Mycoplasmosis in women: developmental features, symptoms and treatment of the disease. What is Mycoplasma hominis and how is it transmitted? Mycoplasma hominis incubation period

Some women are faced with an unpleasant disease called mycoplasmosis, which is caused by the smallest microorganisms existing in the world. Often the disease is asymptomatic or mildly pronounced signs, but at the same time poses a serious health hazard. How does mycoplasmosis manifest and what treatment methods are used?

Features of development in women

Mycoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the microorganism Mycoplasma genitalium.

Important information: Statistics show that this disease occurs 2 times more often in women than in men.

In most cases of mycoplasmosis in women, the organs of the genitourinary system are affected.

Mycoplasmosis in pregnant women

Pregnancy is a favorable environment for the development of the disease. Therefore, the infection is often detected in women during pregnancy. Even when the level of mycoplasma is not much higher than normal, there is a high risk of rapid spread of microorganisms. The reason for this is the decreased immunity of a pregnant woman. During the period of bearing a child, it is worth paying attention Special attention the development of mycoplasmosis, since the disease can cause premature birth, and also threatens the birth of a baby with low body weight.

During pregnancy, a woman should pay increased attention to her health and undergo all necessary examinations, including detection of mycoplasmosis.

Types of disease

There are two main types of mycoplasmosis in women:

• respiratory;
• urogenital.

This classification is determined by the location of the infection. Each of the presented types of mycoplasmosis has certain symptoms and characteristics.

Features of urogenital type disease

This type of microplasmosis is usually transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse and is rarely of a domestic nature. Genitourinary disease can be asymptomatic, acute or chronic. Risk factors include stressful situations, pregnancy and hypothermia. Often the causes of infection are disruptions in the immune system. Urogenital mycoplasmosis in women is manifested by inflammatory processes occurring on the mucous membrane of the vagina or urethra. The incubation period lasts about two weeks.

This is interesting: According to some sources, mycoplasmosis is detected in 80% of women with genital infection and 51% of patients with infertility.

Respiratory view

This type of mycoplasmosis is accompanied by damage to the respiratory organs. The infection enters a woman’s body through airborne droplets or household contact. Susceptibility to it is determined by genetic characteristics. Acquired immunity after an illness can last up to ten years. The incubation period for respiratory mycoplasmosis is 1–2 weeks.

Causes of occurrence, methods of transmission and possible consequences

Mycoplasmas belong to opportunistic microorganisms, so they can be present in the body without causing infectious diseases. Often a woman is not even aware of their presence, since they do not manifest themselves in any way. If pathogenic bacteria appear in the body or other bacteria are created favorable conditions for the spread of microorganisms, this can lead to the development of mycoplasmosis. Also, the cause of symptoms of the disease can be a hormonal imbalance.

The following methods of transmission of mycoplasmas exist:

• sexual contact is the most common route by which microorganisms are transmitted;
• vertical path - during the passage of the fetus through the female genital organs, the newborn can become infected with this disease;
• contact-household - infection occurs through household items.

Important information: Infection can result from any type of sexual intercourse - genital, anal or oral.

Mycoplasmosis can lead to the following consequences:

• infertility (develops as a result of endometritis or inflammatory processes in the fallopian tubes);
• premature birth or miscarriage, which is associated with damage to the endometrium;
• autoimmune diseases (appear when the immune system malfunctions).

Main symptoms

Conventionally, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis can be divided into two groups:

• manifested due to damage to the external genitalia;
• arising during the penetration of microorganisms into internal organs.

Chronic disease usually remains asymptomatic for a long time. Sometimes minor signs appear, which a woman does not always pay attention to and does not visit a gynecologist. During periods of exacerbation, symptoms intensify.

Signs of damage to the genitourinary system

Symptoms of urogenital mycoplasmosis are usually similar to other diseases of the genitourinary system. Among them, the following signs are worth noting:

How does a disease that is common in the respiratory tract manifest itself?

If the upper respiratory tract (ART) is affected, the disease usually manifests itself as rhinitis. In this case, the woman feels satisfactory. When the lower respiratory tract is affected, pneumonia can develop. At the same time, chills and fever appear. Sometimes the condition worsens, and the disease develops into bronchiectasis or pneumosclerosis.

Diagnostic methods, what tests are needed

It is quite difficult to determine mycoplasmosis, since the disease does not have characteristic signs that arise only during its development.

The following main diagnostic methods are used:

• PCR is one of the most effective methods detection of microorganisms, its essence is to detect fragments of mycoplasma DNA (for analysis, mucus, nasopharyngeal sputum is used, or a smear is taken from the cervix and vagina);
• bacteriological - a long, but most accurate method (a smear is taken from the genitourinary system or sputum, which is applied to a special nutrient medium, and after 4-7 days the result is determined);
• immunofluorescent - detection of antibodies to mycoplasma by staining them with a special dye.

In addition, to identify the causative agents of the disease, the method of paired sera is used, which makes it possible to establish a diagnosis, as well as check the effectiveness of treatment. For this, two samples are taken: in the first week of illness and two weeks later. Sometimes a serological diagnostic method is used, which is similar to the immunofluorescent research method, but it is less informative. Its essence is to detect antibodies in the blood produced by the body in response to the action of microorganisms.

Important information: Data obtained after diagnosing mycoplasmosis may be false positive or false negative. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct repeated studies a month after treatment.

When diagnosing a pregnant woman, in addition to detecting the microorganisms themselves, it is necessary to assess the degree of impact on the fetus and the patient’s body as a whole. To do this, you need to determine their type and quantity.

Treatment methods

If mocoplasmosis is detected, it is imperative to undergo treatment, even if there are no signs of the disease. Therapy must be comprehensive. Treatment is required for both the woman and her partner.

Therapy with medications and drugs

The main group of drugs used to treat mycoplasmosis are antibiotics. First of all, tetracycline drugs, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are used. The doctor prescribes specific medications based on the test results. In addition, suppositories that contain metronidazole and douching can be used. While taking antibiotics, it is possible to develop a fungal infection and intestinal dysbiosis. To prevent such manifestations, antifungal agents and eubiotics are prescribed.

To maintain immunity, which decreases due to the development of mycoplasmosis, it is advisable to use natural immunomodulators and multivitamin complexes.

Important information: While taking antibiotics, do not drink drinks containing alcohol.

To achieve effectiveness of treatment for mycoplasmosis, you must strictly follow all the doctor’s recommendations.

When the course of treatment is completed, it is necessary to undergo a re-examination to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

During pregnancy, topical medications are usually prescribed. Such remedies include suppositories, medications for irrigating the throat and vaginal douching. Antibiotics are also used, but preference is given to less toxic ones. This makes it possible to reduce negative impact for the fruit. Antibiotic therapy is prescribed no earlier than the 13th week of pregnancy.

How to treat with traditional medicine

Important information: According to doctors, mycoplasmosis can be cured using folk remedies, impossible. They can only reduce the intensity of symptoms. But after some time, the disease will reappear with various complications.

Facilities traditional medicine It is recommended to use simultaneously with traditional methods of therapy. In this case, they are able to enhance actions medications which will lead to faster recovery. Eating garlic has a positive effect on eliminating infection. It is recommended to add it to various dishes, sauces and dressings.

It is also useful to douche using herbal infusions. For example, you can take 2 tablespoons of oak bark and mix with 1 tablespoon of boron uterus, and then steam it in 1.5 cups of boiling water. When the product has been infused for about half an hour, it can be used for spiritualization twice a day.

Goldenrod herb (3 tablespoons), which is poured with boiling water (3 glasses) and infused for 45 minutes, and then taken orally half a glass several times a day, will help make the treatment of mycoplasmosis more effective.

During pregnancy, it is allowed to treat mycoplasmosis, including using these recipes.

Preventive actions

The main methods of prevention include:

1. Having sexual intercourse with one partner.
2. Use of barrier methods of contraception.
3. Visit a gynecologist every six months for a preventive examination.
4. Timely detection and treatment of other infectious diseases that are sexually transmitted.
5. Maintaining immunity.

Important information: When planning a pregnancy, it is recommended to undergo a complete examination of the body to identify possible sexually transmitted infections.

Mycoplasmosis is insidious disease, which can lead to dangerous consequences even in the presence of minimal symptoms. Therefore, it is recommended to visit a doctor at the first manifestations of the disease. If treatment is started in a timely manner, the prognosis for mycoplasmosis is favorable. In this case, a complete recovery without serious complications is possible.

Mycoplasmosis is an inflammatory infectious disease that develops when mycoplasmas, the smallest known bacteria, multiply.

About the pathogen:

Mycoplasma is a family of small prokaryotic organisms of the class Mollicutes. They do not have their own cell wall, only a membrane, due to which they easily attach to the epithelial cells of the genitourinary and respiratory systems and to sperm.

Mycoplasmas occupy an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria - due to the absence of a cell membrane and microscopic size (100-300 nm), mycoplasma is not visible in a light microscope, and this brings these microorganisms closer to viruses. At the same time, mycoplasma cells contain DNA and RNA, can grow in a cell-free environment and reproduce autonomously (binary fission or budding), which brings mycoplasma closer to bacteria.

Mycoplasma infection affects the joints and mucous membranes of the eyes (conjunctivitis), and can cause autoimmune reactions (allergy to the tissues of one’s own body).

In total, more than 100 species of mycoplasmas are known, of which only five are dangerous to humans - representatives of two genera - Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma, from the family Mycoplasmatacea.

Pathogenic to humans are M. pneumoniae, M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. incognitus and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The first of them - M. pneumonia is the causative agent of respiratory mycoplasmosis, M. incognitus causes a little-studied generalized infection, the others - M. hominis, M. genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum cause the development of urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasmas are resistant to sulfonamides, penicillin, streptomycin, but sensitive to tetracycline antibiotics, macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Mycoplasmas Hominis are considered opportunistic: they can cause diseases, but only if the body is weakened.

In healthy people, M. hominis does not manifest itself in any way, being commensal bacteria, that is, not bringing any benefit or harm. The asymptomatic presence of mycoplasmas (M. hominis) is detected, according to various studies, from 25% to 50% and 25% among all newborn girls. In men, carriage is practically undetectable; if infected, self-healing is possible.

Mycoplasmas are sensitive to high temperatures and humidity, die under the influence of ultraviolet radiation and weak radiation, acidic and alkaline solutions, but are resistant to cold for a long time. They can exist and reproduce only inside the body.

Boiling and ultraviolet

Mycoplasmas quickly die when boiled, ultraviolet irradiation and exposure to disinfectants.

Transmission routes:

• The leading route of transmission of mycoplasma infection is sexual (unprotected genital, oral-genital contacts). The probability of transmission of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas during a single sexual contact (genital, anal) varies from 4 to 80%, but is not predictable in each individual case;
• When kissing mouth-to-mouth, ureaplasma and mycoplasma are not transmitted if there has been no prior oral contact with the partner’s genitals and sperm. When kissing the skin of the cheek, forehead, body, limbs (arms and legs), hair on the head, mycoplasma and ureaplasma are not transmitted;
• Other urogenital diseases are often concomitant: candidiasis, chlamydia, genital herpes, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea.
• Contact-household infection is possible, although very rare, it can be realized through the use of common bed linen, towels and washcloths, toilet seats (including in public toilets), non-sterile gynecological and urological instruments.
• The possibility of non-sexual intrafamilial infection with mycoplasmosis is confirmed by the fact that M. hominis is detected in 8-17% of schoolgirls who are not sexually active.
• vertical path. The probability of transmission of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas from an infected mother to the fetus transplacentally (through the placenta) is quite high. A number of researchers believe that it is possible for mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas to penetrate through the amniotic (fetal) membrane into the amniotic fluid and infect the fetus when amniotic fluid is swallowed. When passing through the birth canal, the risk of infection of the fetus with mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas reaches 50-80%;
• Pets are not a source of infection.

When it enters the mucous membranes, the pathogen, attaching to the cellular epithelium, provokes the development of local inflammatory reactions without exhibiting a cytogenic effect. Mycopalsma interacts with the cellular apparatus, which leads to a change in its cytogenic structure and provokes the development of autoimmune processes.

Dangers and Consequences

Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy can cause:

• spontaneous abortions;
• intrauterine infection and fetal death;
• development of congenital defects in a child;
• postpartum sepsis in a newborn;
• birth of low birth weight children;
• inflammation of the uterus after childbirth.

At the same time, some gynecologists completely disagree with the statement that mycoplasmas are dangerous to the health of pregnant women. They indicate that Mycoplasma hominis is found in 15-25% of pregnant women, and complications for the fetus develop in 5-20% of them. Therefore, it is believed that mycoplasmas can harm the health of mother and child only under certain conditions:

• in association with other pathogenic microorganisms, mainly ureaplasma;
• with decreased immunity;
• with massive damage to the genital organs.

As a result, there is a frozen pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in the early stages. The danger is incomplete abortion, when parts of the fetus or membranes remain in the uterine cavity. Without intense medical care Possible death.

Female infertility– can develop as a result of endometritis or inflammation of the fallopian tubes (adnexitis). If the endometrium of the uterus is damaged, the fertilized egg cannot implant and develop in the inflamed uterine tissue. When the fallopian tubes become inflamed, lumen occlusion may occur, resulting in the egg not being able to reach the uterus and sperm not being able to reach the egg. Therefore, the process of conception becomes unlikely.

Male infertility– associated with damage to the prostate and possible damage to the testicles. These damages lead to quantitative and qualitative disturbances in the composition of sperm.

Impotence– primarily associated with damage to the prostate and testicles in men. In this case, sexual intercourse often becomes impossible due to the lack of erection, and even if it occurs, the painful sensations do not allow it to be brought to its “logical conclusion.”

Premature birth or spontaneous miscarriage in the early stages of pregnancy. This process is associated with infectious lesions of the endometrium of the uterus, which is a breeding ground for the developing fetus.

Autoimmune diseases– may occur as a result of a malfunction of the immune system, which is caused by a chronic infectious-inflammatory process. In this condition, immune cells begin to fight the tissues of their own body, often causing irreparable damage.

Incubation period of mycoplasmosis

In the experiment, urethritis develops within three days after the introduction of pure culture. In practice, everything is more complicated:

The incubation period of mycoplasma respiratory infection ranges from 4 days to 1 month, and can last several months or never progress to the acute stage. Then the person will remain an asymptomatic carrier of the infection.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis

There are no characteristic clinical symptoms for mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasmas may manifest themselves with inflammation and discharge, or they may not manifest themselves at all. Impossible one at a time external signs to diagnose. Therefore, the main criterion for infection is the results of a laboratory examination.

However, with all the perfection of laboratory research methods, a gynecological examination for women or a urological examination for men is still necessary. The thing is that mycoplasmosis can be combined with other sexually transmitted infections, as well as with a violation of the vaginal microflora. Therefore, in order to prescribe adequate comprehensive treatment, it is necessary to diagnose the entire range of possible lesions.

The doctor will be interested in your complaints, chronic gynecological/urological diseases, the presence of sexually transmitted diseases in the past, and the health status of your sexual partner.

Gynecological examination is associated with the need to examine the mucous membrane of the vaginal cavity, the cervix, and the external os of the cervical canal. During this examination, as a rule, mycoplasmosis reveals mucopurulent discharge, swelling of the vaginal mucosa and its inflammation. Also, during this examination, the doctor will be able to take biomaterial (smear from the mucous membranes).

Laboratory examinations

The most informative in identifying mycoplasmosis are PCR examination of the biomaterial obtained with a smear, as well as bacteriological examination (to identify concomitant possible sexually transmitted infections).

More details about each examination method:

PCR diagnostics - this method is highly accurate in identifying even a negligible population of microbes. Using this method, a specific pathogen is multiplied “in vitro” and subsequently identified.

This examination is fundamental in making a diagnosis and in determining that the patient has been cured.

Serological examinations (ELISA, PIF) are carried out to identify antibodies to a specific pathogen. However, this examination does not provide accurate information about the dynamics of the process, the activity of the infection and whether the prescribed treatment was effective.

Bacteriological and microscopic examination of a smear allows you to identify concomitant diseases (bacterial or fungal vaginosis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis). Thanks to this examination, it is possible to timely identify the entire “bouquet of infectious diseases.”

Symptoms in women

Urogenital mycoplasmosis in women manifests itself in the form of bacterial vaginosis (gardnerellosis), mycoplasma urethritis, inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, pyelonephritis.

Mycoplasmosis is often combined with chlamydia and ureaplasmosis.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis is an imbalance of microflora in the vagina. Normally, it is populated by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and a strong oxidizing agent - hydrogen peroxide, which prevent the development of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. If for some reason there are fewer lactobacilli, then the acidity of the vaginal walls decreases and rapid proliferation of microorganisms begins. Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis are usually adjacent to lactobacilli, and the clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis are associated with the growth of their populations.

With bacterial vaginosis, pathogenic bacteria adhere to the cells of the vagina. Reasons for the development of vaginosis:

1. Frequent douching with antiseptics containing chlorine (Miramistin, Gibitan);
2. Condoms or contraceptive suppositories with 9-nonoxynol (Panthenox oval, nonoxynol);
3. Uncontrolled use of oral antibiotics, suppositories or vaginal tablets with antibiotics (terzhinan, betadine, polzhinaks);
4. Change of sexual partners.

Symptoms of vaginosis are vaginal discharge, light and liquid, grayish-white in color, smelling like rotten fish. Women often associate the appearance of an unpleasant odor with lack of personal hygiene and use douching. However, these actions only exacerbate inflammation and contribute to the spread of mycopalsmosis to the cervix and ascending infection up to the ovaries. Among possible complications gardnerellosis - endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis and infertility, as well as problems with miscarriage and premature birth.

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra associated with Mycoplasma genitalium.

In 30-49% of non-gonococcal urethritis, mycoplasmas are detected, and in women they are found more often and in higher titers than in men.

Symptoms are typical - burning during urination, mucous or pus-laced discharge from the urethra.

In acute cases, the temperature rises and general intoxication appears (headaches and muscle pain, chills, weakness).

An infection ascending from the urethra affects the bladder, then the ureters and kidneys, causing pyelonephritis.

Inflammation of the uterus and its appendages begins with pain in the lumbar region and lower abdomen, then mucous discharge appears from the cervix and vagina, and bleeding occurs during and between menstruation.

Women complain about constant fatigue and lack of strength, lack of appetite and sleep disturbances.

This picture is typical for the chronic course of genital mycoplasmosis.

Symptoms in men

The main manifestations after infection with Mycoplasma genitalium in men are urethritis and prostatitis. Differences from female urogenital mycoplasmosis: characterized by an almost asymptomatic course; mono-infection rarely spreads to the kidneys, but often ends in infertility; There is no carriage of mycoplasmas among men.

Urethritis begins with a slight burning sensation when urinating, after a couple of days the symptoms disappear. Inflammation of the prostate gland occurs latently, appears with mild dull pain in the lower back and gradually increasing problems with erection.

The symptoms of mycoplasmosis appear more clearly in the presence of a combined infection and in combination with urogenital ureaplasmosis and chlamydia. Ureaplasmas together with mycoplasmas are found in 30-45% of patients with prostatitis, chlamydia - in 40% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. In such cases, signs of arthritis often appear - joint pain, local swelling and redness of the skin; ascending infection with kidney damage; local inflammation of the genital organs - orchitis (testicles), epididymitis (epididymis), vesiculitis (inflamed seminal vesicles).

Male infertility with mycoplasmosis develops not only due to inflammation, but also due to impaired spermatogenesis.

Where does mycoplasmosis come from in children?

In children, mycoplasmosis is observed after infection in utero, during normal childbirth or after cesarean section. The upper respiratory tract is most often affected - rhinitis and pharyngitis, then tracheitis and bronchitis develop, and then pneumonia. The causative agent of respiratory mycoplasmosis - - with the help of flagella, attaches to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and destroys their walls.

As a result, interstitial pneumonia of newborns develops, characteristic of congenital mycoplasmosis.

In premature infants infected with mycoplasmas, respiratory disorders, the development of newborn scleroma (thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissue), hemorrhages in the parietal and occipital regions (cephalohematomas), increased bilirubin and jaundice, and the development of inflammation of the brain and its membranes (meningoencephalitis) are possible.

In full-term children - pneumonia, subcutaneous hemorrhages, late symptoms of meningoencephalitis.

25% of pregnant women are asymptomatic carriers of mycoplasmas. In the vast majority of cases, the placenta and membranes protect the fetus during pregnancy. But if the amniotic sac is damaged or during childbirth, mycoplasmas can enter the child’s body and cause infection.

Infection with mycoplasmosis in children can occur:

• in case of infection of amniotic fluid during pregnancy;
• if the placenta is damaged;
• during the passage of the birth canal;
• when communicating with sick relatives or carriers of mycoplasmas.

The entry points for infection can be:

• conjunctiva of the eyes;
• mucous membranes of the oral cavity and respiratory tract;
• mucous membranes of the genital organs.

In healthy full-term infants, contact with mycoplasmas rarely leads to the development of disease. But premature babies who are in the period intrauterine development suffered from chronic placental insufficiency, very sensitive to mycoplasmas due to the immaturity of the immune system.

When infected with mycoplasmas, children may develop:

Conjunctivitis. Mycoplasmas infect the cells of the conjunctiva - a thin membrane covering outer surface eyes and inner surface century Symptoms:

• redness of the whites of the eyes;
• tearfulness;
• slight swelling of the eyelids;
• mucopurulent discharge.

• violation of nasal breathing;
• sore throat;
• hoarseness of voice.

Meningitis– inflammation of the soft and arachnoid membranes of the brain. Manifestations:

• heat;
• headache;
• stiffness of the neck muscles - increased tone of the neck muscles, which is why the child cannot press his chin to his chest;
• increased sensitivity to light and sound;
• repeated vomiting;
• severe weakness.

Respiratory distress syndrome or non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Damage to lung tissue by mycoplasmas can lead to massive release of fluid into the lumen of the alveoli, and sometimes into the pleural cavity. Pulmonary edema leads to respiratory failure, and patients suffer from acute oxygen deficiency. Its manifestations:

• bluish skin;
• severe lethargy;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• coma.

Neonatal sepsis– entry of mycoplasmas into the blood. “Blood poisoning” is associated with impaired immunity, namely the inability to phagocytose microorganisms. In this case, symptoms of a systemic inflammatory reaction appear:

• temperature above 38 or below 36°C;
• pulse over 90 beats per minute;
• increased respiration rate over 20 per minute;
• a large number of leukocytes (leukocytosis) in a blood test - above 12x10 per μl.

Carriage. Mycoplasmas settle on the membrane of mucosal cells, but no symptoms of the disease occur. Mycoplasmas often colonize the reproductive system of newborn girls - colonization was detected in 20-50% of them. Carriage does not occur in newborn boys.

Forms of mycoplasmosis

• Respiratory mycoplasmosis, which is an acute anthroponotic infectious and inflammatory disease of the respiratory system. It is provoked by mycoplasma of the species M. pneumoniae (the influence of other types of mycoplasmas on the development of respiratory diseases has not yet been proven);
• , which refers to infectious inflammatory diseases genitourinary tract. Caused by mycoplasma species M. Hominis and M. Genitalium;
• Generalized mycoplasmosis, in which extra-respiratory mycoplasma lesions are detected. Mycoplasma infection can affect the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems, eyes, kidneys, liver, and cause the development bronchial asthma, polyarthritis, pancreatitis and exanthemas. Extra-respiratory organ damage usually occurs due to the generalization of respiratory or urogenital mycoplasmosis.

Depending on the clinical course, mycoplasmosis is divided into:;

• spicy;
• subacute;
• sluggish;
• chronic.

Since the presence of mycoplasmas in the body is not always accompanied by symptoms of the disease, carriage of mycoplasmas is also distinguished (with carriage there are no clinical signs of inflammation, mycoplasmas are present in a titer of less than 103 CFU/ml).

Mycoplasma was first isolated in 1898 in France from cows suffering from pneumonia. A little later, in 1928, scientists turned their attention to a strange “virus” in sick bulls, and in 1937 Edzall and Dienes found out that mycoplasma also lives in the human body. They isolated it during a study of abscesses of the Bartholin glands. In the body of healthy women (in the area of ​​the cervical canal), the pathogen was identified in 1942, and at the same time, mycoplasma was found in the urethra of men. And a few years later it was proven that mycoplasmosis is a venereal disease that can provoke quite serious consequences.

The causative agent of mycoplasmosis is separated from environment cytoplasmic membrane (contains proteins that are located in lipid layers).

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

The causative agent is Mycoplasma pneumonie. Bacteria are released from the respiratory tract a week and a half after the onset of the disease, transmitted by airborne droplets or through objects. Respiratory mycoplasmosis has seasonal trends and is more common in the autumn-winter period. 2-4 yearly increases in incidence are typical. Immunity lasts 5-10 years or more, the course of the disease depends on the immune status. In general, respiratory mycoplasmosis in humans accounts for 5-6% of all acute respiratory infections and 6-22% of diagnosed pneumonia, during epidemic outbreaks - up to 50%.

Method of transmission of respiratory mycoplasmosis. The source of infection is sick people and asymptomatic carriers. The disease is transmitted by airborne dust. When coughing, mucus particles containing mycoplasmas fall on objects and settle on house dust, and subsequently on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Young people under 30 years of age are most often affected.

The consequence of respiratory mycoplasmosis is pneumonia.

Mycoplasma respiratory infection is more common in children and youth. Children 5-14 years old are infected with M. pneumonie in 20-35% of cases of all acute respiratory infections, adolescents and people aged 19-23 years - in 15-20% of cases. There is a combination of mycoplasmas with viral infections (influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus, HIV). Complications – pneumonia, sepsis, meningoencephalitis, hemolytic anemia, joint inflammation.

The incubation period is up to 1 month, then symptoms of a common cold appear, turning into a painful dry cough. With a mild form of the disease, the temperature rises slightly, the patient complains of aching muscle pain and general malaise. On examination - dilated scleral vessels, pinpoint hemorrhages under the mucous membranes, and a “loose” throat. The cervical and submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. Dry wheezing is heard in the lungs, general state the patient is satisfactory. The disease lasts 1-2 weeks and ends without complications.

• The disease can occur in various forms:;
• nasopharyngitis;
• bronchitis;
• tracheitis;
• atypical mycoplasma pneumonia (its share is about 10-20% of all pneumonia).

Mycoplasma pneumonia is characterized by:

• acute onset of the disease – chills, significant increase in temperature;
• intoxication is moderate, the condition worsens when the temperature rises;
• weakness, weakness, muscle aches are the result of poisoning with a neurotoxin secreted by mycoplasmas;
• annoying dry cough with slight release of mucopurulent sputum, less often mixed with blood;
• in the lungs there are dry or moist fine bubbling rales, the lesion is usually focal and one-sided;
• the face is pale, the sclera is reddened, sometimes blood vessels are visible;
• Some patients experience nausea and vomiting.

Antibiotics are used to treat respiratory forms of mycoplasmosis.

Treatment

Therapeutic measures are not always justified, details:

Treatment is based on the use of antibiotics and antimicrobials. For acute uncomplicated urogenital mycoplasmosis, which:

• Caused by mycoplasma, metronidazole and clindamycin are used. Treatment may be local;
• Caused by mycoplasma, tetracycline drugs (doxycycline) or macrolides (azithromycin) are used.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis with antibiotics should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist attending physician. Self-medication in this case can lead to a deterioration in the dynamics of the process and the development of resistance to antibacterial agents of mycoplasma.

Standard regimens for the use of antibiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmosis:

It is important to follow some rules when treating with antibiotics:

• Treatment should not be interrupted or stopped before the time limit established by the attending physician.
• When treating mycoplasmosis, even protected sexual intercourse should be stopped for the period of treatment.
• Treatment is considered successful only after laboratory tests confirm this, and the disappearance of symptoms of mycoplasmosis is not a reliable criterion for cure.

An important component of effective therapy for mycoplasmosis is the need to undergo treatment together with a sexual partner. If this is not done, chlamydia will circulate within the couple, causing re-infection.

The success of treatment is ensured by personal hygiene. It should be remembered that chlamydia survives on sheets, towels and underwear for a week. And simply boiling laundry for a minute is guaranteed to destroy them.

Probiotics in the treatment of mycoplasmosis

Since antibiotics affect the entire body, there is a high probability that they can destroy beneficial microflora. To ensure that its place is not taken by microflora that are aggressive to the body (fungi, some types of opportunistic bacteria), live cultures of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are prescribed.

The most well-known and frequently used drugs from the group of probiotics are: Hilak Forte, Bifidumbacterin, Linex.

Mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas are causative agents of urogenital and respiratory infections in men and women. These microorganisms belong to the class of opportunistic pathogens and are constantly present on the mucous membranes of the reproductive system, organs of the urinary system, and the oral cavity. In a healthy person, they do not cause symptoms of infection, but when the immune system is weakened, increased bacterial growth occurs and the disease progresses.

Transmission of mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis occurs in most cases through unprotected sexual contact from a sick partner to a healthy one. The incubation period is quite long; a person may not feel any signs of infection for several months. In some cases characteristic symptoms are absent, and the infected person becomes a carrier and can transmit the bacteria to his partner.

Mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis spread vertically from the pregnant mother to the child, and an intrauterine infection develops, which can affect the development of the fetus and cause congenital defects and neonatal diseases. Infection also occurs when a baby passes through the birth canal.

Bacteria are spread by airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The infection is not transmitted through household contact, since pathogenic microorganisms die very quickly in environmental conditions.

Symptoms of a mixed type of disease

In women, ureamicoplasmosis is manifested by the following symptoms:

• burning, itching of the genitals;
• discomfort, pain during urination;
• light mucous discharge from the vagina with an unpleasant odor;
• painful sexual intercourse;
• lower abdominal pain;
• spotting after sex;
• intermenstrual bleeding;
• miscarriage;
• menstrual irregularities.

Ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis cause inflammation of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. At the same time, women experience increased body temperature, nausea, chills, and acute abdominal pain radiating to the lower back. The discharge may acquire a yellow-green tint, and impurities of pus and blood appear. Advanced forms of adnexitis lead to the development of infertility, the formation of adhesions and tubal obstruction.

Mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis in men are not accompanied by any specific symptoms. Complaints appear when the organs of the urinary system are involved in the pathological process. Urethritis is often diagnosed, the disease causes sharp pain during urination. Mucus interspersed with pus is separated from the opening of the urethra.

Men experience pain during erection and ejaculation, which is why erectile dysfunction develops. The infection can be complicated by prostatitis, orchitis, infertility, and impotence. Mycoplasmosis and chronic ureaplasmosis provoke the development of autoimmune diseases:

• rheumatoid arthritis;
• chronic heart failure;
• renal failure.

Respiratory form of ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis

Pathogenic microorganisms can infect the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, causing:

• tracheitis;
• bronchitis;
• tonsillitis;
• nasopharyngitis;
• atypical pneumonia.

Typically, this form of the disease is diagnosed in large groups and spreads by airborne droplets. The incubation period is 3–5 days, but can appear after 21 days.

In mild forms of infection, the patient is bothered by a headache, a slight increase in body temperature, general malaise, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, and swollen lymph nodes in the neck.

When pneumonia develops, severe aches in the muscles and joints, a wet cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea occur, and the temperature rises to 39–40°C. The patient has pale skin, severe sweating, weakness, fine wheezing can be heard in the lungs, and a rash appears in the joint area. Children suffer from the disease more severely than adults. Atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasmosis, ureaplasmosis, is complicated by pulmonary edema, bronchiectasis, pneumosclerosis, and deforming bronchitis.

Diagnosis of ureamicoplasmosis

Since the infection long time proceeds without pronounced symptoms, then treatment is usually prescribed already at advanced stages, when inflammation of the genitourinary and respiratory system has begun. Women undergo a bimanual examination, the gynecologist takes smears of vaginal discharge and from the laryngeal mucosa (for bacteriological examination).

For men, treatment for mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis is prescribed by a urologist. For analysis, a smear is taken from the urethra and the surface of the glans penis. Both partners suffering from a urogenital infection should be examined by a doctor, since in one of them the disease may occur in a latent form.

A general blood test reveals an increased level of leukocytes, which is characteristic of an inflammatory process. Tests on RV exclude the presence of pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases. Bacteriological analysis of a smear allows you to diagnose the nature of the pathology, differentiate bacterial and fungal vaginitis, and detect a mixed type of infection.

Serological diagnostic methods include ELISA - enzyme immunoassay for the presence of antibodies to ureaplasma and mycoplasma. Based on the results, you can determine the severity of the disease and how long ago the infection occurred. ELISA also helps to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment.

PCR diagnostics is necessary to determine the type of infectious agent. The class of bacteria is identified by DNA. This highly accurate method is not used in all laboratories, as expensive equipment is required.

Treatment methods for infectious disease

Whether it is necessary to be treated for ureaplasmosis or mycoplasmosis is determined by the doctor in each individual case. If a high titer of antibodies is detected in the blood, but there are no clinical manifestations of the disease, then antibiotic treatment is not prescribed. The patient is advised to strengthen the immune system, healthy image life, use contraceptives during sexual intercourse.

When therapy is prescribed:

• in the presence of an inflammatory process;
• at the planning stage and during pregnancy;
• before gynecological operations, instrumental procedures;
• with a high titer of ureaplasma, mycoplasma (10⁴ CFU/ml);
• for infertility in men and women.

Treatment of ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis is carried out with systemic antibiotics, immunomodulatory drugs and probiotics. If another type of bacteria is additionally detected, then agents active against pathogenic microorganisms are added to the treatment regimen.

Antibiotics are most often prescribed for treatment:

The course lasts from 3 to 14 days, depending on the severity of the disease. For chronic and sluggish forms of infection, treatment is increased to 28 days. In some cases, simultaneous use of several antibacterial drugs from different groups is indicated.

In addition to anti-inflammatory therapy, in patients chronic forms diseases strengthen the immune system. Patients are prescribed Imudon, Viferon, Echinacea, Lavomax, and multivitamins that have an antioxidant effect. Antibiotic treatment kills not only harmful bacteria, but also beneficial ones. To restore the microflora of the intestines and genitourinary organs, it is necessary to take medications containing live bifidobacteria and lactobacilli (Hilak Forte, Linex), and eat more fermented milk products.

Local therapy

It is useful for women and men to take baths to relieve acute symptoms of the disease. To prepare them, take 50 ml of gelatin, 500 units of vitamin A, 200 units of insulin, 1 million units of tetracycline. Representatives of the fairer sex can douche, use a solution for washing, make tampons, and sitz baths for 10–15 minutes 2 times a day. Men undergo urethral lavage.

Women with ureaplasmosis and mycoplasmosis are prescribed the use of vaginal suppositories and tablets (Hexicon, Neotrizol). Suppositories are inserted into the vagina daily before bed for 10–14 days.

Treatment should be taken by both sexual partners; during this period it is recommended to abstain from sexual intercourse. You need to take the pills strictly as prescribed by your doctor; you must not stop taking them. ahead of schedule even if the symptoms of infection have passed. Otherwise, a relapse of the disease may occur, and the bacteria will develop resistance to the antibiotic.

During therapy, it is necessary to take tests several times to assess the effectiveness of the course. If the titer of ureaplasma and mycoplasma remains high, replace the antibacterial drug or increase the dosage.

You should not self-medicate, this can lead to the development of serious complications, bacterial resistance to medicines. Prevention measures include culture of sexual relations, timely treatment of diseases of the urogenital area, and a healthy lifestyle.

How does infection manifest in children?

Infection of a child with mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas occurs from a sick mother during pregnancy and childbirth, through contact of infected people with a newborn baby. Healthy, full-term babies rarely get sick when exposed to bacteria. And babies born prematurely, with low weight, who suffered from placental insufficiency, are very sensitive to ureaplasma and mycoplasma.

The disease can cause:

• conjunctivitis;
• neonatal pneumonia of bacterial etiology;
• long-term healing of the umbilical wound;
• candidiasis of the skin, mucous membranes;
• meningitis;
• diaper rash in the fold area;
• bronchitis, pharyngitis;
• pulmonary edema;
• sepsis.

Bacteria can colonize the mucous membranes of the genital organs (mainly in girls) and remain there for a long time asymptomatically, until puberty. Treatment of infectious diseases in children is carried out with antibiotics as prescribed by a doctor.

In pregnant women, infection with mycoplasmosis and ureaplasmosis can lead to premature birth, fetal hypoxia, and pregnancy loss. Therapy is prescribed for severe symptoms of the pathology; medications can be taken starting from the 2nd trimester. Expectant mothers are prescribed antibiotics Erythromycin, Azithromycin, and immunomodulators.

Ureamycoplasma infection is a mixed type of disease that affects the urogenital area and upper respiratory tract. The pathology causes inflammation of the mucous membranes and soft tissues, the development of complications of varying severity. Treatment is prescribed by a gynecologist, urologist or pulmonologist.

Mycoplasmosis is a disease caused by mycoplasmas.

Depending on the pathological processes caused, 5 groups of mycoplasmas are distinguished:

1. Mycoplasmas that cause respiratory diseases (several species);
2. Mycoplasmas causing diseases of the genitourinary tract (2 species);
3. Mycoplasmas that provoke the development of rheumatoid processes;
4. Mycoplasmas are causative agents of inflammatory syndromes and inflammatory processes of various localizations;
5. Mycoplasmas are conditional saprophytes found in the secretions of practically healthy people, animals and birds, in the oral cavity, wastewater, soil, on plant leaves, in reservoirs, etc.

In this article, I will naturally focus on mycoplasmas, which are the causative agent of a sexually transmitted infection - urogenital mycoplasmosis, M. hominis u

M. genitalium. Mycoplasmas are the smallest pocoriots capable of independent reproduction, occupying an intermediate position between viruses and bacteria. They, like viruses, have small sizes, do not have a dense cell wall and are covered with a three-layer cytoplasmic membrane. However, like bacteria, mycoplasmas have both nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and this fundamentally differs from viruses. Unlike viruses and chlamydia, mycoplasmas can multiply on cell-free media. 2 types of mycoplasmas capable of breaking down the enzyme urease are called ureaplasmas (U. urealytika and U. Parvum). They are independent species, identified as a separate group of pathogens that cause the disease ureaplasmosis.

All groups of mycoplasmas are quite stable in the external environment. They do not die at low temperatures (even when frozen), are stable in water with a pH of less than 8.0, and retain their viability under the influence of ordinary disinfectants (1% chloramine, Lysol). Mycoplasmas quickly die when exposed to high temperatures, at a temperature of 60 degrees, inactivation occurs after 10 minutes, at a temperature of 90 degrees - after 3-5 minutes. Mycoplasmas are transmitted sexually and domestically (through swimming pool water that is not exposed to special treatment, baths, toilets, see sexually transmitted infections). The entry points for infection are the mucous membrane of the genital tract (when infected sexually or through the toilet, bath), the eyes (when bathing, when the patient coughs and sneezes), and the mucous membrane of the mouth and nasopharynx (when the patient coughs and sneezes). The incubation period ranges from several days to 1 - 1.5 months. In individuals with good immunity, incubation may be extended to 2 months, as well as asymptomatic carriage of the disease for several months or even years.

Let's focus on mycoplasmas, causing diseases genitourinary tract. These include M.hominis and M.genitalium. After the end of the incubation period, patients develop damage to the mucous membrane of the urethra, vagina, and cervical canal, expressed in mild itching, burning, redness of the mucosa, and mucous discharge from the genital tract. In the absence of timely treatment, damage to the uterus, appendages (ovaries and fallopian tubes) in women, damage to the prostate, seminal vesicles and testicles in men, or damage to the kidneys and bladder in men and women is possible. Normally, a person should not have this infection. Therefore, if you or your partner are diagnosed with mycoplasma, it is necessary for both partners to undergo the course of treatment prescribed by the doctor.

WHAT IS MYCOPLASMOSIS DANGEROUS?

1. The development of a number of diseases of the urogenital tract in men and women: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, infertility;
2. The development of diseases of the urogenital tract in men: prostatitis, vesiculitis, orchitis, balanoposthitis, impaired potency.
3. The development of diseases of the urogenital tract in women: colpitis, cervicitis, endometritis, adnexitis, ophoritis, perimetritis, salpingitis, salpingoophoritis;
4. Possibility of joint damage: arthritis or polyarthritis.

Elena Vladimirovna Kontsevykh - director, dermatovenerologist.

Mycoplasma hominis is one of 16 types of mycoplasmas that can be found in the body. It is classified as conditionally pathogenic, but under certain conditions it can provoke pathology, the treatment of which is carried out on an outpatient basis. Let's consider the causes, signs, and methods of combating the pathogen.

Mycoplasmosis - causes

Mycoplasma in women is always present in the vaginal microflora. Its concentration is low to cause disease. With the deterioration of local immunity and the development of the inflammatory process, increased growth and reproduction of this tiny microorganism is noted. The following patients are predisposed to mycoplasmosis:

• women with high sexual activity;
• having concomitant urogenital pathologies – trichomoniasis, gonorrhea;
• pregnant women.

Mycoplasma hominis is less pathogenic than other types. But the microorganism is often found in a smear when other diseases of the genitourinary system are detected: urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis. Doctors call such pathologies directly as a provoking agent that triggers the rapid growth of conditionally pathogenic microflora.

How is Mycoplasma hominis transmitted?

Primary infection with mycoplasma occurs during childbirth. During the advancement of the fetus along the birth canal of the mother, who is the carrier of this microorganism, penetration of the pathogen into the urogenital tract of girls is noted. In addition, intrauterine infection through the placenta is also possible (very rare). When considering Mycoplasma hominis and the routes of transmission of the pathogen, doctors put the sexual route in the first place. Unprotected sexual intercourse with a carrier of microorganisms leads to infection. Predisposing factors for this are:

• frequent change of sexual partners;
• promiscuous sexual relations.

Mycoplasma in women - symptoms

Mycoplasmosis in women, the symptoms of which are listed below, has a hidden course. Because of this, women learn about the presence of the disease a certain time after infection. Often, the microorganism provokes other diseases of the urogenital tract, during the diagnosis of which mycoplasmas are detected. These microorganisms often provoke:

• inflammation of the uterus and appendages;
• pyelonephritis.

The immediate symptoms of these pathologies often indicate mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasmosis, the symptoms of which do not appear immediately after infection, is accompanied by copious discharge from the genital tract. This phenomenon causes a burning sensation, which intensifies during urination. Discomfort and unpleasant sensations can also accompany sexual intercourse. A feature of the disease caused by Mycoplasma hominis is the presence of periods of remission - when the symptoms disappear for a while and then reappear.

Mycoplasmosis - incubation period

Mycoplasmosis in women manifests itself after 3-55 days. So long incubation period explains the difficulty of diagnosing the disease in the early stages. Symptoms of the disease are more pronounced in men. Often the pathology is diagnosed during a joint examination of spouses before planning a pregnancy. Obvious symptoms of the disease in women appear only during an exacerbation of inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system. Some ladies may ignore periodic burning sensations without seeking medical help.

Discharge from mycoplasmosis

Reproduction in the reproductive system of a pathogen such as mycoplasma, the symptoms of the disease are mentioned above, is accompanied by the appearance of light discharge. At the same time, their character may be different. More often it is mucous discharge of a small volume. Their spontaneous disappearance for a short period causes a deceptive feeling of recovery. The appearance of pathological discharge after 2-3 weeks in a larger volume often forces the girl to consult a gynecologist.

Mycoplasma hominis - diagnosis

Diagnosis of pathology is carried out comprehensively. Analysis for mycoplasmosis allows you to identify the pathogen even at low concentrations. A smear is taken from the vagina, cervix and urethra. This study is preceded by an examination of the woman in gynecological chair, in which the doctor may notice changes in the cervical uterus. These changes directly become the reason for a comprehensive examination of the patient.

Mycoplasma analysis

Sowing for mycoplasma is carried out with the collection of material from the urethra, vagina, and cervix. After collecting the material, it is examined under a microscope and evaluated. An additional method for diagnosing pathology, which helps to identify the pathogen at low concentrations, is PCR. This reaction detects the presence of pathogen DNA in a blood sample, so pathology can be diagnosed even in the absence of clinical manifestations of the disease.

Mycoplasma is normal

A smear for mycoplasma determines the presence of opportunistic microorganisms. However, a small amount of them is allowed and is normal. Because of this, when making a diagnosis, the gynecologist pays attention to the concentration of mycoplasmas in the results of the analysis. The borderline normal state is 104 CFU/ml. When performing PCR, the patient receives a positive result – mycoplasmas are present in the blood (carriage or acute stage of mycoplasmosis) and a negative result – there are no mycoplasmas. This analysis is used as a supplementary analysis.

Mycoplasma - treatment

Mycoplasma in women, the symptoms and treatment of which depend directly on the type of pathogen, is often diagnosed at a late stage. This necessitates long-term therapy. The basis of treatment is antibacterial drugs aimed at suppressing the growth and development of the pathogen. Medicines are selected taking into account sensitivity, so the prescription is carried out according to the results of laboratory tests.

To exclude Mycoplasma hominis, treatment is carried out comprehensively. Both sexual partners must take the course. In addition to antibiotics and physiotherapeutic procedures, the following groups of drugs are used in the treatment of mycoplasmosis:

• immunomodulators;
• antifungal;
• antiprotozoal.

Mycoplasmosis - treatment, drugs

The treatment regimen for mycoplasmosis is determined individually. When prescribing a course, doctors take into account the severity of the disease, its stage, and the presence of concomitant gynecological pathologies. Before treating mycoplasmosis, the type of pathogen is determined. The basis of therapy is tetracycline preparations:

• Tetracycline;

Macrolides are also effective in the fight against mycoplasma, which include:

• Clarithromycin;
• Azithromycin.

Doctors often prescribe fluoroquinolones as alternative antibacterial agents:

• Ciprofloxacin;
• Ofloxacin.

The course of antibiotics lasts 3-7 days. At the same time, they are appointed antifungal drugs, suppressing the growth and reproduction of fungal infections, which occurs due to long-term use of antibiotics. In this case the following is prescribed:

• Clotrimazole;
• Nystatin.

On final stage, to restore and normalize the vaginal microflora, use:

• Vagilak;
• Gynoflor.

Mycoplasmosis - consequences in women

Untimely detection of mycoplasma hominis in women can provoke diseases of the urogenital system. Due to the absence of clear symptoms when infected with Mycoplasma hominis, the pathogen is detected during the diagnosis of an existing disease of the reproductive system. Often, latent mycoplasmosis causes disorders in the reproductive system such as:

• adhesions in the pelvis;
• postpartum endometritis;
• ectopic pregnancy;
• infertility.