Which tree is the best lumber from? Types and purpose of lumber Main tree species used for finishing

Lumber types and purposes, as well as raw materials for production, types of lumber, varieties and derivatives of wood.

Lumber is a material obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs, followed by longitudinal and transverse (if necessary) division of the resulting parts. The end result is a product of a certain shape and size, with at least two (front and back) parallel sides. This type of material is produced at special enterprises equipped with band saws, circular saws and other equipment.

Raw materials for production

The primary raw material for the production of lumber is the trunks of almost any tree, previously cleared of branches and bark. Wood coniferous species usually used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Hardwood most often used for all kinds of finishing works. It is worth noting that the waste obtained during the production of lumber is used both in industry and in everyday life.

The most affordable wood for lumber production is poplar and birch. Quite often, pine, spruce, linden, larch, ash and maple wood is used for these purposes. Hornbeam, oak, and cedar wood are important for industry.

The lightness of birch does not make the wood less durable, but the beautiful structure and affordable price gave her even more popularity. Larch is considered very moisture resistant, resistant to fungus and mold. Ash wood boasts good elasticity and impact resistance.

Beech is indispensable for making floors, stairs and furniture. Incredibly durable and incredibly beautiful oak wood, despite its fairly high price, is very much in demand. Pine contains a large number of resins, therefore most prone to rapid combustion. Although spruce wood is less durable, it is quite flexible and soft, so it can be easily processed.

Types of lumber

The characteristics of finished lumber depend on the type of wood, the equipment used, adherence to production and drying technology, as well as the cutting method. It is the last factor that affects the texture of the board.

Wood sawing is carried out in several ways, differing in the direction of sawing:

transverse (across the fibers);
rustic (under acute angle to fibers);
radial (along the radius to the center of the log);
tangential (tangent).

Cross sawing is used to produce artistic parquet, the rustic method is used to make flooring. Lumber obtained by radial sawing has a very attractive appearance, are characterized by strength, resistance to deformation and external influences. Tangential cutting creates a beautiful pattern on the surface of the board in the form of interesting arches and rings.

However, some boards may develop flaking on the surface over time. The most popular and expensive are radial lumber, since their surface has a uniform texture, constant dimensions, good mechanical characteristics, and a degree of shrinkage.

Drying of lumber is carried out as per outdoors, and with the help special cameras, which are tightly closed rooms. The first type of product contains up to 20% moisture, the second can be additionally treated with protective agents, and the moisture content is up to 14%. Lumber cuts can be trimmed (cut along the entire length) or uncut.

Depending on the degree of processing, lumber is:

unedged (although there are no knots, there are untreated sections of logs);
edged (the profile of the materials has a rectangular shape due to sawing off the defective side parts of the log);
planed (no roughness on one or more edges).

Classification

The shape, size and mechanical characteristics determine the division of lumber into several types.

timber- this is a log, hewn on all sides, used in the construction of houses, as well as for the manufacture of individual large elements of windows, stairs and others. The thickness of the timber is 100 mm.

Bruschi- this is a “timber in miniature”, less than 100 mm thick, they can be untreated, planed (at least one side is processed) and calibrated (adjusted to a certain size). Scope of application: furniture production, lathing, flooring, frames, gazebos and other objects.

Boards made from logs or beams. They come in unedged, edged (having a smooth edge) and edged only on one side. In addition, the boards can be calibrated, that is, they have specified dimensions.

Sleepers– a material with increased strength and minimal sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

Gorbyl– these are boards obtained by sawing logs, having a flat and semicircular surface.

Lagging- lumber produced from the side of a log, having only one flat side.

Advantages and disadvantages

Man has always been surrounded by objects and wood products. This material was used for the construction of houses and churches, baths and all kinds of outbuildings. The man was surrounded wooden windows, doors, tables, chairs and other furniture. Wood has not lost its popularity even today. On the contrary, thanks positive qualities wood, construction and Decoration Materials made of wood are becoming even more in demand.

Advantages of lumber:

have a high load-bearing capacity with a relatively low weight;
Despite its sufficient strength, the material is characterized by simplicity and ease of processing (it is flexible to drilling, easy to saw, allows you to produce shapes various shapes and complexity);
ease and speed of installation;
Due to its natural origin and environmental friendliness, the material is considered completely safe for human health and environment, does not cause allergies;
processing does not require expensive and long work;
external attractiveness;
the pleasant smell of wood creates a favorable indoor microclimate;
variety of shapes and sizes of products;
affordable price.

Minuses:

ability to quickly ignite, maintain combustion;
are destroyed under the influence of fungus, mold, and various insects;
Long-term exposure to water and a humid environment often causes wood to rot.

To protect lumber, make it more wear-resistant and durable, they are treated with special protective substances that can significantly reduce the above-mentioned disadvantages.

Types of lumber

Division into grades is carried out by assessing the condition of the worst side of the face, edge, and section.

Selected lumber should not have rot, mold, cancerous and fungal stains, growths and other foreign inclusions on the surface, as well as cracks from shrinkage. The permissibility of fused healthy knots is two per one meter in length, shallow edge and face cracks are 16%, deep ones are no more than 10%. The scope of application of the products is mainly shipbuilding and automotive construction.

The area of application of first grade lumber is the wood manufacturing industry. This type of material should not have dry, loose knots, healthy knots larger than 1 cm, through cracks larger than 1 cm, wounds overgrown with bark on the wood, young active layers of wood, mold, mechanical damage, various foreign inclusions, rottenness.

The scope of application of materials of the fourth grade is the construction of cabins, utility buildings, gazebos, the production of boxes, loess, pallets and construction formwork.

Wood derivatives

An excellent material for building a house is rounded log. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of locks and a completely even, rounded shape of the material, fairly strong and reliable structures are obtained. This material is considered the most expensive today, and buildings made of rounded logs do not require additional finishing.

No less popular material is profiled timber. There are two ways to produce it: milling and planing. During the construction of houses, the elements are connected very firmly, ensuring a high degree of reliability of the building. In addition, such buildings do not require powerful foundations. Structures made from this lumber do not require additional finishing work.

Glued laminated timber made from whole boards or individual pieces. The material consists of lamellas firmly fastened together. It is distinguished by strength, durability and resistance to external influences.

Plywood- This is a material consisting of several thin layers of wood, tightly glued together. Due to its strength and good flexibility, this material in demand in the production of furniture, decorative elements and many other products.

Fiberboard obtained by pressing waste wood at very high temperatures ah with the addition of a special binder. Fairly hard wood fiber boards are called hardboard. The sides of such sheets can be either smooth, or one of them is corrugated, the other smooth.

Chipboard is a combination of small wood particles and synthetic resins. MDF is produced from waste from the woodworking industry, free of all impurities. In the manufacture of this type of slabs, no adhesives are used. In this case, the binding element is lignin, which is released from wood under the influence of high temperatures. The area of application of such lumber is construction and furniture industry.

Block house is a material obtained from rounded logs by sawing according to the “square in a circle” principle. Thanks to good noise and heat insulation, strength and attractiveness, this lumber is highly valued in exterior decoration houses.

Lining- lumber used for all kinds of finishing work. Although the material is small in thickness, it is very durable, resistant to deformation, cracks and crevices. The external attractiveness of the lining, simplicity and ease of installation made it even more popular.

Lumber is a unique wood processing product that is indispensable in construction, furniture and other types of industry.

Today, the use of lumber is in great demand in the construction industry. This is not surprising, since wood is a durable and environmentally friendly material. And thanks modern technologies and processing means, the tree will last for decades.

Types of cutting: 1-tangential, 2-radial.

Scope of application of lumber

In general, lumber is a log sawn along the grain and has the following characteristics: moisture resistance, strength, pliability to processing, low thermal conductivity and wood density.

Depending on the characteristics, the scope of application of a particular type is determined. Lumber is widely in demand in the construction of houses. With their help, they construct foundations, temporary buildings, partitions and ceilings.

It is clear that the use of a specific type of lumber also depends on its aesthetic, physical and mechanical qualities. For example, the use of poorly processed wood for exterior finishing will end in rotting and subsequent destruction of the material. Also lumber - main element in the production of furniture, without which the life of any person is unthinkable. In any case, the use of lumber primarily depends on the type of tree.

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Main types of lumber

There is a huge range of wood materials on the market, and all thanks to the popularity of its use in the construction industry. Lumber can be classified according to several criteria:

depending on the type of wood;
according to the method of wood processing;
in size and shape.

Depending on the type, lumber is made from deciduous (beech, aspen, birch, poplar, maple, oak) or coniferous (cedar, pine, fir, spruce, larch) solids. Coniferous species are used more often because they are hard, resistant to moisture and easy to machine. But conifers have one drawback, due to which they are susceptible to relatively rapid rotting - resinous substances. Among deciduous varieties, the most common is considered to be unusually durable and hard oak.

There are also unedged and edged ones, depending on the method of processing the wood. Edged ones are characterized by smooth edges and a planed surface, and their volume is 13-100 mm. In unedged ones, the edge is not processed or partially sawn, and the width can be varied. They are used less often than edged ones and mainly for cladding structures and making flooring.

Thanks to specialized equipment, lumber today is manufactured in various sizes and shapes.

The plates are a log sawn in half with one straight side. Their size directly depends on the size of the log used. Other lumber is made from the plates: sleepers, boards or bars.
Boards are made from large logs or beams. The board can be unedged and edged, with a thickness of up to 100 mm and a width of 200 mm. It is perfect for finishing floors, walls and making furniture.
Quarters (opal) are created from the sides of logs. One surface of the peel is sawn through, and the second remains in its original form. This type of lumber is popular in carpentry.
Bars. There are 2, 3 and 4 edge beams, depending on the number of processed sides. The thickness and width of the timber is about 100 mm. Due to their strength and ability to withstand significant loads, beams are used in the construction of houses and load-bearing structures.
The sleepers are short in length but significant in width and thickness. They are the same beams and differ in large cross sections. The main area of application is the construction of railway tracks.
Croaker is the side of a log. The material is waste that is generated during the sawing of logs. It is used in the construction of temporary buildings and ancillary structures.
Bars. This lumber differs from timber in size. The thickness is 100 mm and the length does not exceed 200 mm. They are great for creating door frames and various crossbars. The bars are also used in furniture production, carpentry and other areas.

Regardless of the type of lumber, it is worth paying Special attention on the quality characteristics of wood. If the humidity level exceeds the norm (10-15%), the material may crack, deform or dry out. In this case about good quality construction work out of the question.

Probably all of us have made something from timber and boards, but few have seen how logs are sawed. I recently visited a woodworking shop in the village of Sandovo, Tver region. I won’t say that the enterprise is very large; there are probably similar ones in all other regions of our country. Production was based on the Sandovsky MTS base. Nothing to do with the operator cellular communications the enterprise did not have and does not have, since in Soviet times MTS stood for a little differently, namely - Machine and Tractor Station. The company "Sandovskaya MTS" carries out timber harvesting with subsequent removal, then a complex of forestry, reforestation and forest protection works is carried out. The main activity is sawing and planing wood. Lumber of different sections and grades is produced. I will show you this process.
Timber is harvested on a forest plot with an area of 26,571 hectares leased for 49 years. And for processing, the forest is delivered to the enterprise in the form of unprocessed logs on such timber trucks.
Unloading and storage take place directly in the workshop where the wood is processed.
The log is placed on a large sawing machine. The so-called slab is cut off from four sides. A slab is a side part of a log that has one sawn surface and the other not sawn. Gorbyli is readily bought by local residents for firewood for heating, since the Sandovsky district is not gasified. It’s a shame, of course, but at least someone’s “dreams come true” :).
After these manipulations, a beam is obtained that can be cut into boards or smaller beams.
As a rule, timber and boards are made from logs, depending on the diameter of the trunk.
The enterprise is small, the number of workers is about 50 people.
Log feeding mechanism.
Devices for fixing logs on the machine.
And this, in fact, is the main part of the machine - a circular saw.
Eh, I wouldn’t want to fall under the teeth of this monster.
The work is hard, but women also work at the enterprise.
Even production veterans perform light operations.
The territory of Sadovsky MTS is huge and there is enough space for storing waste.
Over the winter, all these mountains of wood will be used for heating.
"Sandovskaya MTS" not only harvests timber, but also carries out reforestation work on a leased forest plot.
I would like to show a few more photographs of the enterprise territory. There are some interesting artifacts there.
In Moscow there is one fire truck can no longer be found, but here this rarity serves its purpose.
I myself don’t know what it is. Most likely this is also left over from MTS.
After inspecting the area CEO Igor Karpukhin treated us to meat buns, which we washed down with local cranberry juice. I remember these pies from my childhood

1. The company "Sandovskaya MTS" carries out timber harvesting with subsequent removal, then a complex of forestry, reforestation and forest protection works is carried out. The main activity is sawing and planing wood. Lumber of different sections and grades is produced. I will show you this process.

2. Timber is harvested on a forest plot with an area of 26,571 hectares leased for 49 years. And for processing, the forest is delivered to the enterprise in the form of unprocessed logs on such timber trucks.

3. Unloading and storage take place directly in the workshop where the wood is processed.

4. The log is placed on a large sawing machine. The so-called slab is cut off from four sides. A slab is a side part of a log that has one sawn surface and the other not sawn. Gorbyli is readily bought by local residents for firewood for heating, since the Sandovsky district is not gasified. It’s a shame, of course, but at least someone’s “dreams come true” :).

5. After these manipulations, a timber is obtained that can be cut into boards or smaller timber.

6. As a rule, both beams and boards are made from logs, depending on the diameter of the trunk.

7. The enterprise is small, the number of workers is about 50 people.

8. Log feeding mechanism.

9. Devices for fixing the log on the machine.

10. And this, in fact, is the main part of the machine - a circular saw.

11. Eh, I wouldn’t want to fall under the teeth of this monster.

12. The work is hard, but women also work at the enterprise.

13. Even production veterans perform light operations.

14. The territory of Sadovsky MTS is huge and there is enough space for storing waste.

15. During the winter, all these mountains of wood will be used for heating.

16. “Sandovskaya MTS” not only harvests timber, but also carries out reforestation work on a leased forest plot.

16. I would like to show a few more photographs of the enterprise territory. There are some interesting artifacts there.

17. You can no longer find such a fire truck in Moscow, but here this rarity serves its purpose.

18. I myself don’t know what it is. Most likely this is also left over from MTS.

19. After inspecting the territory, General Director Igor Karpukhin treated us to meat buns, which we washed down with local cranberry juice. I remember these pies from my childhood :).

20. That's it, it's time! Take care of the forest.

Lumber is used for a variety of construction tasks, including creating a load-bearing structure and finishing the finished building. But for each of them, appropriate wood characteristics are required that will allow them to withstand the load and have long term life.

Therefore, to create lumber, we use various types of wood that are excellent for many tasks.

Main types of wood for lumber

For the production of lumber, two types of wood are used: coniferous and deciduous. They are used to create various blanks, including timber and lining, which depends on the individual qualities of the wood species.

More common is softwood lumber, created on the basis of coniferous wood. The reason for this is their straight and long trunk, which ensures the straightness of the wood. This makes coniferous wood more convenient to process and increases their physical characteristics. A high proportion of resinous substances ensures the durability of such lumber.

Among the coniferous species used for lumber are:

Larch
Pine
Fir

Their natural qualities make it possible to produce excellent wood, which is ideal for building houses and decorating them.

Deciduous tree species are more often used for interior decoration home or creating load-bearing structures. They are more difficult to grow than conifers, and processing takes longer. Therefore, the cost of hardwood lumber is somewhat more expensive. But their special qualities (appearance, color, texture, strength) are superior to coniferous varieties.

The most valuable wood is oak. It is an extremely strong and durable tree and is considered the best for lumber. But its strength is reflected by the low growth rate of the tree and the difficulties in processing it.

Which material is better?

Each type of wood has its own characteristics and advantages. Softwood lumber is more often used to create load-bearing structures and finishing buildings due to its durability and strength. It is best to use larch for this.

Hardwood lumber is more susceptible to rotting due to the lack of resins, but its variety of textures is slightly greater. They are more often used for interior decoration of buildings, where the choice of material depends on its color and texture.

The choice of wood also depends on financial capabilities. Durable and reliable types of wood, like oak, are expensive, but saving on lumber is not recommended.