Accusative case in Greek. Declension of nouns in Greek. Examples of words of the III declension

 Listen to the audio lesson with additional explanations

In this lesson, we will look at 2 verbs that are important in terms of grammar and vocabulary - these are verbs "have" And "do". IN Greek on their base there are quite a lot of set expressions that are needed in a conversation, and after these verbs we need to put the noun in the correct case with the correct ending and the article.

Let's start with the verb έχω (to have)

In Russian we say:

I have a brother, he has a new girlfriend, they have a house in the country.

Despite the fact that in Russian we say the word "is", do not build such sentences with the verb "to be" from the 1st lesson:

I ( There is) beautiful, he ( There is) smart.

This is a common mistake. The fact is that we are still trying to translate all phrases verbatim.

The Greeks, as well as all Europeans, will say:

I I have brother, he It has new girlfriend, they have House in the village.

All such sentences are always built with the verb έχω (have) .

Negation

Particle δεν before the verb.

Δεν έχω προβλήματα. – I do not have problems.
Δεν έχω χρόνο. – I have no time. (verbatim: I don't have a year, ο χρόνος - year)
Δεν έχει λεφτά. – He has no money.(τα λεφτά - money)

Question- intonation.

Έχετε δουλειά; – You have a job?(η δουλειά - work)
Έχουν παιδιά; - They have children? (τα παιδιά - children)
Πότε έχεις χρόνο; – When you have time?(ο χρόνος - year)

Set expressions

with a verb "have" in Greek there are a number of set expressions that you need to know and use:

Verb conjugation κάνω (to do)

In Greek, as well as in Spanish, Italian and French, there are a number of set expressions with the verb κάνω (to do), so its conjugation is best learned once and for all:

Σήμερα δεν κάνω δουλειές στο σπίτι. – Today I don't homework(at home).(το σπίτι - house)
Σήμερα δεν κάνω ασκήσεις για το σπίτι. – Today I don't do my homework (for school).(η άσκηση - exercises, για - for)
Κάνεις δώρα στους φίλους; – Do you make gifts for friends?(τα δώρα - gifts, ο φίλος - friend)
Τι κάνεις; – What are you doing? (How are you?)

We knowingly wrote in parentheses "How are you?". The fact is that when this question is asked immediately after the greeting, then this "How are you?", and if later, then already "What are you doing?".

Set expressions

κάνω ελληνικά	learn Greek (literally: do Greek)
κάνω βόλτα	to walk (literally: to take a walk)
κάνει ζέστη	hot (literally: makes hot)
κάνει κρύο	cold (literally: makes cold)
κάνω μπάνιο	bathe / take a bath / bathe (literally: take a bath)
κάνω σκι	to ski (literally: to ski)
κάνω σπορ	to play sports (literally: to do sports)
κάνω ντους	take a shower (literally: take a shower)
κάνω πλάκα	to joke (literally: to make a joke)
κάνω ψώνια	to make purchases (literally: to make purchases)
κάνω ποδήλατο	to ride a bicycle (literally: to make a bicycle)
κάνω παρέα	to make friends (literally: to make company)
κάνω βλακία	to do something stupid (literally: to do something stupid)
κάνω ηλιοθεραπεία	to sunbathe (literally: to do solar therapy)
κάνω κέφι	to be in the mood (literally: to make the mood)
κάνω τσιγάρο	smoking as a single action (literally: making a cigarette)
κάνω υπομονή	to endure (literally: to make peace)
κάνω στάση	to stop (literally: to stop)
κάνω οικονομία	to save (literally: to save)
κάνω δίαιτα	to be on a diet (literally: to diet)
κάνω λάθος	to err (literally: to make a mistake)
πόσο κάνει;	what is the price?
δεν κάνει	doesn't fit, doesn't fit
κάνω τον κινέζο	to pretend that I did not do it (literally: to make a Chinese)

Τι δουλειά κάνεις ; – What do you do for a living? (literally: what kind of work are you doing)
Είμαι δασκάλα. – I (am) a teacher.
Πόσο κάνει ; - What is the price?
Κάνει 35 ευρώ - It costs 35 euros.
Πάμε βόλτα; - Let's go for a walk?
Δεν κάνει . Έχω δουλειές. – It won't work (doesn't work). I have a lot to do.

This is what we have dealt with the verbs in the Greek language.

Now let's see how articles and nouns behave in Greek after the verbs have and do.

After verbs έχω (to have) and κάνω (to do) we must put the article and the noun in the accusative case.

Accusative singular nouns in Greek:

masculine		Feminine		Neuter gender
Nominative (Who what?)	Accusative (Whom? What?)	Nominative (Who what?)	Accusative (Whom? What?)	Nominative (Who what?)	Accusative (Whom? What?)
Ο άνθρωπ ος (Human) Ο φοιτητ ής (student) Ο άντρ ας (man, husband)		Η γυναίκ α (woman, wife) Η αυλ ή (yard)		Το σχολεί ο (school) Το παιδ ί (child) Το γράμ μα (letter)
-ος	τον άνθρωπ ο	-α	την γυναίκ α	-ο	το σχολεί ο
-ης	τον φοιτητ ή	-η	την αυλ ή	-ι	το παιδ ί
-ας	τον άντρ α			-μα	το γράμ μα

What to remember from the table

masculine - article toν, feminine– article την , neuter - article το
with nouns, changes occur only in the masculine gender, the -ς

In this lesson, we will introduce some prepositions into our sentences, which are very necessary in a sentence if we want to say something like "on the sea", "with friends", "behind the house" and so on.

Prepositions σε, από, με, για in Greek

These 4 prepositions are the most common and replace most of the prepositions of the Russian language.

And after each of these 4 prepositions, we use the accusative case in the following way:

pretext + article in the accusative + word in the accusative

Today we will work with a preposition σε This is the most versatile suggestion.

It translates as "V", "on the", "through", "By". This preposition is written together with the article and occurs in the sentence in this form:

σε + τον = στον , for example: στον κήπο - in the garden (ο κήπος - garden, Nominative case)
σε + την = στην , for example: στην αυλή - in the yard (η αυλή - yard, Nominative case)
σε + το = στο , for example: στο τραπέζι - on the table (το τραπέζι - table, Nominative case)

For example:

Είμαστε στην Αθήνα, και εσύ είσαι στην Πράγα. – We are in Athens and you are in Prague.(η Αθήνα - Athens, η Πράγα - Prague).
Τα εισιτήρια είναι στην τσάντα. - Tickets in the bag. (τα εισιτήρια - tickets, η τσάντα - bag).
Τα παιδιά είναι στην παραλία. - Children on the beach. (τα παιδιά - children, η παραλία - beach).
Το ξενοδοχείο είναι στην θάλασσα; – A hotel by the sea? (το ξενοδοχείο - hotel, η θάλασσα - sea).
Το τηλέφωνο είναι στο τραπέζι. – The phone is on the table.(το τηλέφωνο - telephone, το τραπέζι - table).
Ο φίλος είναι στον Καναδά. - A friend in Canada. (ο φίλος - friend, ο Καναδάς - Canada).

That's all. Now it remains for us to fix all these in the exercises.

Remember that everything you learn must be spoken aloud, listening to the voice acting of both the lesson itself and the answers to the exercises. Do not be afraid if you are not yet strong in reading rules - just repeat after the announcer and return to the file according to reading rules.
The pronunciation will pick up by itself in the process of working with the Greek language.

  Listen to the audio lesson with additional explanations

In Greek, as in all other European languages, you can't just say:

I'm beautiful, he's weird, they're at home, you're at work.

Get used to what any foreigner will say:

I There is beautiful, she There is weird, they There is at home, you There is At work.

The so-called verb "be" is one of the most important verbs in any foreign language.

The English- to be. The Germans have sein. 
The French- être. The Italians- essere.

The Greeks also have a verb "be".

Verb conjugation είμαι (to be)

Present tense verb είμαι (to be) is the only verb that does not change according to the rules. Therefore, it must be remembered.

Together with the verb είμαι (to be) we will consider pronouns, which also have their own characteristics.

For example:

Αυτός είναι διευθυντής και αυτή είναι γραμματέας. Αυτός είναι πολύ πλούσιος και αυτή είναι πολύ όμορφη.
He (is) the director, and she (is) the secretary. He (is) very rich, and she (is) very beautiful.

What you need to pay attention to in pronouns.

The main thing is that the Greeks quite often do not use pronouns, because they believe that this is already evident from the verb. It concerns any phrases and sentences. But you still need to know the pronouns.

pronoun feature "They". There are 3 pronouns in Greek "They": αυτοί, αυτές, αυτά.

Αυτοί - This "They" male. If there are men in the company, as well as men and women, even if it is a whole harem, but there is one man, then this pronoun is used. That is: man + man, man + woman, man + child (boy, girl) use the pronoun αυτοί .

Αυτές - This "They" female. If there are women in the company, or women and children who are neuter in Greek. So: woman + woman, woman + child (girl) – αυτές . But if woman + child (boy), then the pronoun αυτοί .

Αυτά - This "They" neuter. For example, children, boys and girls- they are all middle class. Children, boy + girl, as well as inanimate objects (pieces of furniture, for example) - αυτά .

Negative form of the verb είμαι

Just put a particle in front of the verb δεν .

Εγώ	δεν είμαι	I don't eat
Εσύ	δεν είσαι	You are not
Αυτός / αυτή / αυτό	δεν είναι	He/she/it is not
Εμείς	δεν είμαστε	We don't eat
Εσείς	δεν είσαστε / δεν είστε	you don't eat
Αυτοί / αυτές / αυτά	δεν είναι	They don't eat

Αυτός δεν είναι διευθυντής και αυτή δεν είναι γραμματέας. Αυτός δεν είναι πολύ πλούσιος και αυτή δεν είναι πολύ όμορφη.
He is not (is) a director, and she is not (is) a secretary. He is not (is) very rich, and she is not (is) very beautiful.

Interrogative form of the verb είμαι

Complete analogy with the Russian language. What we want to ask, then we highlight with intonation. Note the unusual question mark in Greek " ; ».

Αυτή είναι γραμματέας; - She's a secretary?
Αυτός είναι πολύ πλούσιος; – Is he very rich?

Set expressions

On the basis of the verb to be είμαι in Greek, there are a number of set expressions that are simply enough to learn and introduce into your speech:

είμαι καλά	be good (doing well)
είμαι χάλια	be bad (things are bad)
είμαι άρρωστος	be ill
είμαι παντρεμένος	be married
είμαι ελεύθερος	to be free
είμαι απασχολημένος	be busy
είμαι έτοιμος	be ready
είμαι σίγουρος (ότι / σε)	to be sure (that + verb / in someone, in something)
είμαι ευχαριστημένος με…	be happy with (something)
είναι ερωτευμένος	to be in love
είμαι κουρασμένος	be tired
είμαι στο σπίτι	be at home
είμαι θυμωμένος	be angry, be angry
είμαι στην ώρα	be on time
είμαι σύμφωνος με…	agree (with someone or something)
είμαι απογοητευμένος με (σε)	to be disappointed (in something)
είμαι νευρικός	be nervous, be nervous
είμαι … χρονών	be aged ... years

Coordination

Many of these set expressions contain adjectives in Greek: to be tired, to be in love, contented, busy, and so on.

In Russian we say:

I'm healthy I'm healthy A they are healthy s.
I'm busy I'm busy A they are busy s.

What you should pay attention to - in the language of grammar, this is called match the adjective in gender and number. If it’s easier, then you need to put the correct endings to these adjectives:

For example:

Είμαι κουρασμέν ος . - I'm tired.
Είμαι κουρασμέν η . - I'm tired.
Είμαι σίγουρ ος . - I'm sure.
Είμαι σίγουρ η .- I'm sure.
Το παιδί είναι σίγουρ ο . - The child is sure.
Είμαστε σίγουρ οι . – We are sure. (male)
Είμαστε σίγουρ ες . – We are sure. (female)
Τα παιδιά είναι σίγουρ α . The kids are sure.

Usually the first lesson we have is devoted only to the verb to be and its set expressions.

Because with the verb είμαι (to be) phrases are built with turnover "it is"(this is a store, this is a city in Greece, this is music), then in such sentences, in addition to the verb, there is also a noun.

Therefore, we will also give nouns as a microtopic for this lesson.

Nouns in Greek

Nouns in Greek are divided into 3 genders: male, feminine And average. The noun must be preceded by an article, which indicates the gender of the word. In this lesson, we answer questions "Who? What?" in the singular:

Pay attention to the articles and the characteristic endings for each gender: masculine - article O, feminine - article η , neuter - article το .

For example:

Εγώ είμαι η Τατιάνα. - I (am) Tatyana.
Αυτός είναι ο Νίκος. - He (is) Nikos.
Αυτή είναι η Ελένη. - She (is) Eleni.
Αυτό είναι το τηλέφων ο . – This (is) a phone.
Εμείς είμαστε ο Γιώργος και η Νατάσα. – We (are) Yorgos and Natasa.

That's all. Despite the volume of material, it is all very simple and presented in the correct sequence.

No one forces you to work through this lesson in 15 minutes and say that there is too much material in it, nothing was remembered. Nothing will be remembered if this material is not worked out and introduced into your speech. Therefore, we recommend that you return to the lesson several times, working on one topic in the exercises: whether it is a verb conjugation, set expressions or nouns.

In the exercises we missed a lot of pronouns. And it looks right and beautiful for the Greek language. However, if they are needed for grammar, so that it is easier for you to understand, their use is not a mistake, you can put them almost everywhere. It will just look more bookish.

Be sure to listen to the voice acting of both the entire lesson and the exercises in order to hear the Greek language. Work with the Greek Reading Rules file throughout the course.

We will begin our acquaintance with the Greek language by studying the letters of the alphabet.

Greek vowels [ι, e, a, o, u] are pronounced the same as Russian ones [i, e, a, o, u].
The letter Γ γ is pronounced aspirated, reminiscent of the Ukrainian "g", as well as the Russian "g" in the word "aga". In the future, we will denote this sound as [r], but please do not forget about aspiration.
Before the vowels ε, ι, η, υ, as well as before the letter combinations αι, ει, οι, ευ, γ, it is pronounced close to Russian [й]. The result is sounds similar to the Russian "yu", "ya", "yo". For example, για [I] - for, γιος [yos], or [ёs] - son.
The sounds denoted by the letters Δ δ and Θ θ do not have an exact match in Russian. The first sound is pronounced close to the English th [p] in the word this. The second is practically equivalent English sound[θ] in thank you.
Η η, Ι ι, Υ υ are pronounced like the Russian “and”, and after vowels like “th”.
O o, Ω ω are always pronounced like the Russian "o" under stress.

Useful words and expressions:

Communication. Greetings.
When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! (Γειά σας!) Τι κάνεις; (Τι κάνετε;)

Καλά. Εσύ; Καλά. Εσείς;

And to the question "How are you?" a detailed answer is usually not expected. These words are more of a formality than a question.
Acquaintances usually kiss twice on the cheeks when they meet, especially if they haven't seen each other for a long time. At the first meeting, it is customary to shake hands. This rule applies to both men and women. Keep in mind, international etiquette suggests that a woman extends her hand first to greet.

Other greetings:
- Καλημέρα - Good morning!
- Καλησπέρα - Good evening! (during the day usually Γειά σου)
- Καλώς ορίσατε - Welcome!
- Καλώς σας βρήκαμε - Glad to see you!
- Καλώς ήρθατε - Welcome!

Acquaintance. Performance.
My name is… με λένε... [me lene]
Meet… Να σας συστήσω... [in sas sistyso]
My wife is η γυναίκα μου [and yineka mu]
My husband - ο άντρας μου [o andraz mu]
My sister is η αδελφή μου [and azelfi mu]
My brother - ο αδελφός μου [o azelfoz mu]
I came from…- Ηρθα από... [irsa apo…]
... Moscow - ...τη Μόσχα [ty mosha]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρώσος [ime rosos]
I am Russian - Είμαι Ρωσίδα [ime roshiza]
I am 21 years old - Είμαι 21χρονών [ime ikosi enos chronon]

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by increasing intonation. Please note that according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark:

Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?

Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [pu]

within μέσα [mesa]

opposite απέναντι [apenandi]

When? Πότε; [sweat]

today σήμερα [simera]

tomorrow αύριο [avrio]

yesterday χτές [khtes]

now τώρα [torah]

then Μετά [meta]

soon σύντομα [sindoma]

then τότε [tote]

always πάντα [panda]

never ποτέ [pote]

often συχνά [sihna]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]

because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]

so έτσι [etsy]

good καλά [kala]

bad άσχημα [ashima]

loudly δυνατά [zinata]

slowly, quietly σιγά [whitefish]

quickly γρήγορα [grigora]

early νωρίς [noris]

late αργά [arga]

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Numbers. Time notation

Article

The article helps us identify what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. The article is masculine - ο, feminine - η, middle - το. For example, ο φοιτητής (student), η αδερφή (sister), το μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Count up to 20

numbers	writing	pronunciation
1	ένας, μια-μια, ενα	enas, miya-mya, ena
2	δυο, δυο	zio
3	τρεις,τρια	tris, tria
4	τεσσερις, τεσσερα	tesseris, tessera
5	πεντε	pende
6	εξτ	exsi
7	εφτα (επτα)	efta (epta)
8	οχτω (οκτω)	ohto (octo)
9	εννεα εννια	Ennea, Enya
10	δεκα	convict
11	εντεκα	Enzek
12	δωδεκα	zozeka
13	δεκατρεις, δεκατρια	zekatris, zekatriya
14	δεκατεσσερις, δεκατεσσερα	zekatesseris, zekatessera
15	δεκαπεντε	zecapende
16	δεκαεξτ (δεκαξτ)	zekaeksi
17	δεκαεφτα	zekaefta
18	δεκαοχτω	zekaohto
19	δεκαεννια	zekaenya
20	εικοστ	ikosi

Note that the numbers "three" and "four" will change depending on the noun behind them. If it is a masculine or feminine noun (for example, treίV άντρες - three men), then we use treίV. If the noun is neuter (for example, trίa βιβλία three books), then trίa should be used.

Time notation

Let's repeat the numbers we already know:

Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννία, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.

Στις 2 (η ‘ωρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (hours) in the afternoon

Greek. Lesson 4: Rules for reading. Indefinite article

Reading Rules

stress

All Greek words, except monosyllabic ones, are always stressed! Sometimes, the meaning of the word depends on the stress. For example, the words "bank" and "table" sound the same and differ only in stress. Τράπεζα - Τραπέζα.

If the stress falls on a combination or digraph, then it is placed over the second letter: εύκολα is pronounced like [‘eucola]).

Articles

Today we continue a rather complicated topic - the article in Greek. Firstly, in our native language, Russian, there are no articles. Secondly, in Greek, the article not only stands before the word, but also changes along with it. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.

Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined “A dog ran down the street” - it is not known which dog is being discussed (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use indefinite article. The definite article is used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is he who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article

The indefinite article does not have a plural. There are four cases in Greek: nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative (note that the article is not used in the vocative case). Let me remind you that the nominative case answers the question who ?, what ?; genitive - whom ?, what ?; accusative - whom?, what? Below is the change of articles by gender, number and case:

Indefinite article:

Appeal

Κύριε! - Mister!

Κυρία! - Madam!

Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Αγαπητοί φίλοι! - Dear friends!

Νεαρέ! - Young man!

Δεσποινίς! - Young woman!

Αγόρι! - Boy!

Κορίτσι! - Girl!

And a few more useful phrases expressing agreement or denial.

Καλά - Good

Εντάξει - Okay

Είμαι σύμφωνος - I agree

Ευχαρίστως - With pleasure

Σωστά - Right

Βέβαια - Of course

Έχετε δίκαιο - You are right

Όχι - No

Δε συμφωνώ - I do not agree (-on)

Δε μπορώ - I can't

Δε μπορούμε - We cannot

Ευχαριστώ, δεν το θέλω - Thank you, I don't want to

Δεν είναι σωστό - This is wrong

Διαφωνώ - I object

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

In terms of complexity, the grammar of the Greek language can be compared with Russian. You and I often hear that the Russian language is so difficult! It is difficult for foreigners to understand why some words in our country change like this, while others are completely different. There are rules, but there are exceptions to all rules. Written "sun", and pronounced "sun". "But why?" - ask the tortured students. "I don't know," we dismiss.

Now we are in a similar situation. Look at the rules below. And do not try to understand why so many difficulties have been invented, why everything is exactly like this .... Just learn it by heart.

The definite article changes in cases and numbers. Here is the summary table:

As regards the letter (ν) in accusative articles, the following rule applies:

The letter (ν) is placed if the word following the article begins with a vowel, or with a consonant that can be pronounced instantly (κ, π, τ, γκ, π, ντ, τζ, τσ) or with a consonant denoting a double sound (ξ ψ):

The letter (ν) is not put if the word following the article begins with a consonant that can be pronounced continuously (β, γ, δ ζ, θ, λ, ν, ρ, σ, φ, χ) , τη γραμματεία, ένα βράδυ, ένα σταφύλι.

I want - Θέλω (selo)

I have - Έχω (echo)

Please... Παρακαλώ... (paracalo)

Give... δώστε... (dost)

Wait... περιμένετε... (parimenete)

Show... δείξτε... (dikste)

Close (switch off)... κλείστε... (kliste)

Open (turn on)... ανοίξτε... (anixte)

Call... φωνάξτε... (fonakste)

Call (invite) καλέστε... (kaleste)

Repeat... επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)

Call... τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)

Allow me... Επιτρέψτε μου... (epitrepste mu)

Exit... να βγω... to vgo

Pass... να περάσω... on peraso

Greek. Lesson 6: How verbs are conjugated

Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek we use one instead of three words: έχω

verb έχω (to have)

The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs are divided into two broad categories: those in which the emphasis falls on the pre last syllable, like έχω [‘echo] “I have” and θέλω [village] “I want”, and those with the stress on the last syllable, like αγαπώ [agapo] “I love”.

έχω [‘echo] I have

έχεις [‘ehis] you have

έχει [‘ehi] sheonono has

έχουμε [‘ehume] we have

έχετε [‘ehhete] you have

έχουν [‘ehun] they have

Note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not “I have”, but simply “I have”, “I have”. This is the nature of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being spoken about. If ω, then "I have", if ουν, then "they have". Get used to it.

Language proficiency

Are you talking / are you saying…? Μιλάτε...

In Russian ρωσικά

Greek ελληνικά

I don't speak Greek. Δε μιλώ ελληνικά.

Do you understand me? Με καταλαβαίνετε;

I do not understand you Δε σας καταλαβαίνω

I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω

What language do you know? Τι γλώσσα μιλάτε;

I know Μιλάω

English αγγλικά

German γερμανικά

French γαλλικά

You speak well. Μιλάτε καλά

I don't have practice. Μου λείπει η πρακτική

I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά.

Repeat one more time. Πέστε το άλλη φορά.

A little slower. Λίγο πιο αργά.

What does this word mean? Τι σημαίνει αυτή η λέξη;

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugation of the verb "to be"

Today we are learning to use the forms of the verb είμαι correctly. It can be used as a semantic verb meaning "to be" and a linking verb meaning "to be".

Verb conjugations:

I - (εγω) είμαι

You are (εσύ) είσαι

He - (αυτός) είναι

She (αυτή) είναι

We are (εμείς) είμαστε

You - (εσείς) είστε

They (m.r.) (αυτοί) είναι

Oni (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:

Past tense:

This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say "was", "was", "was", "were".

Compare present and past tenses
The present	Past
Είμαι Είσαι Είναι Είμαστε Είσαστε/είστε Είναι	ήμουν ήσουν ήταν ήμαστε ήσαστε ήταν

Useful words

QUALITIES

1. Good - bad καλός - κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly όμορφος - άσχημος

3. Old - young γέρος - νέος

4. Old - new

παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar

γνωστός - άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring

εύθυμος – ανιαρός, σκυθρωπός

8. Smart is stupid

έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small μεγάλος - μικρός

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun forms and verb conjugation

Today we will continue talking about pronouns. It is said that the most common word in almost any language is the word "I". But this is not the case for Greek. Greeks (and Cypriots, of course, too) practically do not use personal pronouns. They don't say "I see" "you see", just "I see" (βλέπω), "you see" (βλέπεις).

(εγώ) με me (εμείς) μας us

(εσύ) σεyou (εσείς) σας you

(αυτός) τον His (αυτοί) τους them

(αυτή) την Her (αυτές) τις their

Την ξέρω καλά. I know her well.

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

Verbs

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

Note: pronouns are in parentheses because they are often omitted in colloquial speech.

Useful words

1) Long - short μακρύς - κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow πλατύς, φαρδύς - στενός

3) High - low ψηλός - χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Deep - shallow βαθύς - ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap ακριβός - φτηνός

6) Fast - slow γρήγορος - αργός

7) Light - heavy ελαφρύς - βαρύς

8) Soft - hard μαλακός - σκληρός

9) Thick - thin χοντρός - λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty καθαρός - βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugation of verbs in the present tense

Let's repeat the conjugation of the verb γράφω (to write).

γράφω [grapho] I write

γράφεις [graph] you write

γράφει [graph] ononaono writes

γράφουμε [graphume] we write

γράφετε [graphet] you write

γράφουν [graphun] they write

In the previous lesson, we considered the category of verbs that have an accent on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated, like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ "I love".

Remember that in Greek, the present tense describes both current actions and repetitive actions, for example, "now I drink coffee" (continued), "every morning I drink coffee" (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number

αγαπώ [ayapo] I love

αγαπάς [ayapas] you love

αγαπά [ayapa] he she loves it

Plural

αγαπούμε [ayapume] we love

αγαπάτε [ayapate] you love

αγαπόυν [ayapun] they love

The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".

Unit number

μπορώ [borough] I can

μπορείς [boris] you can

μπορεί [bori] ononaono can

Plural

μπορούμε [borume] we can

μπορείτε [fight] you can

μπορούν [harrow] they can

Παρακαλώ [paracalo] "I ask" is another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent of "please" or "pleased to serve" in response to "thank you".

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups, and are conjugated depending on which subgroup they belong to:

The way of changing the faces of the verbs of the second conjugation must be memorized along with the meaning of the verb itself. In Modern Greek dictionaries, after the verbs of the second conjugation of the first subgroup, the letter alpha (α) is usually in brackets, and after the verbs of the second subgroup, the letter epsilon (ε).

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να.

Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.

Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία.

Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά.

I can write in Greek.

Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε.

We can write.

Ξέρουν να γράφουν.

They know how to write.

Verbs 1 conjugation

λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:

Λέω λέμε

Λες λέτε

Λέει λένε

In the last two lessons, we looked at the rules for conjugation of Greek verbs. Today you can add to your dictionary 20 new verbs.

Γράφω - to write

Συνεχίζω - continue

Δουλεύω - work

Επιστρέφω - to return

Αρχίζω - to begin

Τελειώνω - finish

Μένω - to live

Ακούω - hear, hear

Βλέπω - to see

Μιλώ - to speak

Περιμένω - to wait

Αγαπώ - to love

Απαντώ - to answer

Βοηθώ - to help

Δείχνω - to show

Εκτιμώ - appreciate, respect

Ελπίζω - to hope

Do not forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress.

Greek. Lesson 11: How to determine the gender of a noun

You already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Although the gender of a noun can be determined by its ending, the article remains a more reliable means of determining gender, since many nouns do not follow the basic rules below.

You can guess the gender of a noun by its ending (the exception is a small number of words).

masculine endings

The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας.

For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'antras] - a man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings

Most often found: -η, -α.

For example, η νίκη [i‘niki] is a victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zachary]’ is sugar, η γυναίκα [i’in‘neka] is a woman, η ώρα [and ‘ora] is an hour.

Endings of the neuter gender The most common endings of the neuter gender are: - ο, -ι.

For example, το βουνό [that vu‘no] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that pso‘mi] is bread.

Greek. Lesson 12: Noun Declensions

The declension of nouns in Greek depends on what gender they are (recall that in Greek, as in Russian, there are three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter).

The type of declension of a noun to a large extent depends on the ending and stress.

When talking about masculine nouns ending in -ης, they most often cite as an example the declension of nouns ο φοιτητής (student) and ο εργάτης (worker).

Let's see how they bend:

ο φοιτητής (like all nouns in -ης ending in the last syllable) declines as follows:

Singular

Nominative case ο φοιτητής

Genitive του φοιτητή

Accusative το(ν) φοιτητή

Vocative - φοιτητή

Plural

Nominative case οι φοιτητές

Genitive των φοιτητών

Accusative τους φοιτητές

Vocative - φοιτητές

ο εργάτης - worker (and nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable)

Singular

Nominative case ο εργάτης

Genitive του εργάτη

Accusative τον εργάτη

Vocative - εργάτη

Plural

Nominative case οι εργάτες

Genitive των εργατών

Accusative τους εργάτες

Vocative - εργάτες

Please note that the endings in both cases are exactly the same.

Only in the conjugation of nouns with stress on the penultimate syllable in the genitive plural does the stress still fall on the last syllable.

And that's it! It's not difficult, is it?

New words and expressions:

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession, belonging.

Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας

Το δέντρο – του δέντρου

το παιδί – του παιδιού

Genitive case of masculine nouns singular

The way the form of the genitive case is formed depends on the end of the word. That is why in the last lesson we considered in detail the declension of masculine nouns. I recommend memorizing the forms of the nouns given in the last lesson. You can use them as an example.

USEFUL WORDS

What is the weather today! Τί καιρός!

What a beautiful day! Τί όμορφη ημέρα! ti omorphi imera

What terrible weather! Τί απαίσιος καιρός! ti apecios caros

How cold/hot it is today! Κάνει τόσο κρύο /τόση ζέστη σήμερα! kani toso cryo/toshi zesti simara

Today... Έχει... e'hi

sunny ήλιο orio

cloudy συννεφιά synefya

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

It's a shame there's so little space left today! Next week I will try to devote more time and effort to the Greek lesson. Today I got carried away with an article about memory. By the way, check it out. There is something to think about.

Last week I explained to you the formation of the genitive case of nouns. And I planned to continue. But the topic is serious, and I decided to devote enough space to it next week. And today we will talk about possessive pronouns (Let's take a break from noun conjugation!).

my / my / my μου [mu]

our/our/our μας [wt]

yours / yours / yours σου [su]

your/your/your σας [sas]

his του [tu] her της [yew]

their τους [tus] (for masculine gender) τις [yew] (for feminine r.)

Note that in Greek possessive pronouns stand after the word being defined (which in this case is always used with the article):

my name is onomo mu

your name is onomo su

his name is onomo tu

her friend o philos tis

our aunt and fia mas

your aunt and fia sas

their house then sleep tus

Useful words and expressions

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is Maria. Εμπρός. Είμαι η Μαρία... embros ime and Maria

I would like to speak to...

Speak louder/slower, please. Μιλάτε πιο δυνατά / πιο αργά, παρακαλώ, milate pio dinata / pio arga paracalo

Repeat, please. Μπορείτε να το επαναλάβετε; borite nα to epanalavete

You have dialed the wrong number. Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. ehete lasos numero

Wait a minute. Μισό λεπτό, miso lepto

Please wait. Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. parimenete paracalo

I'll call back. θα έρθω σε επαφή. sa erso se epafi

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

Noun declension is perhaps one of the most extensive topics in Greek grammar. It’s even difficult for me to select material for you. And one is needed, and another. And in the end it turns out so much new information that it is extremely difficult to digest. Let's go in order.

The declension of a noun depends on its gender. Once we have decided on the gender (male, female or neuter), we need to think about the end. After all, it depends on him exactly how we will incline. And thirdly, you need to remember the exceptions to the rules. Suddenly, the word belongs to the list of exception words and conjugates according to its own rules. In the end, you come to the conclusion that you just need to memorize the words. And then, with practice, the use of words comes to automatism. And you no longer need to think about what form to use.

I will try to bring today maximum amount examples. And if the rules are hard to learn, please learn whole phrases. It's practical. And useful.

Note that there are only four cases in Greek. Those. not everything coincides with the usual Russian grammar. For example, to convey the meaning of the dative case (to whom?, What?), the initial letter of the preposition σε is added to the article of the noun in the accusative case, for example, "Ο πατέρας λέει στο γιο του: Σίμερα δεν διαβάζεις καλά" you are reading."

In the twelfth lesson, we considered the declension of masculine nouns ending in -ης. Today, let's remember how nouns with the endings ας and oς change.

Masculine nouns ending in -ας

Masculine nouns ending in -oς

Pay attention to the following features:

1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it remains in all cases on the last syllable;

2) If the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, then it remains in all cases on the penultimate syllable;

3) If the stress falls on the third syllable from the end, then it goes to the penultimate syllable in the genitive singular and plural and in the accusative plural.

Brother - ο αδελφός
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο αδελφός R. p. του αδελφού V. p. τον αδελφό Sound n. - αδελφέ	οι αδελφοί των αδελφών τους αδελφούς - αδελφοί
Builder - ο οικοδόμος
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο οικοδόμος R. p. του οικοδόμου V. p. τον οικοδόμο Sound n.- οικοδόμε	οι οικοδόμοι των οικοδόμων τους οικοδόμους - οικοδόμοι
Man - ο άνθρωπος
Singular	Plural
I. p. ο άνθρωπος R. p. του ανθρώπου V. p. τον άνθρωπο Sound n.- άνθρωπε	οι άνθρωποι των ανθρώπων τους ανθρώπους - άνθρωποι

Got it? Now about cases. I have already mentioned that there are four cases in Greek. When a sentence has a subject (who? what?), then this noun is always in the nominative case. Any other noun you see in the same sentence will be in the genitive or accusative. Less often in the vocative.
Here the vocative case presents some difficulty for us. Indeed, in Russian we do not memorize separately the form of addressing a person. When I was preparing the material for this lesson, I learned something new. For myself and maybe for you. Of course, there are philologists in our office, and my colleagues told me that the Old Russian language also had a vocative case. Remember Pushkin in "Golden Fish" - "What do you need, old man?". Here is your form vocative(compare the Greek “fillet”, “kumbare”).

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine Nouns

Most feminine nouns in Greek end in -η and -α, e.g. εφημερίδα (newspaper) and many others.

Such nouns are declined as follows:
1) If the stress falls on the last syllable, then it does not change in all cases (η καρδιά - heart, η περιοχή - district, η προσευχή - prayer, η χαρά - joy):
Nominative case:
η καρδιά - οι καρδιές
Genitive:
της καρδιάς - των καρδιών
Accusative:
τη(ν) καρδιά - τις καρδιές
vocative case:
Καρδιά - καρδιές

2) If the stress does not fall on the last syllable (η χώρα - country, η λέσχη - club, η αγάπη - love, η θάλασσα - sea, η ημέρα - day, η γλώσσα - language), then in the genitive plural, the stress shifts to last syllable:
Nominative case:
η χώρα - οι χώρες
Genitive:
της χώρας - των χωρών (pay attention to the stress!)
Accusative:
την χώρα - τις χώρες
vocative case:
Χώρα - χώρες

The exceptions are some nouns ending in -α (such as η μητέρα - mother, η δασκάλα - teacher), which, despite the fact that they do not have stress on the last syllable, do not change it in all cases:
It should also be noted that if a word ends in -ση, -ξη or -ψη (for example, η τάξη - order, η επιχείρηση - enterprise, η λάμψη - brilliance), then in the singular it will be declined in the same way as words, ending in -η, and in the plural will have the following endings:
Nominative case:
η λάμψη - οι λάμψεις (!)
Genitive:
της λάμψης - των λάμψεων (!)
Accusative:
τη(ν) λάμψη - τις λάμψεις (!)
vocative case:
Λάμψη - λάμψεις (!)

The plural of Greek feminine nouns is formed by adding the ending -ες:

H γυναίκ-α
H ώρ-α
H δραχμ-ή
Hαδερφ-ή

οι γυναίκ-ες
οι ώρ-ες
οι δραχμ-ές
οι αδερφ-ές

When you address someone in Greek, you have to use the noun in the vocative case. Look at the vocative case of feminine nouns.
Vocative singular:
- Γειά σου, Φωτεινή! - Hello, Fotini ( female name; Russian analogue - Light)!
Vocative plural:
- Κυρίες και κύριοι! - Ladies and Gentlemen!

Greek. Lesson 17: Noun Cases

In this lesson, we finish the topic of noun declension. It remains for us to deal with neuter nouns, which for the most part end in -ο, -ι, -α.

See how they change depending on the case.

Let's go back to the topic of plural nouns. Now we can compare the plural formation of masculine, feminine and neuter nouns.

Noun cases (plural)

The plural is formed as follows.

Feminine nouns end in -ες:
Η γυναίκ-α Η ώρ-α Η δραχμ-ή Η αδερφ-ή	οι γυναίκ-ες οι ώρ-ες οι δραχμ-ές οι αδερφ-ές
Neutral nouns end in -α:
Το παιδ-ί Το κρασ-ί Το δέντρ-ο Το βουν-ό	τα παδι-ά τα κρασι-ά τα δέντρ-α τα βουν-ά
Masculine nouns ending in -ης and -ας end in -ες, and those that end in --ος - ending οι.
Ο μαθητής Ο επιβάτης Ο ναύτης Ο άνδρας Ο πατέρας Ο άνθρωπος Ο ουρανός Ο δρόμος	οι μαθητές οι επιβάτες οι ναύτες οι άνδρες οι πατέρες οι άνθρωποι οι ουρανοί οι δρόμοι

Feminine and neuter nouns

Changes occur only with the definite article.

Masculine nouns

Note that the stress has been shifted from the first (from the end) to the second syllable. There are rules governing the transfer of stress, but we will not go into details now. Suffice it to say that this rarely happens in words of less than three syllables.

Useful words and expressions

Sights of Cyprus

Cyprus Museum [cypriako musio] Κυπριακό Μουσείο

Municipal theater [dimotyko teatro] Δημοττικό Θέατρο

Kykkos Monastery [monasteries tou kiku] Μοναστήρι του Κύκκου

Mahera Monastery [Monasteries tou Mahera] Μοναστήρι του Μαχαιρά

Church of St. Lazarus in Larnaca

Castle - fortress in Limassol

Municipal park with a zoo in Limassol

Δημόσιο πάρκο με ζωολογικό κήπο στη Λεμεσό

Castle in Kolossi [frurio tou kolosiou]

Rock "Petra tou Romiou" [Petra tou Romiou] Πέτρα του Ρωμιού

"Baths of Aphrodite" [ta lutra thousand aphrodites] Τα Λουτρά της Αφροδίτης

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Prepositions are function words, for example "in, to, for." In Greek, nouns after prepositions are usually in the accusative case. We will consider the prepositions σε, από, με, μαζί, χωρίς, και, παρά, μετά, πριν, για, μέχρι.

Σε - in, on
Indicates position:
Είστε στο καφενείο; Are you in a cafe? (often loses the ending -ε before the article, for example, στον κήπο, στην Αθήνα, στο δρόμο);
denotes movement towards something: Πηγαίνουμε στο θέατρο. We are going to the theatre.
In addition, this preposition is also used when reporting time and in this sense means "in". More often it loses the final letter and joins the article, for example, σε τις - στις or σε ένα - σ'ένα. For example, Έφτασα στις δύο. I arrived at two. Θα σε δω στις έξι. See you at six.

Από - from
denotes movement from somewhere: Ήρθα από την Κέρκυρα. - I came from Corfu.
This preposition is usually followed by a noun in the accusative case, for example, “from home” από το σπίτι.

Με - from, to
Ήμουν με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice. Πήγαμε με το λεωφορείο. We traveled by bus.

Μαζί με - with
Ήμαστε μαζί. We were together.
Ήμουν μαζί με την Αλίκη. I was with Alice.

Χωρίς - without
Είμαι χωρίς παπούτσια. I am without shoes.

Παρά - without
This preposition is used when telling time and means "without". Είναι δέκα παρά πέντε. It's now five to ten.
It can also mean "in spite of, in spite of." For example, Δε σε ευχαρίστησε παρά τη βοήθεια σου. He didn't thank you despite your help. Πέθανε παρά τις προσπάθειες των γιατρων. He died despite the doctor's efforts.

Μετά - after
is used in this sense if it is followed by a noun and a definite article. For example,
Μετά το θέατρο πήγαμε σε μια δισκοθήκη. After the theater we went to the disco.
Το καλοκαίρι είναι μετά την άνοιξη. Summer comes after spring.

Πριν - before
Θα φύγουμε πριν το μεσημέρη. We'll leave before noon.

Για - on
Ήρθε για δυο μέρες. He came for two days.
This preposition is usually followed by a word in the accusative case, for example, για σένα.

Μέχρι - until, until then
Σε περίμενα μέχρι της δέκα. I waited for you until ten.
Θα σε πάρω μέχρι το σπίτι σου. I will take you to your house.

Και - and
In addition to the meaning of "and", this word is used in the communication of time, meaning "after".

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

We already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine or neuter. And it is on the gender of the noun that its declension, the form of the article, depends.
Today we are talking about adjectives. And the form of the adjective also depends on the noun that the adjective defines. As, however, in Russian. "Red Ball", "Red Car", "Red Apple"...
Below is a list of the most common adjectives that will come in handy in almost any situation. Learn them.

1. Good - bad
καλός – κακός

2. Beautiful - ugly
όμορφος – άσχημος

3. Old - young
γέρος – νέος

4. Old - new
παλιός – καινούργιος, νέος

5. Rich - poor
πλούσιος - φτωχός

6. Familiar - unfamiliar
γνωστός – άγνωστος

7. Cheerful - boring
εύθυμος – ανιαρός

8. Smart is stupid
έξυπνος – κουτός, ανόητος

9. Strong - weak
δυνατός - αδύνατος

10. Big - small
μεγάλος – μικρός

We have given only the masculine form. Naturally, you will need all three forms of adjectives. In the next lesson, we will learn how to form the feminine and neuter form and agree on the adjective with the noun.

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives must change!

Last week we got acquainted with the form of masculine adjectives. And how to form a feminine form? It's easy if you know the basic rule.

Adjectives ending in -ος

Masculine adjectives ending in -ος correspond to feminine adjectives ending in -η or -α and neuter adjectives ending in -ο. For example, καλός (good) - καλή - καλό, ωραίος (beautiful) - ωραία - ωραίο

If the ending of a masculine adjective in -ος in the nominative case is preceded by a consonant, then in the feminine such an adjective ends in -η, for example, γέρος (old) - γέρη.

If there is a vowel before the end of the masculine adjective in -ος in the nominative case, then in the feminine such an adjective ends in -α, for example, νέος (new) - νέα.

Adjectives that have the same endings as nouns are inflected according to the rules for declension of nouns. The only difference is that in adjectives, the stress always remains on the same syllable.

Good man
(Singular)

I. p. ο καλός άνθρωπος
R. p. του καλόυ ανθρώπου
V. p. τον καλό άνθρωπο
Sv.p.- καλέ άνθρωπε

Good people
(Plural)

I. p. οι καλοί άνθρωποι
R. p. των καλών ανθρώπων
V. p. τους καλούς ανθρώπους
Soundp - καλοί άνθρωποι

Let's learn 23 more adjectives. Most of them end in -ος, so you shouldn't have any problems with the formation of feminine and neuter. Try, for the sake of practice, to form the feminine and neuter forms from the masculine adjectives below.

1) Long - short
μακρύς – κοντός (σύντομος)

2) Wide - narrow
πλατύς, φαρδύς – στενός

3) High - low
ψηλός – χαμηλός -κοντός

4) Light - dark
βαθύς – ρηχός

5) Expensive - cheap
ακριβός – φτηνός

6) Fast - slow
γρήγορος – αργός

7) Light - heavy
ελαφρύς – βαρύς

8) Soft - hard
μαλακός – σκληρός

9) Thick - thin
χοντρός – λεπτός

10) Clean - dirty
καθαρός – βρώμικος, λερωμένος

Greek. Lesson 21: Building Greek Phrases

As promised, today we will begin to understand the construction of Greek phrases. The most important thing to learn is that the Greek language cannot be approached with our (Russian) standards. Let's start with the fact that the pronoun as a subject is almost never used. For example, "I write" in Greek is simply γράφω. The ending is already and indicates to us that it is in the first person. If you wanted to say "he writes", you would use a different form: γράφει. But you don't need to use a pronoun.

Now let's talk about pronouns in the indirect case. Την ξέρω καλά. - I know her well. Look, in Greek we said "I know her well." So it is necessary. Here are two more examples:

Σας παρακαλώ. I ask you.

Τον βλέπω. I see him.

We will continue to talk about sentences in the next lesson.

I often talk with our readers on a variety of topics. But, since my photo is usually seen on the page with lessons, they almost always recognize not the abstract head of the company, but the column leader. And then all the conversations come down to the topic of the lessons. Almost every second person I talk to regularly or irregularly, but looks through this page. And many ask to publish Greek phrases not in Greek, but in Russian letters. I am against such a mockery of the language. But I understand perfectly well those who missed our first lessons and cannot read. Or those who have no time to understand the intricacies of the rules of reading, but need to speak right now: today, tomorrow. And talk to the Cypriots. At least on the fingers.

I thought long and hard about which is more important. And I came to the conclusion that, along with explanations and grammatical and lexical comments, you still need to publish simple conversational phrases written in Russian letters. From next week we will start publishing a small Russian-Greek phrasebook. And to fit more, we will omit the phrases in Greek writing. You will see the Russian phrase and how it sounds in Greek. So, of course, it's easier. But I have a request to you: do not stop reading grammar comments. After all, our ultimate goal is not a mechanical, mindless repetition of phrases, but the ability to speak Greek. Don't forget about it!

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning how to build sentences

When we talk about the belonging of one object to another, we are forced to use the genitive case form. And at the same time, do not forget that in the Greek language, not only nouns, but also articles change according to cases.

For example, we want to say that the newspaper belongs to Elena:
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper

Now let's make a little suggestion. In order for a phrase to become a sentence, you need to add a verb. Please note that in Russian the linking verb is rarely used. But in English and Greek, this verb is indispensable. Compare: Ειναι η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - This is Elena's newspaper. In the Russian sentence, we will not say “this is Elena's newspaper”. And in Greek, this is how a simple sentence is built. Get used to it.

Well, what if we want to say: “these are Elena's newspapers”? Then you need to change the noun, putting it in the plural. Don't forget that the article will also change!
Ειναι οι εφημερίδες της Ελένης - These are Elena's newspapers.

What if it's about a man? For example, "brother's wife".
Let's remember how masculine nouns ending in -ος change

Remembered? So we say: η γινεκα του αδελφού.

Here are some more examples:
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Now write down in your dictionary (I hope you have a special notebook for new words?) a few more phrases. In my opinion very useful.

Useful words

This year - fatos - Φέτος
Next year - epomeno chrono tone - Τον επόμενο χρόνο
Last year - that mberasmeno chrono - Toν περασμένο χρόνο
What is today's date? Are you imerominia ehume shimera? – Τι ημερομηνία έχουμε σήμερα;
What is today's date? – Poses tou minos ehume simera? – Πόσες του μηνός έχουμε σήμερα;
A day later - mata mya mayor - Μετά μια μέρα
On Friday - you are Mbaraskevi - Την Παρασκευή
On Saturday - that Savato - Το Σάββατο
Last Tuesday - you mberasmeni triti - Την περασμένη Τρίτη
Next Thursday - tyn ali epomeni pumpty - Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη
On the next Saturday - that epomeno savato - Το επόμενο Σάββατο
What day? - Am I drinking the mayor? - Για ποια μέρα;
Friday - I'm you Mbaraskevi - Για την Παρασκευή
From what time? - Apo pote? – Από πότε;
From Tuesday - apo you ndriti - Από την Τρίτη

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: “Where are you from?”

Let's see how the question can be answered: Από πού είσαι (είστε); - Where are you from? It is pronounced "apopu ise (iste). Remember how the verb "to be" is conjugated? είσαι is the singular, είστε is the plural.
I'm from Russia. - Είμαι από την Ρωσία. [ime αpo tin rosiya]. An article must be used before a noun. The word "Russia" in the Greek language is feminine. In the nominative case it would be η Ρωσία, but in our case we use a different form of the article. Let's look at a few more examples: Είμαι από την Λευκορωσία. - I'm from Belarus. Είμαι από την Ουκρανία. – I am from Ukraine. Είμαι από την Αγγλία. - I am from England.
What if the country is middle class? Like Kazakhstan, for example? Then we will say: Είμαι από το Καζαχστάν. – I am from Kazakhstan.
Now for some useful words. Many of them can be used today. Feel free to speak Greek!

Useful words

Weather - kerosene - καιρός
Temperature - thermocrasia - θερμοκρασία
Degree - wattmos - βαθμός
Heat - zesty, capsa - ζέστη, κάψα
Cold - cryo - κρύο
Sun - ilios - ήλιος
Sunrise - Anatoli zisi tou iliou - ανατολή δύση του ήλιου
Star of a star - aster / o (pl. -a) - άστρ / ο (-α)
Moon, month - fe(n) gari, salini - φεγγάρι, σελήνη
Air – aeras –– αέρας
Wind - aeras, anemos - αέρας, άνεμος
Fog - omihli - ομίχλη
Rain - vrohi - βροχή
Snow - hyoni - χιόνι
Today... the weather is o keros simera ine - Ο καιρός σήμερα είναι ...
good - kalos - καλός
bad - aschimos (cacos) - άσχημος (κακός)
Today - Simera Kani - Σήμερα κάνει ...
Hot - zesty - ζέστη
Cold - cryo - κρύο
It's raining - vrehi - βρέχει
Today + 25 heat - simera ehi 25 (koshi pende) - Σήμερα έχει 25 βαθμούς
Today + 25 heat - wattmus pano apo to misen - πάνο από το μηδέν
Tomorrow will be ... - avrio sa hume - αύριο θά'χουμε ...
Good weather- kalo kero (kalokeria) - καλό καιρό (καλοκαιρία)
Bad weather - aschimo kero (kakokeria) - άσχημο καιρό (κακοκερία)
All day yesterday... – htes oli tin imera... – χτες όλη την ημέρα ...
- it was raining - evrehe - έβρεχε
– it was hot – ekane zesty – έκανε ζέστη

Greek. Lesson 24: Suggestions

Let's take a look at this sentence: We come here every year.
Ερχόμαστε εδώ κάθε χρόνο. [erchomaste ezo kase chrono] Ερχόμαστε means "we are coming". After all, you remember that you don’t need to use a pronoun? The word εδώ means "here", "here" and will not change: this is an adverb. κάθε χρόνο - every year. Pay attention to the form of the noun. In the nominative case it will be χρόνος. But in this case, the noun is not the subject. So, we use it in the required form. Using this scheme, you can make dozens of useful phrases. For example, "I am here every evening (κάθε βράδι)", "We work every day (κάθε μέρα)" and so on. The main thing is to use the verb correctly.

Useful words

I/We are here for the first time. - Είναι η πρώτη μου /μας επίσκεψη. - [ine and proti mu / mas episkepsi]
I like it here - Μου αρέσει... εδώ. – [mu oresi... ezo]
I like to travel. - Μου αρέσι να ταξιδεύω - [mu oresi in taxizevo]
This is... – Είναι... – ine
- beautiful - όμορφο - [omorpho]
- boring - βαρετό - [wareto]
- interesting - ενδιαφέρον - [endyaferon]
- romantic - ρομαντικό - [romandico]
- terrible - φοβερό - [fovero]
- bad - άσχημο - [ashhimo]
I like it. - Μου αρέσει - [mu aresi]
I do not like it. - Δεν μου αρέσει - [den mu areshi]

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

We continue to learn from examples. And, as I promised, today we will consider more complex proposals.

1. Χθες μιλούσα στο φίλο μου. - I was talking to my friend yesterday.

In this case, we use the past tense form. And do not forget that the word "my" is always placed after the noun.

2.Τον ρώτησα να μου τηλεφωνήσει σήμερα γιατί θα πάμε στην Αγγλία σύντομα και πρέπει να κάνα – I asked him to call me today because we are going to England and we need to make a plan.

The word σχέδια means both a plan, a schedule, and a scheme of actions. It is necessary to pay attention to the fact that we put the pronouns τον and μου before the verb. He asked me to call - that's how we speak Greek. The particle να is needed in order to connect two verbs: ρώτησα and τηλεφωνήσει. Without a particle, you cannot use two verbs in one sentence. θα πάμε is the form of the future tense. Remember? We substitute θα for the present tense of a verb of any group and get the simple future tense. Look, in the phrase πρέπει να κάνουμε the second verb is conjugated. We need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουμε σχέδια. You need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνετε σχέδια. They need to make a plan. - Πρέπει να κάνουν σχέδια.

Greek. Lesson 26: Suggestions

(continued) Considering the sentence that we are analyzing today, you need to pay attention to the agreement of the members of the sentence and the use of tenses in Greek.
- Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η γυναίκα μου και εγώ οδηγούσαμε από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό για ένα ραντεβού όταν είδαμε πολλά κρεμμύδια στον δρόμο. Είχαν πέσει από ένα φορτηγό που σταμάτησε στην άκρη του δρόμου.

Last week my wife and I drove from Paphos to Limassol for a meeting and saw a lot of bulbs scattered along the highway. They fell out of a truck that had stopped on the side of the road.

Την περασμένη εβδομάδα η - last week. If we want to say "last Tuesday", then we use the same word περασμένη: Την περασμένη Τρίτη [tim berazmeni trity]. Do you know the word "next"? Επόμενη. So, "next Thursday" will be Την άλλη επόμενη Πέμπτη [tyn ali epomeni pumpty].

In Greek (as well as in English, by the way) you need to say "my wife and I" instead of the Russian construction "my wife and I." And "I" is usually put in last place. An article is required before city names. After all, these words change according to general rules declensions of nouns. Most cities are feminine: από την Πάφο στη Λεμεσό - from Paphos to Limassol.

πολλά κρεμμύδια - look, the adjective must be consistent with the noun. In this case, they are neuter and are in the plural.

Στην άκρη του δρόμου - on the edge (on the side) of the road. Στην and not στη because the noun begins with a vowel. Don't forget that the word "road" must also change. On the edge of what? - roads.

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greetings.

When meeting, Cypriots usually communicate as follows:
Γειά σού! [I su] Τι κάνεις; [Ti canis]
Γειά σας! [I sas] Τι κάνετε; [Chi kanete]
Hello! (Hello!) How are you? (How are you doing?)
Καλά. [kala] Εσύ; [esi]
Καλά. [kala] Εσείς; [esis]
Fine. And you? (Good and you?)
And to the question "How are you?" a detailed answer is usually not expected.
Acquaintances usually kiss twice on the cheeks when they meet, especially if they haven't seen each other for a long time.
The expression "Γειά σου" is also used as a farewell.
Note that in Greek, a semicolon (;) is used instead of a question mark (?).

We continue to analyze the use of correct grammatical forms.
If there are two verbs in the sentence, then the particle ‘να’ usually stands between us. For example, "I want to write books" - θέλω να γράφω τα βιβλία. But, note that both verbs change. "We want to write books" - θέλουμε να γράφουμε τα βιβλία.

Examples:
May I come in...
Επιτρέψτε μου να βγω... (epitrepste mu in vgo)
Allow me to pass...
Επιτρέψτε μου να περάσω.. (epitrepste mu in peraso)
I understand a little, but I can't speak. Καταλαβαίνω λίγο, αλλά δεν μπορώ να μιλήσω (catalaveno ligo alla zen boro on miliso)
I want to learn how to speak Greek. Θέλω να μάθω να μιλάω ελληνικά. (selo to maso to milao ellenica)

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Repetition

Interrogative sentences in Greek are formed by increasing intonation. Please note that according to the rules of Greek punctuation, a semicolon is used instead of a question mark: Που πηγαίνετε; Where are you going?
Where is it? Πού είναι; [pu ine]
Where are you going (going)? Πού πηγαίνετε; [pu pienete]
in Greece/to Greece στην Ελλάδα [stin Hellas]
to Cyprus στην Κυπρο [stin cypro]
from Russia από την Ρωσία [apotin rosiya]

Questions and answers:

Where? Where? Πού [pu]
here (here) εδώ (ως εδώ) [ezo] (os ezo’)
there (there) εκεί (ως εκεί) [eki] (os eki)
next to the bank κοντά στην τράπεζα [konda stin meal]
left/right στα αριστερά/δεξιά [sta aristera/daksya]
within μέσα [mesa]
opposite απέναντι [apenandi]
at the hotel (to the hotel)

When? Πότε; [sweat]
today σήμερα [simera]
tomorrow αύριο [avrio]
yesterday χτές [khtes]
now τώρα [torah]
then Μετά [meta]
soon σύντομα [sindoma]
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sihna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimeriano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά
daily καθημερινά [kacimarina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase evdomaz]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [kala]
bad άσχημα [ashima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quiet σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

Continuation

Today you will learn how to correctly explain the road and how to find out where the place you need is.
Είναι... This is...
ευθεία straight
στα αριστερά to the left
στα δεξιά to the right
από την άλλη μεριά του δρόμου
on the other side of the street
στη γωνία at the corner
στη γωνία λίγο πιο κάτω around the corner
απέναντι .../πίσω .. opposite/behind...
δίπλα στο /στη /μετά next to / after
Πάρτε... Walk along...
Περάστε... Pass (cross)...
την πλατεία area
Στρίψτε αριστερά ... Turn left...
μετά τα πρώτα φώτα after the first traffic light
By car
Είναι... από εδώ. It's to... from here.
Πάρτε το δρόμο για ... Take the road to...
Είστε σε λάθος δρόμο. You are on the wrong road.
Πρέπει να πάτε πίσω στο ... You will have to return to...
It is far? Πόσο απέχει;
Είναι... This is...
Κοντά /όχι πολύ μακριά/ close/not very far/
far away
δέκα λεπτά με το αυτοκίνητο 10 minutes by car

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the topic "Questions"

Repetition

Continuing the theme "Questions".

We answer the question "when?"
then τότε [tote]
always πάντα [panda]
never ποτέ [pote]
often συχνά [sihna]
sometimes μερικές φορές [merikes fores]
after lunch μετά to μεσημεριανό [meta to mesimeriano]
at seven o'clock στις εφτά [stis efta]
ten minutes ago πριν από δέκα λεπτά
daily καθημερινά [kacimarina]
every week κάθε εβδομάδα [kase evdomaz]
within two hours για δύο ώρες [ya zio ores]
in 20 minutes σε είκοσι λεπτά [se ikosi lepta]

Why? Γιατί; [yati]
because Γιατί [yati]

as Πως; [pos]
so έτσι [etsy]
good καλά [kala]
bad άσχημα [ashima]
loudly δυνατά [zinata]
quiet σιγά [whitefish]
quickly γρήγορα [grigora]
slowly αργά [arga]

What is this?
We have to ask such a question often enough.Τι είναι; = What is this?
Είναι is a form of the verb "to be". If we translated literally, it would turn out "what is there?" If we add the word "this" (Αυτό), then we get the translation of our question: Τι είναι αυτό;
We answer: Είναι ρολόι. = This is a clock.
And if the word "this" is put in the first place in the sentence, the meaning will change a little.
Αυτό, τι είναι; = And what is this? = And this is a clock.
By the way, do you know that if a word starts with a vowel, then the word και will turn into κι? For example, Κι εγώ ευχαριστώ. = And I thank you.
Finally, here are a few examples:
Αυτό είναι κλειδί. = This is the key
Αυτό είναι κλειδί και (κι) εκείνο είναι ρολόι. = This is the key, but this is the clock.
Τι είναι; - Είναι βάζο. = What is this? - This is a vase

Continuation

Today we are learning words related to the topic "city".
αεροδρόμιο - aerodrome - airport
αστυνομικό τμήμα - astinomiko tmima - police station
διαδρομή λεωφορείων - diazromi leophorion - bus route
εκκλησία - eklisia - church
θέατρο - teatro - theater
πάρκο - parko - park
στάση λεωφορείων - stasi leophorion - bus stop
ταχυδρομείο - tachidromyo - mail

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Impressions Εντυπώσειο
This is... Είναι... ine
delightfully καταπληκτικό cataplictico
beautifully όμορφο omorpho
interesting ενδιαφέρον endyaferon
I like it. Μου αρέσει, muaresi
I don't like. Δεν μου αρέσει, den mu areshi

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative sentences

Repetition

Last week we asked the question "what is it?" and learned to answer "this ..". And today we will build negative sentences.
Είναι βιβλίο. - This is a book.
Δεν είναι βιβλίο. - It's not a book.
Δεν είναι μολύβι, είναι κλειδί. It's not a pencil, it's a key.
Δεν είναι ρολόι, είναι κουτί. This is not a watch, this is a box.
Εκείνο είναι τραπέζι, δεν είναι ερμάρι. This is a table, this is not a closet.
Αυτό δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο. This is not a magazine, this is a book.
It's clear?

Continuation

This week we're talking about entertainment. Pay attention to the phrase θα ήθελα - I would like to. This is the form of the verb θέλω - to want. When using θα ήθελα, you are speaking in the subjunctive mood. By the way, in the phrasebook, the word “entertainment” is translated as Έξοδος – exit. Well, "go out to the people"?

Entertainment - Έξοδος
What are your plans for...? Ποια είναι τα σχέδια σου (σας) για ...; Pya ine ta skhezya su (sas) ya
...today σήμερα simera
... evening απόψε apopse
... tomorrow αύριο avrio
Are you free tonight? Είστε ελεύθερος /-η απόψε; iste zlefseros/-i apopse
Where would you like to (would you like) to go? Πού θα ήθελες (θα θέλατε) να πάμε; pu sa iseles (sa selate] na pame
I would like to go to... θα ήθελα να πάω ... сα isela na πаο
I would like to see... θα ήθελα να δώ ... sa isela na zo
Do you like it...? Σου αρέσει...; su areshi

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and negative. Time designation.

Repetition

Question and denial. Time designation.

To say "no" we use the word όχι. Cypriots sometimes say "oh" - this is a truncated version, equivalent to our "not", which in colloquial speech replaces the usual word "no". Look carefully at the Cypriot saying "oh". He nods his head. It just nods upwards. We make a similar gesture, asking "what?". And in Cyprus, such a gesture means "no." Sometimes your interlocutor does without words. Get it right.
To turn a declarative sentence into an interrogative one, simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Don't forget that instead of the traditional question mark, there will be a semicolon at the end of the sentence.
Examples of interrogative and negative sentences:
What is this? Τι είναι αυτό;
This is a pencil. Είναι μολύβι
Is this a magazine? - Είναι περιοδικό εκείνο;
No. This is not a magazine, this is a book. - Όχι, δεν είναι. Δεν είναι περιοδικό, είναι βιβλίο.
The words αυτό and εκείνο can be at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of a sentence. Unlike in English, where the word order is clearly defined, the Greek language (like Russian!) allows you to freely rearrange words in a sentence.

And now let's repeat the numbers that we already know, and learn how to say what time it is.
Ένα, δύο, τρία, τέσσερα, πέντε, έξι, εφτά, οκτώ, εννιά, δέκα, ένδεκα, δώδεκα.
Είναι πέντε τώρα. - It's five o'clock.
In addition, to indicate time, you will need the preposition σε (σ’) and one of the forms of the feminine article = στις.
Στις 6 (η ώρα) το πρωί - at 6 (o'clock) in the morning
Στις 2 (η ώρα) μετά το μεσημέρι - at two (hours) in the afternoon
Στις 7 (η ώρα) το βράδυ - at 7 (hours) in the evening

Continuation

Talking on the phone

Hello, this is... – Εμπρός. Είμαι ο/η ... – embros. ime o/i
I would like to speak to... – θα ήθελα να μίλησα με τον /την... – sa isela na miliso me ton/tin
Speak... – Μιλάτε... – milate
louder - πιο δυνατά - pyo dinata
slow down, please - πιο αργά, παρακαλώ - pyo arga paracalo
Repeat, please. – Μπορείτε να then επαναλάβετε; – borite na that epanalavete
Sorry, he/she is not here. - Λυπάμαι, αλλά δεν είναι εδώ. – lipame ala den ine eso
You have dialed the wrong number. - Έχετε λάθος νούμερο. – ehete lasos numero
Wait a minute. - Μισό λεπτό. – miso lepto
Please wait. - Περιμένετε, παρακαλώ. – parimenete paracalo
When will he/she be? – Πότε θα επιστρέψει; – pote sa epistrapsi
Could you tell him/her that I called? – Μπορείτε να του /της πείτε ότι πήρα τηλέφωνο; – borite na tu/yew – pite oti pira tilefono
My name is... - Λέγομαι... - legome
Ask him/her to call me. – Μπορείτε να τον /την ζητήσετε να με πάρει τηλέφωνο; -
borite no tone/tin zitisete na me pari tilefono
Can I leave a note? - Μπορώ να αφήσω ένα μήνυμα, παρακαλώ; – boro na afiso ena minima parakalo

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and an invitation

Repetition
Rules for reading letter combinations
The combination αυ is pronounced as [av] before vowels and voiced consonants (αυγό), and as [af] before voiceless consonants (αυτοκίνητο).
The combination ευ is pronounced as [ev] before vowels and voiced consonants (ευγένεια), and as [eff] before voiceless consonants (ευτυχία).
The combination τσ conveys the Russian [ts] (τσάϊ).
The combination τζ conveys the Russian [dz] (τζάκι).
The combination μπ at the beginning of a word is pronounced like Russian [b] (μπύρα), in the middle of a word - like Russian [mb] (εμπρός).
The combination ντ at the beginning of a word is pronounced like Russian [d] (ντάμα), in the middle of a word - like Russian [nd] (άντρας).

Continuation

Invitation

Won't you dine (Won't you dine) with us at...?
θέλεις (θέλετε) να έρθεις (έρθετε) για βράδυνα στις ...; [se'lis (selete) na ersis (zrsete) ya vradina stis]
I would like to invite you (you) to dinner.
θα ήθελα να σε (σας) καλέσω για μεσημεριανό. [sa isela na se (sas) caleso ya mesimaryano]
Maybe we can have a drink tonight?
Μπορείς να έρθεις (μπορείτε να έρθετε) για ένα ποτό απόψε;
(Boris na ersis (borite na erset) ya ena poto apopse]
We're having a party. Can you join?
Κάνουμε ένα πάρτι. Μπορείς να έρθεις; [kanume ena parti. Boris on Ersis]
May I join you?
Να έρθουμε μαζί σας; [on ersume mazi sas]
Would you like (want) to join?
θέλεις να έρθεις (θέλετε να έρθετε) μαζί μας; [selis on ersis (selete on ersete) ointment mas]

Greek. Lesson 33: Articles and Stores

Repetition

Article

The article helps us identify what kind of word it is. In Greek (as in Russian), nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter. Along with the ending, the article indicates the gender, number and case of the noun.
Articles are divided into definite and indefinite. The indefinite article is used when the subject is unknown and not defined "A dog ran down the street" - it is not known which dog is being discussed (one of the dogs) - therefore, we will use the indefinite article. The definite article is used when talking about an already defined subject. And, we will continue our story: "The dog stopped right in front of the door of our house." - We already know something about this dog, and it is he who is now in front of our door, which means, from the point of view of Greek grammar, the definite article should be used.

Indefinite article(singular)
Masculine - ένας, feminine - μία, neuter - ένα
For example, ένας φοιτητής (student), μία αδερφή (sister), ένα μπαλκόνι (balcony).

Definite article(singular)
The article is masculine - ο, feminine - η, middle - το.
For example, ο φοιτητής, η αδερφή, το μπαλκόνι.

Continuation

Shops

Where...? - Πού είναι...; [pu ine]
Where is the nearest...? Πού είναι το κοντινότερο ...; [pu ine to condinotero]
Where is the good...? Πού υπάρχει ένα καλό...; [pu iparhi ena kalo]
It is far from here? Είναι μακριά από εδώ; [ine makria apo ezo]
How to get there? Πώς να πάω εκεί; [pos na pao eki]
antique shop
bakery to αρτοποιείο [to orthopio]
bank η τράπεζα [and meal]
barbershop to κουρείο [to curio]
bookstore τо βιβλιοπωλείο [to vivliopolio]
butcher shop τо κρεοπωλείο [to creopolio]
clothing store
pharmacy
flower shop τо ανθοπωλείο [to ansopolio]
jewelry store το κοσμηματοπωλείο [to kosmimatopolio]
kiosk το περίπτερο [to pariptero]
market η αγορά [and agora]

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstratives and Services

Repetition

Demonstrative pronouns

The gender of a noun can also be determined by its ending. You already know that Greek nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Masculine Endings The most common masculine endings are –ος, -ης, -ας. For example, ο δρόμος [o ‘dromos] - road, street, path; ο άντρας [o'andras] - a man; ο μαθητής [o masi‘tis] – student.

Feminine endings Most common: -η, -α. For example, η νίκη [i‘niki] is a victory, η ζάχαρη [and ‘zachary]’ is sugar, η γυναίκα [i’in‘neka] is a woman, η ώρα [and ‘ora] is an hour.

Endings of the neuter gender The most common endings of the neuter gender are: - ο, -ι. For example, το βουνό [that vu‘no] is a mountain, το ψωμί [that pso‘mi] is bread.

But the article (see last lesson) is a more reliable means of determining gender, since several nouns do not follow the above basic rules.

Continuation

Services Υπηρεσίες

clinic – η κλινική – [and clinics]
dentist - o οδοντίατρος - [o odondiyatros]
doctor - o γιατρός - [o yatros]
dry cleaning - το καθαριστήριο - [that kaforistirio]
hospital - that νοσοκομείο - [that nosocomio]
library - η βιβλιοθήκη - [and vivliociki]
optics - o οπτικός - [o opticos]
police station - then αστυνομικό τμήμα - [to astinomiko tmima]
mail - το ταχυδρομείο - [that takhizromio]
travel agency

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Endings and Service

Repetition

Noun endings

The genitive case is used primarily to express possession, belonging.
For example, το αυτοκίνητο του Γιώργου is George's car.
It is very easy to explain the formation of the genitive case, so in today's lesson everything will be clear the first time. So…
Genitive case of feminine nouns singular
A noun is simply added - ς at the end of a word
Η γυναίκα – της γυναίκας
η εφημερίδα της Ελένης - Elena's newspaper
το γράμμα της μητέρας - mother's letter
Genitive case of neuter singular nouns
The ending is -ου. So if a word ends in -ο, we just add -υ.
Το δέντρο – του δέντρου
If the word ends in -ι, like το παιδί, we add -ου.
το παιδί – του παιδιού
η στάση του λεωφορείου - bus stop

Continuation

Service Εξυπηρέτηση

Can you help me? – Μπορείτε να με βοηθήσετε; - [borite na me voisisete]
I'm looking for... - Ψάχνω για... - [psahno ya]
I'm just watching. - Απλώς κοιτάω - [aplos kitao]
Now it's my turn. - Είναι η σειρά μου - [ine to siramu]
You have...? – Έχετε καθόλου ...; - [ehete kafolu]
I would like to buy... – θα ήθελα να αγοράσω... –
Could you show me...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε ...; – [borite on mu ziksete]
How much does this/that cost? – Πόσο κάνει αυτό /εκείνο; - [poso kani αftό / ekino]
Nothing more, thank you. - Τίποτε άλλο. Ευχαριστώ. - [tipote alo efharisto]

Greek. Lesson 36: Let's talk about verbs and Choice

Repetition

Let's talk about verbs

Today we are starting to study one of the most difficult sections of Greek grammar - the section "verbs". First, we will study the conjugation of verbs in the present tense - this is not difficult. A little cramming, daily repetition of what has been covered and in a month you will know the conjugation of the most commonly used verbs. I only select these for you. A little later, we will begin to study the times. Let's start with an important verb - the verb "to have". In Russian we say “I have”, but in Greek we use one instead of three words: έχω.
verb έχω (to have)
The basic form of verbs ends with the letter ω. Regular verbs fall into two broad categories: those in which the stress falls on the penultimate syllable, as in έχω ['echo] "I have" and θέλω [village] "I want", and those in which the stress falls on the last syllable, as in αγαπώ [agapo] "I love".
The verb έχω is typical of the first category. In present tense and active pledge it hides like this:
έχω - [‘echo] - I have
έχεις - [‘ehis] - you have
έχει - [‘ehi] - sheonono has
έχουμε - [‘ekhume] - we have
έχετε - [‘ehhete] - you have
έχουν - [‘ehun] - they have
Note that you do not need to use pronouns. Not "I have", but simply "I have", "I have". This is the nature of the Greek language. The ending of the verb indicates who is being spoken about. If ω, then "I have", if ουν, then "they have".

Continuation

Choice of Προτίμηση

I want something... – θέλω κάτι... – selo kati
It must be ... - Πρέπει να είναι ... - pre'pi on ine
large/small – μεγάλο/μικρό – megalo/micro
cheap / expensive - φτηνό / ακριβό - ftino / akrivo
light/heavy – ελαφρύ /βαρύ – elafri/vari
dark/light
oval/round/square – οβάλ/στρογγυλό /τετράγωνο – oval/strongilo/tetragono
I wouldn't want anything too expensive

Greek. Lesson 37: The Verb “to Be” and Choice

Repetition
In the last lesson we talked about the verb "to have", today we are learning to use the forms of the verb είμαι correctly. It can be used as a semantic verb meaning "to be" and a linking verb meaning "to be".
Ο φίλος μου είναι Έλληνας - My friend is Greek.
Verb conjugations:
I - (εγω) είμαι
You are (εσύ) είσαι
He - (αυτός) είναι
She (αυτή) είναι
We are (εμείς) είμαστε
You - (εσείς) είστε
They (m.r.) (αυτοί) είναι
Oni (female) (αυτές) είναι

Use:
Είμαι απο τη Ρωσία. - I'm from Russia.
Είμαστε απο την Κύπρο. We are from Cyprus.
This verb has only one form of the past tense - the imperfect, which is used when in Russian we say "was", "was", "was", "were".
Compare the present and past tenses.
Είμαι ήμουν
Είσαι ήσουν
Είναι ήταν
Είμαστε ήμαστε
Είσαστε/είστε ήσαστε
Είναι ήταν

New words and expressions (feel free to use them more often!)

I want - Θέλω (selo)
I have - Έχω (echo)
I don't understand you - Δε σας καταλαβαίνω (de sas catalaveno)
I don't speak Greek - Δε μιλώ ελληνικά (de milo elinika)
I am learning Greek - Μαθαίνω ελληνικά (maseno elinika)
Please... – Παρακαλώ... (paracalo)
Give... – δώστε... (dost)
Wait... – περιμένετε... (parimenete)
Show... – δείξτε... (dikste)
Close (switch off)... – κλείστε... (kliste)
Open (turn on)... - ανοίξτε... (anixte)
Call... - φωνάξτε... (fonakste)
Call (invite) - καλέστε... (kaleste)
Repeat... – επαναλάβετε... (epanalavete)
Call... – τηλεφωνήστε... (tilephoniste)
Allow me .. - Επιτρέψτε μου ... (epitrepstemu)
To come in.. -. να μπω (on bo)
Exit... – να βγω... (on vgo)
Pass... – να περάσω... (in peraso)

Continuation

Choosing Προτίμηση (beginning in the last lesson)

What (Which) ... Do you want? – Τί... θα θέλατε; χρώμα /σχήμα colors/shapes
ποιότητα /ποσότητα of quality/quantity
What type do you want? – Τί είδος θα θέλατε;
What amount do you have? – Περίπου σε τι τιμή σκεφτόσαστε;
Do you have anything...? – Έχετε κάτι...; ehete kati
more - μεγαλύτερο megalitero
best quality - καλύτερης ποιότητας kalitheris piotitas
cheaper - φτηνότερο fsinotero
less - μικρότερο microtero
Will you show me this/that...? – Μπορείτε να μου δείξετε εκείνο/αυτό...; borite no mu dixete ekino/afto
these / those - αυτά / εκείνα aphta / ekin
what is in the window - αυτό στη βιτρίνα
others - μερικά άλλα of the Merik ala

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

It is said that the most common word in almost any language is the word "I". But this is not the case for Greek. Greeks (and Cypriots, of course, too) practically do not use personal pronouns. They don't say "I see" "you see", just "I see" (βλέπω), "you see" (βλέπεις).
You can guess who you are talking about by the form of the verb and the meaning of the sentence.

I did write the forms of personal pronouns for you. In parentheses, what corresponds to our I, you. He she…. And next to it is written what is more useful to you - forms of the accusative case. You will have to use these pronouns quite often.

Monosyllabic personal pronouns have the following accusative forms:

(εγώ) - με - Me (εμείς) - μας - us
(εσύ) - σε - You (εσείς) - σας - you
(αυτός) - τον - His (αυτοί) - τους - their
(αυτή) - την - Her (αυτές) - τις - their

Monosyllabic personal pronouns in a sentence are placed directly before the verb, for example:
Την ξέρω καλά. “I know her well.
Σας παρακαλώ - I beg you.
Τον βλέπω. - I see him.

Greek. Lesson 39: Verbs of the first conjugation

In Greek, as in Russian, verbs change according to persons, tenses, voices and moods. Verbs can be divided into two large groups:

1) Verbs of I conjugation. They have an accent on the penultimate syllable: μαθαίνω, διαβάζω

2) Verbs of II conjugation. They have an accent on the last syllable: αγαπώ, μπορώ

Verbs of the first conjugation change according to persons in the present tense as follows:
1 person
(Εγώ) γράφω - I write (Εμείς) γράφουμε - we write
2 person
(Εσύ) γράφεις - you write (Εσείς) γράφετε - you write
3 person
(Αυτός/αυτή) γράφει - he/she writes (Αυτοί/αυτές) γράφουν - they write
Note: Pronouns are in parentheses because they are omitted in colloquial speech.

Greek. Lesson 40: Verbs of the second conjugation

In the last lesson, we learned the conjugation of the verb γράφω (to write). Let's repeat.
γράφω - [grapho] - I write
γράφεις - [graphics] - you write
γράφει - [graphics] - ononaono writes
γράφουμε - [graphume] - we write
γράφετε - [graphete] - you write
γράφουν - [graphun] - they write

In the previous lesson, we considered the category of verbs that have an accent on the penultimate syllable and are conjugated like the verb γράφω. In this lesson we will look at the second category verbs, which have the stress on the last syllable and which are conjugated as the verb αγαπώ "I love".
Remember that in Greek, the present tense describes both actions that are happening at the moment and actions that are repeated, for example, "now I drink coffee" (continued), "every morning I drink coffee" (simple). Both of these actions in Greek express the present tense, i.e. πίνω καφέ τώρα, πίνω καφέ κάθε πρωί.

Verb αγαπώ (I love)

Unit number
αγαπώ - [ayapo] - I love
αγαπάς - [ayapas] - you love
αγαπά - [ayapa] - he she loves it

Plural
αγαπούμε - [ayapume] - we love
αγαπάτε - [ayapate] - you love
αγαπόυν - [ayapun] - they love
The verb ζητώ "I ask, I seek" is conjugated like the verb αγαπώ

Verb μπορώ (I can)

A number of verbs ending in ώ like αγαπώ have other endings when conjugated. One example is the verb μπορώ (boro) "I can".
Unit number
μπορώ - [boro] - I can
μπορείς - [Boris] - you can
μπορεί - [bori] - ononaono can

Plural
μπορούμε - [borume] - we can
μπορείτε - [fight] - you can
μπορούν - [borun] - they can

παρακαλώ - [parakalo] - "I ask" - another verb conjugated as μπορώ. It can be used as an equivalent of "please" or "pleased to serve" in response to "thank you".
Unfortunately no easy way to distinguish which of the verbs of this category, ending in ώ, is conjugated as αγαπώ, and which - as μπορώ. Gradually you will memorize them.

Greek. Lesson 41: Verb conjugation (continued)

In the last two lessons, we looked at the rules for conjugation of Greek verbs. Today you can add 20 new verbs to your vocabulary.
Καταλαβαίνω - to understand
Διαβάζω - read
Γράφω - to write
Συνεχίζω - continue
Δουλεύω - work
Επιστρέφω - to return
Αρχίζω - to begin
Τελειώνω - finish
Μένω - to live
Ακούω - hear, hear
Βλέπω - to see
Μιλώ - to speak
Περιμένω - to wait
Αγαπώ - to love
Απαντώ - to answer
Βοηθώ - to help
Γνωρίζω - to know, to get acquainted
Δείχνω - to show
Εκτιμώ - appreciate, respect
Ελπίζω - to hope
Do not forget that the conjugation of a verb directly depends on its stress. Remember the rules that we went through in the previous lessons.

If there are two verbs in your sentence, then most likely they are connected by the particle να. Please note that (unlike the Russian language) their forms are the same.
Θέλω να διαβάζω καλά βιβλία. - I want to read good books.
Ξέρω να γράφω ελληνικά. - I can write in Greek.

If the person or number changes, then the change occurs in both verbs:
Θέλεις να διαβάζεις. - You want to read.
Θέλει να διαβάζει.- He wants to read.
Ξέρουμε να γράφουμε. - We can write.
Ξέρουν να γράφουν. - They know how to write.

Verbs of the first conjugation
λέω - speak, τρώω - eat, eat, ακούω - listen, κλαίω - cry, πάω - go are conjugated as follows:
Λέω – λέμε
Λες – λέτε
Λέει – λένε

Greek. Lesson 42: Verb conjugation

(end) We have finished studying the rules of conjugation of verbs in the present tense. Verbs of the first conjugation are conjugated like this: γράφω, γράφεις, γράφει, γράφουμε, γράφετε, γράφουν Several verbs of the first conjugation (λέω, τρώω, ακούω, κλαίω, πάω) are conjugated differently: Λέω, λες, λέει, λέμε, λέτε, λένε.

Verbs of the second conjugation are divided into two subgroups.
The verb, αγαπώ, for example, belongs to the first subgroup: Αγαπώ, αγαπάς, αγαπά (αγαπάει), αγαπάμε, αγαπάτε, αγαπάν (αγαπάνε). Verbs of the second subgroup are conjugated as follows: μπορώ, μπορείς, μπορεί, μπορούμε, μπορείτε, μπορούν
To consolidate the topic, I propose to learn a few new words and expressions:
You say (you say)...

Μιλάτε (μιλάς)... - [milate] - [milas]

I'm not saying ... - (Δε) μιλάω .. - [ze milao]
... in Russian - ρωσικά - [rosika]
... in Greek - ελλινικά - [elinika]
I speak a little - Μιλάω λίγο - [milao ligo]
I only say... – Μιλάω μόνω... – [milao mono]
... in Russian - ρωσικά - [rosika]
... in English - αγγλίκα - [English]

Where do you live? - Πού μένετε - [pu menete]
I live... - Μένω... - [meno]
... in Moscow - στη Μόσχα - [sti mosha]
... in Kyiv - στό Κίεβο - [one hundred Kiev]
... in Nicosia - στη Λευκωσία - [sty levkosia]

Anyone who has studied Greek knows how many noun endings are used in the language. This article is devoted to the classification of the French linguist Henri Tonnet, in which he presented the declension of Greek nouns in the form of four tables.

In textbooks, as a rule, declensions are introduced sequentially: it is easier to perceive new material. The downside of this approach is that it loses sight of a single fundamental system that generalizes declensions and their corresponding endings of nouns.

French linguist Henri Tonnet in his monograph Précis pratique de grammaire grecque moderne presented Greek noun declensions in the form of four tables. The linguist based his classification on the declensions of the ancient Greek language. This approach allows, firstly, to discover the system where previously it was necessary to simply memorize; secondly, look at familiar things from the other side and be pleasantly surprised :)

The article presents Arnie Tonne's classification with explanations in Russian. I worked on the translation, styling and selection of examples. If you liked the material, like, comment, we will still have something to discuss!

I declension

What? Masculine on -ας , -ης , feminine on -α , -η and nonequisyllabic nouns of both genders ending in -άς, -ές, -ούς, -ού, -ας .

Why? All of these plural nouns end in -ες: ο φοιτητής - οι φοιτητές (student - students). Non-equisyllabic nouns add one syllable in the plural and have the ending -δες : ο παππούς – οι παππούδες.

How? In the singular masculine nouns have a final ς , in all other cases they lose it. In the feminine, the final ς appears only in the genitive case.

Examples of words of the 1st declension:

ο φοιτητής student, ο χάρτης map, ο εργάτης worker, ο καθηγητής teacher,
ο πατέρας father, ο πίνακας table, ο αγώνας a game, ο χειμώνας winter,
η μητέρα mother, η πατρίδα motherland, η χώρα a country, η θάλασσα sea, η φοιτήτρια student,
η αδερφή sister, η φίλη girlfriend, η βιβλιοθήκη library, η πλάτη back;
ο χασάπης butcher, ο μανάβης greengrocer, o φουρνάρης baker (often - the names of professions),
ο ψαράς fisherman, ο καφές coffee,
η αλεπού fox, η μαϊμού monkey, η ψαρού fisherwoman,
η μαμά Mother, η γιαγιά grandmother, η νταντά nanny.

II declension

What? Masculine (and feminine) -ος , neuter gender on -ο And -ι .

Why? The nouns of this declension in the genitive singular have the ending -ού .

How? In the masculine singular, all 4 endings are different. They generally resemble the declension of the masculine definite article.

The ending of the neuter gender changes only in the genitive case (this is typical for the neuter gender in general).

In the neuter gender -ι the ending is added to the whole stem (see examples).

Feminine nouns in this declension are few and repeat the masculine declension.

Declension of a neuter noun into - ο And - ι :

Examples of words of the II declension:

ο αδερφός Brother, ο φίλος Friend, ο δάσκαλος teacher, ο ποταμός river, ο γιος son;
η οδός road, η λεωφόρος avenue, η διάμετρος diameter, η περίμετρος perimeter, η είσοδος entrance, η έξοδος exit; professions, if their representatives are women:η ζωγράφος artist, η γιατρός doctor;
το νερό water, το βιβλίο book, το θέατρο theater, το άλογο horse, το φθινόπωρο autumn;
το παιδί child, το ψωμί bread, το καλοκαίρι summer, το σπίτι house, το κορίτσι girl.

III declension

What? Inequisyllabic neuter nouns in -μα And -ος .

Why? In ancient Greek ending -ους was presented in the form -εος, and the ending -η in the form -εα. Therefore, the author combined these two declensions into one (compare: ατος - εος, ατα - εα).

How? And like this:

Examples words III declension:

θέμα subject, στόμα mouth, πράγμα thing, μάθημα lesson, γράμμα letter,
το δάσος forest, το έθνος people, το ύψος height, το βάθος depth, το μέγεθος size.

IV declension

What? Masculine on -έας and feminine gender -ση , -ψη , -ξη (as well as the words πόλη, δύναμη).

Why? In the plural of the nominative and accusative cases, they have the ending -εις .

How? In the singular - as the I declension.

Examples of words of the IV declension:

ο γραμματέας secretary, ο γονέας parent, ο τομέας region;
η γεύση taste, η στάση stop, η λύση solution, η άσκηση exercise, η πρόταση offer, η πόλη city, η δύναμη force.

Conclusion

These 4 tables cover almost all Greek nouns, except for some isolated cases. You can read about them in any grammar guide (for example, Tresorukova) or in Beletskaya's textbook. A selection of resources and a list of good textbooks for online Greek learners can be found at Yuliana Masimova.

In conclusion - all declensions on one page:

IN ancient Greek fewer cases have been preserved than its ancestor, the common Indo-European language (in which scientists have restored 8 cases: in addition to those known in Greek, there are also “local”, “remote”, “instrumental”). With the death of some cases, their functions were taken over by others. This is how the above rules for the use of cases developed.

The formation of nouns in Russian corresponds to Greek traditions. Nouns are proper - the names of people (ἈlέxandroV - Alexander) or mythological characters (ἈJhnᾶ - the goddess Athena), geographical names(ἈJῆnai – the city of Athens); common nouns, as generalized names of homogeneous objects or phenomena (ἀgorά - area, ἀrcή - beginning, power), concrete and abstract, collective, animate and inanimate, material.

In the Greek language, thanks to the development of rhetoric and philosophy, the formation of numerous collective and abstract concepts from one root began with the help of suffixes, which were often borrowed in new languages to form a special or scientific vocabulary. For example, from the word man (ἀνήρ̦ ἀνδρός) the nouns courage (ἀνδρία), image of a person (ἀνδριάς), men's room (ἀνδρών) were formed. There were diminutive forms: a man (ἀνδρίον). There were compound (compound) words: sculptor, sculptor (ἀνδριαντοποιός). Compound words, as in Russian, receive the gender that is expressed by their last part. At the same time, the concept of courage was expressed using various suffixes (ἀνδρειότης or ἀνδρότης) or a compound word, literally “the positive dignity of a man” (ἀνδραγαϑία). With the same root, nouns appeared in Greek, meaning armor, slave trader, slave, statuette, murder, murderer, kidnapping, multitude, courageous youth, destroyer of husbands. Not all such words became common, since they were created with the help of poetic or literary imagination, a sense of rhythm, the aesthetics of the language and its laws. Unsuccessful experiments remained as examples of the cumbersome artificial vocabulary of individual authors.

Some nouns, as in Russian (sleigh, canopy) exist only in the plural (Qῆbai - Thebes), others - only in the singular (EὐjrάthV - the river Euphrates).

Many nouns are formed with the help of prefixes, which is also very typical for Russian word formation (mena - replacement - change - substitution - cancellation - change - betrayal, etc.): dῆmoV (people, country, region) - αποδημία (departure, journey) - ἐπιδημία (stay).

In all neuter nouns, the accusative case coincides with the nominative. In addition, in the accusative case of the plural, such names inherited from the common Indo-European language the sign of the collective concept - the ending in alpha.

In the dictionary, nouns are given in the nominative singular, next to the ending of the genitive singular. number, with which you can see the basis of the word and understand the type of declension, then the article is indicated to indicate the gender: ParJenώn, ῶnoV, ὁ Parthenon. The stem of a word in its pure form is most often seen in the genitive case of the singular, where a case ending is attached to it, as in other indirect cases (all cases are indirect, except for the nominative, i.e. the case of the subject). In the nominative case, the basis, according to the laws of word formation (due to the interaction of sounds), can be hidden by various changes. Most of all, this is manifested in the III declension.

Nominative case endings ( dictionary form) these words are very diverse, at the end of the genitive case given in the dictionaries, it can be understood that they belong to the III declension.

Case endings

In the dative plural, the ending -si(n) is adjacent to the stem without a connecting vowel.

In the words: patήr (father), mήthr (mother), Jugάthr (daughter), gastήr (stomach) when declining, epsilon falls out and this letter appears, following the example:

Nu before sigma drops out

In some words, nu can also drop out between vowels in certain cases. Accusative singular: Ἀpόllwn - Ἀpόllw< Ἀpόllwna (w + a).

Bases on g, k, c; b, p, j. The interaction of consonant stems with sigma occurs according to the rules of fusion:

Delta base. The interaction of consonant stems with sigma occurs according to the rules of fusion: d + s > s.

Tau based. The interaction of stem consonants with sigma occurs according to the rules of fusion: t + s > s.

Basis for an iota. Iota is preserved only in the nominative and accusative singular, in other cases it goes into epsilon. A special ending for such words in the genitive case of the singular:

Base in -eu. Like words for an iota, such words have a special ending in the genitive case of the singular. The pure stem is preserved only in the nominative singular and in the dative plural. In other cases, the stem ends in epsilon. Merging occurs only in the nominative plural.

Sigma based. The sigma between vowels is dropped, causing them to merge. In the dative plural, the sigma is also dropped before the ending -si(n).

Merge Rules


e + e > ei e + o > ou	e + ou > ou e + ei > ei e + w > w e + h > h
		o + ei > oi o + o > ou	o + w > w o + h > oi o + ou > ou
Nominativus (nominative)				gέnh (< genesa)
Genitivus (genitive)				genῶn (< geneswn)

(> geneouV > genesoV)

Basics of Nu Tau. In the dative plural, before the ending -si(n), -nt- drops out, causing vowel stretching: o > ou, e > ei, a > h, a.

Accusative case in Greek. Declension of nouns in Greek. Examples of words of the III declension

Let's start with the verb έχω (to have)

Negation

Set expressions

Verb conjugation κάνω (to do)

Set expressions

Accusative singular nouns in Greek:

What to remember from the table

Prepositions σε, από, με, για in Greek

Verb conjugation είμαι (to be)

Negative form of the verb είμαι

Interrogative form of the verb είμαι

Set expressions

Coordination

Nouns in Greek

Greek. Lesson 2: Questions (Ερωτήσεις)

Questions and answers:

Greek. Lesson 3: Article. Numbers. Time notation

Greek. Lesson 4: Rules for reading. Indefinite article

Greek. Lesson 5: How the article changes

Greek. Lesson 6: How verbs are conjugated

Greek. Lesson 7: Conjugation of the verb "to be"

Greek. Lesson 8: Pronoun forms and verb conjugation

Greek. Lesson 9: Conjugation of verbs in the present tense

Greek. Lesson 10: Verbs of the second conjugation. Exceptions to the rules

Greek. Lesson 11: How to determine the gender of a noun

Greek. Lesson 12: Noun Declensions

Greek. Lesson 13: Genitive

Greek. Lesson 14: Possessive Pronouns

Greek. Lesson 15: How nouns change

Greek. Lesson 16: Feminine Nouns

Greek. Lesson 17: Noun Cases

Greek. Lesson 18: Prepositions

Greek. Lesson 19: Adjectives: Masculine Forms

Greek. Lesson 20: Adjectives must change!

Greek. Lesson 21: Building Greek Phrases

Greek. Lesson 22: Learning how to build sentences

Greek. Lesson 23: Answering the question: “Where are you from?”

Greek. Lesson 24: Suggestions

Greek. Lesson 25: Examples

Greek. Lesson 26: Suggestions

Greek. Lesson 27: Communication. Greetings.

Greek. Lesson 28: Questions

Greek. Lesson 29: Continuing the topic "Questions"

Greek. Lesson 30: Negative sentences

Greek. Lesson 31: Question and negative. Time designation.

Greek. Lesson 32: Rules for reading letter combinations and an invitation

Greek. Lesson 33: Articles and Stores

Greek. Lesson 34: Demonstratives and Services

Greek. Lesson 35: Noun Endings and Service

Greek. Lesson 36: Let's talk about verbs and Choice

Greek. Lesson 37: The Verb “to Be” and Choice

Greek. Lesson 38: Pronouns

Greek. Lesson 39: Verbs of the first conjugation

Greek. Lesson 40: Verbs of the second conjugation

Greek. Lesson 41: Verb conjugation (continued)

Greek. Lesson 42: Verb conjugation

I declension

II declension

III declension

IV declension

Conclusion

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