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The meaning of the word metropolis

metropolis in the crossword dictionary

Economic glossary of terms

(from the Greek genus p. megas, megalus - large and polis - city) metropolis

the largest form of urban settlement, formed as a result of the integration of the main city with the surrounding settlements, agglomerations.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.

metropolis

A, m. A city with a population of many millions.

adj. metropolitan, th, th.

New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

metropolis

m. A giant city, formed as a result of the merger of several settlements; megalopolis.

Wikipedia

Megapolis (disambiguation)

metropolis- a term that is not used in geography and demography, but is widely used outside of these sciences to refer to a very large city. Most often used in the meaning of "a city with a population of over 1 million people."

Also can mean:

Megapolis (group)

"Megapolis"- Soviet and Russian rock band, founded in Moscow in 1987. The group's birthday is, apparently, May 27, it was then that the debut album "Morning" was released. The first performance of "Megapolis" took place in June 1987 at the festival of the Moscow Rock Laboratory in the Gorbunov Palace of Culture.

Many of the group's songs are written to the verses of famous poets: Joseph Brodsky ( "There", "A Christmas Romance", "Debut"), Alexander Barash ( Single, Mary of Egypt, Homage to Dennis Silk, Storm in the Village, Ballad of Wax and Honey, Wet Lies, Half a Century Later), Vasco Popy ( "Seeds", "Nails"), Andrei Voznesensky ( "New Moscow Sirtaki").

In the mid-90s, Oleg Nesterov took up producing activities. In 1996, the album "Thunderstorm in the Village" was released, after which the group went on a long vacation releasing individual songs. She left to return in May 2010, with the new album "Supertango", which was considered the most successful.

Megapolis (KVN team)

"Megapolis"- KVN team from Moscow. In 2005, they shared the championship in the Major League with Narts from Abkhazia.

Megapolis (train)

"Megapolis"- fast branded train No. 19/20 with the message Moscow - St. Petersburg of the private company OOO Tverskoy Express. The train runs daily; departure time 00:28 from Moscow and 22:29 from St. Petersburg. Travel time: 7:28 min; The train consists of 16 carriages including a dining car.

Examples of the use of the word metropolis in the literature.

Berlarak easily opened the massive barred door that closed the passage to the air-cleaning system of the lowest level of the huge underground metropolis.

Of course, the landscape outside the window still only remotely resembled that metropolis, who grew up on the site of six cities during Chermentator's youth - Tokyo itself, Yokohama, Kawasaki, Kawaguchi, Ichikawa and Chiba - but the President did not know the future, and therefore was not horrified.

Landscape gardens megacities gradually passed into a forest-park massif with nests of horticultural and field plots, with centers of reserves, reserves and planetary parks.

The entire inhabited part of the country is a huge metropolis, only formally divided into separate cities, .

From the eternal sleepless light of the North metropolis a stratospheric plane jumped out, plunged into the night and now tirelessly drew south along the fifteenth meridian, swallowing a thousand kilometers every ten minutes, leaving behind the lighthouses of the island of Bornholm, the multi-colored puddles of Szczecin, Prague.

From the other three sides there was a picturesque view of the sun-drenched metropolis.

Imagine your house, a real house, a mowed lawn around, a white fence, or at least an apartment in metropolis.

In the evening, daytime cloud seeding activities could cause rain, and then the air above metropolis you can breathe for three more days.

However, investment in the Tokaido sector metropolis by this time were already so significant that the losses were enormous.

Khaidarov flew alone, and the night seemed endless, although the flight metropolis it will take a little more than an hour to the Tejerkhi cosmodrome.

After the noisy, buzzing, and traffic-filled city artery, where the pulse metropolis felt most acutely, you find yourself in an enclave of calm.

The town - even in its best times, is unlikely to claim the title of hectic metropolis- fell into a complete stupor, and it was in this silence that Ralph Roberts first heard the tapping of the Death Guard's staff and realized that in the interval between the cool greens of June and the fried stillness of July, Caroline's feeble chances turned into nothing.

This Rush is building not only a city, not only metropolis, crammed with the latest hardware and technology for life today.

A quiet street, a provincial area with several five-story panel buildings on the left side of the road - well, this in itself was not yet a headache, everyone already knew that an experienced person, contrary to other stereotypes, chooses just such places: it is very difficult to disguise outdoors, not what's on a crowded avenue metropolis.

metropolis- - the largest modern urban structure, evolutionarily arising in the natural process of city-forming human practice. It is a kind of conglomeration of closely located cities, with a single national color, a single economy, communications, economy, and with at least one dominant urban formation in the center. The population of M. may exceed 30 million people. Examples: Mexico City, New York, Tokyo. M. is characterized by pendulum migration towards the city center from its periphery (in the morning) and back (at the end of the working day).

metropolis

The largest modern urban structure, evolutionarily arising in the natural process of city-forming human practice. It is a kind of conglomeration of closely located cities, with a single national color, a single economy, communications, economy, and with at least one dominant urban formation in the center. The population of M. may exceed 30 million people. Examples: Mexico City, New York, Tokyo. M. is characterized by pendulum migration towards the city center from its periphery (in the morning) and back (at the end of the working day).

You may be interested to know the lexical, direct or figurative meaning of these words:

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Today, village life no longer attracts almost anyone, and all young people strive to get into the city. Megacities are especially attractive for most people. And even if there are problems with the "green zones", but there are a lot of opportunities for development and career growth.

About the concept

In this article I would like to talk about how, This is a huge city in which more than a million people live. In short, this is true, but there are many nuances. If you look into history, we can say that this concept arose back in the distant 1676. It was introduced by the traveler Thomas Herbert, who thus decided to name all the capitals of large countries that he happened to visit. If we talk about today, it has changed somewhat. Today, a metropolis is an amalgamation of several nearby cities into one. It is noteworthy that after such a merger, the economy, infrastructure, etc. become unified and common to one

Population

How else is the metropolis different? It's population. Often such cities are overcrowded with residents, while the density of people is quite high. An interesting fact is that in megacities there are few, the bulk of people are visitors.

Square

We understand further the concept of "megalopolis". What it is? It is worth noting that such large cities, in addition to population, also differ in area. On the territory of a metropolis, there are usually not only many structures that are important for its life, but also about five different modes of transport, which, by the way, are independent of each other. An example would be Tokyo, where people move by subways, buses, monorail, high-speed trains, and commuter trains. Helicopter transportation is also possible there.

Real metropolises

People used to call the term "megalopolis" all cities that are densely populated by people. However, this is not entirely true. It will be interesting that there are only 5 such cities in the world, according to UNESCO. The only and largest megacities are the Tokyo-Yokohama tandem, with a population of more than 28 million, Bombay with nineteen million inhabitants, Sao Paulo and Mexico City, with 16 million people each, and New York, with 16.5 million people.

Forecasts

Urbanization processes lead to the fact that over time, new megacities may arise. Scientists have calculated that in about two decades this number could double. So, an example can be Japan, or rather its eastern coast, where a characteristic unification takes place. Similar formations can also be seen in Germany on the coast of the Rhine around Düsseldorf and Cologne, as well as on the coast of California.

About the suburbs

Knowing that a metropolis is a combination of several cities, it is interesting that such new formations can arise due to the expansion of suburbs. Such a development policy is seen so far mainly in US cities, and scientists generally called Los Angeles the prototype of the city of the future. Why is that? It's simple, if while suburban areas are created mainly for a quiet family life, then over time it is planned to transfer part of enterprises and organizations to such formations so that a person, without leaving his area, can work, live, study and have fun there.

About psychology

Based on the foregoing, one can create an idea of the concept of "megacity": what it is and on what basis such formations are created. However, there is another angle in which such a large city can be viewed. This is the psychological component of life there. What does it mean? It's no secret that only in a big city you can find something to your liking and fulfill yourself (this mainly applies to creative and purposeful people). In such cities, you can do anything, you can realize all your bold ideas and undertakings. Such cities welcome originality, brightness. However, it is worth saying that it will be difficult for a weak person, accustomed to a measured pace of life, to survive there. Indeed, in a metropolis, time and space miraculously transform, acquiring new frameworks. And only one can get used to it. The positive and at the same time negative side of the metropolis is the fact that here no one pays attention to anyone, people do not care what a person does, what he wears and what his thinking is (by the way, this is more often than usual leads the provincials, who came to conquer the big city, to a dead end). But here it is also hard to wait for help, every man for himself, all people independently fight for their place under the sun. Also in the metropolis you can always find a job even when, it would seem, everything is already lost, there are always not enough workers, especially in service areas.

Mikhail Gabolaev
Dmitry Pavlov
Andrey Karasev
Anton Dashkin Megapolis (group) Megapolis (group)

"Megapolis"- Soviet and Russian rock band, founded in Moscow in 1987. The group's birthday is apparently May 27, it was then that the debut album "Morning" was released. The first performance of "Megapolis" took place in June 1987 at the festival of the Moscow Rock Laboratory in DK Gorbunov.

In the mid-90s, Oleg Nesterov took up production activities (recording studios "Light", "Snegiri"). In 1996, the album "Thunderstorm in the Village" was released, after which the group went on a long vacation releasing individual songs. She left to return in May 2010, with the new album "Supertango", which was considered the most successful.

Story

1980s

In April-November 1986, at the rehearsal base, young Moscow musicians Mikhail Gabolaev and Oleg Nesterov recorded material that was later included in the debut magnetic album "Morning", published by samizdat on May 27, 1987. This date has now become the official birthday of the group. In June of the same year, the group played their first concert at the Gorbunov House of Culture at the rock laboratory festival. The performance was remarkable: “Megapolis feels confident in the mysteries of electronic magic. Their composition "Fishermen" turned out to be the most popular at the concert"(“Moskovsky Komsomolets”, June 28, 1987). The composition of the group at that time was as follows: Oleg Nesterov - guitar, vocals; Andrey Belov - bass guitar; Mikhail Alesin - drums; Alexander Suzdalev - keyboards; Arkady Martynenko - keyboards; Igor Zhigunov - percussion.

In January 1988, Megapolis enters the Stas Namin Producer Center. In February, the musicians accept the offer of the Melodiya record company to release a record based on the Morning album. The record was recorded by sound engineer German Petrov in October-December. Released in mid-1989, the album was called Poor People. On the anniversary of the creation of the ensemble, the Moskovsky Komsomolets newspaper published an article dedicated to Megapolis. The ensemble was named "purely Moscow brainchild, which could be born only here and only now".

In 1988, "Megapolis" takes part in several major festivals of the rock movement that has gained incredible popularity - "Rock for the World" (Green Theater, May), "Rock against Repression" (Dubna, September), "Rock for Democracy" (USK CSKA , December).

In 1989, the famous Muzoboza host and the director of the Vzglyad program Ivan Demidov shoots two music videos for the group "Muscovites" And "Christmas Romance". At the beginning of the year, the production company ARS arranges a number of concerts for the group throughout the country. In March, a 20-minute program dedicated to "Megapolis" is broadcast on the German radio station WDR. And in August, the musicians will make their debut abroad - at the World Music for the Head and Belly festival in Berlin, in which musicians from 32 countries of the world take part. The group participates in a joint tour of the GDR with the American band The Beatnics. In the summer period, the composition has almost completely changed. Now he looked like this: Oleg Nesterov - vocals, guitar; Mikhail Gabolaev - bass guitar; Yuri Matsenov - guitar; Andrey Nadolsky - drums; Alexander Suzdalev - keyboards; from June to November Vitaly Churilov - guitar. The same summer, the musicians are filmed in the feature film Our Man in Sanremo, presenting four of their songs and playing themselves there.

1990s

In July 1990, a new album, Motley Winds, was released at the Mosfilm studio (sound engineer - Vasily Krachkovsky). As part of the New Year's program "A", a new song was presented, which later became extremely popular "New Moscow Sirtaki"(on the verses of Voznesensky). At the end of the year, a proposal to record vocals for the song "There"(written to the verses of Brodsky, sounds performed by Oleg Nesterov on the album "Motley Winds") receives Lev Leshchenko. It was the very end of the Soviet era, and the song sounded extremely topical: "The wheat passed, leaving the coat of arms, into the herbarium ...". In 1993, director Dmitry Fix will shoot a video for this song in the spirit of the video "High"(With English- “High”) of the Cure group (earlier at the beginning of 1992, directors Mikhail Khleborodov and Sergey Kosach started filming the video, but due to lack of funds they were forced to suspend the process).

In January 1991, keyboardist Alexander Suzdalev left the group. From March to December, Mosfilm is recording the album "Women's Heart". In the same period, the project “Unborn hits for Germany” was invented and began to be implemented - the translation of popular Russian songs into German ( "Lilies of the valley", "Volga").

In February 1992, "Megapolis" went to Germany, where he performs in clubs in Cologne and Düsseldorf, and is also invited to participate in radio and television programs. In the fall, the group's songs also get on the air of Russian radio stations. In October, Dmitry Fix shoots a video for the song " Autumn-86”, using amateur footage of the carnival in Cologne. In December, drummer Andrey Nadolsky leaves the band.

Throughout 1993, Megapolis has been working on a new album, Megapolis, a contract for the publication of which is signed with the group by a German company. After participating in the Generation-93 video clip festival, the group gains many new fans, and the songs are increasingly heard on domestic radio stations. In December, the recording of the album took place at the Mosfilm tone studio. Vasily Krachkovsky again acted as sound engineer.

January 13, 1994 at the next "Generation-94" group of musicians are awarded the main prize "Golden Apple" for the video "Karl-Marx-Stadt", which soon went on the air of the German channel VIVA. Since January, the ensemble's musicians Mikhail Gabolaev and Oleg Nesterov have been working on dance remixes of their songs. This project is called "M. E. G. A. P. O. L. I. S. / NEGORO ”and is fully completed in January 1995. In February and March, there are several club shows of the so-called "NEGORO-Show", where the artists did not sing or play, but only danced to the music. In the Eurovision-94 qualifying contest, the group participates with the NEGORO version of the song "Pushkin". Dmitry Fiks shoots a low-budget video for the song using an old amateur movie camera "I am spring". On May 27, the Moscow Palace of Youth (MDM) hosts a presentation of the collector's edition of the albums "Women's Heart" and "Motley Winds" released on one disc. Finally, in August, first in Germany, and a month later in Russia, the album "Megapolis" is released. In December, drummer Alexander Filonenko and guitarist Andrey Kifiyak appear in the ensemble.

In May 1995, guitarist Yuri Matsenov left the band. In July, the shooting of the video for the song "40 Nights of the Waltz" (directed by Dmitry Fix) took place. In September, the company "Triary" together with the "Union" publishes on cassettes an album of remixes "M. E. G. A. P. O. L. I. S./NEGORO. In November, in St. Petersburg, at the Oktyabrsky Concert Hall, as part of the Musical Philosophy of the End of the 20th Century action, the group gives a solo concert.

On February 23 and 24, 1996, the group gives an acoustic concert at the Utopia club, later, in August, released on disc by Moroz Records. Dmitry Fix shoots a video "Pushkin". In June, the collection "Deus Ex Machina" was released in Europe, which included the composition "Megapolis" "1 + 1" from the album "Megapolis". In the summer, a new album is being recorded in Germany at the studio of Dieter Dirke (sound engineer - Bridget Anderhausen). In September, Dmitry Fix shoots another video for the song "Star". And then the creative association "Two Wings" makes a video sequence for the composition "Seduction". During the operation on the heart of the then President of Russia Boris Yeltsin, the musicians attract attention with their action " Get well soon, Boris Nikolaevich!" or "36.6". This clip was among the best at the Generation-97 festival. At the end of the year, the album "Thunderstorm in the Village" is released - sad and lyrical, unlike the previous creations of "Megapolis".

In 1996, the group received the Golden Gramophone Award for the song "Women's Heart".

Since the beginning of 1997 songs "Star" And "The Ballad of Wax and Honey" often sound on the air of radio stations, a video for the composition "36.6" reaches the top of the music television hit parade. In April, Dmitry Fix starts filming the film "Little Story", dedicated to the tenth anniversary of the ensemble "Megapolis". In addition to live performances, the film uses rare archival materials, clips, and interviews of the participants. In July, as part of the action dedicated to the approaching 850th anniversary of Moscow, the song "Moscow - the city of love" was recorded, which was included in the collection "Songs about Moscow". In October, a contract was signed with the Soyuz concern for the publication of a collection of the best songs, which will be released in March 1998.

Mikhail Gabolaev and Oleg Nesterov devote themselves to producing. Among the first wards are the groups Masha and the Bears, Litmus, later Underwood. In January 1998, a new guitarist Maxim Leonov appeared in the group. At the end of the year, Megapolis is working on a Russian version of Peter Seeger's composition "Where are the flowers?"("Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"), recording it in a duet with Masha Makarova. Director Roman Prygunov and cameraman Vlad Opelyants will later shoot a video for this song.

In March 1999, Nesterov, Gabolaev and Giedrius Klimkevicius founded the Bullfinch-Music company. In September, together with one of the projects "Bullfinches" - DJs "Krugozory" - the ensemble shoots a video for the song "Everything will not end old age"(director - Roman Prygunov).

2001-2016

In March 2000 Alexei Kadlubovich joined the band as a drummer. The group increasingly performs with an acoustic program, and soon deliberately refuses club concerts to the general public.

Since 1999, Oleg Nesterov has repeatedly made statements about the preparation for the recording of the group's new album, but the recording was constantly delayed. In the fall of 2003, a song with a provocative text sounded on the air of radio stations. "Smiles of love or ezhik forever" ("Hedgehog hiding between your legs"). After that, there was silence again. And on April 28, 2006, for the first time in a long time, the musicians performed in a Moscow club. Among others, a new song was performed "Winter ("Wounds on Glass")" to lyrics by Alexander Barash. A video was filmed for this song in the same 2006, and in June 2007 the long painstaking work of the Bold Design studio on a new animated video for the song was completed "Worldwide Karl-Marx-Stadt".

Supertango

During the production work, Oleg Nesterov and Mikhail Gabolaev completely changed their views on the process of creating music. The result was the album "Supertango" (2010), released by the company "Soyuz" with the participation of "Snegiri-Music". This work immediately received an award for the "best album of 2010" at the annual Stepnoy Volk festival and was recognized as the best record by the Afisha magazine. After the premiere of Supertango, Megapolis returned to active concert activity.

In 2012, the group recorded four songs from the Supertango album as a duet with Yolka. They entered the joint single "Stars, Stars".

From the life of the planets

In 2014, the release of the multi-format project “From the Life of the Planets” took place, which was based on music for real-life scenarios of unmade films of the 60s: “The Dock”, “Seven Pairs of Unclean”, “Premonition”, “Jump-jump the ceiling collapsed” . This musical dedication is presented in the form of a double album of the same name, a large-scale Internet resource, unique in its kind, created in the format (planetslife.ru), and a full-fledged musical performance. In the course of the work, the archives of the State Cinema Museum, RGALI, Gosfilmofond, RIA Novosti, personal archives were studied. Great help and support was provided by the heroes of those events: Alexander Mitta, Andrey Smirnov, Natalia Ryazantseva, Julius Fait, Sergey Solovyov, Ali Khamraev, Yuri Klepikov, German Klimov. The project became a laureate in two categories of the Steppenwolf-2014 award, topped the list of the best musical projects of the year according to Snob magazine and was shortlisted for the Snob: Made in Russia-2014 award. It was named one of the most significant cultural events of recent years. A large-scale electronic resource received the national award "Book of the Year 2015" in the category "Electronic book". For this project, the Megapolis group was nominated for the award of the magazine "" "Person of the Year-2015".

In the spring of 2016, the Megapolis group began work on a new project.

Compound

Oleg Nesterov - vocals, guitar, acoustic guitar
Mikhail Gabolaev - bass guitar
Dmitry Pavlov - electric guitar, lead guitar
Andrey Karasev - violin, keyboards
Anton Dashkin - drums (since 2011)

Former members

Andrey Belov - bass guitar (1987-1989)
Mikhail Alesin - drums (1987-1989)
Alexander Suzdalev - keyboards (1987-1991)
Arkady Martynenko - keyboards (1987)
Igor Zhigunov - percussion (1987)
Yuri Matsenov - guitar (1989-1995)
Vitaly Churilov - guitar (1989)
Andrey Nadolsky - drums (1989-1992)
Ruslan Valonen - keyboards (1991-1992)
Alexander Kosorunin - drums (1993-1994)
Alexander Filonenko - drums (1994-2000)
Andrey Kifiyak - guitar (1994-1998)
Maxim Leonov - guitar (1998-2008)
Alexey Kadlubovich - drums (2000-2011)

Discography

- Christmas tree market (pre-Megapolis)
- Morning
- poor people
- Motley breezes
- Woman's heart
- Megapolis
- Negoro
- Acoustic concert in "Utopia" (concert)
- Thunderstorm in the village
- The best
- Smiles of love or ёzhik forever (maxi-single)
- Megapolis In Love (compilation)
- Supertango
- Stars, stars (Yolka&Megapolis EP)

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Literature

A. S. Alekseev. Who's Who in Russian Rock Music. - M. : AST: Astrel: Harvest, 2009. - S. 300-302. - ISBN 978-5-17-048654-0 (AST). - ISBN 978-5-271-24160-4 (Astrel). - ISBN 978-985-16-7343-4 (Harvest).

Notes

An excerpt characterizing Megapolis (group)

- What are you crying about? I’m happy for you,” said Princess Marya, forgiving Natasha’s joy for those tears.
“It won't be anytime soon. Just think what happiness it will be when I will be his wife and you will marry Nicolas.
“Natasha, I asked you not to talk about it. We'll talk about you.
They were silent.
- But why go to Petersburg! - suddenly said Natasha, and she herself hastily answered herself: - No, no, it’s necessary ... Yes, Marie? So you need...

Seven years have passed since the 12th year. The agitated historical sea of Europe has subsided to its shores. It seemed quiet; but the mysterious forces that move mankind (mysterious because the laws governing their movement are unknown to us) continued their action.
Despite the fact that the surface of the historical sea seemed motionless, humanity moved as continuously as the movement of time. Various groups of human clutches were formed and disintegrated; the reasons for the formation and disintegration of states, the movements of peoples were prepared.
The historical sea, unlike before, was directed by gusts from one coast to another: it seethed in the depths. Historical figures, not as before, were carried in waves from one coast to another; now they seemed to circle in one place. Historical figures, who previously at the head of the troops reflected the movement of the masses with the orders of wars, campaigns, battles, now reflected the seething movement with political and diplomatic considerations, laws, treatises ...
Historians call this activity of historical persons reaction.
Describing the activities of these historical figures, who, in their opinion, were the cause of what they call reaction, historians condemn them severely. All the famous people of that time, from Alexander and Napoleon to mme Stael, Photius, Schelling, Fichte, Chateaubriand, etc., are put before their strict judgment and are justified or condemned, according to whether they contributed to progress or reaction.
In Russia, according to their description, a reaction also took place during this period of time, and the main culprit of this reaction was Alexander I - the same Alexander I, who, according to their own descriptions, was the main culprit of the liberal undertakings of his reign and the salvation of Russia.
In real Russian literature, from a schoolboy to a learned historian, there is no person who would not throw his stone at Alexander I for his wrong actions during this period of his reign.
“He should have done this and that. In this case, he did well, in this badly. He behaved well at the beginning of his reign and during the 12th year; but he acted badly, giving a constitution to Poland, creating a Holy Alliance, giving power to Arakcheev, encouraging Golitsyn and mysticism, then encouraging Shishkov and Photius. He did badly, being engaged in the front part of the army; he acted badly, cashiering the Semyonovsky regiment, etc.”
It would be necessary to fill out ten sheets in order to list all the reproaches that historians make to him on the basis of the knowledge of the good of mankind that they possess.
What do these accusations mean?
The very actions for which historians approve of Alexander I - such as: the liberal undertakings of the reign, the struggle with Napoleon, the firmness shown by him in the 12th year, and the campaign of the 13th year, do not follow from the same sources - the conditions of blood , upbringing, life, which made the personality of Alexander what it was - from which those actions follow, for which historians blame him, such as: the Holy Alliance, the restoration of Poland, the reaction of the 20s?
What is the essence of these accusations?
In the fact that such a historical person as Alexander I is, a person who stood at the highest possible level of human power, as if in the focus of the blinding light of all the historical rays concentrating on him; a person who was subject to those strongest influences in the world of intrigue, deceit, flattery, self-delusion, which are inseparable from power; a person who felt on himself, every minute of his life, responsibility for everything that happened in Europe, and a person not invented, but living, like every person, with his personal habits, passions, aspirations for goodness, beauty, truth - that this person , fifty years ago, not only was it not virtuous (historians do not reproach for this), but did not have those views on the good of mankind that a professor now has, who is engaged in science from a young age, that is, reading books, lectures and copying these books and lectures in one notebook.
But even if we assume that Alexander I was mistaken fifty years ago in his view of what is the good of the peoples, we must involuntarily assume that the historian who judges Alexander will, in the same way, after some time have passed, turn out to be unjust in his view of the fact that which is the good of mankind. This assumption is all the more natural and necessary because, following the development of history, we see that every year, with every new writer, the view of what is the good of mankind changes; so that what seemed good ten years later seems to be evil; and vice versa. Moreover, at the same time we find in history completely opposite views on what was evil and what was good: some of the constitution and the Holy Alliance given to Poland are credited, others reproach Alexander.
It is impossible to say about the activity of Alexander and Napoleon that it was useful or harmful, because we cannot say for what it is useful and for what it is harmful. If someone does not like this activity, then he does not like it only because it does not coincide with his limited understanding of what is good. Whether the preservation of my father's house in Moscow in the 12th year, or the glory of the Russian troops, or the prosperity of St. Petersburg and other universities, or the freedom of Poland, or the power of Russia, or the balance of Europe, or a certain kind of European enlightenment - progress, I must admit that the activity of every historical person had, in addition to these goals, other goals that were more general and inaccessible to me.
But let us suppose that so-called science has the possibility of reconciling all contradictions and has an invariable measure of good and bad for historical persons and events.
Let us assume that Alexander could have done everything differently. Let us assume that he could, at the behest of those who accuse him, those who profess the knowledge of the ultimate goal of the movement of mankind, dispose of according to the program of nationality, freedom, equality and progress (there seems to be no other) that the present accusers would give him. Let us assume that this program would have been possible and drawn up, and that Alexander would have acted according to it. What would have happened then to the activities of all those people who opposed the then direction of the government - to the activities that, according to historians, are good and useful? This activity would not exist; there would be no life; there would be nothing.
If we assume that human life can be controlled by reason, then the possibility of life will be destroyed.

If one assumes, as historians do, that great men lead mankind to certain goals, which are either the greatness of Russia or France, or the equilibrium of Europe, or the spreading of the ideas of the revolution, or general progress, or whatever it is, it is impossible to explain the phenomena of history without the concepts of chance and genius.
If the goal of the European wars of the beginning of this century was the greatness of Russia, then this goal could be achieved without all the previous wars and without invasion. If the goal is the greatness of France, then this goal could be achieved without a revolution, and without an empire. If the goal is to spread ideas, then printing would do it much better than soldiers. If the goal is the progress of civilization, then it is quite easy to assume that, in addition to the destruction of people and their wealth, there are other more expedient ways for the spread of civilization.
Why did it happen this way and not otherwise?
Because that's how it happened. “Chance made the situation; genius took advantage of it,” says history.
But what is a case? What is a genius?
The words chance and genius do not designate anything really existing and therefore cannot be defined. These words only denote a certain degree of understanding of phenomena. I don't know why such a phenomenon occurs; I think I can't know; therefore I do not want to know and I say: chance. I see a force producing an action disproportionate to universal human properties; I don’t understand why this is happening, and I say: genius.
For a herd of rams, that ram, which every evening is driven off by a shepherd into a special stall to feed and becomes twice as thick as the others, must seem like a genius. And the fact that every evening this very ram ends up not in a common sheepfold, but in a special stall for oats, and that this very same ram, drenched in fat, is killed for meat, must seem like an amazing combination of genius with a whole series of extraordinary accidents. .
But sheep need only stop thinking that everything that is done to them is only to achieve their sheep goals; it is worth admitting that the events happening to them may have goals that are incomprehensible to them - and they will immediately see unity, consistency in what happens to the fattened ram. If they do not know for what purpose he was fattening, then at least they will know that everything that happened to the ram did not happen by accident, and they will no longer need the concept of either chance or genius.
Only by renouncing the knowledge of a close, understandable goal and recognizing that the ultimate goal is inaccessible to us, we will see consistency and expediency in the life of historical figures; we will discover the reason for the action that they produce, disproportionate to universal human properties, and we will not need the words chance and genius.
One has only to admit that the purpose of the unrest of the European peoples is unknown to us, and only the facts are known, consisting in murders, first in France, then in Italy, in Africa, in Prussia, in Austria, in Spain, in Russia, and that movements from the west to east and from east to west constitute the essence and purpose of these events, and not only will we not need to see the exclusivity and genius in the characters of Napoleon and Alexander, but it will be impossible to imagine these faces otherwise than as the same people as everyone else; and not only will it not be necessary to explain by chance those small events that made these people what they were, but it will be clear that all these small events were necessary.
Having renounced the knowledge of the ultimate goal, we will clearly understand that just as it is impossible to invent for any plant other colors and seeds more appropriate to it than those that it produces, in the same way it is impossible to invent two other people, with everything their past, which would correspond to such an extent, to such smallest details, to the appointment that they were supposed to fulfill.

The basic, essential meaning of the European events at the beginning of this century is the militant movement of the masses of the European peoples from west to east and then from east to west. The first instigator of this movement was the movement from west to east. In order for the peoples of the West to be able to make that militant movement to Moscow, which they did, it was necessary: 1) that they should be formed into a militant group of such a size that would be able to endure a clash with the militant group of the East; 2) that they renounce all established traditions and habits, and 3) that, in making their militant movement, they should have at their head a man who, both for himself and for them, could justify the deceptions, robberies and murders that accompanied this movement.
And since the French Revolution, the old, insufficiently great group has been destroyed; old habits and traditions are destroyed; step by step, a group of new dimensions, new habits and traditions are worked out, and that person is being prepared who must stand at the head of the future movement and bear all the responsibility of those who have to be accomplished.
A man without convictions, without habits, without traditions, without a name, not even a Frenchman, by the most strange accidents, it seems, moves between all the parties that excite France and, without sticking to any of them, is brought to a conspicuous place.
The ignorance of his comrades, the weakness and insignificance of opponents, the sincerity of lies and the brilliant and self-confident narrow-mindedness of this man put him at the head of the army. The brilliant composition of the soldiers of the Italian army, the unwillingness to fight opponents, childish audacity and self-confidence gain him military glory. An innumerable number of so-called accidents accompanies him everywhere. The disfavor into which he falls with the rulers of France serves him well. His attempts to change the path destined for him fail: he is not accepted for service in Russia, and his assignment to Turkey fails. During the wars in Italy, he is several times on the verge of death and each time he is saved in an unexpected way. Russian troops, the very ones that can destroy his glory, for various diplomatic reasons, do not enter Europe as long as he is there.
On his return from Italy, he finds the government in Paris in the process of decay, in which people who fall into this government are inevitably erased and destroyed. And by itself for him is a way out of this dangerous situation, consisting in a senseless, causeless expedition to Africa. Again, the same so-called accidents accompany him. Impregnable Malta surrenders without a shot being fired; the most careless orders are crowned with success. The enemy fleet, which will not let a single boat through after, lets the whole army through. In Africa, a whole series of atrocities is committed against almost unarmed inhabitants. And the people who commit these atrocities, and especially their leader, assure themselves that this is wonderful, that this is glory, that this is similar to Caesar and Alexander the Great, and that this is good.
That ideal of glory and greatness, which consists in not only considering nothing bad for oneself, but taking pride in every one of one's crimes, attributing to it an incomprehensible supernatural significance - this ideal, which should guide this person and people associated with him, is being developed in the open space in Africa. Everything he does, he succeeds. The plague doesn't get to him. The cruelty of killing prisoners is not blamed on him. His childishly careless, causeless and ignoble departure from Africa, from comrades in trouble, is credited to him, and again the enemy fleet misses him twice. While he, already completely intoxicated by the happy crimes he had committed, and ready for his role, came to Paris without any purpose, that decay of the republican government, which could have ruined him a year ago, now reached an extreme degree, and the presence of his fresh from the parties of man, now only can exalt him.

New forms of urbanization - megacities, which are the result of the merger of agglomerations within territories, neighboring regions, zones, countries.

In science, there has not yet been a clear opinion about what comes first - the world community or the actual megacities. For example, one of the prominent researchers in the problems of urbanization and the city, the French scientist F. Braudel, analyzing the features and problems of urban development, wrote that cities and money gave birth to the modern world, being both an engine and an indicator of development, cause changes and point to them, but they are also their consequence.

The process of formation of the study of megacities falls on the beginning of the second half of the 20th century. At this time, the book by J. Gottman "Megapolis" was published in 1960, megacities from a rather heterogeneous and quantitatively significant category of large and largest cities were singled out and clearly defined into an independent group. They have become a kind of indicator of the latest stage of urbanization and urban development. Some megacities, as world development experience shows, have the features and properties of global cities, or world centers, which have a huge impact on world processes in the economy, politics, culture, and on the organization of the entire human community.

So what is a metropolis?

A metropolis, or megalopolis, is the largest and most complex form of settlement, formed by the merging of several urban agglomerations as a result of further concentration of production and population mainly along transport corridors. Its name comes from the Greek. “megamlu” is the genitive case from “memgas” - “big” and “pomlis” - “city” (in ancient Greece there was the city of Megalopolis, which arose from the merger of more than 35 settlements). Megacities, like agglomerations, are not entirely built-up areas (almost 9/10 of their areas are open spaces, and development is carried out mainly along transport routes), but are characterized by a very high concentration of population within vast spaces. As a rule, megacities are elongated along one axis. The largest cities in the world - megacities - in a concentrated form reflect the level of socio-economic development in their countries. This is especially noticeable in the largest cities - the capitals of developed countries. Being centers of economic and political influence at the national and international levels, these cities simultaneously have a powerful impact on the territories adjacent to them and the nearest small towns and settlements.

The most common criteria (characteristics) of a global city (metropolis) include:

the size of the city (its key indicator is the population, and the second is the territory, but only taking into account the large population);
· global role as a business and financial center (presence in the city of organizational structures representing the city in the world economy, for example, the presence of large international exchanges);
· the development of the service sector (the share of services in the city's GDP; a wide variety of types of services);
· global importance as an information center (for example, through access to all possible types of information);
· the leading role as a national and world political center (estimated by, for example, the concentration of international governmental organizations);
· the presence of international organizations and the importance of the city in terms of the implementation of international functions;
· concentration of headquarters of multinational companies and offices of their largest branches;
· role as a center of national and world trade (concentration of consumption of goods and services, both luxury goods and consumer goods);
· the role of an important center of highly skilled activities;
· outstanding value as the center of culture and art;
· the role of a major international transport hub; the presence of problems of intracity transport;
· Increasing social and economic disparities between major population groups.

Large urban settlements have complex and often blurred administrative-territorial boundaries. In modern economic literature, the following territorial zones of the city are distinguished:

1) The central part is the center for the placement of higher management bodies and business.
2) The inner part - the territory of urban development adjacent to the center.
3) Outer part - the territory of the city within its administrative boundaries, excluding the central and inner parts.