8.1. Maintenance Maintenance of electric furnaces, electric furnace units and equipment is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the technical documentation of manufacturers in the process of unscheduled maintenance. List of typical

9.1. Maintenance 9.1.1. Maintenance of crushing and grinding equipment is carried out during its operation by production workers during the delivery and acceptance of shifts in accordance with the instructions for the workplace. The main purpose of TO is to provide

8.1. Maintenance electrical networks the following operations are carried out, provided for by the PTE and PPB: VL: bypasses and inspections of overhead lines with voltage up to 1000 V - monthly; Overhead lines with a voltage of more than 1000 V - weekly during the day and at night; extraordinary inspections of overhead lines

9.1. Maintenance Depending on the purpose of electrical devices, their maintenance is following works: checking the compliance of the devices with the operating conditions and load, cleaning the devices, checking the health of the electrical wiring connected to the devices

10.1. Maintenance 10.1.1. Inspections of high voltage devices and converters operating under normal conditions are carried out according to the schedule at least once a month, and for those operating under high humidity and aggressive environments - 2 times a month. Operational

11.1. Maintenance 11.1.1. The scope of maintenance of power transformers includes regular and extraordinary inspections. 11.1.2. Regular inspections of transformers (without turning them off) are carried out at the following times: in electrical installations with permanent duty personnel - 1 time per day;

13.1. Maintenance The scope of work on the maintenance of communication facilities is as follows: checking the absence of large backlashes in the joints of assemblies and parts, sticking of relay contacts, looseness in the fasteners of electrical appliances, counting mechanisms, signaling devices, clutches,

14.1. Maintenance According to the current rules and regulations, the following types of scheduled maintenance of RPA devices are established: check at a new start (adjustment), first preventive control, preventive control, preventive restoration

15.1. Maintenance During maintenance of electric welding equipment, the following operations are carried out: welding transformers: checking for excessive noise, heating of the windings, deposits on the terminals, damage to the wire insulation, voltage switch and other

17.1. Maintenance 17.1.1. Maintenance of boiler equipment provides for the implementation of a set of preventive operations to ensure reliable and uninterrupted operation of the equipment until the next repair. 17.1.2. Maintenance

18.1. Maintenance 18.1.1. Maintenance of compressor-refrigeration equipment and pumps provides for the following works: control of the absence of extraneous noise and knocks, abnormal vibrations. Bearing temperature control,

19.1. Maintenance 19.1.1. During the maintenance of equipment of ventilation and air conditioning systems, the following types of work are carried out: daily supervision of the operation of the equipment and scheduled inspections of the equipment. 19.1.2. The following are carried out in the course of day-to-day supervision:

20.1. Maintenance The scope of maintenance by types of pipelines includes the following works: internal pipelines: external inspection of pipelines to detect leaks in welded joints and flanged joints and the state of thermal insulation and anti-corrosion coating.

21.1. Maintenance During the maintenance of water intake and water treatment facilities, the following work is performed: inspection, check of the technical condition, adjustment and adjustment. Bolt tightening. Cleaning, lubrication, elimination of minor defects, tinting.

22.1. Maintenance In addition to general maintenance operations, the following specific works and checks are carried out for the relevant equipment: electrolyzers: checking for excessive heating and oxidation of contact joints, cracks and chips of insulators,

The high-performance use of machines during the life cycle is achieved by observing all the requirements and rules provided for by the maintenance system, which contains a set of measures aimed at eliminating malfunctions and extending the life of the machines. Forestry equipment operates in difficult conditions. Under the influence of vibration and work loads, weaken bolted connections, gaps in the joints of machines increase, parts are deformed, other malfunctions appear.Therefore, it is necessary to systematically monitor the condition of machines and individual components and parts, and eliminate the identified malfunctions in a timely manner.

In practice, a planned and preventive system of maintenance and repair of machines has been adopted, that is, all maintenance activities are carried out without fail and on time. Each type of maintenance contains a certain range of works.

Periodic maintenance

Periodic maintenance is a set of operations for checking the technical condition, refueling, adjusting, lubricating and tightening fasteners after a certain amount of work has been completed in order to prevent premature wear of parts and ensure long-term, economical and high-performance operation of the machine.

For tractors, a three-dimensional maintenance system (TO-1, TO-2, TO-3) is installed, for cars and logging equipment - a two-dimensional system (TO-1, TO-2). When caring for simple forestry machines, two types of maintenance are performed: every shift and after-season. Shift maintenance is usually not planned, the driver is obliged to perform it at the beginning of the shift, during it and after the end of work.

Planning TO-1, TO-2 and TO-3 is carried out according to the operating time of the tractor, expressed in hours, in conditional reference hectares or according to the amount of fuel consumed.

According to the length of time worked, TO-1 tractors are carried out after 60 hours of operation, TO-2 - after 240, TO-3 - after 960. For tractors manufactured after 1982. the following maintenance intervals are established: TO-1 - after 150 hours, TO-2 - after 500, TO-3 - after 1000.

Every Shift Maintenance (ETO)

At the beginning of the shift, they wash the tractor, check the completeness, fastening of the units, the presence of fuel, oil, coolant leaks and eliminate the malfunction. Check the oil level in the crankcase, coolant in the radiator, fuel in the tanks and top up if necessary. They start and listen to the engine, check the lighting, steering, alarm, brakes, hydraulic system. With the engine running, monitor the instrument readings.

After the shift, check (by ear) the operation of the oil centrifuge. When organizing inter-shift parking of tractors and units, maintenance is carried out in open areas, under a canopy or in the workshop of a maintenance point. If the tractor works in two shifts in separate areas, every shift maintenance is carried out on the headland or on the plot during the break between shifts.

Maintenance No. 1 (TO-1)

Maintenance operations No. 1 are usually carried out after 1500, 3000 and 5000 km for different car models, but at least 2 times a year. At the same time, the following types of work are performed:

washing and cleaning works - interior cleaning, car washing and drying;

control and diagnostic work - checking the operation of the service brake system for simultaneous operation and braking efficiency, the operation of the parking brake system, brake drive, free play of the steering wheel and clearance in the steering gear connections, the condition of the tires and the air pressure in them, lighting and signaling devices;

inspection work - inspection and check of the body, glass, license plates, seat upholstery, the operation of door mechanisms, wipers, rear-view mirrors, the tightness of the connections of the lubrication, cooling and hydraulic drive systems, clutch disengagement, rubber protective covers of steering rod joints, the amount of free play of the pedals clutch and brake, fan belt tension, brake fluid levels in the reservoirs of the main brake cylinder and clutch release actuator, springs and lever in the front suspension, anti-roll bars and struts;

fastening works - fastening of the engine, gearbox and extension, steering gear housing and steering arm, steering wheel and steering rods, swing arms, rear-view mirror, cardan shaft connecting flanges, wheel disks, instruments, pipelines and hoses of the lubrication system and cooling system, brake mechanisms and hydraulic drive for disengaging the clutch, exhaust pipe of the muffler;

during fixing work - adjustment of the free play of the clutch and brake pedals, the operation of the working and parking brake systems, the free play of the steering wheel and the gap in the steering gear connections, the tension of the fan belt;

bringing to the norm - the air pressure in the tires and the brake fluid levels in the nutrient tanks of the main brake cylinder and the clutch release drive.

In addition, during TO-1:

clean from dirt and check the devices of the power system and the tightness of their connections;

check the operation of the drive, the completeness of closing and opening the throttle and air dampers;

regulate the operation of the carburetor at low engine speeds.

check the fastening, the reliability of the contact of the wire tips with the terminals and the electrolyte level; ap clean electrical equipment from dust and dirt;

check the insulation of electrical equipment, the fastening of the generator, starter and relay-regulator.

Maintenance No. 2 (TO-2)

Maintenance operations No. 2 are recommended to be carried out after 7500, 12,000, 20,000 km of run for different models vehicles, but at least once a year. Before performing TO-2 or during it, it is necessary to carry out in-depth diagnostics of all the main units, components and systems of the vehicle to establish their technical condition, determine the nature of faults, their causes, as well as the possibility of operating this unit, unit or system.

Performing operations TO-2, in addition to the scope of work on TO-1, they carry out:

fixing the radiator, cylinder head and rocker arms, covers of the casing of the cylinder head, intake and exhaust pipelines, cover of the block of timing gears, fine oil filter housings, coarse oil filter housings, oil pan, clutch housing, shock absorbers, fuel tank , muffler, gear cover rear axle, ladders, spring fingers, axle shaft flanges, locks and door handles;

tightening the nuts for fastening the flange to the drive gear of the final drive of the rear axle and the hinge pins for fastening the shock absorber lugs;

adjustment of the steering wheel turning force, valve thermal clearances, timing chain tension, clearance between brake pads and wheel disks, clearance in the front wheel hub bearings.

Additional operations during TO-2 in the vehicle power system include:

checking the tightness of the fuel tank and pipeline connections;

checking the carburetor mounting;

elimination of identified faults;

remove the carburetor and fuel pump, disassemble them, clean and check the condition of parts on special devices;

checking after assembling the fuel pump on a special device;

checking the ease of starting and operation of the engine.

When servicing the electrical system:

check the degree of charge by the voltage of the battery cells under load and, if necessary, remove the batteries for recharging, the condition of the brushes and collectors of the generator and starter, the operation of the relay-regulator;

adjust the tension of the anchor springs; ^remove the spark plugs and check their condition;

clean from carbon deposits and adjust the gaps between the electrodes;

remove the ignition distributor and clean it outer surface from dirt and oil;

check the condition of the contacts and adjust the gaps between them;

lubricate the breaker-distributor shaft;

check the condition of low and high voltage wires and regulate the operation of lighting and signaling devices.

Cleaning and lubrication and refueling work during TO-2 must be carried out in accordance with the lubrication charts and recommendations of manufacturers.

TO-2 operations performed after approximately 30,000-45,000 km of the vehicle run include:

oil change in automatic transmission;

flushing the engine lubrication system;

oil change in the crankcase of the drive axle;

cleaning the starter manifold;

checking the wear and fit of the brushes;

cleaning and lubricating starter drive parts.

In addition, you need:

check the performance of the vacuum brake booster;

adjust the direction of the headlight beams;

clean the contact rings of the generators;

check the wear and fit of the brushes;

change the brake fluid;

replace coolant.

TO-2 operations performed after approximately 65,000-75,000 km of run include:

oil change in the gearbox;

replacement of the timing belt for the timing mechanism.

Maintenance No. 3 (TO-3)

Carried out after operations TO-2. Carefully check the technical condition of the tractor. Replace the grease in the bearings of the water pump, front wheels, generator, block and loader rollers. Lubricate the axes of the levers, control rollers of the transfer case, gearbox and clutch, splines of cardan shafts, trunnions and bushings of the front frame of the loading device, engine flywheel, heads of the hydraulic cylinders of the loading device.

The housings of the fuel pump, engine crankshaft speed controller, starting engine gearbox, front axle final drive, gearbox, final drives, gearbox and winch drive, power take-off shaft gearbox, steering gear, intermediate support of cardan drive are washed and filled with fresh oil.

Check the sealing of the head of the main engine block. The nozzles are removed and cleaned of carbon deposits, the injection start pressure and the quality of the fuel spray are checked. They check the operation and, if necessary, adjust the units of the hydraulic system, the power supply systems of the starting engine, electrical equipment, control devices, and the fuel pump on the stands.

Replace the filter elements of the fine fuel filter. Flush fuel tanks and engine cooling system. Check the condition of the chassis, bring the engine power and hourly fuel consumption to nominal values. They regulate the clutch of the starting engine, final drives, bearings of the road wheels, the switching mechanism, the starting engine, the convergence of the front wheels. Check the operation of the tractor at idle and under load.

Seasonal maintenance (SRT)

Seasonal maintenance is carried out to prepare the car for operation in the cold and warm seasons, i.e. 2 times a year. Its necessity is explained simply: for the normal operation of rubbing surfaces, the same conditions are needed, regardless of the ambient temperature.

The viscosity of the oil does not remain constant. It increases with decreasing temperature and decreases with increasing temperature. If viscous oil is poured into the gearbox in summer, then it will ensure the normal operation of the parts in a given thermal regime and not create much resistance. In the cold season, this oil will also provide lubrication for parts, but it will take not only a lot of time, but also a significant part of the engine power to fully warm it up. Considering that there are about 10,000 parts in a car and many of them are lubricated, one can imagine what significant resistance will be provided by viscous oil, for example, when starting a cold engine and until the main rubbing parts of the car (gearbox, rear axle and some other components) are completely warmed up. and parts in severe frosts warm up very slowly). Therefore, with the onset of cold weather, low-viscosity oil is poured into the gearbox and other units of passenger cars of old models.

Why change the oil during the warm season? The fact is that winter oils and lubricants have a lower viscosity, and when heated, their viscosity decreases even more, worsening the lubrication of parts. For example, liquid oil in an engine quickly, almost without lubricating the surfaces of parts, passes through all channels and gaps and flows into the oil pan. The system does not create normal operating oil pressure, as a result of which the engine can quickly fail.

There are all-weather motor oils that are successfully used in both cold and warm seasons.

What is included in seasonal maintenance? For cars of older models, they usually strive to combine CO with TO-2, therefore, the whole range of TO-2 work and some additional work are performed:

flush the cooling system;

check the operation of the starting heater, blinds, heating and ventilation systems, the condition of the cylinder group;

flush the engine lubrication system;

replace oils and lubricants in all units.

When preparing the car for winter operation:

check electrical equipment;

wash the carburetor and fuel tank;

warm and prepare battery.

Carrying out maintenance on the example of the Volkswagen Passat B8 with the CJXA engine will be our review topic today. The regulation provides for the replacement of oil and oil filter every 15 thousand kilometers, to replace the air and cabin filters, the interval depends in most cases on the desire of the car owner. In fact, air filter it is best to change in the same way as oil, but the cabin requires its replacement in optimal mode- 2 times a year, before summer and before winter.

To replace the cabin filter, move the glove box lid to the service position. To do this, it is necessary to press the stops of the storage compartment upwards, at the same time opening the cover and remove the toothed part from the damping mechanism without damaging it. In rare cases, soundproofing may interfere with us, if this happens, it must be dismantled.

Then we recline the latches of the cabin filter cover and remove it. In order to supply fan, dirt did not get from the cabin filter during its dismantling, it is necessary to take the overlay T10352. Slipping it under the filter and using the locking cap in the form of a gripping hook. After pulling out the filter, do not remove the cover, it must be cleaned with a vacuum cleaner to prevent dirt from entering the fan. Then remove the filter and replace it with a new one, when installing, take into account the direction of the air indicated by the arrow on the filter itself. After installing the filter, attach the protective cover, fixing it with latches and, if necessary, install the removed noise insulation.

To change the air filter, we need to dismantle the air filter housing, for this we loosen the clamps from the inlet and outlet pipes of the air filter. Remove the air filter housing upwards from the support pins and disconnect the nozzles. Then we unscrew the screws located in the middle of the case, remove the latches around the perimeter of the case with extreme care, the latches are distinguished by their fragility. Remove the upper part of the air filter housing and change the element.

For assembly, it is necessary to check the degree of contamination of the elements of the flow meter, the air filter housing and branch pipes, if necessary, clean these elements from dirt. When replacing the air filter, use only high-quality spare parts, remember that the air filter is the most important link in the operation of the power unit, preventing unwanted contaminants from entering the engine. It is also important to be aware that when mechanical cleaning filter and its further use, it is possible to allow the possible entry of contaminant elements into the combustion chambers.

The oil filter is replaced in the presence of oil, a filter element and a sump plug. We unscrew the stopper of the pan and drain the oil. After draining all the oil, it is necessary to unscrew the oil filter housing and replace it, tighten the cover back. Before installation, moisten the housing ring with oil for better tightness. Fill with oil, check the level.

When carrying out maintenance on the Volkswagen Passat B8, our recommendation is to contact specialized service, competent conduct technical work is the key to successful operation of the car in the future.

The following system of scheduled maintenance and repair of electric locomotives, locomotives, electric and diesel trains operates on the railways of Kazakhstan, forming a repair cycle:

technical maintenance TO-1, TO-2, TO-3 - to prevent the occurrence of malfunctions and maintain locomotives and MVPS in a working and proper sanitary and hygienic condition, ensuring their uninterrupted operation and non-failure operation, as well as high level passenger travel culture;

maintenance of TO-4- for turning the tires of wheel pairs without rolling them out from under the locomotives and in order to eliminate the rental of tires;

maintenance of TO-5 is carried out for the preparation of TPS: to the reserve or reserve of NC KTZ (with conservation for long-term storage), to operation after being withdrawn from the stock and reserve or arrived in an inoperative state after construction, repair or relocation, as well as to be sent for overhaul or maintenance to other railways;

maintenance of TO-6, TO-7, TO-8- to restore the main operational characteristics and operability of locomotives and MVPS by revision, repair and replacement of individual parts, assemblies and assemblies, adjustment and testing, as well as partial modernization;

overhauls: KR-1 - to restore the performance, serviceability and full resource (service life) of units, components and parts, as well as the modernization of locomotives; КР-2 - in addition to the volume of КР-1, restoration of basic units, assemblies and parts and complete replacement of electrical wires and cables are envisaged.

Technical maintenance of TO-4 (turning of wheel pair tires) is allowed to be combined with maintenance of TO-3, TO-6 and TO-7, increasing the duration of these types of maintenance and repairs at the rate of 1-1.2 hours per turning of one wheel pair.

Average network norms for the frequency of maintenance and repair of locomotives and multiple unit rolling stock of the main series, approved by Order No. 512 of July 8, 1997. MT and K RK are presented in tables 1.1 and 1.2.

The totality of types of maintenance and repairs forms repair cycle, which is characterized by structure and periodicity.

Structure- the number and sequence of all types of maintenance and repair for the full overhaul period, i.e. during the operation or run of the locomotive in operation from construction to the second overhaul or between two such repairs;

Periodicity- operating time or mileage of the locomotive between two regular repairs or types of maintenance.

The structure and frequency of the repair cycle are based, as mentioned earlier, on studies of the reliability of locomotives, and since the reliability of locomotives changes due to the improvement of the design of locomotives, the improvement of methods and technology for caring for locomotives in operation, the frequency and structure of the repair cycle change.

The duration of TO-4 (turning wheel sets without rolling out from under the locomotive) is 2 hours for each wheel set.

The mileage of locomotives between TO-4 is set on the basis of the optimally permissible value of tire rolling before turning without wheel sets rolling out from under the locomotive and the average intensity of its increase. Studies have shown that the optimal allowable bandage rolling is 5-6 mm (the maximum allowable is 7 mm). The intensity of the increase in the rental of bandages is determined by statistical data.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of the formation of a repair cycle.

KR-1, KR-2; - TO-8; - TO-7; - TO-6; - TO-3.

Figure 1. Cyclogram of repairs and maintenance of locomotives.

Table 1.1.

Standards for overhaul runs of traction rolling stock

Table 1.2.

Average network downtime of locomotives for maintenance and repair

The calculation of overhaul periods in calendar time is convenient for planning the operational work and repair maintenance of locomotives, but does not take into account fluctuations in the daily mileage of rolling stock and, therefore, actual wear, which is strongly adjusted with mileage. Therefore, the overhaul period in calendar time is accepted only for shunting export and transfer locomotives and multiple units, the loading of which is relatively stable.