Morphology- This is a section of grammar that studies the patterns of existence, formation (structure) and understanding of word forms (word forms) of various parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, etc.).

The word has lexical and grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning- this is the content of the word, generalizing in our minds the idea of ​​​​an object, phenomenon, property, process (rib, ontogenesis, straight, serous, bending, etc.).

The grammatical meaning is determined both by the categorical belonging of a given word to the corresponding part of speech (for example, the meaning of objectivity in a noun, the meaning of an attribute in an adjective), and the private meaning due to a change in the forms of this word (rib, ribs; direct, direct, direct, etc. .).

The word exists as a system of forms. The system of changing the forms of words is called inflection.

The grammatical categories according to which the noun forms change in Latin, as in Russian, are cases and numbers (vertebra - vertebra, corpus vertebrae - vertebral body; foramen - hole, foramina - holes; os - bone, ossa - bones, sternum - sternum, manubrium sterni - handle of the sternum).

Noun

The inflection of nouns according to cases and numbers is called declension.

Cases

There are 6 cases in Latin.

Nominativus (Nom.) - nominative (who, what?).

Genetivus (Gen.) - genitive (of whom, what?).

Dativus (Dat.) - dative (to whom, what?).

Accusativus (Acc.) - accusative (whom, what?).

Ablativus (Abl.) - ablative, creative (by whom, with what?).

Vocativus (Voc.) - vocative.

For nomination, i.e. for naming (naming) objects, phenomena, and the like in medical terminology, only two cases are used - nominative (n. p.) and genitive (gen. p.).

The nominative case is called the direct case, which means the absence of relations between words. The meaning of this case is the actual naming. The genitive case has a characterizing meaning.

1. Types of declensions

There are 5 types of declensions in Latin, each of which has its own paradigm (a set of word forms).

A practical means of distinguishing declension (determining the type of declension) in Latin is the genitive case of the singular. Genus forms. p. units hours in all declensions are different.

A sign of the type of declension of a noun is the ending gender. p. units h., therefore, in dictionaries, the form genus. p. units h. is indicated along with the form of them. p. units hours and they must be memorized only together.

The distribution of nouns by declension types depending on the gender ending. p. units h.Genitive endings of all declensions

2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun

Nouns are listed in the dictionary and memorized in dictionary form, which contains three components:

1) the form of the word in them. p. units hours;

2) the end of the genus. p. units hours;

3) gender designation - male, female or neuter (abbreviated as one letter: m, f, n).

For example: lamina, ae (f), sutura, ae (f), sulcus, i (m); ligamentum, i(n); pars, is(f), margo, is(m); os, is(n); articulatio, is (f), canalis, is (m); ductus, us(m); arcus, us (m), cornu, us, (n); facies, ei (f).

3. Determining the practical basis

Some nouns have the III declension before the ending genus. p. units h. -is is also attributed to the final part of the stem. This is necessary if the stem of the word is in gender. p. units h. does not coincide with the basis of them. p. units hours:

The full form of the genus. p. units hours for such nouns are found as follows: corpus, =oris (=corpor - is); foramen, -inis (= foramin - is).

For such nouns, the practical basis is determined only from the form of the word to the gender. p. units hours by discarding its ending. If the basics in them. p. units hours and in the genus. p. units h. coincide, then only the ending genus is indicated in the dictionary form. etc., and the practical basis in such cases can be determined from them. p. units hours without ending.

Consider examples.

The practical basis is the basis, to which, during inflection (declension), the endings of oblique cases are added; it may not coincide with the so-called historical basis.

For monosyllabic nouns with a changing stem, the entire word form genus is indicated in the dictionary form. n., for example pars, partis; crus, cruris; os, oris; cor, cordis.

4. Definition of the gender of nouns

In Latin, as in Russian, nouns belong to three genders: masculine (masculinum - m), feminine (femininum - f) and neuter (neutrum - n).

The grammatical gender of Latin nouns cannot be determined from the gender of Russian words equivalent in meaning, since often the gender of nouns with the same meaning in Russian and Latin does not coincide.

It is possible to determine the belonging of a Latin noun to a particular gender only by the endings characteristic of this gender in it. p. units h. For example, words in -a are feminine (costa, vertebra, lamina, incisura, etc.), words in -um are neuter (ligamentum, manubrium, sternum, etc.).

A sign of the declension of a noun is the ending of the gender. p. units hours; a sign of the genus is a characteristic ending in it. p. units h.

5. Determining the gender of nouns ending in the nominative singular in -a, -um, -on, -en, -i, -us

You can get acquainted with all the characteristic features of the gender of Latin nouns in a number of lessons on the III declension. In this section, we will focus only on the signs of the grammatical gender of some groups of words that have in them. p. units h. characteristic endings: -a, -um, -on, -en, -u, -us.

There can be no doubt that nouns in -a are feminine, and nouns in -um, -on, -en, -u are neuter.

As for nouns ending in -us, the answer cannot be unambiguous without involving additional data and, above all, information about the declension of the word.

All nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are required male, For example:

lobus, i; nodus, i; sulcus, i;

ductus, us; arcus, us; meatus, us, m - masculine.

If a noun with -us belongs to the III declension, then its belonging to a certain gender should be specified with the help of such an additional indicator as the final consonant of the stem in gender. P.; if the final consonant of the stem is -r, then the noun is neuter, and if the final consonant is different (-t or -d), then it is feminine.

For example:

tempus, or-is; crus, crur-is;

corpus, or-is - neuter, juventus, ut-is - feminine.

6. III declension of nouns. Grammatical signs of the masculine gender and the nature of the stems

Third declension nouns were extremely rare, for example: os, corpus, caput, foramen, dens. This methodological approach was absolutely justified. III declension- the most difficult to master and has a number of features that distinguish it from other declensions.

1. The third declension includes nouns of all three genders ending in gender. p. units h on -is (a sign of the III declension).

2. In them. p. units h. words not only different kinds, but even of the same genus have different endings characteristic of a particular genus; for example, in the masculine gender -os, -or, -o, -eg, -ex, -es.

3. For most nouns, the third declension stems in them. n. and in the genus. items do not match.

With such nouns, the practical basis is not determined by them. n., but by genus. n. by dropping the ending -is.

1. If in the dictionary form of any noun before the ending genus. p. units h. -is the end of the stem is attributed, which means that the stem of such a word is determined by the genus. P.:

Basis cortic-.

2. If in the dictionary form before the end of the genus. p. units h. -is has no postscript, which means that such a word can also have a basis determined by them. p. units h., discarding the ending to them. P.:

3. Nouns III declension depending on the coincidence or mismatch of the number of syllables in them. n. and genus. p. units hours are equally complex and non-equisyllabic, which is important for the exact definition of the genus in a number of cases.

Equosyllabic

Nom. pubes canalis rete

Gen. pubis canalis retis.

Non-equisyllabic

Nom. pes paries pars

Gen. pedis parietis parti.s

4. For monosyllabic nouns in the dictionary form in gender. n. the word is written in full:

7. General requirements for the definition of grammatical gender in the III declension

The genus is determined by the endings of them. p. units h., characteristic of a certain genus within a given declension. Therefore, in order to determine the gender of any noun of the III declension, three points must be taken into account:

1) to know that the given word refers specifically to the III declension, and not to any other;

2) know what endings are in them. p. units hours are characteristic of one or another kind of III declension;

3) in some cases, also take into account the nature of the stem of the given word.

1) nouns ending in -a are feminine;

2) nouns ending in -urn, -en, -on, -u are neuter;

3) most nouns in -us, if they belong to the II or IV declension, are masculine;

4) words in -us ending in gender. n. on -r-is, - neuter.

Knowing that a noun belongs to a certain gender, you can correctly agree with it (in gender!) An adjective or form a word form for them. n. pl. h.

In most cases, the belonging of a word to one or another declension cannot serve as an indicator of gender, since in the same declension there are nouns of two genders (II and IV declension) or three genders (III declension). Nevertheless, it is useful to remember the following relation between the gender of a noun and its declension:

1) in I and V declensions - only feminine;

2) in II and IV declensions - masculine and neuter;

3) in the III declension - all three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter.

Of the words in -us, most belong to the II declension, only a few - to the IV.

It is important to remember that in dictionary form, some of the most frequent nouns are in the IV declension: processus, us (m) - process; arcus, us (m) - arc; sinus, us (m) - sinus, sinus; meatus, us (m) - passage, move; plexus, us (m) - plexus; recessus, us (m) - depression, pocket.

GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF NOUNS In Latin, a noun has:
three kinds:
Masulīnum m, (masculine)
Femininum
f, (feminine)
n (neuter)
Neutrum
two numbers:;
singularis (singular),
pluralis (plural);

5 cases:

5 CASES:
nominatīvus (N.) (nominative)
genetivus (G.) (genitive)
datīvus (D.) (dative)
accusatīvus (Acc.) (accusative)
ablatīvus (Abl.) (creative)

Gives everything you need about him.
information.
In the dictionary, the noun is given in
following order:
On
first place, full form
nominatīvus singularis (nominative
singular case).
In second place, always after the comma
lead the ending, the last syllables
or the full form genetīvus singularis
(genitive singular
numbers).
In third place, last
a brief designation of the genus is given.
medical

DICTIONARY FORM OF THE NOUN

IN
important in latin
find the right base.
She is in shape
genitive case by
discarding the ending.
Nom. Tincture; ae; f
Gen. Tinctur-ae

General rule definition of gender

GENERAL RULE DEFINITION
KIND
The genus is determined by the end
genitive noun,
singular.
M.r. –us(er), oculus- eye
Zh.r.- a,
gutta - drop
Wed-um(en), oleum-oil
In Latin, the nouns of this or
a different kind, do not coincide with the kind of Russian
language
muscle - musculus
Zh.r.
M.r.

TYPES OF DECLINE

IN
Latin language 5 types
declination.
Declension of nouns
practically determined by
ending genetivus singularis
(genitive case
singular).
Genitive form y
each declension is individual

1st Declension of Nouns

TO
the first declension is
nouns in the nominative
case, singular,
feminine gender ending in a.
(Tinctura)
Genitive singular
number ends ae.(Tincturae)
Decline occurs through
adding case endings to
basis.

Table of case endings of the first declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
FIRST DECLINE
Singular
Cases
Plural
Nom.
Tinctura
Tincturae
Gen.
Tincturae
Tincturarum
Dat.
Tincturae
Tincturis
acc.
Tincturam
Tincturas
Abl.
Tinctura
Tincturis
f
f

10. 2nd declension of nouns

Co.
second declension are

case, singular
masculine endings us(er) and neuter having
endings -um(en).


masculine is the same -i.
Musculi-m Decocti-n

11. Exception to the rules about the gender of the second declension

EXCEPTION FROM THE RULES ON GENDER
SECOND DECLINE
1) Bolus, i, f, - clay
2) Nouns with
ending us denoting
the meaning of trees and
shrubs regardless of
inclinations are always
female.
Crataegus, i, f.
Sorbus, i, f.

12. Table of case endings of the second declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
SECOND DECLINE
Pade
zhi
Singular
m
n
Plural
m
n
Nom.
muscle
Decoctum Musculi
Gen.
Musculi
Decocti
Musculorum Decoctorum
Dat.
muscle
Decocto
muscle
Decoctis
acc.
muscle
Decoctum Musculos
Decoctos
Abl.
muscle
Decocto
Decoctis
muscle
Decocta

13. 3rd declension of nouns

Third declension nouns can be m.p.,
zh.r., cf. with different endings. In the genitive
case, singular have the ending -is
M.r.
o-homo
or-higuor
os-flos
er-aether
Es-pes
ex-cortex
Zh.r.
as sanitas
is-auris
ax-borax
ux-nux
ix-radix
rs-pars
io-solutio
Wed
en-semen
ur-sulfur
ut-caput
ma-rhizoma
l-mel
c-lac
al-animal

14. Nouns of the 3rd declension are

3RD NOUNS
DECLINES HAPPEN
Equals
complex (those in which the number
syllables in the genitive case is equal to the number
syllables in the nominative singular
numbers)
Nom. Cutis
Gen. Cutis
Not equally complex (such
nouns that have the number of syllables in
genitive singular case
more than the number of syllables in the nominative
singular.
Nom. corpus
Gen. cor-po-ris

15. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM

Equally complex
nouns 3- his
declension:
In the first place is
noun in genitive
case of the singular.
Second place ending
genitive case.
In third place is the genus.
Auris, is, f.

16. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM
Nouns of the 3rd Declension
Do not equal complex
nouns:
In the first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is given
genitive ending
case together with the end of the stem
Apicis, isci, m.

17. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 3rd declension

DICTIONARY FORM
Nouns of the 3rd Declension
Monosyllabic:
In the first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is
noun in full.
Flos, floris, m.

18. Table of case endings of the third declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THE THIRD
declension
Cases Singular Plural
n
Different
semen
m,f
n
Nom.
m,f
Different
Solutio
Solutions
Semina
Gen.
solutionis
Seminis
solutionum
Seminum
Dat.
Solutioni
Semini
Solutionibus Seminibus
acc.
Solutionem=Nom
semen
Solutions
Abl.
solution
Solutionibus Seminibus
Semine
Semina

19. 4th declension of nouns

TO
fourth declension are
nominative nouns
case, singular
male having endings - us and
neuter having endings -u.
Fructus, us, m
Cornu, us, n
In the genitive ending
singular middle and
masculine same - us

20. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS 4th declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS 4th
declension
On
is in the first place
noun in
nominative case
singular.
Second place ending
genitive case.
In third place with a letter
genus is indicated.

21. Table of case endings of the fourth declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THE FOURTH
declension
Cases
Singular
plural
number
m
n
m
n
Nom.
Fructus
Cornu
Fructus
Gen.
Fructus
Cornus
Fructuum Cornuum
acc.
Fructum
Cornu
Fructus
Abl.
Fruit
Cornu
Fructibus Cornibus
Cornua
Cornua

22. 5th declension of nouns

TO
first declension
nouns belong to
nominative case,
singular, feminine
genders ending in -s
Genitive
singular has
ending -ei
Facies, ei,
f.

23. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 5th declension

DICTIONARY FORM
NOUNS
5th
declension
On
is in the first place
noun in
nominative case
singular.
Second place ending
genitive case.
In third place with a letter
genus is indicated.

24. Table of case endings of the fifth declension

TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS
FIFTH DECLINE
Cases Singular Plural
number
number
Nom
f
Facies
f
Facies
Gen
Faciei
Facierum
acc
Faciem
Facies
Abl
Facie

Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes), which belongs to the Italic group. Its feature is the free word order when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for numbers and adjectives (including participles) change in number, case and gender; verbs are declined by person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a category that is often used. Verbal inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.

A Brief History of the Latin Language

Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, in Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, the Latin language became dominant, first in Italy, and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn in Romance languages ​​such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French brought many words into English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin developed into Classical. Vulgar Latin was the spoken form. It is attested in the inscriptions and works of Roman dramatists such as Plautus and Terence.

Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by other European languages. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.

Influence of Latin on other languages

The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called vulgar Latin (in the sense of “folk”), became the basis language for other national European languages, united in one language branch called Romance. With the relatedness of the origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as the parent language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages ​​and dialects.

Brief description of Latin grammar

Latin is a synthetic, inflectional language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation with the help of inflections dominates. Inflections are words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of the root, which carries the meaning of the word, and the ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is made from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and being a suffix.

Declension of nouns in Latin

An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, you need to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.

• The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine, naming a person's occupation or nationality. 1 declination Latin is defined in the genitive singular with the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically the first declension has -a.
• 2 declension in Latin mostly ends with the letter - o. It is defined in the genitive singular with the ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um, and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
• 3 declension in Latin is a rather versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
  1. Consonant.
  2. Vowel.
  3. Mixed. Students are advised to carefully master the first three categories.
• Fourth declension, predominantly ending with -y in noun cases. It is defined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
• The fifth declension in Latin mostly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is defined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.

Thus, declensions in Latin are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a pronounced inflectional language. in Latin practically does not differ from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.

Latin noun cases

Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Consider all seven cases:

• The nominative case is used if the noun is a subject or a predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is the initial form of the noun.
• The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
• The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of the sentence with the help of special verbs, with some prepositions.
• used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing the place of direction.
• The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
• The vocative case is used when the noun expresses an appeal to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative, except for the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
• The local case is used to indicate the location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.

We briefly reviewed the endings (Latin language) of the declension above. For example, for 1 declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.

The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.

Latin verb: conjugation category

An ordinary verb in Latin refers to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The root in the present tense can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for depositional verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "exhort", the second conjugation ends in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - "to warn", verērī, - "to intimidate", the third conjugation - into -ere, -ī: dūcere - "to lead", ūtī - "to use"; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - "to hear", experīrī - "to try". Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by persons, depending on the belonging to the conjugation.

Latin verb tenses

In Latin, there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partially available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:

• Present tense.
• Imperfect.
• Past perfect tense.
• Past (long past) tense.
• Future perfect tense.
• Future imperfect tense.

Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has the category of mood and voice.

Latin vocabulary

Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-Hebrew origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into Latin, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Oscans, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of loanwords is from Greek.

Romance languages

Romance languages ​​are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).

The section of linguistics that studies the Romance languages, their origin, development, typology, is called romance. The peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages ​​at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. Spanish is the most spoken language in the group, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages ​​in total.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE GRAMMATIC CATEGORIES OF THE NAME
Nouns, adjectives and pronouns have grammatical categories in Latin kind(genus) numbers(numerus) and case(case).
In Latin there is:

1. Three genera.
masculinum (m) -- masculine
femininum (f) -- feminine
neutrum (n) -- neuter gender

2. two numbers.
singularis-- singular
pluralis-- plural

3. System Latin declension form six cases.
nominativus-- nominative
genitivus-- genitive
dativus-- dative
accusativus-- accusative
ablativus-- ablative (deferential)
vocativus-- vocative

The Latin ablative united the meanings of three once independent Indo-European cases: instrumental or instrumental instrumentalis denoting a tool or means of action; local locativus, indicating the place of action; suspensive, withdrawn ablativus, denoting an object or person from which something is removed, is separated. ablatīvus got its name from this last function. Latin ablatīvus corresponds to the Russian instrumental, but retains the meaning of place and distance.

FIVE DECLINES OF NOUNS
Depending on the end of the historical basis, Latin nouns are divided into five declensions(declination):
I declension - basis on -a
II declension - basis on -ŏ/-ĕ
III declension - the basis for a consonant sound or -ī
IV declension - basis on -ŭ
V declension -- based on -ē

Because the historical basis it is often difficult to distinguish due to the merger of its vowel sound with the ending; the belonging of a word to one or another declension is practically determined by the ending of the gender. case units numbers ( genetivus singularis)
Endings gen. sing. I - V declensions

In dictionaries, next to the nominative case, the ending or the full form of the genitive case (gen. sing.) is always given:

terra, ae f land, country
lupus, i m wolf
avis, ĭs f bird
casŭs, ūs m case; case
res, rĕi f thing; case

N.B. When memorizing nouns, be sure to memorize them in two forms -- nominative and genitive cases, for example: terra, terrae, feminine land, country

If from the form gen. sing. discard the ending, then we get the basis, which we will call practical. So, for example, in the noun I declension terra(gen. sing. terrae) practical basis terr-, the historical terra-. In what follows, we will simply refer to the historical basis as "the basis".

I DECLINE

NOUNS, ADJECTIVES, POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
The I declension includes nouns with a base on -a. In nom. sing. all nouns of the first declension end in -ă , For example: aqua water, terra Earth.
A practical sign of the I declension is the ending gen. sing. -ae: nom. sing. aqu a, gen. sing. aqu ae.
Most nouns of the 1st declension -- female. (Compare in Russian the declension of nouns like water, Earth, grass; they are all feminine). But words denoting males, including proper names, are masculine: agricŏla, ae m farmer, nauta, ae m sailor, incŏla, ae m inhabitant, Catilina, ae m Catiline. (Compare in Russian words grandfather, governor, headman, Thomas. As in Latin, in this case gender obeys the natural).

aqua, ae f water

case Singularis Pluralis N. aqu ă aqu ae G. aqu ae aqu arum D. aqu ae aqu is acc. aqu am aqu as Abl. aqu ā aqu is v. aqu ă aqu ae

1.Nom. and voc. units and many others. the number of names of the first declension coincide.
2. Abl. sing. ends in a long stem vowel -ā
3.Dat. and abl. pl. match up. This coincidence is a feature of all declensions.

Just like nouns with a base on -a, feminine adjectives are declined, for example: magnă big -- terra magna big land:

case Singularis Pluralis N., V. terr ă magnification ă terr ae magnification ae G. terr ae magnification ae terr arum magnification arum D. terr ae magnification ae terr is magnification is acc. terr am magnification am terr as magnification as Abl. terr ā magnification ā terr is magnification is

Similarly, feminine possessive pronouns are inflected: mea my, tua yours, nostra our, vestra your and feminine reflexive possessive pronoun sua its*:

nom. sing. nostra terra magna our great country
gen. sing. nostrae terrae magnae our great country, etc.

* The reflexive possessive pronoun in Latin (as in French, German, English, Italian and other languages, but unlike Russian) is used only in relation to the subject of the 3rd person. In Russian, the pronoun "own" is used regardless of the person of the subject. Latin possessive pronouns change their form according to with person and number of the verb:
epistlam meam mitto -- I send his letter
epistlam tuam mittis -- you send his letter
epistlam sumam mittit - he (she) sends his letter
epistlam nostra mittĭmus - we send his letter
epistlam vestram mittĭtis -- you send his letter
epistlam sumam mittunt -- she send his letter

WORD FORMATION OF NOUNS I declension
Nouns of the I declension are formed from both verbal and nominal stems.

1. Nominal stems.
From the stem of adjectives with the help of suffixes -ia, -itia properties, qualities or states:

avarus, a, um stingy; avar-itia, ae f stinginess
justus, a, um fair; just-itia, ae f justice
miser, ĕra, ĕrum unhappy; miser-ia, ae f poverty; misfortune

2. Verb stems.
a) From stem infect with suffixes -(e)ntia, -(a)ntia nouns are formed with the meaning quality or states:

scire know; sci-entia, ae f knowledge
ignore dont know; ingor-antia, ae f ignorance, ignorance

b) From the base of the supine with the help of suffixes -(t)ura, -(s)ura nouns are formed with the meaning action result:

colo, colui, cultum 3 process; cul-tura, ae f processing
pingo, pinxi, pictum 3 paint; pic-tūra, ae f picture

All these types of word formation in the I declension are productive.

PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions by origin - adverbs that lexically clarify the main meaning case form. So, for example, the main meaning of the ablative - removal, distance - can be lexically specified by prepositions ex, ab: exhorto from the garden, abhorto from the garden and etc.
As adverbs, prepositions originally did not have a fixed place in the sentence. Some traces of this have been preserved in Latin, for example, the use of a preposition between the definition and the word being defined: magna cum virtual with great honor,qua de cause for what reason why and etc.
Some words in classical Latin are used both as adverbs and as prepositions, for example, ante, post, contra and others: ante volat flies ahead, Where ante-- adverb, ante lucem before dawn, Where ante- suggestion, use from wine case.
Prepositions are a developing part of speech, constantly replenished at the expense of other parts of speech, for example, nouns frozen in any case; for example in abl.: cause -- because of, gratia -- thanks, for. The prepositions causa, gratia are used with the genitive and postpositive: belli causa because of war.
In Latin, prepositions are combined with either accusative or with ablative. And only two suggestions in And sub) are combined with both cases.
1. The most common prepositions with accusative:

ad to, at
ante before, before
apud at, near
contra against, in spite of
ob because of
per through
post after
praeter except
propter because of, because of, on account of
trans through

2. The most common prepositions with ablative:

a(ab) from
cum With ( compatibility)
de s, co ( department); oh, about; according to, by
e(ex) from
prae in front, before; because of
pro for, in defense; instead of
sine without

3. Prepositions with two cases:

in in, on - "where?" + acc.; "Where?" +abl.
sub under -- "where?" + acc.; "Where?" +abl.

Notes:
1. Prepositions a And e before words beginning with a vowel take forum ab And ex.
2. Remember prepositions with ablative and two cases ( in, sub). Most prepositions in Latin are combined with the accusative case. You will come across these prepositions in later lessons.

PRAESENS INDICATIVI VERBS ESSE

Verb essay be forms the main verb forms from different stems like Russian is-was; German sein, war, gewesen; English to be, was and other Indo-European languages. This phenomenon is called suppletivism (from the Latin word suppletīvus additional). In addition, when conjugating the verb essay in praesens ind. there is an alternation of bases s/es. (cf. Russian 3rd person singular numbers - "is", 3rd person plural. numbers - "essence"; German 3rd person singular numbers - ist, 3rd person pl. sind numbers, etc.)

Face Singularis Pluralis 1. sum* I am sumus we are 2. es you are estis you are 3. est she is sunt they are (meaning)

* In verb conjugation essay before nasal sounds m And n preserved thematic vowel ŭ .

In Russian, the verb be lost its conjugation in the present tense, i.e. does not differ in person or number. In Old Russian, the verb be hid:

Unit number: 1. am; 2. thou art; 3. There is;
Mn. number: 1. esm; 2. nature; 3. essence (essence).

DATĪVUS COMMŎDI (INCOMMŎDI)

The dative case can denote a person or thing in whose interests (or to whose detriment) an action is performed. This dative case is called datīvus commŏdi (incommŏdi)(dative interest) and is translated into Russian in the genitive case with prepositions for the sake of:

Non scholae, sed vitae discĭmus. - We study not for school, but for life.

ABLATVUS MODI

An ablative can express an image or way of an action. In this function, the ablative name is usually used with a definition without a preposition or with a preposition cum, which is often placed between the definition and the word being defined. Such an ablative is called ablativus modi(ablative mode of action):

SYNTAX OF A SIMPLE COMMON SENTENCE

1. The order of words in the Latin language of the classical period is relatively fixed:

a) the subject is usually put in the first place;
b) the predicate is usually placed last. If the predicate comes first in the sentence, then from the point of view of the Latin language this is an inversion, and, therefore, a special logical stress lies on the predicate;
c) direct object is expressed only vin. case without a preposition and is most often placed before the predicate or closer to the predicate;
d) the agreed definition is placed mainly after the word being defined.

2. Verb essay in the meaning of the link, it is usually not omitted, with the exception of proverbs, sayings, maxims, where it can be omitted.
3. The nominal part of the compound predicate is put in the nominative case, consistent with the subject of the sentence.
4. Negation with verbs does not change the verb control and does not change the construction of the sentence.
5. In Latin negative sentence there can be only one negation (including negative words - pronouns, adverbs). If there are two negatives in a sentence, then the whole statement acquires an emphatically positive meaning.

LEXICAL MINIMUM

agricŏla, ae m farmer
agricultūra, ae f agriculture
amicitia, a.e. f friendship
amo 1 be in love
bestia, ae f animal, beast
cito fast, soon
colo, colui, cultum 3 handle, take care of; read
cura, ae f care, effort
epistŏla, ae f letter
fortuna, ae f fate, fate; happiness
incŏla, ae m inhabitant
nature, ae f nature
patria, ae f fatherland, motherland
Quia because, because
scientia, ae f knowledge; the science
silva, ae f forest
studeo, studui, -- 2 (+dat.) strive, try; (hard) work out
sum, fui, --, esse be
tabŭla, ae f board; painting
terra, ae f Earth; a country
victoria ae f victory
vita, ae f life