DIY barometer from a glass jar. Pine cone barometer. How the device works

Razinkin Vladimir, Losev Nikita, Bondar Daria

BAROMETER WITH YOUR HANDS

With. Yagunovo

Content

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3

1 Theoretical part……………………………………………………………5

1. History of the origin of the barometer………………………………………………………5

   Options for making a barometer at home………………5

Practical part………………………………………………………9

1. DIY barometer……………………………………………………9

   Carrying out the experiment……………………………………………………………10

   Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………10

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………11

References……………………………………………………………12

Applications………………………………………………………………………………13

Introduction

Often, in order to find out the weather for the next day, we listen to the weather forecast. From it we learn about the expected temperature, presence of precipitation, wind speed and atmospheric pressure.

The topic of our work is relevant, because each of us, before going outside, wants to know what is there outside the window? Proof of the relevance of our topic is the survey we conducted among students of the Yagunov school. Each of those surveyed wants to know what the weather is like before going outside. 25 people out of 35 survey participants do not know how to make a barometer with their own hands, but would like to learn.

Every day we encounter amazing phenomena: for example, the force that operates thanks to air.

We were interested in: “What does atmospheric pressure affect? Why is it reported in the weather forecast?” It turned out that changes in atmospheric pressure are associated with changes in weather. If the pressure rises, then you can expect clear weather, and if it drops, then cloudy weather. Changes in atmospheric pressure also affect the well-being of people suffering from hypertension.

Is it possible to create a device for observing changes in atmospheric pressure with your own hands?

We decided to play meteorologists! They measure atmospheric pressure because it shows the movement of air masses that affect the weather.

Object of study: atmospheric pressure and methods for measuring it.

Subject of study: atmospheric pressure measuring device

Hypothesis: You can create a device to monitor changes in atmospheric pressure at home.

Target: making a device for observing changes in atmospheric pressure with your own hands.

Research objectives:

Analyze the literature on this topic;

Explore who first developed the barometer;

Get acquainted with the options for manufacturing barometers;

Analyze the operation of the barometer at home.

Planned result: Determining atmospheric pressure using a homemade barometer.

Theoretical part

1. History of the origin of the barometer

To measure atmospheric pressure, instruments calledbarometers . ( The word barometer comes from two Greek words: baros - heaviness, metreo - measure)

The first barometer was invented by a scientistVXVIIcentury. The mercury barometer, invented by Torricelli, is very inconvenient to use and dangerous.In liquid barometers, pressure is measured by the height of the liquid column () in a tube sealed at the top and with the lower end lowered into a vessel with liquid (atmospheric pressure is balanced by the weight of the liquid column). Mercury barometers are the most accurate; they are used on.

B. Pascal created a water barometer in 1646, but its dimensions turned out to be very large. The height of such a barometer is more than 13 m.

In practice, a metal barometer called a metal barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure.ohm. ( Aneroid translated from Greek means liquid-free. This is what a barometer is called because it does not contain mercury). It shows the atmospheric pressure acting on the corrugated thin-walled metal box, in which a vacuum is created. When atmospheric pressure decreases, the box expands slightly, and when it increases, it contracts and acts on the spring with an arrow attached to it.

We looked at various sources that described creating a device with our own hands. The easiest barometers to make are the following:

1. Options for making a barometer at home

Fir cone barometer

To make a simple device that predicts the weather several hours in advance, you will need two smooth wooden planks. For the base you need to cut a square with a side of 70 mm, and for the side a rectangle of 70x150 mm.

File the ends with a large file, and then clean the entire surface emery cloth. Connect them with glue, strengthening them with small nails, as shown in the figure. From thick paper you need to cut out the scale, draw divisions and two signs on it: the sun and the umbrella. At the very side of the wall, attach a large dry pine cone to the base. To one of its lower scales you need to glue a dry straw with a paper arrow at the end. (Appendix 1. Fig. 1)

It is necessary to cut a 10-12 cm long branch of young fir with needles. Remove all needles from it except one. And it will become a barometer.

To do this, you need to attach the branch with two small nails to a board made of plywood, wood or plexiglass. The only requirement is that the fir needle can move freely up and down.

Then you need to bring the needle to a hot stove, oven, or place it close to gas burner... The moisture from the surface of the branch will very soon evaporate, and the needle will rise up. Make a mark on the board - 1, and then write “Sunny”.

Next, bring the board to the steam from the boiling kettle - the needle, on the contrary, will go down. Make a mark - 10, and then write "Rain". All that remains is to calibrate our barometer into 10 parts.

The barometer should be hung in the shade so that direct rays do not fall on it. All is ready. Now, when leaving the house, we can predict both a sunny day and rain, depending on the position of the single needle of a young fir. (Appendix 1, Fig.2)

Barometer made from a tin oil can

Such a barometer can be made from a small tin oil can with parallel sides.

It is necessary to select a plug that would tightly cover the only hole of the future barometer. Before you put the cork in place, you need to make a hole in it of such a diameter that you can pass a transparent tube-straw for cocktails through it. However, it is better to use a glass tube with an internal hole diameter of 1.5 - 2.0 mm. The container is filled 2/3 with colored water, a tube with a stopper is inserted into the hole, and the tube should contain a little of the same colored water. As atmospheric pressure increases, the liquid level in the tube will rise, and vice versa. Such a barometer must be mounted on a stand with a vertical ruler. You can calibrate it by taking readings from a real barometer. Instead of a metal container, you can use any small glass bottle. After filling with colored water and installing the stopper with the tube, add some water into the tube. Since the barometer body is rigid, when pressure increases, the water level will decrease, and when pressure decreases, it will increase. (Appendix 2. Fig. 3)

Barometer from glass bottle

In order to make a barometer, we need to have3 simple things :

Glass bottle, 0.5 liter volume

Glass tube

Rubber plug with hole for tube

At the bottom, the tube should not touch the bottom of the bottle by 15-20 mm.

At the top it should stick out from the cork by 35-45 mm.

The bottle should be filled halfway with water, preferably rainwater.

If the water column in the tube is at the bottom, the atmospheric pressure is high; at the top, it is low. It happens that it overflows from the top - very low atmospheric pressure. (Appendix 2. Fig. 4)

Light bulb barometer

You need to take a burnt out light bulb, and where the base with the threaded part begins, carefully drill a small hole with a diameter of 2-3 mm. You need to drill very carefully, applying minimal force, otherwise the cylinder may crack or break. Once the hole is drilled, pour into it tap water, filling the glass flask halfway. Then add two or three drops of ink or ink to it and mix. The barometer is ready. All that remains is to wait until the inner wall of the flask dries out and hang the barometer between window frames. It is best from the north side, where it will not be directly hit Sun rays. If the windows face south, install at the top of the window. After a few hours, you can take readings. Our barometer can predict the weather 24 hours in advance quite completely.

Practical part

2 .1 DIY barometer

At home we do not have a device for monitoring atmospheric pressure, and therefore we decided to make a device with our own hands from improvised materials.

Equipment

In order to make a barometer, you must have:

glass jar with wide neck,

balloon,

rubber,

straw,

sheet A4,

scotch,

scissors,

paints.(Appendix 4. Fig. 6)

Creation plan

Cut a circle out of a balloon slightly larger than the diameter of the jar.

Pull the cut circle over the neck and secure it with an elastic band.

Cut the tip of the straw diagonally and sharpen one of its ends.

Using adhesive tape, secure the other end of the straw with tape in the middle of the stretched rubber film.

Secure a sheet of paper near the jar so that the tip of the straw lightly touches it. After this, mark “zero” where the straw touches the sheet. Below and above this value, with an interval of 1 mm, mark the numbers 1, 2 and 3.

Principle of operation

1) As atmospheric pressure increases, the film bends down, the straw rises up and indicates “Clear”.

2) When the atmospheric pressure decreases, the film rises up, the straw goes down and shows “Cloudy”. (Appendix 5. Fig. 7)

2.2 Conducting the experiment

We decided to conduct an experiment to see if the device works correctly. Every day at 8 30 hours, we recorded the READINGS of our device and entered the result into a table, then observed the weather during the day, recording the result in the “WEATHER” column. (Appendix 5. Table 1)

After a two-week experiment, the values ​​of the instrument and weather indicators coincided, which confirms correct work created device.

1. Conclusion

The barometer we have created shows the change in pressure outside the jar. If the pressure increases, the air begins to press on top of the rubber lid of the jar and the straw rises. And vice versa, if the pressure decreases, then the air presses on the sensitive membrane from inside the jar and the straw drops.

You cannot see accurate indicators of atmospheric pressure on such a barometer, since the membrane of the tensioned ball is not thin and sensitive enough. The tube goes down and up by only one division, but the increase and decrease in atmospheric pressure can be seen very clearly. These results were consistent with weather announcements.

Observations have shown : With the increase in atmospheric pressure, the weather was clear and sunny. When the pressure drops, it becomes cloudy and stormy.

Using the device we built, we can predict the weather.

Conducting these experiments is not difficult, but interesting. They are safe, simple and useful. Our barometer warns loved ones about changes in atmospheric pressure, and they take action in time. We will not be caught by surprise by bad weather.

Conclusion

During the period of work on the project, we studied various literature, which helped us make our own device for determining atmospheric pressure. During the experiment, we observed the operation of our barometer and, based on its readings, learned to predict the weather for the next day. Now we know that this expensive device can be made with your own hands at home. This is not the end of our research, and in the future we plan to make other versions of barometers from scrap materials and test them in operation.New research is ahead!

Bibliography

Book of experiments. Just about the complex / Transl. from Italian I. Guryanova. – [Text] M.: Eksmo, 2013. – 128 p.

Children's encyclopedia “I want to know everything” // [Text] M. “Planet of Childhood” – 2003. – P. 260–261.

New schoolchild encyclopedia //– [Text] M. “Swallowtail.”– 2009.– P. 128 – 129.

Annex 1

Rice. 1 Fir cone barometer

Fig.2 Fir barometer

Appendix 2

Fig.3 Barometer made from a tin oil can

Fig.4 Barometer from a glass bottle

Appendix 3

Fig.5 Barometer made from a light bulb

Appendix 4

Rice. 6 Equipment for making a barometer

Appendix 5

Mainly cloudy

Fig.7 Operating principle of the barometer

DAY

INDICATIONS

WEATHER

Monday(24.02)

Clear

Sunny

Tuesday(25.02)

Clear

Sunny

Wednesday(26.02)

Mainly cloudy

Cloudy, snow

Thursday(27.02)

Clear

Sunny

Friday(28.02)

Mainly cloudy

Cloudy

Saturday(01.03)

Mainly cloudy

Cloudy

Tuesday(04.03)

Mainly cloudy

Cloudy

Wednesday(05.03)

Clear

Sunny

Thursday(06.03)

Clear

Sunny

Friday(07.03)

Mainly cloudy

Cloudy

The gardener often looks at the sky - will it rain or not? Should I water today or not? After all, believing the forecasts given by the weather service is a thankless task.

Therefore, I want to talk about the design of a very simple (but quite reliable!) barometer, which our grandfathers used with success.

How to make a barometer with your own hands from a fir cone

Everyone knows that wood, leather and similar organic materials are sensitive to any changes in weather conditions. In humid air, for example, leather becomes softer and wood parts increase in volume. As a result, in the rain, the scales of the same pine cone are pressed closer to each other, and in dry weather, on the contrary, they open up, causing the cone to become ruffly. Our ancestors noticed this behavior of cone scales, realizing that it was quite possible to predict the weather using a cone, that is, use the cone as a barometer.

Making such a barometer is quite simple. To make it you will need two planks (for the base and the stand). The planks are connected with glue, reinforced with small nails (see figure). Next, a scale is prepared from thick paper, drawing divisions on it and drawing two simple icons: the sun and a cloud with rain. A large pine cone is attached to the base.

Then a dry blade of grass with a paper arrow at the end is glued to one of its scales.

All. Homemade barometer from a pine cone is ready

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How to make a barometer from a light bulb

To make a barometer you will need a burnt out glass light bulb with a large glass bulb, sandpaper, glue, drill or screwdriver, machine oil, copper wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm, ink from ballpoint pen.

It is necessary to make a hole at the junction of the base and the glass bulb. To do this, place a drop of machine oil on the place where you will drill the hole. Rub two sheets sandpaper between themselves. Apply the crumbled abrasive to machine oil and rub until a thick mass is formed. Take a piece of copper wire with a diameter of 2-3 mm and clamp it into the drill chuck. It will serve as a drill for us. Wrap the glass bulb in a towel and clamp the light bulb base between two wooden boards. Carefully drill a hole in the light bulb. When drilling, it is necessary to apply minimal force so that the glass bulb does not crack.

Through drilled hole Squeeze some ink from a ballpoint pen into the flask. If you don’t have ink, you can use a piece of crayon lead, first grinding it to a powdery mass. Fill the glass flask halfway with tap water. Stir until the ink or lead if you used a chemical pencil are completely dissolved.

Take the rope and wind it around the base in a spiral, leaving a free end about 30 centimeters long. Apply glue to the base and leave the workpiece to dry for a couple of hours.

After the glue has dried, you need to hang the barometer between the window frames. It is advisable to hang the barometer on the north side so that it is not exposed to direct sunlight. If the windows face south, then the barometer must be hung at the very top of the window frame.

How to decipher barometer readings

• If the inner walls of the glass bulb are covered with small drops, then tomorrow is expected to be completely cloudy, but without precipitation.


• If the walls are covered with medium-sized drops and dry stripes are visible between them, then partly cloudy weather is expected.

• If the walls of the flask are partially covered with large drops, there will be short-term precipitation.


• If drops fill the light bulb from the base to the border with water, then there will be thunderstorm precipitation.

• If sufficiently large drops are located only at the border with water, and the rest of the flask remains dry, then the thunderstorm front will pass by, 40-60 km from you.


• If in rainy weather the walls of the flask become dry, then tomorrow it will be established good weather no precipitation.

This barometer can only be used when the air temperature is positive. In winter, the barometer must be removed from the window frame, as the water may freeze and the glass bulb will crack.

It is not always possible to buy a barometer, so I would like to propose the design of a home barometer that will show atmospheric pressure with some accuracy.
The barometer (see picture) consists of a clear glass bottle, a glass tube and a stopper. The bottle is filled one third with water; it is better to take distilled water, since regular water blooms after a year. The water can be slightly tinted. A hole is made in the cork into which a glass tube is inserted. The junction is covered with plasticine. Now all that remains is to plug the bottle with a cork. The barometer is ready. When the atmospheric pressure begins to change, the water level in the tube will change. If air bubbles begin to come out of the tube, then the pressure is very high, and this means clear, stable weather; at such times there is a good bite. If water starts pouring out of the top of the tube, the pressure is low, you can expect a storm, but you shouldn't go fishing.

The simplest do-it-yourself barometer

Such a barometer can be made from a small tin oil can with parallel sides.

Select a plug that will tightly cover the only hole of the future barometer. Before you put the stopper in place, you need to make a hole in it that is large enough to fit a clear cocktail straw tube through it. However, it is better to use a glass tube with an internal hole diameter of 1.5 - 2.0 mm.

The container is filled 2/3 with colored water, a tube with a stopper is inserted into the hole, and in the tube

Mount this barometer on a stand with a vertical ruler. You can calibrate it by taking readings from a real barometer.

Instead of a metal container, you can use any small glass bottle. After filling with colored water and installing the stopper with the tube, add some water into the tube. Since the barometer body is rigid, when pressure increases, the water level will decrease, and when pressure decreases, it will increase.

Barometer made from a burnt out light bulb

Take a burnt out electricallight bulband where the base with the threaded part begins, carefully drill a small hole with a diameter of 2-3 mm. This should be done very carefully, otherwise the container may crack or break.
Here is the easiest way to drill glass. Apply a drop of machine or sunflower oil to the point where you marked the hole. Take abrasive powder from medium-grit sandpaper and add it to a drop of oil to create a viscous paste, slightly thinner than toothpaste. Then clamp it into the drill chuck copper wire. Its diameter should match the size of the hole you want to drill. Gently clamp the lamp base in a vice. Wrap the glass flask in a towel or rag. You need to drill very carefully, using minimal force.

Once the hole is drilled, pour tap water into it, filling the glass flask halfway. Then add two or three drops of ink or a piece of crayon lead to it and mix. The barometer is ready.

All that remains is to wait until the inner wall of the flask dries out and hang the barometer between the window frames. It is best from the north side, where it will not receive direct sunlight. If the windows face south, install at the top of the window. After a few hours, you can take readings. Our barometer can predict the weather 24 hours in advance quite completely. Overcast or partly cloudy weather awaits us, or there will be light lingering short-term rain, maybe a thunderstorm...
True, you need to know some features in order to decipher the readings:

If the inner walls light bulbscovered with small drops of condensed water - tomorrow it will be completely cloudy, but without precipitation.

If the walls of the light bulb are covered with medium-sized drops, and vertical dry stripes have formed between them, it means partly cloudy.