The preventer, or BOP (Blow Out Preventer) is located at the wellhead, in the substructure of the drilling rig. Most often, this component is not visible due to the piling up of the oil rig, but perhaps it is one of the most important components on the oil rig. it is he who will not only save the drilling rig from fire, but also the lives of people on the rig.
1. When drilling, a drilling fluid is used, the task of which is to cool the drill bit, because during penetration, it heats up from friction, lifting pieces of chipped rock up, and stabilizing the pressure in the well. The deeper the well, the more pressure created in it, the drilling fluid must be of the correct consistency, slightly heavier than the fluids in the ground rocks to suppress the pressure, but not too heavy to maintain the integrity of the formations. During the drilling process, the fluid may change, depending on the passage of various rocks and areas with different pressures. 
2. If the drill string enters a reservoir with gas, or a pocket of high pressure water, then water, gas or other pressurized liquids rush up the well, and the well explodes. In such a situation, only a properly selected preventer can save the tower from fire and destruction.
Mud return line to the surface. 
3. Preventers are divided into three main classes:
- Slider - can be either blind (for complete shut-off of the wellhead) or through-hole (having a cutout to wrap around the drill pipe).
– Universal or annular preventers – are used to shut off the wellhead with any element of the drill string in it (lock, drill pipe, Kelly)
- Rotating - compact the wellhead with a drill string rotating in it.
Ram BOPs cannot shut off the wellhead if the string is rotating. 
4. At the very top there is always a universal or annular preventer, it has a rounded shape and consists of a steel body, in the cavity of which there is a powerful annular elastic rubber seal. Beneath the seal is a hydraulic piston (bronze, in this section) that is pushed up by hydraulic pressure, compressing the seal, which in turn encircles the drill pipe, creating insulation. A distinctive feature of this type of preventer is that, due to the elasticity of the seal, the preventer can be closed on pipes of various diameters or locks.
Another distinctive feature of the annular preventer is that it allows the pipe to be pulled through a closed preventer (up to 2500 meters of pipe can be pulled before the seal wears out), which is important when it enters high-pressure formations, and it also allows you to turn the drill string. 
5. Below the annular BOP is a cascade of ram BOPs. Ram preventers are mostly single-shell, with a double system for closing the rams - hydraulic and mechanical. The distinguishing feature of ram BOPs, as opposed to annular BOPs, is that they are able to contain higher pressures in the well.
The ram preventers have a hole on the blades equal to the outer diameter of the drill pipe, so the blades are able to tightly wrap around the drill string, isolating the well from the surface. The disadvantage of such a preventer is that it is not able to close behind the pipe lock or the leading pipe. 
6. Blind BOPs are divided into two types: blind - designed to close the well in the absence of drill pipes, and shear - capable of cutting the drill string when closing the rams.
The use of shear BOPs is the very last step in saving the derrick and stabilizing the pressure. when shearing, if the string is pulled out, the cut pipes will “fall” down and then have to be pulled out, which can take weeks. 
7. Rotary BOPs are much less common and serve as a buffer between the wellhead and the drill pipe. They are used in cases where the pressure in the well will be known to be constantly high. Such preventers allow performing drilling operations in a normal rhythm, lowering or raising the drill string, drilling with flushing, working with formations in the process of gas shows. In fact, this is a deeply improved annular BOP. 
8. In addition, the BOPs used in onshore drilling and offshore drilling differ in design. Offshore ram BOPs have an additional hydraulic control line - a fixing ram, in addition to the line for their movement.
Offshore BOPs are also significantly larger and can reach heights of up to ten meters. In addition, at low temperatures, both onshore and offshore, BOPs can be heated by steam.
The BOP cascade is selected individually for drilling each well, and may include a heap of an annular BOP and three or four ram BOPs. Some derricks, such as in this photo, essentially work without a blower, having only a ring. But if it gets into a gas pocket, it may not save the tower from a fire.
Also, the preventer has a pressure relief system in the well, but that's another story. 
9. What does a well explosion look like in reality? These videos clearly show this. In addition to the release of liquids, an explosion can also occur if there is gas in the well.
RCCPO
GRADUATION WORK
Purpose, device, technical characteristics and operating rules of mechanical ram preventers.
Completed:
Listener gr. KRSr-2
Ganberov.T.E
Checked:
Head of PC courses
Sorokin P.M.
Surgut 2011
1) Title page.
3) Appointment.
4) Device.
5) Specifications.
6) Rules of operation.
7) List of references.
Ram preventer
Purpose:
Designed for wellhead sealing during drilling, lowering and retrieval of tubing and other well completion and workover operations. Depending on the need, operating conditions, ram preventers can be single or double. This provides a variety of designs and the most rational use space for operation and maintenance.
Ram preventers provide:
· sealing the wellhead at operating pressure both on the drill string with the help of pipe and universal rams and in the absence of columns with the help of blind rams;
· Closing the rams of hydraulic preventers manually in the absence of control pressure;
· change of rams without removing the preventer from the wellhead and without dismantling hydraulic lines (for preventers with hydraulic control);
control of the open and closed position of the dies;
heating with a coolant (steam) of seals and dies at a temperature environment below 0°C.
Lids open hydraulically
· the pressure in the well creates an additional seal when the rams are closed;
· simplicity of a design provides, if necessary, easy replacement of all consolidations and the main details;
all open metal areas preventers are resistant to hydrogen sulfide;
Manufactured in accordance with API 16A specifications.
The device and principle of operation of preventers:
Ram BOPs
For drilling on land, single-hull ram BOPs with a dual system for moving rams are used: hydraulic and mechanical without a hydraulic control system for their fixation.
By design, these preventers (Fig. XIII.3) are much simpler. Such a preventer consists of a body (2), inside which rams and covers with hydraulic cylinders (1) and (5) are placed. The body (2) is a box-section steel casting with a vertical through hole with a diameter D and a through horizontal rectangular cavity in which the dies are placed. Dies blocking the wellhead are completed for a certain pipe size. In the absence of drill pipes in the well, the mouth is blocked with blind dies.
The split preventer rams consist of a body (9), replaceable liners (11) and a rubber seal (10). The assembled die is mounted on the L-shaped groove a of the rod (7) and inserted into the preventer body. The body cavity is closed on both sides by hinged covers of hydraulic cylinders hinged on the body. The cover is fixed to the body with bolts (4).
Each ram is moved by a piston (6) of a hydraulic cylinder (8). Oil from the collector (3) through steel pipes and through a rotary nipple connection under pressure enters the hydraulic cylinders. The cavity of the preventer rams in winter time(at a temperature of -5°C and below) is heated by steam supplied to the steam pipelines. Piston with rod, cover and cylinders are sealed with rubber rings.
Technical characteristics of ram preventers:
Specifications for ram preventers are given in tab. 8.4-8.6.
The main indicators of the reliability of the ram BOP provide periodic testing of its operation by closing on the pipe, pressure testing with drilling fluid or water and opening, as well as the possibility of reciprocating the drill string along the length of the pipe under excessive pressure.
Reliability indicators of ram preventers are established by GOST 27743-88.
Specifications ram BOPs given in tab. 8.4-8.6.
Key Reliability Indicators ram preventer provide periodic checks of its functioning by closing on the pipe, pressure testing with drilling fluid or water and opening, as well as the possibility of walking the drill string along the length of the pipe under excessive pressure.
Ram preventers are designed to seal the wellhead in the presence or absence of pipes in the well. They are used for operation in temperate and cold macroclimatic regions.
Ram preventers provide the possibility of reciprocation of the pipe string with a sealed wellhead within the length between the interlock or coupling connections, hanging the pipe string on the rams and keeping it from being pushed out under the action of downhole pressure.
The following ram preventer designation system has been established: type of preventer and type of drive - PPG (ram with hydraulic drive), PPR (ram with manual drive), PPS (ram with cutting rams);
design - with pipe or blind dies - not indicated;
nominal diameter, mm; working pressure, MPa;
execution type - depending on the well environment (K1, K2, K3).
Rice. 8.2.
1 - body; 2 - rubber gaskets; 3 - screws; 4 - hinged lids; 5 - hydraulic cylinder; 6 - piston; 7 - stock; 8 - collector; 9 - pipeline; 10 - steam pipelines; 11 - rubber seals of the dies; 12 - replaceable liners; 13 - die body; 14 - fixing screw
Rice.
1 - body; 1A - housing flange; 1E - side outlets from under the dies with flanges; 2 - cover; 3 - intermediate flange of the housing; 4 - hydraulic cylinder piston; 5 - hydraulic cylinder; 6 - piston for opening the cover; 7 - piston for closing the lid; 8 - cylinder for opening the lid; 9 - cover bolt; 10 - die retainer body; 11 - die retainer; 12, 14 - studs; 13 - a bolt of fastening of a cover and an intermediate flange of the case; 15 - nut; 16A - check valve with seal; 16V - bushing with seal; 16C - plug with a seal; 16D, E, F, I, O, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, U, T, Z - sealing rings
Fig.8.4.
a - deaf; b - pipe; 1,3 - die seals; 2 - die body
Rice. 8.5.
a - deaf; b - pipe for drill pipes; in - pipe for casing pipes; g - eccentric pipe; d - for two rows of pipes; e - cutting
Rice. 8.6. Ram BOPs with manual control OJSC "Stankotekhnika":
a - single type PPR - 180x21 (135); b - double type PPR2-230x21e
Example symbol ram preventer with hydraulic drive, nominal diameter of the passage 350 mm for operating pressure 35 MPa for media type K2: PPG-350x35K2.
Ram preventers (Fig. 8.2, 8.3) are supplied as a set of blowout preventers or in bulk.
The preventer consists of a body, side covers with hydraulic cylinders and rams. Dies - detachable. Replaceable inserts and rubber-metal seals are installed in the die body. General form dice is shown in fig. 8.4, 8.5. The drive of the dies is mainly remote hydraulic, less often manual. On fig. 8.6 shows manually controlled preventers: single type Pp-180x21 (35&) and double type PPR2-230x21 of Stankotekhnika OJSC.
Technical characteristics of ram preventers are given in Table. 8.48.6.
The main indicators of the reliability of the ram BOP provide periodic testing of its operation by closing on the pipe, pressure testing with drilling fluid or water and opening, as well as the possibility of reciprocating the drill string along the length of the pipe under excessive pressure. Reliability indicators of ram preventers are established by GOST 27743-88.
preventer is an important component of blowout prevention equipment. He saves the oil rig from the fire and saves the lives of the workers.What is a preventer for?
During the drilling process, a drilling fluid is used without fail. With its help, the crown heated from friction is cooled. It contributes to the stabilization of pressure and the rise of chipped rock fragments. If the well is deep, then there is a lot of pressure in it. The drilling fluid must have the right consistency to perform its intended function. However, he will not be able to help if the drill string hits a pocket of high pressure water or a reservoir of gases. Water, gas, dirt and working fluids can rush upwards, and there will be a sharp release, an explosion. In this emergency situation, only a blowout preventer will help.The blowout preventer seals the wellhead under force majeure, repair and construction work. Therefore, open flowing of oil, environmental pollution, fires are excluded. This is a mandatory equipment for drilling operations by oilmen.
Types and arrangement of preventers
The internal structure of preventers depends on their class. In total, there are three main types:Ram preventer
Solid models can be used to completely cover the mouth (to be "deaf"). They can also have a cutout for the grip of the drill pipe (to be "through"). Important point: such installations cannot close the wellhead in case of rotation of the column. The ram BOP is usually single case and equipped with a hydraulic and mechanical ram closing system. Unlike the universal one, it can hold back enormous pressure in the well.
Universal preventer
Universal models are designed to cover the wellhead with any element of the drill string in it. They have a rounded shape and a steel body. Inside there is an annular elastic rubber seal, under which a hydraulic piston is located. This piston makes lifting movements under hydraulic pressure. At the same time, it compresses the rubber seal, and it wraps around the drill pipe. Universal class units can be closed on pipes of any diameter and allow the column to be rotated.
Rotary hydraulic blowout preventer
Rotating models are capable of sealing the wellhead even with a rotating string in the well. They act as a buffer between the drill pipe and the wellhead. Their use is justified with constant high pressure. They allow drilling operations to be carried out in a normal rhythm.
Preventer price
For each preventer, the price is formed depending on the class . In addition to the listed types, there is a divertor - this is also one of the types of blowout prevention equipment. Its main function during drilling is to monitor the state of the fluid in low-pressure wells and prevent its release through the pipeline. Our company is engaged in the production of such installations.Manufacture of preventers, sale of blowout prevention equipment
Own production and sale of blowout preventers in the Russian Federation and the CIS. You can consult and leave a request for a preventer and a diverter by calling +7 3412 908-193.The encyclopedia contains 630295 articles from various fields of science and technology. The electronic library "Oil-Gas" became the text base for compiling the encyclopedia.
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