Developed countries and developing countries: features and problems. Developed countries of foreign Europe The most developed countries in economic terms

To date, the list of developing countries consists of 150 states and territories. They occupy most of the land. Many of them were independent even before World War II. However, I would like to consider this topic in all its details.

First group of states

In those days, when there was still a division into capitalist and socialist systems, developing countries were called the "third world". Now they are very heterogeneous. And because of their diversity, it is very difficult to build any typology. Nevertheless, a certain classification exists.

The first group includes the so-called key states. These are Mexico, China, as well as Brazil and India. They are included in the list of developing countries because they have huge economic, human and natural potential. These four states produce as much industrial output as all the others put together. But in terms of GDP, everything is bad. In India, $350 per capita is less than 23,000 rubles.

Higher level

The second group includes states that have also reached a relatively good level of economic and social development, but only with a GDP of more than a thousand dollars. Most of these countries are in Latin America. These are Venezuela, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina and many other states. There are also countries with a similar level in North Africa and Asia.

But this is not all developing countries. The list of states includes only six groups. The third includes industrial territories. These are the countries that made the jump in the 80s and 90s. And the growth has been amazing. The states were even given the nickname "Asian tigers". And based on such an original name, you can guess which countries these are. These include Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong (an administrative region in China) and Taiwan. Also in the list of developing countries of the second group includes Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.

Remaining list

The fourth group, which is included in the list of developing countries, is formed from those states that are engaged in oil exports. Thanks to this resource, GDP per capita can vary from 10 to 20 thousand dollars. Naturally, the list includes Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, and also Brunei, Libya, etc.

The largest group is the fifth. It is made up of the "classic" developing countries of the world. The list contains the names of states with a multi-structural backward economy and feudal remnants. Per capita GDP is less than $1,000 per year. Most of the countries in this group are in Asia, Latin America and Africa.

And finally, the last category. It is formed by 40 states belonging to the so-called fourth world. That is, those territories where agriculture predominates, and consumer agriculture at that. In such countries, there is practically no manufacturing industry and about 2/3 of the inhabitants are illiterate. GDP is 100-300 dollars a year (!). And that is a very good indicator. So, for example, in Mozambique, the GDP is 20 cents a day!

minimum wage

Of course, the developing countries of the world, the list of which is quite impressive, are of particular interest from the political and economic points of view. But most ordinary citizens want to know about salary levels.

If you believe the statistics for 2015, published by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, it is best to live in Luxembourg. There, the minimum wage is $2,190. This is a little more than 143,000 rubles. In second place is Australia with $2,159. This is approximately 141,000 rubles.

Germany is in third place. In the former Germany, the minimum wages are $1,958, which is 128,000 rubles. Following in the ranking are the Netherlands with a minimum wage of $ 1848, which is equal to 120,700 rubles. In the next place is Belgium with $1,776. This is about 116,000 rubles.

The lowest minimum wage rates in Europe are in Romania and Bulgaria. The minimum you can count on here is 230.4 and 195 dollars, respectively (15,000 and 12,700 rubles). But even this is twice as much as in Russia. And even more so in Ukraine, where the monthly minimum wage is $53.7 (3,480 rubles). In general, the states that occupy the first lines in the ratings of the minimum wage are the key developing countries. The list is actually longer - you can read it individually.

World Economy Leaders

Well, in the end - a few words about the states that can boast of a really high standard of living and economy. Developed and developing countries, the list of which is quite wide, make up our entire world. But only the first of these produce ¾ of the gross world product. But only 15-16% of the population of the entire planet lives in developed countries. But it is they who, one might say, hold the entire economy on their shoulders.

These are the USA, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, Finland and several dozen more states. But, despite their status, salaries in many "leading" countries do not please local residents. In the same Greece, mentioned in the list, the minimum wage is 580 € (40,200 rubles). However, it is still more than in Russia.

A group of independent countries of the modern world, characterized by a high level of economic and social development, high values ​​of macroeconomic indicators (primarily GDP per capita). Almost all of these countries have already entered the period ... Geographic Encyclopedia

Countries that ensure the development of the economy based on the accumulation of a large amount of technically advanced fixed capital and the availability of a highly skilled workforce. Industrialized countries countries with high per capita income ... ... Financial vocabulary

- (LDC) the official term used within the UN. These states have a very low standard of living, the economy is very weak, people and resources are exposed to the elements. The least developed countries are highlighted in blue Inclusion in the group ... ... Wikipedia

- (industrial countries) Countries in whose GDP and exports a large share is occupied by industrial production. The list of countries that can be considered industrialized is constantly changing. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses this... ... Economic dictionary

According to the UN classification of countries: low-income; with long-term barriers to economic growth; with an insufficient level of development of human resources; and with serious shortcomings in the structure of the economy. See also: Metrics for… … Financial vocabulary

- (least developed countries) The poorest countries in the world. At the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1971, countries with very low ... ... Economic dictionary

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (LDCs)- States that meet the criteria adopted by the UN General Assembly. The number of LDCs is changing. In 1984 there were 36 of them with a total population of 300 million people, in 1995 there were 47 (more than 2/3 were African countries, the rest of Asia, Oceania and the Caribbean ... Legal Encyclopedia

INDUSTRIALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES- countries that ensure the development of the economy on the basis of the accumulated large volume of technically advanced capital and the availability of a highly skilled workforce. These include the USA, Canada, Japan, most Western European countries… Legal Encyclopedia

- (LDC) according to the criteria adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1971, those states whose gross national product (GNP) per capita does not exceed 100 US dollars (in 1970 prices), the share of manufacturing in GNP is not more than ... ... Law Dictionary

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USERS OF THE PREFERENCE SCHEME- the least developed countries listed in Appendix 4 to the order of the State Customs Committee of April 26, 1996 No. 258. In respect of goods imported into the customs territory of the Russian Federation and originating from these countries, customs duties are not applied. List of least developed… Encyclopedia of Russian and International Taxation

Books

• Countries of the world. Encyclopedia, . There are a huge number of countries on our planet: republics, kingdoms, principalities, commonwealths, and so on. Big and small, developed and not very developed, aggressive, neutral and friendly - all…
• Developed countries: centers and peripheries. Experience of regional economic policy, Khasbulatov Omar Ruslanovich. The author of the monograph explores the theoretical and practical issues of regional economic policy in the developed countries of the world - the EU, the USA, Canada and a number of others. The process of evolution of this…

How to identify countries with a strong economy among the huge number of countries in the world? To identify highly developed countries, let's pay attention to the ratings - the results of comparative studies made by international experts and organizations to rank countries according to various indicators. Every year, studies are published showing which country has risen to the TOP, which has fallen. Consider the main indicators that determine which countries in 2019 became the most influential in the economic field, have the highest standard of living, prosperity and freedom.

Level of economic development

The level of economic development assesses the efficiency and maturity of the country's economy. It is not for nothing that only countries with a high level of economic development are included in the group of developed countries, while the rest are called developing. This level is determined by various ratings.

Country ranking by GDP

The key indicator is the level of gross domestic product (GDP). This is the name of the total value of goods, services and other results of the activities of enterprises, firms, companies, institutions, organizations, individuals. This is the result of the work of all residents of the country in question during the year. It is calculated in two ways. The first is when all the income received during the year is added up: interest, profit, salary, and so on. The second is when expenses are summed up (government purchases, investments, consumption, export minus imports). The official source of such information is the World Bank database. The statistics are updated every year and published in autumn. The indicator is also kept by the International Monetary Fund and the UN.

The backbone of the world's GDP is produced by only a few countries, mostly large in territory and population.

If all goods and services produced in monetary terms (GDP) is an absolute value, then by comparing the gross domestic product with the population, we get a relative indicator indicating the well-being of citizens.

According to the World Bank and the IMF, the United States of America has the best GDP indicators. Based on countries, the first places in this indicator are occupied by:

The presented table with indicators is an actual value that does not take into account the difference in prices for homogeneous goods and services. As a consequence of this omission, the GDP of developed countries is often overstated, while that of developing countries is lower.

Since purchasing power parity is more important, as it gives an idea of ​​the quality of life in the countries of the world, another rating based on PPP is more credible.

According to the International Bank, the level of GDP at PPP for the countries of the world is:

The International Bank evaluates all the economies of the world with the exception of Syria (due to active hostilities), Somalia (since the state actually broke up into several separate parts) and Venezuela (domestic politics is extremely closed, it is impossible to accurately assess the level of GDP by PPP).

economic freedom

The most important indicator of a country's development is the level (or index) of economic freedom. Since 1995, it has been defined by the American research center "Heritage Foundation" and published annually on its website and in the Wall Street Journal.

Based on the theories of Adam Smith, experts at the Heritage Foundation define economic freedom as the level of non-intervention by the state in the process of production, distribution and consumption, except in situations where it is necessary to protect citizens.

The index is calculated according to the arithmetic mean of ten criteria of freedom - property, absence of corruption, the government's share in regulating the economy, freedom of trade, investment, labor, entrepreneurship, monetary, fiscal, financial. For each of them, an evaluation scale is developed from 0 to 100 points, which are summed up as a result. The higher the score, the higher the level of economic freedom.

Thus, Hong Kong, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland and Switzerland are considered countries with a free economy (from 80 points and above) in 2019.

As for the countries of the former USSR, in most cases the level of economic freedom in them is weak. Most states are characterized by the active influence of the state on all spheres of life, which often creates some inconvenience and hinders the free development of the economy.

As an example, here are data from 2 studies conducted in 2016 and 2019 for comparison:

Prosperity Rating

The economic achievements of the countries of the world are also measured by the level of prosperity. This indicator is offered by the English analytical center Legatum Institute. He has been calculating it since 2006. This index is determined by the level of social well-being of countries in the field of economic development, entrepreneurship, governance, health, security, education, personal freedoms and social capital. Each of the eight criteria is calculated on the basis of statistical research by the United Nations, the World Bank, sociological data from the Gallup Institute and other authoritative centers. According to the results of comparative studies, a rating of states is published annually. In 2019, such results were published for 142 countries of the world.

Norway, Switzerland, Denmark, New Zealand, Sweden, Canada, Australia, and the Netherlands have the best indicators on the prosperity index.

Other indicators

There are other indicators by which the rating of a country's economic development is measured. This is the level of GDP per capita. It is not considered a strict characteristic, but is considered an important indicator.

Recent studies of the level of GDP per capita (nominal) according to World Bank estimates show the following results:

A more accurate characteristic is the level of the same indicator in terms of parity (the ratio of several currencies) per capita purchasing power to a certain set of services or goods.

Here the first places are occupied by:

The Human Development Index, which has been published in the reports of the United Nations Development Program since 1990, is another traditional comparative indicator of living standards and the economy. Norway, Australia, Switzerland, Netherlands, USA, Germany, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, Denmark have a very high human development rating, according to the latest 2014 report.

Based on all these indicators, the world's strongest and most efficient economies for 2019 are:

2. Hong Kong

3. Australia

4. Germany

5. Switzerland

7. Netherlands

8. New Zealand

9. Singapore

10. Japan

Corruption Perceptions Index

Since 1996, the rating of the level of corruption has been recognized as the most important indicator of the state of the country's economy. The official name is the Corruption Perceptions Index. It was introduced by the international non-governmental organization Transparency International. It takes into account how widespread corruption is in the public sector. This ranking is calculated by analyzing surveys and statistical data. Corruption in the framework of the study refers to any extraction of personal gain through abuse of office.

Interestingly, the study is not based on the statistics of criminal cases or sentences, but on the opinion of those who suffer from corruption or study this phenomenon.

To determine this index, we developed a scale from zero to one hundred, where 0 means the maximum level of corruption, and 100 - its absence. Although the methodology by which the rating is determined is the object of criticism, in general it is recognized by experts as relatively reliable.

The most difficult situation with corruption is observed in the following countries:

Credit ratings

The economic "health" of the country is also assessed by financial or credit ratings. They are calculated taking into account the financial history of the state, the size of its property and the ability and desire to pay debts. Such an index is needed in order to make it clear to potential creditors or investors how safe it is to deal with the country. Financial ratings are assessed by international agencies. Moody's, Standard and Poor's and Fitch have the most serious reputation. They work all over the world and help to distinguish reliable partners from unreliable ones. Each of them has its own naming system, but in general, countries with a high degree of obligation are designated by the letter A, medium and lower - Ba, risky - B, high risk and close to default - C.

Index with a "human face"

The last few years have demonstrated the importance of such an indicator of economic development as social progress. The previous indicators corresponded to economic theories, but they did not show how the growth of the economy affects people's lives. Therefore, in 2013, the Social Progress Index was developed as an alternative to economic indicators. Its author is Harvard University professor Michael Porter. This rating is calculated based on the analysis of sociological survey data, expert opinions and statistical information from international organizations. Determining the achievements of each country in this area, the researchers took into account more than fifty factors.

1. This is the satisfaction of basic needs - food, water and medical care, housing, a degree.
2. Then the fundamental foundations of well-being are taken into account - access to education and information, the level of literacy and communication.
3. And, finally, development opportunities are analyzed - the level of protection of civil and political rights and self-realization is determined.

From the results of the studies we analyzed, it is clear that there is a direct relationship between economic freedom, financial security, standard of living, and social progress. Countries such as New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Norway, the Netherlands are leading among those who provide their citizens with dignity and at the same time respect civil and political rights, and also pay their bills honestly. Little Asian "tigers": Singapore or Hong Kong, as well as oil "millionaires" (UAE, Qatar) are "ahead of the rest" in terms of economic freedom and per capita income. But countries with a strong and efficient economy - the USA, China, Japan, Great Britain, Germany - are distributed in different positions in the ranking, because. far from always being able to provide the people living there with a high level of income and opportunities for development.

Developing or third world countries characterized by a low level of socio-economic development. Despite their number, vast territory and population (80% of the world's population), they account for less than a third.

The main features of a developing country are:

• Colonial or semi-colonial past
• Agrarian-raw material orientation of the economy
• Diversified economy: pre-industrial type of production is adjacent to industrial and post-industrial
• The heterogeneity of the social structure of society
• Low quality workforce
• social tension
• Dependence on countries with developed market economies, especially on foreign loans

List of developing countries

Developing countries mainly include countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The most advanced in the economic sense are new industrial countries(NIS), which have achieved high growth rates (more than 7% per year) through the effective use of national competitive advantages (surplus of cheap labor, geographical location) and purposeful restructuring of the economy in favor of knowledge-intensive technologies and services.

• First wave: Hong Kong (Hong Kong), South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan;
• Second generation: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Thailand, India, Chile;
• Third generation: Cyprus, Tunisia, Türkiye, Indonesia;
• Fourth generation: Philippines, south of China;

Oil producing countries

Oil-producing countries are primarily member countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (). Due to the export of oil, they have a level comparable with developed countries. The one-sidedness of economic development does not allow them to be classified as developed countries.

Least developed countries

50 countries in Africa, Oceania, Latin America. They have an extremely backward patriarchal economy, which is characterized by low GDP per capita (less than $350). The share of the manufacturing industry in is less than 10%. Adult literacy does not exceed 20%.

The main economic strategies of developing countries are: the nationalization of resources seized by foreign capital, industrialization and sectoral diversification of the economy, protectionism, an overvalued exchange rate, import substitution and the development of export-oriented industries. The idea of ​​collective self-reliance presupposes the regional integration of developing countries.

The United States has the most developed economy in the world. China, Japan and Germany follow.

Each individual country has its own economic policy, which inherently has both strengths and weaknesses. If the state is rich in minerals, then most often the economy is built on the export of resources, which weakens the production component.

10 largest world economies in 2018

USA

The most stable economy in the world belongs to the United States, it has held its leading position for more than 100 years. A comprehensively developed economic policy is based on the banking system, the largest stock exchange, advanced IT technologies and agriculture, which is not devoid of innovative solutions and progress.

America, thanks to its significant coverage of fields of activity and advanced technologies in them, has great influence in the world and enjoys it.

The dollar has been a world currency for many years and is quoted in all countries. for 2019 amounted to 20.494 trillion dollars, which makes it possible to understand: why the US economy is the first, leading the ranking.

China

The fastest growing economy, which can soon displace America and move it from its leading position in the TOP of the largest economies in the world. In China, industry, agriculture and technology are actively growing. The automotive market is larger than the American and Japanese combined.

Chinese clothing and technology enter the markets of most countries, exports are very developed in all directions. China provides food for 1/5 of the world's population, while using only 9% of the land intended for agriculture.

Annual GDP growth is 10%, which gives America cause for concern. represented in the TOP economies of the world in the face of China, as the strongest and most developed power, the rest of Asia has weaker performance.

Despite the crisis that Europe has been experiencing in recent years, it is still on its feet steadily and provides itself with an annual increase in GDP, which at the moment has amounted to 3.996 trillion dollars.

Great Britain

The economy of Western Europe in the face of the participating countries presents a blurry picture, but the undisputed leader is, which was included in the overall rating for all countries of the planet. The country is poor in natural resources, so its economic policy is based on services, industry and tourism.

In terms of industry, the leaders are the following areas: aviation and pharmaceuticals, as well as the automotive and textile industries. The UK attracts investment infusions from business representatives of other countries with its liberal banking policy, which allows money laundering to take place.

But in 2018, the country leaves the composition, and experts find it difficult to guess: what damage will this bring to the state's economy and how its position in the world will change.

Which can be found on our website.

France

The economic position of the country has been achieved thanks to the industrial-agrarian policy. At the expense of agriculture, France provides EU countries with products, ¼ of all supplies fall to the share of this state.

The best performance in terms of attendance of the country was achieved largely thanks to the Eiffel Tower, its recognizability and the atmosphere of romance associated with it.

But having a high attendance of the country, tourism does not come up. The fact is that the funds left by tourists in the country have a smaller volume compared to America, this is due to the fact that tourists in France do not linger, but when they see the main attraction, they leave for neighboring countries. The GDP of France at the moment is 2.777 trillion US dollars.

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