In Spanish, personal pronouns in the nominative case are usually omitted, since they most often accompany the verb and you can see from the form of the verb which personal pronoun is meant, for example, instead of yo soy ruso[yo soi ruso] (I am Russian) easy to speak spanish soy ruso. However, if we want to emphasize the pronoun or some opposition, for example tú eres española y yo soy ruso [tu eres espagnola and yo soi ruso](you are Spanish, and I am Russian) pronouns are not omitted. Also polite forms such as usted And ustedes. Polite forms are also used in an abbreviated form: Ud. , Uds. or Vd., Vds.

A feature of Spanish personal plural pronouns is that these pronouns depend on gender. If among "we", "you" or "they" there is at least one male, then they all end with -os, if there are only girls (women, grandmothers, etc.), then they end in -as

nosotr os somos maestros [nosotros somos maestros] we are teachers

nosotr as somos maestras [nosotras somos maestras]- we are teachers

ell os son camareros [eyos son kamareros]- they are waiters

ell as son camareras [eyas son kamareras] they are waitresses

Naturally, in these examples, pronouns could be omitted, but then we would not see the difference in singular and plural. As you can see, the endings of plural nouns have the same endings if the noun ends in -o or -a.

In this case, we considered pronouns in the nominative case or pronouns - subjects that answer the question "who?" or "what?"

Personal pronouns in Spanish in the dative and accusative case

In Spanish, personal pronouns change by case:

In principle, the difference between the accusative and dative cases is only in the third person, in the first and second everything is the same, that is, in Spanish "me" will mean both "me" and "me", "te" - you, you, "nos" - us, us, "os" - you, you.

In fact, there are no cases as such in Spanish. As for pronouns, pronouns in the accusative case are called direct object in Spanish complemento directo, and in the dative case by an indirect object complemento indirecto. Also, the pronouns discussed above are called unstressed.

Pronouns in the accusative and dative cases almost always come before the verb.

Tú me das unos libros para leer. [tu me das entrainment livros para leer] You give me books to read

Yo te escucho. [yo te escucho] - I'm listening to you

Os espero [os espero]. - I am waiting for you.

The particle no (not) is always placed before an unstressed pronoun:

Ana no me qiuere. [Ana no me kyere] - Anna does not love me

The pronouns le (his) and les (their) in the accusative case refer only to animated masculine persons and are used in colloquial speech:

¿Dónde están mis amigos? [dondestan mis amigos] Yo no les veo.
[yo no les veo] — Where are my friends? I do not see them.

In the example above, you could have said los instead of les.

The forms lo, los, la, las can refer to both animate and inanimate nouns:

Me gustan las gafas. Yo las compro. [me gustan las gafas. Yo las compro]- I like glasses. I buy them.

Tú las has visitado esta semana. [tu las e vicitado esta semana] Did you visit them this week?

The pronoun lo can mean the word "this" and refer to any phrases, ideas, judgments:

Yo no te amo. lo dudo. [yo no te amo. lo dudo]- I do not love you. I doubt it

No lo sé [but lo sé] - I don't know that.

Sometimes the use of one or another case in Russian and Spanish does not coincide, for example, after the verb preguntar in Spanish, the pronoun of the dative case is used:

Yo le pregunto. [yo le pregunto] - I ask him (her).

IN imperative mood pronouns are written together with the verb:

Díme lo [dimelo] - Tell me this (Dí + me + lo)

Dame lo [damelo] - Give it to me

Besame mucho [besame mucho] - Kiss me hot

If a pronoun in the dative or accusative case is accompanied by an indefinite form of the verb or a participle form (gerund), then the pronoun can stand both before the verb and become part of the verb:

Quiero visitarte [kyero vicitarte]- I want to visit you

Te quiero visitar [te kyero vicitar]- I want to visit you

If the sentence contains a pronoun in both the dative and accusative cases, then first we put the dative, and then accusative:

¿Dónde compras libros? [donde compras livros]— Where do you buy books?

Mis padres me los regalan. [mis padres me los regalan] My parents give them to me

Is it possible to say vice versa Mis padres los me regalan? It is impossible, the order of words (pronouns) in Spanish is exactly the same, so we cross out this phrase.

There is also one very important nuance: if we have both pronouns in the third person, then instead of le(to him, her, you) and les(them, you) use the pronoun se

¿Prestas el dinero a Ana? [presti el dinero a ana] Will you lend money to Anna?

Si, siemper le se lo presto. [si, sempre se lo presto]- Yes, I always occupy them with her.

This is just to make it sound better. The Spaniard is not very pleasant to hear le lo or les la, sounds much better se lo, se la

Sometimes in a sentence you can find both a pronoun and a noun related to it:

Le regalo a Ana flores. [le regalo a ana flores]

one can simply say:

Regalo a Ana Flores. — I give Anna flowers.

You can also say this, when we have already mentioned Anna in the conversation:

Le regalo flores. I give her flowers

And of course, when we already talked about Anna and flowers, we turn le into se

Se las regalo. - I give them to her

Stressed pronouns in Spanish

Stressed pronouns are used after prepositions or when we want to highlight a pronoun in meaning. Stressed pronouns are the same as personal pronouns in the nominative case except mi(me, me) ti(you, you):

The stressed form in the dative and accusative case sounds the same

Yo lo hago para ti. [yo lo ago couple you]- I do it for you.

Pienso en el. [pienzo en el] - Thinking about him

Este regalo es para ella. [este regalo es para ey]- This is a gift for her.

A mi me gusta esta chica. [a mi me gusta esta chika]- I like this girl (just me)

No voy con ella. [but boi kon eya] - I won't go with her

Voy sinella. [Boy Shin Eya] - I'll go without her

Voy con vosotros. [battle horse nosotros]- I'll go with you

Un dia sin tí es una eternidad [un dia sin ty es una eternidad] A day without you is an eternity

With the preposition con (c) pronoun in the first and second person singular have a special form:

¿Vas conmi-go? [bass conmigo] - Will you come with me?

Voy c onti go. [contigo fight] - I'll go with you

Quiero hablar conti go. [kyero avlar contigo]- I wanna talk to you

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Pronoun - an independent part of speech that indicates objects, signs, quantity, but does not name them

Pronouns are divided into several groups: personal (indicate the speaker or the person to whom speech is addressed), demonstrative (highlight an object or quality), possessive (indicate the belonging of an object or person).

Personal pronouns

The personal pronoun is almost always not indicated, since at the end of the verb it is already clear which person it is. If the sentence has two actors and two predicates, then personal pronouns are not omitted never:

Yo soy feliz, y el no lo es.

Respectful treatment Usted does not change by birth, but by numbers it does.
Plural pronouns have gender: at the end, the vowel o for m.r. and a - for f.r.

In combination with prepositions, stressed forms are used (see below), for example:

para ti, con ella, de nosotros, a vosotros.

The following constructions use personal pronouns rather than stressed ones:

• Como ella, el, yo, etc.
• Enter tu y yo
• Excepto ella, yo, nosotros, etc.
• Incluso/inclusionél, tu, ellos, etc.
• Segun ella, yo, vosotros, etc.

Demonstrative pronouns

Pronoun este replaces the last mentioned noun, aquel- to the penultimate:

Manuel es mayor que Juan. Este tiene 4 años y aquel es de 7 años. (este se refière a Juán, aquel se refière a Manuel)

Possessive pronouns

Possessive pronouns have another form, stressed (here all forms change according to gender and number):

The stressed form is used instead of a noun (so as not to be repeated), when addressing or when there is already a noun in front of the noun being defined. demonstrative pronoun(that, this ..) or numeral. They are translated in the same way as unstressed ones. Always used INSTEAD OF a noun, i.e. Without him.

Example: No son mis libros, son tuyos. These are not my books, these are yours.

Percussion and unstressed forms. Case pronouns

In all podezhes, except for the dative and accusative, the stressed forms of the pronouns and are used. One exception to remember: with the preposition con in the forms of the 1st and 2nd l.s.h. (I and you) pronouns merge: conmigo, contigo.

Voy contigo. I will go with you.

Coma sin nosotros. Eat without us.

¿Has oido esta historia de nosotros? Have you heard this story about us? or have you heard this story from us?

Mi hermano siempre se me rie. My brother always laughs at me.

Cree que todo el mundo está conrta el. I think everyone is against him.

Me gusta mi casa. Estoy muy comodo en el. I like my house. I feel very comfortable in it.

No quiero hablar acerca ella. I don't want to talk about her.

Additions in the dative and accusative case can not express only impact form pronouns: unstressed forms are used, or unstressed forms in combination with stressed ones.

When using several pronouns, the dative case comes first, then the accusative. If two pronouns of the 3rd person go in a row, then the first one changes to se, for example: se lo digo (incorrect: le lo digo) - I tell him this.

Pregunta me. Ask me.

Te lo digo. I tell you this.

Case pronouns are used after infinitive, participle or imperative form of the verb and are written together ("dí melo"-"tell me this"). If the verb is in any other form, then the pronouns are put before him: Nos lo pide. He asks us about it.

In verb constructions, two options are possible: Lo estoy estudiando = Estoy estudiando lo.

Other pronouns

Personal pronoun (pronombre personal)

Below is a table of personal pronouns.

Note that in Spanish the pronouns Usted And Ustedes used with verbs in the 3rd person.

Pronouns Ustedes And vosotros are translated into Russian as "you", but the difference is that while Ustedes implies referring to "you" to each member of the group, and vosotros means an appeal to "you" to the whole group of people.

Pronoun endings nosotros, vosotros And ellos vary depending on the type of group members. If these are males or a mixed group, then the endings remain the same: nosotros, vosotros and ellos.

If this is a group of exclusively female persons, then the pronouns will end in -as: nosotras, vosotras And ellas.

Due to the fact that the form of the verb in Spanish is determined by person and number, personal pronouns, as a rule, are not used in a sentence.

For example:
• Tengo la camisa negra. - I have a black shirt.

They leave the personal pronoun only in those cases when it is necessary to focus on the persons or objects that they denote, or to avoid confusion, because. verb in 3 lit. unit can mean actions performed by a person, both feminine and masculine.

For example:
• Yo soy tu esposa. - I am your wife.
• Ella está en casa, y el va de pesca. She is at home and he goes fishing.
• Él come mucho. - He eats a lot.

Pronouns in Spanish are declined according to cases and have 4 forms: in the nominative case (given above), accusative, dative and instrumental. The forms given in the table below play the role of a direct object in a sentence and are unstressed.

Unstressed forms of personal pronouns

Note that the pronouns el And ella, denoting abstract concepts and inanimate objects, in the accusative case have the form lo And la. But if they denote a certain person, then they are used as lo And la, and le(universal form for two genera).

In a sentence, unstressed pronouns in the dative and accusative cases can only appear before the verb.

For example:
• Carlos me llamo por telefono ayer. - Carlos called me yesterday on the phone.
• Juana no me describe. - Juana doesn't write to me.

If two pronouns agree with the verb, then the pronoun in the dative case is put first, and then the pronoun in the accusative case.

For example:
• ¡Dios! ¿Quien te lo dijo? - God! Who told you this?

If both pronouns are in the 3rd person singular. h, then the first is replaced by se.

For example:
• ¿Cuando escribiras la carta a Maria? - Quiero escribirsela pronto. - When will you write a letter to Mary? - I want to write to her soon.

If the verb is in the indefinite form, the pronoun is written together with the verb. In this case, the pronoun is added to the end of the verb. If there are two pronouns, then again the pronoun in the dative case will be the first, and the pronoun in the accusative case will be the second.

For example:
• Quiero llamarte mañana. - I want to call you tomorrow.

The same rule applies to verbs in the imperative mood (imperativo).

For example:
• Digame, por favor. - Speak, please.

Now we will consider drums forms of personal pronouns as a direct object in a sentence.

Stressed forms of personal pronouns

Stressed forms of personal pronouns are used with prepositions a, para, de, en, por, sin, con. As a rule, they explain and complement unstressed forms, but in combination with prepositions de, en, por, sin, con used on their own:

Stressed pronoun sí is used with prepositions and is translated into Russian as a particle of "himself, myself." At the same time, it is obvious that in some cases the stressed pronoun implies the emotionality of the statement.

1. Personal pronouns in indirect cases have two doublet forms: stressed and unstressed. The stressed form is used only with prepositions:

   para mí - for me, por ti - for you, con nosotros - with us, de sí - about myself ...

and unstressed - only as a direct or indirect object with the verb:

¿me la escribes? - Will you write it for me?

The forms of these pronouns are as follows:

Nominative case	impact form	unstressed form
	mí
	ti
nosotros/nosotras	nosotros/nosotras
vosotros/vosotras	vosotros/vosotras

The table shows that the stressed forms are the same for all persons, except for the 1st and 2nd singular and the reflexive pronoun of the third person si("myself / myself"), which does not have a nominative case (more).
Unstressed 3rd person forms have variations, which we'll talk about in more detail.

2. In the norm of Spanish, based on the northwestern accents of Spain, the dative of personal pronouns ends in -e and the accusative in -o/-a:

Dative:

Accusative:

this (mid.r)
them (male)
them (female)

At the same time, the pronoun usted receives unstressed forms depending on the gender:

A usted, señora, la vi ayer.
A usted, señor, lo vi ayer.

However, the grammar also allows the use of the form le for the masculine form with an animate object: A usted, señor, le vi ayer.

3. A sentence can contain both dative and accusative cases at the same time. Wherein the dative always precedes the accusative:

¿Me lo compras? Will you buy it/it for me?

If two 3rd person forms meet, the first one changes to se:

¿*le lo compras? – ¿ se lo compras? Will you buy it for him/her?
¿*les lo compras? – ¿ se lo compras? Will you buy it for them?

It is easy to see that se in this case it can be translated as to him to her or them.

4. Unstressed forms in a sentence must be either before the personal form of the verb, or after the infinitive, imperative or gerund, in the latter case they are written together:

   ¿ Me lo quieres decir? = ¿Queries decirmelo? (it is forbidden *¿Quieres me lo decir?)

5. Unstressed forms are required to duplicate the object before the verb. This rule, unusual for European languages, constantly falls out of sight of students:

   A Juan no lo he visto - I didn’t see Juan (lit. “Juan his I did not see")
   A mi padre le voy a regalar un reloj - I will give dad a watch (lit. “Papa to him I will give you a watch

   This duplication does not bring any additional meaning, it is a purely syntactic rule.
6. Percussive forms with a preposition A can duplicate unstressed to create an accent (emphasis), compare:

   me gusta el helado - I like ice cream
   a m i me gusta el helado and me here likes ice cream (and grandpa doesn't)

7. Some problems.

• verbal management. A number of verbs that govern the accusative in Russian govern the dative in Spanish:

  le pido - I ask him (lit. "to him")
  le pregunto - I ask him (lit. "him")

  This series includes all the so-called "verbs of emotions" ( verbos de sentimento):

  le irrita - she (lit. "her") is annoying

  The opposite also happens:

  la ayudo - I help her (lit. "her")
  la llamo - I call her (lit. "her")

• dialectal features.
  If you are confused about these la, le, lo, les, las- do not worry! The fact is that in different areas of Spain there are local dialects that differ in the use of these pronouns. For example, for a vast territory, including, by the way, Madrid, these pronouns differ not by case, but by gender:

  La he visto - I saw her
  La he escrito - I wrote to her
  Le he visto - I saw him
  Le he escrito - I wrote to him

In other areas, there are other usages that are beyond the scope of this article.

SUBJECT 38: DATIVEANDACCUSATIVECASE. UNSTRESSED FORMS OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS -DATIVOYACUSATIVO. FORMAATONITADELOSPRONOMBRESPERSONALES

Personal pronouns also have dative (Dativo) and accusative (Acusativo) forms and can act as indirect and direct objects. At the same time, two forms of pronouns are distinguished: stressed (prepositional) (Topic 53) and unstressed (non-prepositional) (Topic 78).

NOTA 1: Personal pronouns-additions are ALWAYS placed BEFORE the personal form of the verb, unlike Russian, where the position of pronouns is not fixed:

I see him or I see him. In Spanish you can only: Yo LO veo .

I tell him and I tell him. In Spanish you can only: Yo LE digo .

EJERCICIOS

1. Trader.

Nos dan, nos da, le dice, no me dice, le doy, las vemos, los vemos, te dice, la amo, lo ama, me escribes, os damos, le digo, les dices, me dicen, te traigo, me traes, me da, nos da, les traigo, le pregunta, la veo, no me ve, no las ven, le prepara, se prepara, se mira, se miran, me mira, lo mira, la mira, lo escucho, la escucho, lo recuerdo, las recuerdo, se dice, me digo, me permito, les permito, no se permiten, se dicen, lo compro, la compro, la veo, lo veo.

NOTA 2: In acusativo (accusative) in the third person, when referring to the animate, two forms can be used: Whom? his: lo (le), her: la (le), theirs: los (les), las (les)

For example:

I see him (Andrew). Can: Yo lo
veo and yo le veo.

I love her (Masha). Can: Yo la amo and Yo le
amo.

Lo (le) veo todos los días - I see him every day.

But when talking about the inanimate, you can only use the form lo (los), la (las)

For example:

I see them (cars). Yo los veo.

I see them (bags). Yo
las veo.

Yo compro el periódico en la tienda - I buy a newspaper from a shop. Lo compro en la tienda - I buy it in a store.

NOTA 3: If the sentence contains both the personal form of the verb and the infinitive or gerund (Topic 71), the personal pronoun can appear either at the beginning or at the end of the sentence. At the same time, please note that after the infinitive, the pronouns are written together, and before the personal form of the verb - separately

Quiero ver te = Te quiero ver - I want to see you.

NOTA IMPORTANT

EJERCICIOS

5. Trader.

Veo a tu madre. Yo la veo. Compramos un libro. lo compramos. Te invito a mi cumple. Quiero invitarte a mi cumple. Te tienes que preparar mejor. Tenemos que decirle a que hora. їPor quй te interesas tanto por mn? !Me fascinan tus ojos! No me importa acostarme tarde! No necesito la pasta para hoy. No la necesito para nada. Tengo muchos amigos. No le gusta ir al cole, porque en el cole todos le ofenden. їCubl es la diferencia entre la ignorancia y la indiferencia? - No sé y no me importa. Se nos ocurre una idea. No se me ocurre ninguna idea. ЎQué ideas se te ocurren! No me interesan nada tus cosas.

NOTA 4. With the verb gustar - to like (preferir - to prefer, odiar - to hate, amar - to love, i.e. verbs that express my attitude towards something specific) Always the definite article is used:

I like Russian cinema. Me gusta el cine ruso.

EJERCICIO

7. Traducir.

I like you, he likes me, I like you, we don't like you, we like them, you like them, they like him, we all like, we don't like anyone.

/ / TOPIC 38: Dative and accusative. Unstressed forms of personal pronouns