Contains a complete course of military topography. The presentation is distinguished by brevity, full coverage of the material, accessibility and clarity of presentation. It is intended to teach students how to study and assess the terrain, navigate it, use topographic and special maps, geodetic data and photographic documents, as well as make measurements on the ground when organizing, conducting combat operations and commanding troops. It is based on a course of lectures and practical exercises conducted by the authors for several years at the Faculty of Military Education. Corresponds to FSES HE 3+ and the content of the cycle of disciplines F.01 "Military training" of state educational standards for the preparation of bachelors and masters. For students of higher educational institutions studying the discipline "General tactics".
The work belongs to the genre Educational literature. It was published in 2017 by Knorus. On our site you can download the book "Military Topography" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The rating of the book is 3.67 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also refer to the reviews of readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In the online store of our partner you can buy and read the book in paper form.
Military topography
Military topography is a science that makes it possible to develop methods and means for obtaining information about various terrain in the interests of combat activities.
The purpose of topography
When using a completely powerful weapon and radio equipment, it is required to make accurate topographic and geodetic measurements and calculations according to their approximate direction of further actions, as well as determining the distance of their target. As a rule, such guns do not have a small distance to hit the target, therefore, it requires the utmost accuracy of measurement. But success in combat may require the most maximal, but precise solutions to the use of measuring technology. But it is also important that each member of the squad has a good eye and can quickly orient themselves and find a way to measure the distance to the target and other objects.
Simple Measurement Techniques
Simple linear and angular measurements are in demand for reconnaissance and terrain orientation, as well as for initial shooting data. The eye gauge is the most in a simple way for measurement, it is available to every military serviceman and is applicable in any conditions. Field binoculars are also used for measurements; in the field of view of the binoculars there are two goniometric scales used to measure vertical and horizontal angles. If binoculars are not present, then you can use the usual ruler, but you need to have certain skills. Instead of a ruler, you can use improvised items such as:
palm
finger
Matchbox
pencil
Also, an indispensable assistant is a compass, which helps to navigate in the desired direction of the path. A map that has many meanings and has several varieties becomes an indispensable assistant.
reference Information
Azimuths and directional angle. Magnetic declination, meridian convergence and direction correction Choice of landmarks. Target designation from the landmark, in azimuth and range to the target, pointing the weapon at the target Maintaining the specified (planned) direction of movement and distance. obstacle avoidance Compliance with the standard: "Movement in azimuths on foot" Compliance with the standard: "Orientation on the map" Compliance with military topography standards: 1.3, 5-10 Compliance with the standards: "Determining the direction (azimuth on the ground)" and "Measuring distances (angles) on the ground using binoculars (rulers with millimeter divisions)" Fulfillment of standards: "Reading the map" Measurement and construction of directional angles on the map. Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and vice versa Measuring distances on the map. Study of the area. Reading the map along the route Measurement of angles and distances on the ground Image and reading of local objects on maps: hydrography, vegetation cover and soil, settlements, industrial enterprises and socio-cultural facilities, road network and individual local landmarks The study of the tactical properties of the terrain: observation conditions and camouflage properties of the terrain (determining the mutual visibility of points), patency conditions, protective properties of the terrain Linear and angular units Map scales The terrain as an element of the operational-combat situation. Determination on the map of the general nature of the terrain Obstacle avoidance. Finding your way back Acquaintance with the map (evaluation of the map), clarification of the scale, height of the section, year of survey and reconnaissance, year of publication, correction of direction, digitization of the coordinate grid Determination of azimuths to local objects Determination of geographical coordinates and mapping of objects by known coordinates Determination on the map of absolute heights and relative elevations of terrain points, ascents and descents, steepness of slopes Determination of directions to the sides of the horizon by compass, celestial bodies, signs of local objects Determining the position of objects (points) in systems of polar and bipolar coordinates, mapping objects by direction and distance, by two angles or by two distances Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on the map by their coordinates Determining the sides of the horizon, magnetic azimuths, horizontal angles and compass heading Determining the nature of local objects from images on maps Orientation on the ground without a map. Determining your location in relation to surrounding local objects. Maintaining the direction of movement along the celestial bodies, local objects, given azimuths Orientation on the ground without a map. Essence of Orientation Orientation on the terrain in azimuths. Magnetic azimuth. Determination of azimuths to local objects Orientation on the ground according to the map (scheme): methods of orienting the map (scheme), the procedure for identifying landmarks, determining one's location, comparing the map (scheme) with the terrain Orientation on the ground on the map of the commanders of subordinate units and other persons Orientation on the map. Orientation of the map in directions to the sides of the horizon, to landmarks, along a linear landmark. Landmark recognition Orientation using a gyro semi-compass. Orientation map in the car. Exit to the destination Basic rules for maintaining a work card. Card lifting. Symbols and abbreviations used when maintaining a work card and compiling other graphic documents. The main elements of the content of the map. Scale, off-scale and explanatory symbols. Making cards. General rules for reading topographic maps Features of orientation on the terrain in conditions of limited visibility Preparing data for movement in azimuth The concept of service graphic documents, their purpose and content The sequence and main issues of studying and assessing the terrain in planning and conducting operational combat operations and performing special tasks Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones
A program that includes a set of high quality topographic maps, some of which were created by the Russian General Staff.
Application Soviet military maps includes world topographic maps providing continuous coverage around the world at a scale of 100K-500K, road maps, terrain and satellite images from Google Maps, as well as a number of open street maps.
Nice feature of the app Soviet military maps for Android is the presence a large number roads not shown on other maps. It is also worth noting that Soviet maps have lost their relevance for developed countries, since they were created in the 80s and it is desirable to use them only for countries in Africa and Asia. In other cases, it is recommended to use Google maps and OSM layers.
Download Soviet military maps: one of the best off-road navigation apps for your Android.
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Name: Military topography.
This textbook outlines the course of military topography, the knowledge of which is necessary for every officer.
The first section of the textbook discusses the classification, mathematical basis and geometric essence of topographic maps, their content, methods of reading and measuring them. It also discusses the properties of aerial photographs, the basics of their military interpretation and the rules for their use in solving combat missions.
The second section is devoted to orienteering different ways, including with the help of navigation equipment
In the third section, in relation to the practical activities of unit commanders, the use of maps for studying the terrain, assessing its tactical properties, commanding troops and target designation in various types of combat, as well as compiling combat graphic documents, the procedure and methods for conducting reconnaissance of the area are considered.
The appendix contains samples of topographic maps, tables of symbols, different kinds aerial photographs.
The terrain is one of the main and constantly operating factors in the combat situation, which significantly affects the combat activity of the troops. Features of the terrain that affect the organization, conduct of combat and the use of military equipment are called its tactical properties. The main ones include its maneuverability and orientation conditions, camouflage and protective properties, conditions for observation and firing.
Skillful use of the tactical properties of the terrain contributes to the most effective application weapons and military equipment, secrecy of maneuver and surprise attacks on the enemy, camouflage from observation and protection of troops from enemy fire. Consequently, when performing combat missions, each serviceman must be able to quickly and correctly study the terrain and evaluate its tactical properties.
Content
Introduction
§ 1. Subject, content, tasks and method of military topography
§ 2 Place and role of military topography in the system of combat training of troops
SECTION ONE
TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS AND AERIAL IMAGES, THEIR USE IN THE TROOPS
Chapter 1. Classification, purpose and geometric essence of maps
§ 3. Main types of cards
1. Features of the cartographic image
2. General geographic and special maps
3. Classification and purpose of topographic maps
§ 4. Mathematical basis for the construction of maps
1.Geometric essence of the cartographic image
2. Distortions in map projections
3. Reference geodetic networks
§ 5. Projections of Soviet topographic maps
1. Projection of maps of scales 1:25,000-1:500,000
2. Map projection at a scale of 1:1000000
§ b. Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps
1. Map layout system
2. Nomenclature of map sheets
3. Selection and issuance of the nomenclature of map sheets for the required area.
Chapter 2 Map Measurements
§ 7. Measurement of distances and areas
1. Map scale
2.Measuring lines on the map
3 Accuracy of measuring distances on the map
4.Corrections in distances for slope and tortuosity of lines
5. The simplest ways to measure areas on the map
§ 8. Determination of the coordinates of terrain points and objects (targets) on the map
1. Coordinate systems used in topography
2. Determination of geographical coordinates
3. Definition rectangular coordinates
§ 9. Measurement on the map of directional angles and azimuths
1. Azimuths and directional angles
2.Measurement and construction of directional angles on the map
3. Transition from directional angle to magnetic azimuth and vice versa
Chapter 3 Reading Topographic Maps
§ 10. System symbols on the maps
1.Completeness and detail of the image of the area
2.Principles of construction and application of symbols on maps
3 Pitchfork symbols
4.Color design (coloring) of cards
5. Explanatory signatures and digital designations
6.General rules card reading
§eleven. The image of the relief on the maps
1. Types and elementary landforms
2. The essence of the image of the relief by contour lines
3. Types of contour lines
4 Depiction by contour lines of elementary landforms
5. Features of the image by contour lines of flat and mountainous terrain
6. Conventional signs of relief elements that are not expressed by horizontal lines
Features of the relief image on maps of scales 1:500,000 and 1:1000,000
§ 12. Studying the relief on the map
1.Study of the structure and elementary landforms
2. Determination of absolute heights and mutual elevations of terrain points
3. Determination of ascents and descents
4. Determination of the shape and steepness of the slopes
§ 13. Image on maps of water bodies
1. Coastal strips and coasts of the seas, large lakes and rivers
2. Lakes, reservoirs and other bodies of water
3. Rivers, canals and other objects of river systems
4. Wells and other sources of water
5. Additional data on water bodies contained in certificates of the area on a map at a scale of 1: 200,000
§ 14. Image of vegetation cover and soil
1. The main elements of the vegetation cover
2. Soil and ground cover
§ 15. Image of settlements, industrial enterprises and socio-cultural objects
1. Settlements
2.Industrial and agricultural manufacturing enterprises and facilities
3. Communication facilities, power lines, pipelines, airfields and social and cultural facilities
§ 16. Image of the road network
1.Railways
2. Highways and dirt roads
§ 17. Borders and geodetic points
1. Borders and fences
2. Geodetic points and individual local objects - landmarks
Chapter 4
§ 18. Types and properties of aerial photographs
1. Aerial photographs as reconnaissance and measuring documents
2. Types of aerial photographs
3 The use of aerial photographs in the troops
4.Geometric essence of aerial photographs
5. The concept of distortion in aerial photographs
6. Figurative properties of aerial photographs
7. The concept of photographic documents
§ 19. Preparation of aerial photographs for work
1. Linking aerial photographs to the map
2. Determining the scale of a planned aerial photograph
3. Drawing on aerial photographs the direction of the magnetic meridian
4. The concept of preparation for work and the use of promising aerial photographs
§ 20. Measurements from aerial photographs
1.Aerial photography accessories
2. Stereoscopic (volumetric) viewing of aerial photographs
3. Determination of distances and sizes of objects from aerial photographs
4. Transferring objects from an aerial image to a map
5. Determination of rectangular coordinates from aerial photographs
§ 21. Interpretation of aerial photographs
1. Unmasking (decoding) signs
2. Methods for deciphering aerial photographs
3. Reliability and completeness of interpretation of aerial photographs
4.Deciphering the objects of the area
5. The concept of deciphering tactical objects
SECTION TWO
TERRAIN ORIENTATION
Chapter 5
§ 22. Essence of orientation
§ 23. Determination of distances when orienting on the ground and target designation
1. Eye gauge
2. Determination of distances by measured angular dimensions items
3. Determination of distances by speedometer
4. Measurement steps
5. Determination of distances by the time of movement
§ 24. Devices and methods for determining directions and measuring angles on the ground
1. Magnetic compass and its application
2. Gyro semi-compass and its use
3. Field measurement of horizontal angles
4. Determining and maintaining the direction of movement along the heavenly bodies
§ 25. Techniques for orienting on a map (aerial photograph)
1. Map orientation
2. Determination on the map (aerial image) of your location
3. Comparison of the map with the terrain
§ 26. Orientation on the map while moving along a given route
1. Preparation for orientation
2. Orientation on the way
3.Features of orientation when moving in various conditions
4. Restoration of lost orientation
§ 27. Movement in azimuths
1.Preparation of data for movement in azimuths
2. Movement in azimuths
3. Obstacle avoidance
4. Finding your way back
5. Accuracy of movement in azimuths
§ 2S. Responsibilities of unit commanders to ensure orientation and target designation on the battlefield
1. Selection and use of landmarks
2 Orientation on the ground commanders of subordinate and supporting units
3. Measures that provide orientation during operations at night and on terrain poor in landmarks
Chapter 6
§ 29. The principle of operation and the main instruments of navigation equipment
1. The principle of determining the current coordinates of a moving machine
2.Basic instruments of navigational equipment
3. Machine location accuracy
§ 30. Preparation for orientation
1.Inspection and start-up of the equipment
2. Balancing the gyroscope of the course indicator
3.Checking the sighting device of the machine
4. Studying the route of movement and preparing the map
5. Preparation of initial data
6. Setting coordinates and directional angle
§ 31. Orientation on the ground with the help of a coordinator
§ 32. Features of preparation for work and operation of the course plotter
R SECTION THREE
USE OF CHARTS AND AERIAL IMAGES BY UNIT COMMANDERS
Chapter 7
§ 33. Preparing the card for work
1. Familiarization with the map
2. Card bonding
3.Folding the card
4.Card lift
§ 34. Basic rules for maintaining and using a work card
1.Basic rules for applying the situation to the work map
2. Using the map in reports, setting the task of compiling combat documents
§ 35
1. Determination of landmarks and goals and drawing them on the map
2. Mapping the elements of your battle order
3. Determination on the ground and mapping of fields of invisibility
§ 36. Target designation on the map and aerial photographs
1. Target designation in rectangular coordinates
2. Target designation by squares of a kilometer grid
3. Target designation from a conditional line
4. Target designation from the nearest landmarks and contours shown on the map
5. Target designation in azimuth and range to the target
6. Target designation from aerial photographs
Chapter 8
§ 37. General rules for studying and assessing the terrain
§ 38. Determination of the general nature of the terrain
§ 39. Study of the conditions of observation and camouflage properties of the terrain
1. Determination on the map of mutual visibility of points
2. Definition and mapping of fields of invisibility
3. Construction on the map of terrain profiles
4. Influence of the curvature of the Earth and atmospheric refraction on the observation range
§ 40 Study of terrain conditions
1. Study of the road network
2.Study of terrain off-road
3. Conclusions on the impact of terrain on the performance of a combat mission
§ 41. Study of the protective properties of the terrain
1. Study of the protective properties of the relief
2. Study of the protective properties of the forest and the nature of soils and soils
3. Conclusions on the influence of the protective properties of the terrain on the performance of a combat mission
§ 42. Study of the conditions of firing
1.Determination of the depth of shelter
2. Determining the angle of cover
3. Determining the elevation angle of the target
§ 43. The concept of predicting changes in terrain in the area of a nuclear explosion
1. Determination of the degree of destruction of terrain objects and the heat of fires
2. Registration on the map of forecasting results
§ 44. An example of the study and assessment of the terrain on the map by the commander
motorized rifle platoon assigned to the head outpost
§ 45. An example of studying and evaluating "the terrain by the commander of a motorized rifle company during an offensive from direct contact with the enemy
Chapter 9
§ 46. Methods of reconnaissance of the area
1.Observation
2. Inspection of the area by patrols
3.Examination
§ 47. Route reconnaissance
§ 46. Reconnaissance of individual terrain objects
1.Forest reconnaissance
2. Swamp reconnaissance
3.Exploration of the river
4. The concept of reconnaissance of terrain changes in the focus of a nuclear explosion
§ 49. Graphic documents with intelligence information
1. Graphic accounting of intelligence information in units
2. Types of combat graphic documents
3. Rules for drawing combat graphic documents
4. Techniques for compiling terrain maps on a map or aerial photographs
Applications:
1. List of abbreviated signatures used on topographic maps
II. Some indicative data on the passability of the terrain
III. Making a layout on the ground
IV. Answers to examples and tasks
Alphabetical index
V. Samples of topographic maps of the USSR
VI. The image on the maps of some varieties of flat, hilly and mountainous terrain
VII. Tables of symbols for topographic maps
VIII. Clippings from maps at scales 1:50,000 and 1:100,000
IX. Samples of aerial photographs for interpretation
