrouds (turnbuckle assembly); 10 - shrouds

Foka - halyard(plant cable with a circumference of 40 mm) is used to lift the rack with the sail. The root end of the halyard is attached to the butt of the yoke, and the running gear is passed through a pulley in the mast and attached to the dowel.

Rax yoke(Fig. 19 and 22) - a metal ring with a hook, put on the mast to hold the rack with the sail at the mast. The raks-yoke ring is covered with leather. The mast with shrouds and halyard is stored on cans in the center plane of the boat to the left of the sail.

Rice. 21. Rack:
1 - rack; 2 - scale; 3 - third line; 4 - half-benzels; 5 - notch on the toe of the rail

Reek(Fig. 21) is made of pine or spruce 4.3 m long. The ends of the rail are called knocks. The legs have notches, with the help of which the luff is stretched with half-benzels. sail. For strength, an oak groove-shaped plank called scale. The scale is attached to the rail in three places with half-benzels. On one third of the front leg the rail is reinforced third line for connecting the rake with the rax yoke. It is made of galvanized steel flexible cable and covered with leather. When hoisting the sail, the third line is put on the hook of the yoke with a point.

Sail made from the best varieties canvas with waterproof impregnation. The split sail consists of two sails - the foresail and the jib with an area of 14.6 and 5.8 m2 (Fig. 19). The sails are sewn from separate panels using a double seam. The leading, trailing, top and bottom edges of the sails, called luffs, edged with a gentle descent cable - lyctrosome. The liktros is sewn to the front side of the sail with its entire end and has one mold, located in the place where the sail experiences the least stress - at the top. The corners of the sails experience the greatest tension, so they are additionally reinforced with pieces of canvas - bows and stripes of canvas - boats, sewn on both sides of the sail.

The upper forward angle of the foresail and the aft angle of the jib are called benzyl. The upper forward corner of the jib is called front knock-benzel angle, rear angle of the foresail - rear knock-benzel angle. The forward lower corners of the foresail and jib are called tack, rear - clew.

Rice. 22. Device for lifting the split foresail: 1- liktros; 2 - slack line; 3 - third line; 4 - raks-yoke; 5 - halyard; 6 - half-benzel

Along the entire length of the upper luff of the foresail and jib, holes are punched - eyelets, edged with thread or bound with brass. Through the eyelets of the upper corners of the sail, half-benzels are tied, with which the sail is stretched along the rake; a slack line is passed through the remaining eyelets, grabbing the sail to the batten along the entire length of the luff (Fig. 22).

In the lower part of the sail, parallel to the lower luff, two rows are pierced at the foresail, and at the jib there is one row of grommets, through which short (up to 60 cm) sections of line are passed - reef stairs to reduce the sail area in fresh weather. Reef pins are attached to the sail using knots tied on the reef pins on both sides of the sail close to it (Fig. 23). In the area of the eyelets on both sides the sails are sewn reef - bows.

A Navy flag is sewn to the luff of the rear bow-benzel corner of the foresail, and below there is a weather vane measuring 30 X X 50 cm. On top of the bows to the rear bow-benzel corner on both sides there are canvas quadrangles measuring 30x30 cm with the digital call sign (number) of the boat in black. .

All lower corners of the sail for attaching tacks and sheets have Krengels- loops made of cable, into which metal galvanized round thimbles are inserted, protecting the brackets from chafing (Fig. 24).

Rice. 23. Consolidation
reef sails: 1 - sail; 2 - reef bow; 3 - node; 4 - reef-stert

Krengels at the level of the reef-sheets are used to transfer tacks and sheets when taking reefs.

Rice. 24. Attaching the fender to the sail:
1 - lyktros; 2 - bow; 3 - panel; 4 - grommet; 5 - krengels; 6 - thimble; 7 - covering the lyctross (cotton threads)

Tacks(plant cables with a circumference of 25 mm and a length of 125 cm) tighten and secure the tack corners of the sail. The foresail tack is called fore-tack, jib tack - jib-tack.

Sheets(cables with a circumference of 30 mm) are used to control the sails. They are attached in the middle to the clew angles and, depending on the sail, are called fore-sheets or jib-sheets. The fore-sheets are 15 m long, the jib-sheets are 9 m long.

Rice. 25. Spar cover: 1 - eyelets; 2 - sewn part of the cover; 3 - loops (slings)

Spar cover(Fig. 25) is cut out of canvas in the form of a rectangle, the larger side of which is 25 cm longer than the rail. On the side facing the stern of the boat, the cover is sewn for 73 times the length. Eyelets are punched symmetrically along the unstitched edges.

For quick unlacing, it is convenient to use not a stitch, but a series of straps woven into the eyelets of one of the edges of the cover. The length of the lines is slightly greater than the distance between the eyelets. The cover is laced at both ends at the same time.

The spar case contains the sail with the rack, tacks and sheets.

In order not to stain the canvas, all boat rigging is made from white hemp or sisal cable. Stamps are placed on the ends of the gear. To reduce the stretching of the gear, the cable from which the gear is made is pre-stretched.

The ends of the gear, which are woven into thimbles or passed through blocks, are made thinner (part of the heels in each strand is removed from them). All steel lines and parts of the gear into which thimbles and blocks are inserted are sheathed with yuft leather.

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To attach it to the yard along the luff of a straight sail, eyelets are made ( round holes), sheathed (sewn) with sailing threads or trimmed with copper rings, through which sections twisted from three or four heels are passed - revenants, which serve to attach the sail to the yard line (Fig. 84,. A And b).

For straight sails, the grommets are located along the luff, for jibs and staysails - along the luff, and for trysails - along the upper, lower and luff.

Sails in the 18th century. attached directly to the yard with the help of revants passing through the eyelets of the luff. On the re-shroud, in order to prevent it from jumping out of the grommet, two knots were made, the diameter of which was larger than the diameter of the grommet, similar to reef seasons in reef gates. Very long revants were placed in the butt corners, so that from each of its halves it was possible to make several hoops around the yard (Fig. 84, c). The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then their ends were tied together.

§ 37. Details of oblique sails

Oblique sails (staysails, jibs), like straight ones, had bent edges, were trimmed with liktros, corresponding reefs, krengels, bows, bows, and were equipped with eyelets (Fig. 85).

Jib and staysails walked along forestays and rails and were attached to them using wooden or metal rakes or a special cable - a slack that passed through the eyelets of the luff of the sail and went around the rail or forestay (Fig. 86, a and b).

Oblique gaff sails (lateen, oblique mizzen and trysail) also had folded edges around the perimeter, were lined with liktros, had reefs, cringles, bows, bows and grommets (see Fig. 85). The luff of the sail attached to the gaff is called the hornet or scythe, the luff attached to the mast or trysail mast is called the front or standing mast, the stern is called the rear or clew, the last one is the bottom.

The upper forward angle is called the top tack, the aft upper angle is called the knock-bensel, the forward lower angle is called the tack angle, and the rear lower angle is called the clew angle.

Gaff sails (biased mizzen and trysail) are attached to the mast using wooden or iron hoops - segars; they are attached to the booms with the help of senes or, like lateen sails, to the yards - with slack lines that go around the boom or a special conductor stretched along the boom.

All sails, depending on their location on the spar, each have their own name without prefixes or with different prefixes - fore, boom and bram. In Fig. 87 shows the sailing rig of a ship from the early 19th century. - sloop "Vostok".

Rice. 85. Details of oblique sails:

A - jib; b - trysail; 1 - lyktros; 2 - luff; 3 - luff; 4 - lower luff; 5 - tack angle; 6 - head angle; 7 - clew angle; 8 - grommets for fastening raxes (weak); 9 - krengels; 10 - knock-benzel angle; 11 - upper tack angle; 12 - reef bows; 13 - boat; 14 - reef seasons

Rice. 86. Attaching jibs and staysails to stays:

a - with the help of raxes; b- with the help of a slack; 1 - rail; 2 - sail; 3 - cancer; 4 - slack tench

Rice. 87. Sailing rig of the ship (some of the positions are shown in Fig. 88):

I - boom jib; II - jib; III - fore-topmast-staysail; IV- fore staysail; V- foresail - the lower rectangular sail on the foremast; VI- fore-topsail - the second straight sail from the bottom, located on the fore-topmast; VII- fore-browsel - the third sail located on the fore-browsel topmast of the foremast; VIII- fore-bom-bram-sel - the fourth straight sail located on the fore-bom-bram-topmast of the foremast; IX- main staysail; X- main topmast staysail; XI - mainsail staysail; XII- mainsail - the lower rectangular sail on the mainmast; XIII- mainsail topsail; XIV- mainsail topsail; XV- main-bom-bramsel; XVI- upsail - an oblique sail between the main and mizzen masts; XVII- cruise - straight sail; XVIII- cruise-bramsel; XIX - kruys-bom-bram-sel; XX - mizzen - lower oblique sail (oblique mizzen);

1 - boom-jib-halyard; 2 - boom-jib-sheet; 3 - jib sheet; 4 - fore-topmast-staysail-sheet; 5 - fore-sail-sheet; 6 - fore-sheet; 7 - fore-tack; 8 - fore-foresail nok-gordeni; 9 - focal bull-gordeni; 10 - Phoc-Gitov; 11 - foka bowline; 12 - for-marsa-gitovy; 13 - fore-Marsa-bowline; 14 - reef pendant tackle - the end of the tackle, based between the blocks, for pulling up the sails when taking reefs; 15 - for-bram-gitov; 16 - for-bram-bowline; P- for-bom-bram-gitov; 18 - reef seasons (reef seasons); 19 - mainsheet; 20 - mainsail tack; 21 - Grota-tteok-gorden; 22 - grotto-bull-gorden; 23 - grotto-gitovs; 24 - main bowline; 25 - grotto-marsa-gitova; 26 - mainsail-marsa-bowline; 27 - grotto-bram-gita; 28 - grotto-bram-bowline; 29 - grotto-bram-gita; 30 - mizzen-gitovs; 31 - kruysel-gitovs; 32 - cruiselle bowline; 33 - kruys-brahm-gitov; 34 - kruys-bram, - bowline; 35 - kruys-bom-bram-gitov

Running sail control rigging includes halyards, sheets, tacks, gordenis, gypsum and bowlines.

Halyards are the gear used to raise and lower sails (jibs and staysails), flags and signals.

The sheets are used to control straight (lower) and oblique sails, which pull them towards the stern.

Jib and jib have two sheets each, passing on one and the other side of the side or rails. These sheets are usually made double. With the root end (tightly attached) they are attached to the forecastle, and the running gear is carried into each one into its own block, embedded in a pendant, which is taken with the middle end by the krengel (ring) in the clew corner of the sail. For forward sails with a boom, where the clew of the sail is attached to the tip (tip) of the boom, the boom clew attached to the boom is used to control the sail.

The running ends of the sheets of straight lower sails are pulled next to the main sails. These sheets are fastened with the main end on the inside of the bulwark, and with the running end they are brought out through the holes in the bulwark with rollers, each is guided into the block intended for it in the clew corner of the sail and returned back (to the hole in the bulwark with rollers), where they are pulled and secured next to root end. The sheets of all straight sails, the lower luff of which is pulled along the yard, are secured with the root end to the latch in the clew corner of the sail, and the running end is carried into blocks or pulleys at the ends of the lower yard, then from the middle of the yard through the block they are lowered onto the deck, where they are secured next to the mast on a coffee table - dowel strip.

The clew corners of the foresail and mainsail are pulled, in addition to the sheets, by tacks, which are intended to pull the corners of the lower sails towards the bow, opposite to the sheets. Tacks can be double (and then they are carried out like sheets) or single. In the latter case, the main end of the tack is attached to the clew. The main tacks are pulled at the sides near the foremast, and the foresail tacks on the forecastle, through a block on the side tack (a short spar horizontal tree protruding in the bow of the vessel on each side to extend the windward corner of the foresail by means of the foresail tack).

The gordens and gitovs are used to pick up the lower and side luffs and clew angles when cleaning sails and taking reefs. The fore and main sails, one on each side of the sail, are attached with the root end to the lower yard from the windward (on the side facing the stern) at a distance from the luff equal to the height of the side leech, the running end is carried into the sail block in the clew corner, then into the block near the root end and stretched on a coffee strip near the mast.

Nok-hordens (gear for tightening the side luffs of straight sails) are passed through the luffs on the side luff, then on both sides of the sail into the corresponding blocks on the leeward and windward sides of the yard, into the blocks under the tops platform and pulled at the side luffs.

Rice. 88. Running rigging of sails (explanation of positions is given in Fig. 87)

The ox-gordeni is taken with the root end by the luffs on the lower luff of the sail, carried from its leeward side into blocks mounted on the yard, from there to the block under the tops and pulled next to the gordeni.

Marseilles on the windward side are picked up by Titovs, which are based in the same way as on the lower sails, and on the leeward side - by mar-sa-bull-gordeni or reef-pendant hoists.

Bramsails and boom-bramsails are selected only by Titovs, their root ends are taken by the clew angles, pulled into blocks near the middle of the yard, lowered and pulled at the sides.

The mizzen-gits are fastened at the luff of the mizzen, and their running ends are inserted into blocks on both sides of the gaff, lowered down and stretched on the coffee strips at the sides.

Bowlines - rigging located on the side luffs at the bottom of straight sails, designed to stretch the sail into the wind so that the ship can sail steeply into the wind. To distribute the bowline's thrust into several places, the short ends (spruits) were first attached to the wings of the sail, and then the bowlines were attached to them (Fig. 88).

The rigging of ships has been improved all the time - the standing rigging is not very noticeable, but the running rigging has undergone great changes and this must be taken into account when equipping a ship model. It is indisputable that the sailing ship of the late 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. (Fig. 89) was equipped with running rigging somewhat differently than at the end of the 18th - first half of the 19th centuries. (see Fig. 88).

Real sails for ships and vessels were made from linen, hemp and cotton (for clipper ships) fabrics. The canvas made of linen and hemp fabrics was light gray in color; American clipper ships carried white cotton sails.

Sails for tabletop ship models are usually made from dense and thin cotton fabric, such as percale or cambric; sails for sports yacht models are made from synthetic fabrics such as lavsan, dacron, etc.

In order to give the sails a light gray color, you need to hold the fabric in water, lightly colored with gray aniline paint, then stretch it between the nails and let it dry or iron it with a hot iron.

According to drawings from thick paper cut out sail templates, place them on stretched fabric and trace the contours of the sails with a pencil with an allowance for hemming. The edges of the cut sails are folded and hemmed with small stitches on a sewing machine. The sail must be sewn on a machine and in a vertical direction, thereby simulating sewn panels of a sail.

A thin cord - lyktros - is manually sewn to the edges of the sail. It is better to weave the lace from three thin threads on homemade device(Fig. 90). Krengels can also be made from this lace.

Rice. 89. Sails and running rigging of a sailing ship of the late 17th - first half of the 18th centuries:

I - Sail bliid; II - bomb blind sail; III - foresail; I V- fore topsail; V - fore-bracket; VI- grotto; VII- mainsail topsail; VIII - mainsail topsail; IX - cruisel; X - mizzen; 1 - sheets; 2 - counter sheets 3 - Gitova; 4 - nok-gordeni; 5 - gordeni bull; 6 - bowlini; 7 - braces; “ - topenants; 9 - dirk-halyard; 10 - stays; 11 - shrouds; 12 - tacks; 13 - counter brace; 14 - gordeni

Rice. 90. Device for twisting threads

After this, the sail is stretched again using nails and impregnated with enamel (spray varnish) or colorless nitro varnish NTs-235. After such treatment, the sail becomes elastic (rigid) and, if it is now placed between somewhat closer yards (located narrower than the width of the sail), then the sail will receive a bulge at the bow, simulating fullness from the wind,

Before putting the sail in place, some more work is carried out. Strips of the same material as the sail are glued onto it - bows and reef bows with reef lines inserted into them. To attach a straight sail to the yard, eyelets (rings) are fixed on the upper luff, which are cut out of thin black celluloid using a steel tube of the appropriate diameter. The circles are glued on both sides of the luff of the sail, and then holes are drilled in them.

§ 40. Classification of sailing ships depending on the type of sailing equipment

Depending on the type of sailing rig, all modern sailing ships are divided into three main groups: ships with straight rigs, ships with oblique rigs and ships with mixed rigs.

The first group includes ships whose main (predominant) sails are straight. In turn, ships of this group, based on the number of masts armed with straight sails, are divided into the following classes (Fig. 91):

ships with three to five masts, with straight sails on all masts;

barges, also having from three to five, of which all, except the last (with slanting sails), have straight sails (the famous Soviet sailing ship "Tovarishch" was a typical four-masted barque in terms of sailing);

brigs are two-masted ships with straight sails on both masts.

The second group includes ships whose main sails are oblique sails (Fig. 92). The predominant type of ships in this group are schooners, divided into gaff, topsail and Bermuda rigged.

The main sails of gaff schooners are trysails. A topsail schooner, in addition to slanting sails, has on the first, and sometimes

the second mast has straight sails. On a Bermuda-rigged schooner, the main sails are triangular in shape, the luff of which is attached along the mast, and the lower one to the boom. In addition to schooners, this group of ships with oblique rigs includes small seagoing single-masted vessels - tenders and sloops, as well as two-masted keches and yols. In the 19th century the sloops were three-masted and straight-rigged.

Rice. 91. Vessels with direct sails: 1 - ship; 2 - bark; 3 - brig

Rice. 92. Vessels with oblique sails: 1 - gaff schooner; 2 - topsail schooner; 3 - Bermuda-rigged schooner

Rice. 93. Vessels with mixed weapons:

Vessels with oblique sails are much easier to handle and smaller in size than vessels with straight sails. They walk better sharp corners and behave well when tacking. These two qualities have contributed to their widespread use in coastal shipping. In addition, ships with oblique sails are widely used in sailing sports shipbuilding.

However, slanting sails also have a drawback. It lies in the fact that setting oblique sails perpendicular to the centerline plane is inconvenient in tailwinds. The ships become; prowling and restless. This drawback is eliminated by installing mixed sailing rigs on ships.

Vessels with a mixed rig include those that have both straight and oblique sails. Such vessels are brigantines and barquentines (Fig. 93).

A brigantine (schooner-brig) is a two-masted vessel, the foremast of which is armed with straight sails, and the mainmast is dry, that is, it has no yards and is armed only with oblique sails.

In the fleet of Peter I, brigantines were used as landing craft and military transports. In case of calm, they had 12 - 15 pairs of oars. From the middle of the 19th century. brigantines remained only in the commercial fleet, and did not have oars. They had good seaworthiness and tacking qualities.

A barquentine or barque schooner is a large seagoing sailing vessel with at least three masts (up to six). Her foremast is always armed only with straight sails, and all other masts are dry, that is, they carry only oblique sails.

Vessels of these two classes are used both in coastal navigation and on long-distance voyages, as they are economical to operate and easy to manage.

CABLES, BLOCKS, HOISTS AND OTHERS

ITEMS REQUIRED FOR WIRING

AND RIGGING FASTENINGS

§ 41. Cables

The word "rope" is not used in the navy; instead they say "cable" or "end".

Cables are divided into vegetable (linen, hemp, sisal, manila, coconut and cotton) and steel, and Lately more cables made of artificial fibers were added - nylon, nylon, etc.

Sisal ropes are made from fibers of the agave plant, Manila ropes are made from fibers banana tree, coconut - from the fibers surrounding the hard shell of coconuts. Manila and coconut ropes are very elastic, do not rot and have positive buoyancy, almost without getting wet. Of all the plant cables, hemp cables were previously more common in the Russian sailing fleet.

Vegetable cables are made in the following way: thick threads are spun from the fibers - heels, strands are twisted from the heels, and a cable is twisted from the strands. The heel is spun by twisting the fibers according to the sun, that is, from left to bottom to right; the strands are twisted in the opposite direction - from right to top to left and, finally, the cable is woven (lowered) again along the sun - from left to right. This type of cable is called a direct release cable or a cable run cable. If these ropes are then woven into a thick rope, it is called a cable work rope.

The rigging on ships was made from cables of various thicknesses; the rigging of a sailing ship model should be made from threads also of various thicknesses. But it will be better and more natural if the rigging is made not just from threads of different thicknesses, but twisted from three threads of smaller thickness. By the way, everyone sewing threads twisted in the same way as heels, i.e. in the direction of the sun - from left to bottom to top to right. Consequently, the shipbuilding “cable” must be twisted in the opposite direction, i.e. from right from bottom to top to left. Twisting the cable for ship models made of threads can be done using a simple device (see Fig. 90).

The thickness of all plant cables is measured by their circumference. Cables with a thickness of up to 25 mm (up to 1 inch) are called ropes; they are used for raising flags, whipping, making bents and benzels. Cables with a thickness of 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 inches) are called ropes, from 150 to 325 mm (6 to 13 inches) are called cables, and over 325 mm (13 inches) are called ropes. Cables from 25 to 100 mm do not have a special name and are simply called cables of such and such thickness.

So, the cables of standing and running rigging for ship models are made from three-strand cords or cotton threads of varying thickness depending on the type of rigging and the scale of the model. Let us recall that the shrouds of ancient ships, including the lanyards of the lanyards, as well as most standing rigging, for better preservation they were tiled - covered with dash or resin Brown. Standing rigging of later times (late 18th - early 19th centuries) was black, as mineral shooting ranges began to be used. The running rigging was a natural dark brown color, as in most cases it was made from manila cable. Steel cables are made from galvanized steel wire and are divided into soft and hard (more elastic).

Wire cables are measured not by circumference, like plant cables, but by diameter.

A knot is any grip or loop made on a tackle or: around an object, a bunch of rope ends together - Knots serve to quickly and reliably connect end to end or some object.

All units used in maritime affairs have their purpose and corresponding name (Fig. 94). A straight knot is used to temporarily fasten two ends. It is very strong and tightens even more when the cable is pulled. At the same time, it is quite easy to untie if it is subjected to compression at both ends, from which it partially relaxes.

A reef knot, very similar to a straight knot but with a loop, is easy to untie by bringing one end outside the knot. If you pull this extended end, the knot will open freely. These knots are used when tying reef ropes (when taking reefs) and seneys when tying sails to yards. A woman's knot is an incorrectly tied straight or reef knot. When the cable is pulled, this knot unravels quite freely, and therefore is not used anywhere.

The clew and top-tack-clew knots are used to secure the sheets in the clew corner of the sail (for tying the ends into a thimble or loop, for example, the crank of a sail). The main clew assembly differs from the clew assembly in that its running end is passed under the main end not once, but twice.

Rice. 94. Sea knots:

1 - straight; 2 - womanish; 3 - reef; 4 - clew; 5 - main sheet; 6 - noose; 7 - push-button; 8 - bleached

A noose is a protracted knot, tied in cases where you need to quickly grab a spar tree. The more you pull on its running end, the more it tightens.

Knop - special unit(thickening) at the end of a plant cable to hold or secure its main end, preventing it from slipping out of a block, pulley or bale.

The bleed knot is used for knitting bleeds across, shrouds. The beads run parallel, at a distance of 0.4 m from one another (on a real ship), forming a ladder for sailors when climbing the mast.

It is necessary to recall that the word “knot” simultaneously denotes a unit of ship speed equal to one mile (1852 m) per hour or 0.514 m/s.

§ 43. Blocks

Blocks are the simplest mechanisms used to lift weights or change the direction of pull of cables. The simplest block is an oval body made of wood or metal with one or more holes in which there are pulleys rotating on an axis (pin).

Blocks were used on sailing ships various types(Fig. 95): simple single-pulley, double-pulley and three-pulley blocks. Long tackle block with two pulleys lying in the same plane (and the upper pulley was larger diameter, than the lower one), used on yards and booms instead of the usual two-pulley blocks, since the gear is less tangled in it. The pulley of the blind or gytum block is closed on all sides; there are only two holes at the bottom for the cable. This is done to prevent objects from getting stuck between the cable and the pulley. The swivel block is equipped with a protrusion that prevents the cable from being pinched between the blocks and the spar on which it stands. The butt block body is longer and rounder than the long tackle block body. This block can be with one or two pulleys lying in the same plane: through single-pulley blocks the top-ends of the topsail and the top-frames are passed, for which purpose they are installed between the top-top stays, and through the double blocks - the top-tops and other ends . To prevent pinching of the cable, long tackle blocks with a protrusion were used. Caniface blocks with a slotted or folding cheek for installing a cable were used to change the direction of pull of hoists or hoist lobbers.

All blocks are tied with a cable - they are sharpened (Fig. 96). Above. a block produces one or two points, depending on the purpose of the block.

Block slings can be simple or double. A simple sling is a ring woven from a cable - a krengel, covering the body of the block. A benzel is placed at the top of the ring so that another small ring is formed on top - a point or two points. A double sling is obtained by folding a long sling in half and wrapping the resulting rings around the block body.

Rice. 95. Types of blocks:

1 - two-pulley with two bales; 2 - three-pulley with one bale; 3 - long tackle block; 4 - deaf (git-block); 5 - swivel with protrusion; 6 - butt block; 7 - rosin block; 8 - long tackle block with protrusion

Rice. 96. Sharpened blocks:

1 - simple sling with one and two points; 2 - double sling; 3 - 4 - single and double slings with thimble; 5 - slings with fire; 6 - lines with brakes; 7 - sling with a sweater; 8 - sling with hook

There are simple and double slings with a thimble (a metal ring inserted into the end of the sling to protect it from chafing); slings with a light (loop) used to suspend the block on a yardarm or other spar tree; sling with brake - a double sling through the lights of which a pin-shaped piece of wood is passed - a brake; a sling with a twist that serves to attach a block to a cable or boom; slings with wound hooks.

On large modern ships, metal blocks are used in various hoists of the spar, booms, davits, etc.

The blocks make up various hoists. Hoists are a lifting device consisting of a cable passing through one or more blocks. The end of the cable, fixed in the sling of the block or in another place (mast, yard, side of the ship), is called the main end, i.e., tightly fixed. The end of the cable that passes through the pulleys and perceives the applied force is called a running gear or a shovel, and the cable located between the blocks is called a lanyard (Fig. 97).

Hoists are distinguished depending on the number of blocks and cable routing. Blocks in hoists can be one-, two-, or three-pulley, as well as one block with two pulleys and the other with one pulley.

The grab handles are based between two and one pulley blocks. The root end of them is taken by the single pulley block. Grab hoists are used for lifting small weights, tightening spar gear, cleaning ladders, etc. These hoists are the most commonly used in ship use.

Gorden is a type of hoist in which the tackle is passed through one single-pulley block. The arbor serves to lift weights or pull the lower part of the sail towards the yard and does not provide any gain in strength.

Gini is a special type of hoist, based between two three-pulley blocks. To avoid twisting of the blocks during traction, their lop is passed through the middle pulley of the upper block. Ginis are used for manually lifting and lowering large weights, such as boats on sailing ships.

Gints are small hoists laid in some place permanently for pulling one specific tackle, for example a gaff-gardel, which raises and lowers the gaff by the heel. External: the thin end of the gaff is raised and lowered by a dirk-halyard, secured to the end of the gaff.

Mantyl-tali - a system of two hoists, i.e. hoists, behind the running end of which the hook of a block of other hoists is laid.

Runner hoists are the longest hoists on a sailing ship, on which the topsail is raised. Running hoists include hoists on special types of blocks without pulleys - on deadeyes, stay blocks, etc. for tightening standing rigging.

Rice. 97. Types of hoists:

1 - grab-waist; 2 - pride; 3 - guinea; 4 - Gintsy; 5 - mantyl-tali; 6 - hoist runner; 7 - hoists on stay blocks and deadeyes; 8 - root end; 9 - running end or lapar

§ 45. Useful things necessary for wiring and fastening rigging

To route cables of standing and running rigging, to change the direction of traction of gear, in addition to blocks, use the following useful things:

deadeyes are a special type of blocks without pulleys, made of hard rocks tree and having a lenticular shape with three through holes and a bale (gutter) around the circumference (Fig. 98, a). They are used in hoists for tightening standing rigging: shrouds and fittings. The diameter of the deadeye is equal to half the diameter of the mast on whose rigging it is located. The thickness of the deadeye is approximately half its diameter;

stay-jocks or stay-blocks - wooden or iron washers with one large hole in the middle and three shallow bales (grooves) for guiding the cable (Fig. 98, b). Serve only for tightening stays and water stays;

cable-stays - wooden circles with one, two or three holes, tied to the lower cables (Fig. 98, V). Serve for guiding running rigging, protecting it from friction against the shrouds;

dowel strips (Fig. 99) - thickened boards or metal strips with holes placed in places where running rigging is attached. Coffee-on-gels (smooth wooden or metal pins) were inserted into these holes for fastening and laying running rigging gear on them. Basically, dowel strips were installed on the inside of the bulwarks, under the lower shrouds and around the mast pins. In the latter case, the dowel strips were laid on special dowel bits (pillars). Pulley gates were cut into the dowel bits, in which there were pulleys for wiring the running rigging;

ducks are devices carved from hard wood or cast from metal (with two horns). They were installed on inside sides and deck, and sometimes the lower shrouds (Fig. 100). The cleats with legs served to fasten the sheets of the lower sails, trysails, foresails and mainsails, and on the quarterdecks - the main rigging. The cleats were placed vertically on the sides to secure the tacks;

Rice. 98. Deadeyes (a), stay-jocks (stay-blocks) (b) and shrouds (V)

thimbles - metal rings with a bale (groove) around the circumference: round - for plant cables and oblong (or spear-shaped) - for metal ones (Fig. 101). They were inserted into the brackets (rings) of cables and slings of blocks to reduce the friction of the cables on the brackets and slings.

Rice. 99. Coffee dowel strips:

A- on the bulwark of the ship; b- around the mast head

Rice. 100. Ducks: A- on the inside of the side; b - on the shroud

§ 46. Making blocks and deadeyes for ship models

Models sailing ships and ships have to be equipped with various blocks, the production of which is quite labor-intensive. Therefore, they are usually made in series. For a series of single-pulley blocks made of boxwood or light brown celluloid, several slats are prepared, the thickness and width of which must exactly correspond to the thickness and width of the blocks (Fig. 102).

On the side surfaces above and below the slats, axes of symmetry are drawn and the slats are divided into parts equal to the lengths of the blocks. On the upper and lower sides of the slats, the marks are deepened with a scriber to create groove-bales, into which the block slings are then subsequently laid. After drilling a hole for the passage of the cable, use a file to round out the outline of the body of each block. After this, the resulting blocks are separated and finally brought to their normal form - they are slightly tipped at the top and bottom. side surfaces(cheeks) of the block, adjust the bales for the slings and make bales below the hole for the passage of the cable from the block pulley.

Rice. 101. Types of thimbles: 1 - oval; 2 - round; 3 - triangular

Rice. 102. Making blocks and deadeyes:

1 - production of blocks; 2 - turning deadeyes on a lathe; 3 - drilling holes in the deadeyes according to the template

Eye fenders should all be the same, symmetrical and with the same hole arrangement. That's why they are cut into lathe from a round boxwood stick. On the machine, a thin cutter is used to mark bales - grooves along the surface of the deadeye circumference, for laying the cables of the shrouds and forduns in them. Then the bales are finally trimmed with a triangular file.

To ensure that the holes in all deadeyes are in the same place, they are drilled using a metal template.

LITERATURE

Bestuzhev history of the Russian fleet. - L.: Sudpromgiz, 1961.

Ya-, and others. Battle chronicle of the Russian fleet. - M.: Voenizdat, 1948.

Veselago history of the Russian fleet. - M. - L.: Voenmorizdat, 1939.

Gorshkov the power of the state. - M.: Voenizdat, 1979. , Chernov shipbuilding. - L.: Sudpromgiz, 1952.

Construction of ship models: Encyclopedia of ship modeling./Abridged lane. from Italian - Shipbuilding, 1977.

Mavrodin navigation in Rus'. - L.: Leningrad State University Publishing House, 1949.

Matveev Russian ships. - L.: Shipbuilding, 1979.

From drakar to cruiser. - M.: Children's literature, 1975.

Aspen shipbuilders. - M.: DOSAAF, 1976.

Pearl 3. Stories about warships. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1954.

Ryabchikov court. - Marine transport, 1951.

Skryagin. - M.: Transport, 1979.

and a dictionary. - M.: DOSAAF, 1955.

Tsurban - motor vessels, weapons and control. - J1.: Water transport, 1953.

From a sling to a modern cannon. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1956.

To the history of military shipbuilding. - M.: Voenizdat, 1952.

Marine atlas. T. III. Description of the cards. Part I. Ed. General Staff of the Navy, 1959.

Hero Ships/Ed. admiral - M.: DOSAAF, 1976.

Preface

Chapter I. From the history of the development of the Russian sailing fleet in the 9th - 17th centuries.

§ 1. Shipbuilding

§ 2. Shipbuilding in the era of Peter I (first quarter of the 18th century)

§ 3. Shipbuilding in the second half of the 18th century

§ 4. Shipbuilding in the first half of the 19th century

§ 5. Expeditions, discoveries, circumnavigations

§ 6. The era of clippers

Manufacturing of hulls of sailing ship models

§ 7. Structure of the hull of a sailing ship

§ 8. Decoration of Russian ships

§ 9. About the theoretical drawing

§ 10. Materials used in ship modeling

§ 11. Adhesives used in ship modeling

§ 12. Methods for making model bodies

§ 13. General rules ship model colors

§ 14. Painting models of sailing ships

§ 15. Coating models with varnishes and polishing

§ 16. Making miniature sailing models

Chapter III. Artillery weapons of sailing ships

§ 17. Development of artillery in Russia

§ 18. Naval artillery

§ 19. About artillery decks (decks)

§ 20. Gun ports

§ 21. Manufacturing and installation of tools on the model

§ 22. Division of sailing ships into ranks

Chapter IV. Ship devices and useful things of sailing ships

§ 23. Anchor devices

§ 24. Making anchors for ship models

§ 25. Spiers and windlasses

§ 26. Boat devices of sailing ships

§ 27. Making mock-ups of boats

§ 28. Steering devices of sailing ships

§ 29. Some useful things on a sailing ship

Chapter V. Spar and rigging

§ 30. Spar

§ 31. Basic proportions of spar trees battleships

§ 32. Standing rigging

§ 33. Running rigging of the spar

Chapter VI. Sailing rig of the ship

§ 34. Straight sails

§ 36. Oblique sails on ships with direct rigging

§ 36. Details of straight sails