IN Polish language the peculiarity of addressing someone is not only in the use of words Pan, Pani, Pań stwo, Panowie, Panie. If we call a person, for example, by name or profession, then this word must be used in a certain form - the vocative case.
Once upon a time, this case existed in the Russian language, but over time it was lost. By the way, now in colloquial speech among Poles, it also often disappears: instead of the vocative case, the nominative case is used. But this does not mean that you can not adhere to the rules of the literary language. The vocative case has no questions, since it is a special form of address and is used in greetings and farewells, in letters, requests, advice, and emotional exclamations. As in Russian, in writing, addresses are always separated by commas.
Forms of the vocative case
For all neuter words, the forms of the vocative case are identical to the nominative case. And they exist only hypothetically (the so-called potential forms), because people, as a rule, do not turn to inanimate objects. In the plural, the forms of the vocative case in all three genders are also equal to the forms of the nominative case. But in the singular in words of the feminine and masculine gender the picture is different.
Ending — e have masculine nouns whose stem ends in a hard consonant ( b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z), except k, g, ch. For example:
Pan-panie!(man);
Profesor-professorze!(Professor);
Naród-narodzie! (people);
Jan-Janie!(Ian)
In this case, the hard consonant is softened with the help of the letter i or alternates with another sound, as in the formation of forms: ł > l, r > rz, t > ci, d > dzi, st > ści, sł > śl, zd > ździ.
Ending — u we write in masculine nouns with a soft stem ( ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l) or hardened consonant (sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż, s) +k, g, ch:
Mąż-mężu!(husband);
Tomek-Tomku!(Tomek);
Tadeusz-Tadeuszu!(Tadeusz);
Kraj-kraju!(a country);
Koń-koniu! (horse);
Nauczyciel-nauczycielu!(teacher).
Attention! If the word ends in — ek, then the vowel e in the vocative case it “falls out” (this is the so-called fluent sound).
And also in feminine words — a, the stem of which ends in a soft consonant, including in diminutive forms of the name:
Babcia— babciu! (grandmother);
Kasia— Kasiu!(Kate);
Martusia— Martusiu! (Martochka).
Ending — o we write in feminine and masculine words that in the nominative case end in -A (-ia/- ja) and at the same time have a hard final consonant at the base (+ k, g, ch). For example:
Tata-tato!(dad);
Mężczyzna-mężczyzno!(man);
Mama-mamo!(Mother);
Polska-Polsko!(Poland);
Wiktoria-Wiktorio!(Victoria);
Maria— Mario! (Maria);
Beata— Beato! (Beate).
Ending — i have feminine nouns that in the nominative case end in - i, as well as a consonant (mainly a soft one). For example:
Pani— pani! (woman);
Gospodyni-gospodyni!(hostess);
Radość-radości!(joy);
Krew-krwi! (blood);
Przyjaźń-przyjaźni!(friendship).
Ending — y We write in feminine words that in the nominative case end in a hardened consonant:
Noc— nocy! (night);
Mysz— myszy! (mouse);
Moc— mocy! (power, strength);
Mał ogoszcz— Mał ogoszczy! (Malogoshch);
Wesz— wszy! (louse).
Please note that adjectives, pronouns and numerals that agree with a noun used in the vocative case always remain in the nominative case. In addition, there are no special forms of the vocative case for feminine and male surnames: Pani Kozłowska! Panie Wałęsa! At the same time the words Pan/ Pani are in the vocative case.
Exceptions:
Bó g— Boż e! (God);
Dziad-dziad!(grandfather, ancestor);
Lud-ludu!(people);
Dom-domu!(house);
Syn-synu!(son);
Ksią dz— księż e! (priest);
Gołą b— gołę biu! (pigeon);
Jastrzą b— jastrzę biu! (hawk);
Paw— pawiu! (peacock);
Nó w— nowiu! (new moon);
Chł opiec— chł opcze! (boy, guy);
Gł upiec— gł upcze! (fool);
Starzec— starcze! (elder);
Ojciec— ojcze! (father).
ABOUT steel nouns on — ec tend to follow the same pattern.
Remember one feature! If the title (indication of position or profession) refers to a woman, then the name of this title remains in the nominative case:
Panie profesorze/Pani profesor(Professor);
Panie redaktorze/Pani redaktor(editor);
Panie doktorze/Pani doktor(doctor, doctor);
Panie prezydencie/Pani prezydent(the president).
This lesson is a sketch of modern speech etiquette in the Polish language. You will become familiar with the basic rules and formulas of speech etiquette and learn how to behave in different communicative situations. After this lesson you will be able to speak like real Poles.
How to be polite in Polish?
When starting to learn a foreign language, you may encounter some obstacles - phonetic or grammatical barriers. But language is not limited to grammar or pronunciation. Language is something more. Language is part of culture, the key to understanding it. At the same time, culture is part of the language and without knowledge of cultural characteristics it is impossible to master a foreign language well. In this case, cultural characteristics include speech (language) etiquette.
This linguistic and cultural information is extremely important for students foreign language, this is where the learning process begins. But mastering this information is not always easy, because some norms may differ from the norms of your language. And it is often difficult even for a native speaker to behave correctly in a given situation. The difficulty in mastering the science of politeness was noted by Adam Mickiewicz - “Grzeczność nie jest nauką łatwą ani małą” (“Politeness is not an easy or small science”).
In one of ours we already talked about phrases of greeting, farewell, request or gratitude. Now let's talk about specific communication situations.
Appeal
The formulas of speech etiquette are, first of all, determined by the listener (receiver of information), his social or professional status, but can also depend on the position of the speaker and on the communicative situation itself.
A standard situation that everyone faces every day is turning to strangers. Here we use what is already familiar to you pan/pani, państwo (proszę Pana, proszę Pani, proszę Państwa) . Do not forget that the appeal to you (in the Russian version) is built according to the scheme pan/pani + verb in 3 l. units(państwo + 3 l. plural).
Contact people you know with whom you are close at a social distance, but not at You, costs with universal pan/pani and the person's full name in the vocative case. For example, Panie Piotrze, Panie Maksymie, Pani Magdo. Contact with help pan/pani and a name in a diminutive form can only be addressed to people with whom you are at a minimum social distance and who are younger than you or equal in age. For example, Pani Zosiu, Pani Marysiu, Panie Piotrusiu.
Address politely wy to one person y, as in the Russian-speaking environment, it is absent; appeal to ty to everyone ,
extremely unacceptable - ty you can contact people very close to you; Addressing using the scheme pan/pani + surname, which is popular in the German-speaking world, has a negative connotation and is not recommended for use.
It is quite popular to refer to someone on a professional basis. It is built according to the scheme pan/pani + profession/title (in the vocative case). For example:
- Panie Profesorze / Pani Profesor
- Panie Rektorze/Pani Rektor
- Panie Redaktorze/Pani Redaktor
- Panie Doktorze/Pani Doktor
- Panie Premierze/Pani Premier
- Panie Prezydencie/Pani Prezydent
- Panie Ambasadorze/Pani Ambasador
Please note that if the title is borne by a woman, then the name of the title remains in the nominative case - the gender indicator is the word pani.
It is worth mentioning separately about religious speech etiquette. When addressing a clergyman, you can use a neutral greeting Dzień dobry , or use an exclusively religious greeting Niech będzie pochwalony Jezus Chrystus (or shorter: Niech będzie pochwalony ). You should contact a priest Księże , and in an official setting Wasza Ekscelencjo(Your Excellency).
Vocative case
We've met many times vocative case (), let's now talk about it in more detail.
The vocative case (Wołacz) is the seventh case of the Polish declension system. It has no questions, since it is a special form of a noun used for address.
WYJATEK:
- Bóg - Boże!
- chłopiec - chłopcze!
- ojciec - ojcze!
- Ksiądz - Księże!
In the plural, the form of the vocative case fully corresponds to the nominative case. ( panowie!, bracia!, dzieci!, kobiety!)
Please also note that in case of design pan+ (name or position) both words are used in the vocative case - Panie Piotrze!, Panie profesorze!, and in the case of the design pan+(surname) in the vocative case only the word is used pan - panie Kowalski. Adjectives in both numbers always correspond to the nominative case.
Function of the vocative case
Performs the call function:
- when greeting and goodbye
Cześć, Adamie!
Do widzenia, panie profesorze!
- in requests and advice
Pani Marto, proszę zamknąć window.
Panie prezydencie, proszę o komentarz.
- in letters
Szanowny Panie Dyrektorze!
Drodzy rodzice!
- in questions
Panie Marku, why not pan ma?
- in gratitude
Dziękuję za pomoc, panie doktorze!
- when transmitting information
Tato, telephone do ciebie!
Bądź ciszej, Grażynko!
- in emotional terms
Boże! What's next?
Co ty robisz, idioto?(negative)
A little history and modernity
The norms of speech etiquette change along with the language throughout the entire period of its development. In particular, this concerns formulas of polite address, so in Polish the following line can be traced: from long and complex Wasz Mość Moja Mości Pan (Wasz Mość Moja Mości Pani) to short and simple Pan (Pani). Over the centuries, the address gradually shortened and became one word by the end of the 19th century.
After the establishment of the Polish Republic on the territory of Poland People's Republic (PRL) the norms of speech etiquette were also revised. Contact us pan/pani
was considered a bourgeois relic and was forbidden to be used, instead it was necessary to use towarzyszu! or obywatelu!(obywatelu + surname) - modeled on the Russian language in the USSR - for example, Citizen Petrov! In addition, it was worthwhile to politely address pan-pani+ 3 l.un.h., and on wy, as in Russian. But all these “innovations” were observed only officially, and people tried to speak among themselves according to the linguistic tradition.
Language changes today are happening faster than twenty or thirty years ago. The language of modern times is trying more and more to comply with the principle of economy; this is observed, for example, in the reduction of polite forms (panie profesorze > profesorze). Influenced in English appealing to ty. If you want to speak and write competently, beautifully, then I advise you to adhere to the language tradition.
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- The 7th case is vocative, used when addressing or calling on someone, used to identify the object being addressed.
There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian language: NAZIVNY, RODOVY, DAVALNY, ZNAKHDNY, ORUDNY, MSCEVY, KLICHNY. The first six coincide with the Russians, and the last CLICHNIY, or vocative in Russian, is absent in the Russian language, and in Ukrainian it is not essentially a case. Used when addressing someone.
cases in Ukrainian
There are 7 cases in the Ukrainian case. For comparison, there are 6 cases in the Russian language. There is no vocative case in the Russian language, but during Tsarist Russia there was such a case, then after the next reform the vocative case was abolished, perhaps the same thing awaits Ukraine
- Nasivny (nominative);
- Generic (genitive);
- Davalny (dative);
- Znakhdny (accusative);
- Instrumental (creative);
- Mscevius (prepositional);
- Klichny (vocal).
There are seven cases in the Ukrainian language. Nazivny, Rodovy, Davalny, Znakhdny, Orudny,
Mscevius and Klychniy. The first six completely coincide with Russian cases and their functions are the same. Even the names are a little similar. As for the seventh, it serves to address someone. For example, Russian name Alexey, in Ukrainian it sounds like Oleksiy. And if anyone wants to say anything to him. He will address him as Oleksia. All this is done to make the language sound more melodic. However, modern Ukrainians do not always adhere to this case and call in the Russian manner without changing the name.
They study their languages in schools either in an average version or in an in-depth mode. Some people know their language from A to Z, while others know it only superficially. The Ukrainian language includes six cases and the seventh case is vocative, when addressing someone. that word is used in the vocative case.
There are only 15 cases in the Russian language. 6 of them are basic and 7 are auxiliary, rarely used. Those. There are more cases in the Russian language than in the Ukrainian language.
1) Nominative Who? What?
2) Genitive no one? what?
3) Dative give to whom? what? defines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative I blame who? What? denotes the immediate object of action;
5) Instrumental case I create by whom? how? defines the instrument, some types of temporary accessory (at night);
6) Prepositional think about who, what?
7) Vocative case. - Latin name: vocative. For example: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, Sash, Kat, Tan, etc. Here the ending will remain in the form of a soft sign. Vanyush (Tanyush), come out! Here the vocative case is formed by adding special endings.
8) Local case. - Latin name: locative. Usually used with the prepositions When, In and On. Characteristic question: Where? What does it have to do with it? On what? In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) cf. in Holy Rus', in Ukraine?
9) Disjunctive case. - Latin name: partitive. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lie a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set the heat (not heat), Turn up the heat (not move), Young man, no fire is there?
10) Counting case found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).
11) Ablative determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From home. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; it was bitterly cold.
12) Disclaimer used exclusively with verbs of negation: I don’t want to know the truth (not the truth), cannot have the right (not the right).
13) Quantitative-separation case similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set the heat (instead of zhara), increase the speed (instead of add speed).
14) Waiting case It is also the genitive-accusative case: Wait for (who? what?) a letter (not a letter), Wait for (who? what?) mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).
15) Transformative(aka inclusive) case. Derived from accusative case(in whom? in what?). It is used exclusively in figures of speech like: Become a pilot, Run for deputy, Take a wife, Be fit to be a son.
In Ukrainian SEVEN cases, one more than in Russian. Additional case in Ukrainian. language - CLINICAL
The photo below shows the names of all cases in Ukrainian, as well as an example of the declension of a word in the singular and plural.
Here are the cases Ukrainian language with Russian equivalents:
That is, one case more than in Russian. In the Russian language currently there is no vocative case, but previously there was one.
Polish belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages and is the official language of Poland. It ranks third in terms of the number of speakers among the Slavic languages, after Russian and Ukrainian. The Polish language became much more homogeneous in the second half of the 20th century, thanks in part to the mass emigration of several million Poles from the eastern to the western part of the country following the Soviet Union's 1939 occupation of the so-called "Eastern Borderlands" - the territories of what is now western Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania. formerly part of Poland. Residents different regions Poland speaks the “standard” language slightly differently, although the differences between these “dialects” are not significant at all.
Being a fully inflected language, Polish has retained Old Church Slavonic case system with seven cases for nouns, pronouns and adjectives: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional, vocative. True, the vocative case is used mainly in a formal context, and in colloquial speech it is replaced by the nominative case, and therefore the address Janie! (“Jan!”) is perceived as less familiar than Jan!. Interestingly, the vocative case is almost always used for insults: idioto! ("idiot!").
In modern Polish there are only two classes of numbers - singular and plural. Previously there was also a dual number, but this form disappeared around the 15th century, and now the few relics of the dual number are found only in proverbs and sayings, for example, Mądrej głowie dość dwie słowie ("Two words are enough for a smart person") instead of grammatically correct option Mądrej głowie dość dwa słowa.
Like most other Slavic languages (with the exception of Bulgarian and Macedonian), Polish does not have a definite or indefinite article.
System grammatical genders quite complex, since it combines three categories: gender (male, female, neuter), personality and animacy. The categories of personality and animacy apply only to masculine nouns. The result is a system consisting of five gender classes: masculine personal nouns and pronouns, animate (impersonal) masculine, inanimate masculine, feminine and neuter.
The gender classification of masculine nouns does not always correspond to their semantics (animate or inanimate noun). In particular, the category of grammatically animate nouns includes numerous nouns that denote inanimate concepts (for example, cukierek - “candy”, papieros - “cigarette”), as well as nouns used figuratively to refer to people (gieniusz - “genius”).
Polish verbs vary according to gender, person and number, but the tense system has been greatly simplified due to the disappearance of three tenses (aorist, imperfect and past perfect), which are now replaced by the so-called “Slavic perfect”. The Polish language distinguishes three tenses (present, past, future), three moods (indicative, imperative, conditional), three voices (active, passive, reflexive), two types (perfect and imperfect).
The basic word order in a sentence is Subject-Predicate-Object, but since Polish is a synthetic language, the word order can be changed. And the subject and predicate can be omitted if they are obvious from the context. The order of words can perform a semantic distinguishing function: Alicja ma kota (“Alice has a CAT”). – Alicja kota ma (“Alice HAS a cat”). – Kota ma Alicja (“ALICE has a cat”).
A characteristic feature of Polish syntax is the use of “polite” forms consisting of the word pan/pani (“lord”/“madam”) and a verb in the 3rd person singular as forms of the 2nd person plural: Pan/Pani idzie (“Mr/Madam is coming”) instead of Wy idziecie (“You are coming”). The use of personal pronouns in a sentence is not necessary: Idziecie (“You go”).
- Nominative (nominative),
- Genitive (genitive),
- Partial (partitive)
- Dative (dative),
- Accusative (accusative),
- Creative (instrumentalis),
- Prepositional (prepositive);
- Local (locative, prepositional form in - at);
- Vocative form(vocative)
Vocative case, vocative(lat. vocative) - special shape name (most often a noun), used to identify the object being addressed. The name of this form “case” is conditional, because in a strictly grammatical sense the vocative form is not a case.
Historically, the vocative form was an element of the Indo-European case system and existed in Latin, Sanskrit, and Ancient Greek. Although it was subsequently lost by many modern Indo-European languages, some languages have preserved it to this day, examples of which are Greek, Gypsy, many Slavic languages (Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Serbian, etc.) and some Celtic languages (Scottish and Irish), Baltic languages (for example: Latvian and Lithuanian). Of the Romance vocative forms, only the Romanian language survives. It is also present in some non-Indo-European languages such as Georgian, Arabic and Korean.
Russian language
In modern Russian, it exists in the form of several archaisms, mostly included in phraseological units and other speech formulas ( God, To the Creator, God, Jesus, Christ, lord, metropolitan, to the doctor, older, father, brother, son, friend, prince, humanely and others). It has been lost in modern literary language.
At the same time, sometimes "modern vocative case" word forms with zero endings of first declension nouns are understood as Mish, Linen, Tan, Marin, granny, mom, dad etc., that is, coinciding in form with the plural declension of the genitive case.
In the Old Russian language, nouns had the vocative case only in the singular and only in the masculine and feminine gender, but not in the neuter gender (since the latter was a remnant of the Indo-European “inanimate gender” and by origin denoted only inanimate objects). The vocative case was formed as follows:
- Ancient base on -a:
O after a hard consonant, -e after a soft consonant: wife! sister! soul! de vice!
- Ancient base on -o:
E after a hard consonant, -yu after a soft one: older! father! horse! Igor!
- Ancient stem in -u:
U: honey! son!
- Ancient stem in -i:
And: nights! lights! God!
In addition, in the process of word change, there was an alternation of consonants according to the first palatalization: k - h (man - man), g - z (god - god, friend - friend), x - c (vlah - vlase).
In other declensions, the vocative case coincided with the nominative case.
The vocative case is sometimes found in literature or for the purpose of archaization ( “What do you want, elder?”- Pushkin), or in quotes from Church Slavonic texts and prayers ( "Heavenly King, save me..."- Lermontov), or for the “Ukrainization” of the speech of Ukrainian heroes ( “Turn around, son!”- Gogol; “Where are you from, man?”; “I, dad, fled from Balta”- Bagritsky).
Latvian
In the Latvian language, the vocative case is important to remember for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th declensions.
For example:
For V, VI classes. The vocative case is formed only when the word has a diminutive suffix; when it is formed, the ending is discarded. For example: Ilze - Ilz It e-Ilz It!, zivs - zivt iņš-zivt iņ!
For the plural, the vocative case is the same as the nominative.
Ukrainian language
In the Ukrainian language, as in its basis - Old Russian, a separate vocative case has been preserved ( personal information or personal form) - for the singular of the first, second and third declension. In the plural, as well as in the fourth declension, it coincides with the nominative case, with the exception of “panove”, the vocative case of the plural of the word “pan” (“lord”), which corresponds to the Russian address “gentlemen”.
In the first declension the endings -о, -е, -є, -у are used: Mother - mom, Earth - earth, Maria - Marie, granny - grandma.
In the second declension the endings -у, -у, -е are used: dad - dad, Andriy - Andriy, Dmitro - Dmitra.
In the third declension the ending -e is used: nothing - at night. However, third declension nouns are usually inanimate and are not used in the vocative case.
Belarusian language
Usually in the modern Belarusian language (the so-called “Narkomovsky” or official version) there is no separate vocative case.
Supporters of the “classical” version of the Belarusian language (Tarashkevitsy), on the contrary, usually emphasize the vocative case as a distinctive feature of the Belarusian language from Russian.
Polish language
In Polish, the vocative case (usually called the "vocal form", wołacz) is preserved for all masculine and feminine singular nouns. When applied to neuter nouns (second declension) and plurals of all genders, it completely coincides with the nominative.
First declension singular noun endings ( masculine, in the nominative case end in a consonant) depend on the final sound of the stem. If this sound is hard, then it softens and/or alternates, and the ending will be - "e, for example: chłop - chłopie, naród - narodzie, autor - autorze (Exceptions: dom - domu, syn - synu, dziad - dziadu). A similar ending is observed in words with a stem ending in -ec, for example chłopiec - chłopcze. If the final sound of the stem is soft, back-lingual (-k, -g) or hardened (-rz, -cz, etc.) - the ending is -u: koń - koniu, robotnik - robotniku.
Third declension nouns (masculine -a, -o, feminine -a, -i) in the singular vocative end in -o: żona - żono, poeta - poeto.
Nouns of the fourth declension (feminine, in the nominative case ending in a consonant) in the singular vocative end in -i: powieść - powieści.
Bulgarian language
Latin language
In Latin, the vocative case (Casus Vocativus) of nouns coincides with the nominative in all cases except one: if the noun of the second declension singular in the I.p. ends in -us, then in the vocative case it will end in -e: I.p. barbarus (barbarian) - Star.p. barbare. Moreover, if the stem of a noun ends in -i (that is, the noun ends in -ius), then in the vocative case it has a zero ending: I.p. Demetrius, Star.p. Demetri.
