As a rule, little is known to ordinary couples about cryopreservation of embryos. This concept is encountered by those who are planning to undergo in vitro fertilization. There are many controversies surrounding embryo freezing, including religious, moral and ethical ones. But sometimes you can’t do without cryoembryos. In this article we will explain in detail what embryo cryopreservation is and why it is done.
What it is?
The prospect of in vitro fertilization is faced by couples who cannot conceive a child naturally and for whom the causes of infertility cannot be eliminated by other methods. During the procedure, biological materials from partners are taken - sperm and eggs. Fertilization occurs not in the mother’s body, but in a “test tube”. After this, the fertilized egg is implanted into the woman’s uterine cavity. If the blastocyst is successfully implanted into the uterine wall, then pregnancy is said to have occurred.
IVF without hormonal stimulation is rarely done due to the low chances of successful implantation. Usually couples undergo IVF with hormonal support. During preparation, under the influence of hormones in a woman’s ovaries, not one or two eggs mature, but a significantly larger number of them. The eggs obtained by puncture are fertilized with the sperm of the husband or donor (if the cause of infertility is total male infertility).
The more eggs obtained, the greater the chances of success. The more oocytes are successfully fertilized with male reproductive cells, the more opportunities the fertility specialist will have - he can select only the strongest and most robust embryos for transfer into the uterine cavity.
Usually they try to implant 2-3 eggs. The question arises: what to do with the remaining embryos? Most often, with the consent of the couple, they undergo cryopreservation. If the first IVF attempt is unsuccessful, these embryos can then be used for a second attempt.
In addition, after a successful IVF attempt, a couple may well want another child in a few years. Then she too will be able to use the frozen embryos. Then the woman will not need lengthy preparation for IVF - cryotransfer will be done as part of the cryoprotocol.
How does this happen?
Usually they try to freeze embryos at the zygote stage, when they are a two-year, four-cell or eight-cell organism. Cryopreservation, by the way, can be carried out at almost any stage of the early development of a fertilized egg. A reproductive specialist carefully evaluates the quality of embryos - defective or weak ones may not survive freezing and thawing.
There are two main ways to preserve life in an embryo by temporarily stopping all cellular processes. In the first case, embryos are frozen slowly and immersed in a cryoprotectant solution with certain medicines. Cells surrounded by such a composition are more protected, and the liquid inside the cells does not crystallize during freezing, does not turn into ice and does not rupture the cell membrane, which becomes glassy. This allows all its structures to remain viable.
The second method is called veterification. This is a quick, rapid freezing, in which the crystallization stage does not occur according to the laws of physics. Cooling is carried out using liquid nitrogen or its vapor. Frozen embryos are stored at a temperature of minus 196 degrees Celsius in special tube containers. They can be stored for up to 10 years.
If it is necessary to use embryos, they are removed from nitrogen, thawed at room temperature, and then placed in a special nutrient medium. Once the doctor is sure that the embryos are alive and have resumed the process of cell division, they can be transferred.
Statistics say that about 20% of embryos, unfortunately, die when defrosted. Moreover, after ultra-fast freezing using the vetrification method, the survival rate is higher - it is more than 80%, and with slow freezing with a replacement cryoprotective solution, the survival rate of embryos is estimated at approximately 50%.
Advantages and disadvantages
Cryopreservation of embryos “in reserve” allows the couple to increase the chances of IVF success. If you didn’t get pregnant with one protocol, you can do a second one. After unsuccessful IVF with naive (only obtained, fresh) embryos, the protocol with cryoembryos very often gives a quick positive result.
If the first IVF is not successful (and this is a fairly likely outcome), in preparation for the second protocol there will be no need for aggressive hormonal stimulation of the woman’s ovaries, which means that the harmful effects on her body will be minimized.
With cryoembryos, it is also possible to carry out IVF in a natural cycle, if the woman’s menstrual cycle is not disrupted.
The presence of frozen embryos in the cryobank significantly reduces the cost of subsequent IVF attempts for spouses. And besides, it gives them the opportunity to exercise the right to be transferred to their mother’s uterus even after a few years. Frozen embryos can be used for surrogacy if the biological mother is contraindicated for a number of reasons to carry a pregnancy or does not have such an opportunity (age over 45 years, absence of a uterus, total dystrophic changes reproductive system, previous oncological diseases).
A married couple whose IVF is successful in one of their attempts has the right to decide for themselves the fate of the remaining frozen embryos, whose biological parents they are. They can pay for their storage for several years in advance, donate them to other infertile couples, and allow science to use them for studies and experiments or allow them to be disposed of.
From this moment the disadvantages begin. The decision to dispose of embryos is not easy for many couples. Some religions (for example, Orthodoxy) consider this a great sin - infanticide, abortion.
That is why the couple needs to discuss in advance with the doctor the possibility of fertilizing a small number of eggs so that they can be used for their intended purpose to the maximum.
If there is a high probability of pathologies in the development of embryos, it is better to agree to the procedure of egg cryopreservation and fertilize thawed oocytes each time before replanting. But in financial terms it costs significantly more.
The death of frozen embryos during the defrosting process is also a clear disadvantage of the cryoprotocol. It may happen that out of three thawed embryos, only one or none at all will survive, and then the transfer will have to be postponed to a later date.
Indications
Any couple can consciously choose embryo cryopreservation at their own discretion. Such services are provided by clinics specializing in IVF. But there are situations in which freezing fertilized eggs is strongly recommended by doctors.
This occurs in the following situations:
- participation in a surrogacy program;
- several unsuccessful IVF attempts using “fresh” embryos;
- when stimulating the ovaries, a woman developed hyperstimulation syndrome and repeated stimulation is contraindicated;
- changed circumstances (the couple donated biomaterial, but for some reason decided to get pregnant a little later, at a more suitable time for this);
- a woman’s individual history, if it contains diseases that significantly reduce the likelihood of pregnancy after the transfer (for example, chronic illnesses), which may worsen before the procedure; frozen embryos in this case can “wait” until future mom get well and receive treatment to increase your chances of success.
How does freezing affect the embryo?
Many future parents, thinking about the doctor’s proposal for cryopreservation of embryos, worry that the process of freezing and thawing will harm the child and affect its further development and health.
In this matter, over 40 years of observation, doctors came to a unanimous opinion - Staying in suspended animation in a frozen state does not affect the further development of the baby. There is no need to be afraid of deformities, pathologies, or developmental disorders. Freezing and subsequent thawing are dangerous only in themselves, since the embryo may not survive them. If thawed cells are crushed, then nothing will happen to the child who grows out of them.
Some doctors even claim that cryo-babies are stronger, have stronger immunity, and get sick less often. It is difficult to say whether there is a connection with cryopreservation, because initially among the embryos suitable for vitrification there are no weak or painful ones. The development of such children corresponds to all age standards, and sometimes even ahead of them.
The transfer of a thawed embryo can take place on the same day if the embryo was frozen (cryopreserved) at the cleavage stage (2, 4, 8 cells). If freezing was carried out at the stage of two pronuclei, then doctors will need several more days to observe the development of the embryos.
Success of transplantation in cryoprotocol
Using frozen embryos does not reduce the likelihood of implantation and pregnancy. Therefore, as is the case with other types of IVF protocols, the probability of pregnancy after cryopreservation is about 30%. Much depends on how the spouses managed to prepare for the protocol. If everything is fine with them
Many couples dream of being happy parents, but a diagnosis such as infertility of one or both partners negates all hope. In this case, (IVF) comes to the rescue - a procedure that helps infertile couples give birth to a long-awaited child. It is necessary to carefully prepare for it, because a hormonal explosion in a woman’s body leads to increased production of eggs.
After this, a puncture of the ovaries is carried out, that is, a liquid with the eggs contained in it is taken from them with a special needle. They are separated and placed in specially created conditions, where they are fertilized and begin to divide. The embryos are then transferred into the uterine cavity, and the woman waits for pregnancy.
But it happens that in a test tube in which more embryos were formed than necessary. In this case, doctors advise carrying out a procedure such as cryopreservation of embryos. They may be needed if the first IVF procedure was unsuccessful or the woman later wants to have a second child.
What is cryopreservation?
Cryopreservation of embryos is a procedure for safely freezing them and placing them in a temperature of 196 degrees below zero. In this case, all biochemical processes stop, that is, the embryo stops developing, but if it is thawed, it remains viable.
Many women fail to get pregnant using IVF the first time. This happens only in 30-65% of cases. The second attempt forces the woman to undergo once again a very unpleasant and rather traumatic procedure for ovarian stimulation, as well as ovarian puncture, accompanied by drug therapy.
Embryos frozen in liquid nitrogen can be considered a kind of safety net in case of failure. It has been proven that the transfer of cryopreserved embryos promotes pregnancy with almost the same chances as when transferring fresh ones.
Indications for cryopreservation
This complex procedure is carried out in cases where a woman:
- wants to become a surrogate mother;
- has genetic diseases and before embryo transfer was carried out, as a result of which sick embryos were eliminated, and the number of healthy ones exceeded 4-6 pieces;
- during the embryo transfer period she suddenly fell ill with a viral or infectious diseases, which could provoke spontaneous abortion or the birth of a child with various pathologies;
- wants to get pregnant again after some time;
- I already did IVF, but it was unsuccessful.
Embryo cryopreservation: pros and cons
This procedure has certain advantages. If a woman is infertile, she can hope to become pregnant a second time. Cryopreservation during repeated pregnancy significantly reduces the load on a woman’s body, because she will no longer have to take large quantities of medications and undergo ovarian puncture. This procedure allows you to significantly save money when carrying out repeated IVF, because you no longer have to pay for hormonal therapy and egg retrieval.
The chances of a second pregnancy increase significantly, since the eggs are not only fertilized, but have also begun to divide, which does not always happen during IVF. The procedure using cryopreserved embryos does not allow development. This method also gives other couples a chance to become parents, since frozen embryos can be used as donors.
Thus, cryopreservation has quite a lot of advantages. But still, the procedure using cryopreserved embryos has one significant drawback. It lies in the fact that the percentage of embryos lost during freezing and thawing is quite high.
How is cryopreservation carried out?
Necessary medications before embryo transfer
To ensure that the uterine lining is ready for transfer and that the embryo takes root well, doctors prescribe various medications containing the female hormone. Therefore, we will try to answer the question of what medications to take before transferring cryopreserved embryos.
Progesterone preparations prepare the uterine mucosa well, as a result of which the embryo successfully takes root. To such medicines include "Duphaston" and "Utrozhestan". Proginova tablets also help prepare the uterus for embryo transfer.
How is the transfer of thawed embryos carried out?
Embryo transfer occurs after menstruation occurs after a failed IVF attempt. The transfer of blastocysts and cleavage embryos into the uterus usually occurs on the day the embryos are thawed.
Transfer and implantation of the embryo after cryopreservation occurs in a natural, stimulated cycle or a cycle with hormone replacement therapy. This allows us to hope for the long-awaited pregnancy.
The result of the transfer depends on the following factors:
- woman's age;
- properly administered drug therapy;
- number of implanted embryos;
- number of complications during previous pregnancies.
During freezing, the membrane of the embryo usually becomes denser, so before transferring it to the uterus, hatching is carried out, that is, its membrane is incised.
Possible outcome when freezing and thawing embryos
It is possible that the embryos, once frozen and then thawed, will be completely unsuitable for transfer due to their destruction. In this case, the transfer will not be carried out.
When preparing the uterine mucosa for replantation, a hormonal analysis is carried out, which will indicate its condition. If for some reason there are deviations in hormonal parameters from normal, the transfer procedure is canceled because the uterine mucosa will be unprepared. In this case, wait for the next cycle, in which the endometrium is prepared again.
Is it possible to cryopreserve embryos more than once?
This is possible if a large number of embryos were frozen for early stage development, after which almost all of them were unfrozen. Having selected the best specimens for replanting, the rest are frozen again. The transfer of such double-cryopreserved embryos promotes the development of pregnancy, but still some factors reduce the successful outcome.
Can cryopreservation affect the development of children?
Parents are very concerned about how a child from a cryopreserved embryo will develop. Special studies were conducted to establish mental, physical, and intellectual deviations in the development of such children. The results failed to reveal any abnormalities. The percentage of children with pathologies born from cryopreserved embryos did not exceed the percentage of children with pathologies born as a result of natural conception.
Cost of the procedure
Many women, as well as married couples, are interested in the question: how much does cryopreservation of embryos cost? The cost of the entire cycle, which uses frozen material, will be several times lower than the amount that a repeat full IVF protocol will cost. The cost of the service depends on how long the cells will be stored in cryostorage, whether donor material was used, the freezing method, and the number of embryos stored.
In our country, the cost of cryopreservation ranges from 6 to 30 thousand rubles. For storing embryos for a month you will have to pay 1 thousand rubles, for a year - 10 thousand rubles. If the biomaterial is placed in a separate cryogenic storage facility, then the cost of storage for one month is 4 thousand rubles.
Conclusion
Thus, we can conclude that cryopreservation helps many women become pregnant after an unsuccessful IVF attempt and does not in any way affect the health of the newborn. Many couples are confident that this procedure is very useful as an auxiliary technology in the IVF protocol, helping them to additionally secure themselves.
Most IVF programs involve stimulation of superovulation. The goal of this procedure is to obtain as many eggs as possible. IN natural cycle In a woman, only one oocyte matures. But in stimulated there can be 10-20 or more.
After the eggs are fertilized, they become embryos. Not all, but many survive to the transfer. But doctors transfer only 1 or 2 embryos. More - only in exceptional cases, to avoid an increased risk of multiple births. In 60% of cases, “extra” embryos remain. They are usually frozen so that the transfer can be repeated in the next cycle if there is no pregnancy after the first attempt.
The main advantage of frozen embryo transfer is that it does not require repeated stimulation of superovulation. A woman does not have to buy drugs, undergo painful injections, or endure the occasional side effects. At the same time, the probability of pregnancy in a cryocycle is higher than in a fresh one, due to the possibility of choosing the ideal day for transfer, based on the degree of readiness of the endometrium.
Not only embryos are frozen, but also eggs. This is done to preserve them for the future. It is likely that after a few years the woman will want to have children again, but her ovaries will no longer function by this time. Thanks to a timely created supply of frozen oocytes, you can become pregnant at almost any age, even after menopause.
Indications
Not all patients at reproductive clinics require embryo cryopreservation. This procedure is not cheap. Not only freezing is paid, but also subsequent thawing of the embryos. In case of long-term storage, payment is made for each month or year while the embryos are frozen after cryopreservation.
Therefore, cryopreservation is carried out only in cases where it is really necessary. These are the following situations:
If embryos are discarded, this means that the woman has no safety net in case of failure. Her chances of pregnancy after one transfer are, at best, 50 to 50. At the same time, when freezing embryos during IVF, you can try the transfer again if the first time is unsuccessful.
It is cheaper and safer than repeated stimulation. In addition, when embryos are frozen during IVF, treatment is faster. It is undesirable to stimulate the ovaries two cycles in a row; you have to take breaks in treatment. But transfer after cryopreservation of embryos is completely safe. It can be done at least every cycle.
For such cases, cryopreservation of embryos can be used. You can freeze them in any quantity - as much as you can get after puncture and fertilization of the oocytes. After cryopreservation, embryos are stored indefinitely. You can become pregnant with a genetically related child even 5-10 years after your own supply of eggs is completely depleted.
Thus, if the doctor sees a threat from hyperstimulation, his task is to ensure that the woman does not become pregnant in this cycle, because this is dangerous for her health. This is not at all difficult to achieve: it is enough to cancel the embryo transfer. What to do with them? Of course, freeze embryos during IVF. They can be rescheduled in the next cycle, when the “hormonal storm” stops.
In this case, the doctor may consider it appropriate to freeze the embryos during IVF. Cryopreservation allows you to choose the ideal day for transfer in the next cycle, when the chances of pregnancy reach 40-50%. This approach will save embryos and reduce the amount of hormonal stimulation.
- Extra embryos after egg fertilization. If a lot of oocytes were obtained, a high percentage was fertilized, then a large number of embryos are also obtained. Only one or two are used for transfer. What to do with the rest? There are two options: recycle or freeze.
- Low ovarian reserve. It is likely that you will become pregnant after IVF and have a baby. But if you have a low ovarian reserve, this will most likely be your last pregnancy. If after 2-3 years you come back to the fertility clinic and begin treatment, it may turn out that your own eggs are no longer there.
- Complications during stimulation. If the dose of gonadotropins is too high for you, this is fraught with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. It can be early or late. Early infection is usually not dangerous and occurs in a mild form. Late is often more serious, sometimes requiring hospitalization. It develops during pregnancy.
- Low predicted efficiency of fresh transfer. In each cycle, the doctor must achieve the maximum chance of pregnancy. But sometimes he sees that the chances of success are low. A reproductologist makes such conclusions based on the structure of the endometrium and the level of progesterone in the blood. The implantation window may close prematurely. Then the probability of pregnancy in the current cycle when transferring one embryo does not exceed 15%.
Embryo classes
In an embryology laboratory, embryos are usually divided according to quality. This allows you to choose the best among them for transfer, as well as predict the likelihood of pregnancy. To increase it, the doctor may decide to transfer 2 embryos rather than one if they are not of high enough quality.
Each is assigned a specific class, which is designated by a letter of the Latin alphabet. 
Class A is considered the highest. Such embryos are transferred first. When they are transferred, the probability of pregnancy will be as high as possible. The worst is class D. They try not to freeze them, but transfer them to the uterus only if there are simply no others.
Some women fear that if a low-quality embryo is transferred, the pregnancy may have complications or a defective child will be born. There is no reason to be afraid. If the embryo has genetic defects, it will simply die and the woman will not become pregnant. If it does develop, the risk of spontaneous abortion, chromosomal or genetic defects is no higher than with the transfer of a high-quality embryo. This is due to the fact that on initial stage development, all the cells that make up the embryo are the same. Only their number differs.
Freezing methods
Embryo freezing is carried out in two ways: fast and slow. Slow freezing is an outdated method that is used only in the most backward clinics. It has more historical than clinical significance. Gradual freezing has a number of disadvantages:
- some cells die;
- the quality of embryos is lost;
- there is a risk of death during defrosting, so there are cases when a woman comes to the clinic for transfer, but there is nothing to transfer.
With slow freezing, the blastocyst is prepared in a special way. The water in it is replaced with a cryoprotector substance. This is necessary to prevent the cell from being damaged by ice crystals. The processed embryos are placed in plastic tubes and frozen at low temperatures.
Vitrification is a method used in most reproductive centers. Flash freezing allows you to bypass the crystallization stage and immediately turn water into ice. Therefore, the cell is not damaged. All frozen embryos survive, there are no losses at all. The quality of the cells does not decrease. Therefore, when performing a cryoprotocol, the likelihood of pregnancy is much higher than when using slow freezing.
Storage of cryoembryos
Women often ask: how long can embryos be stored frozen? Will they deteriorate over time? Is it possible to freeze cells today and unfreeze them in 10 years?
It is believed that frozen biomaterial can be stored indefinitely. What is meant by "unlimited"? Of course, no one will save embryos for 100 years. It is understood that during the period when a woman still has at least a theoretical opportunity to become pregnant, and even much longer, the embryos retain 100% quality. 
They certainly won’t deteriorate over several decades. To date, many cases have been recorded in which women became pregnant after transferring embryos that had been stored for more than 10 years.
Preparations for frozen embryo transfer are the same as for conventional IVF. A woman must get rid of bad habits and follow a certain diet so that her weight is optimal for transfer. Must be taken folic acid for three months before and after replanting.
The transfer can be carried out either in a natural cycle or after a cryoprotocol with blockade of the pituitary gland, when endometrial maturation is achieved by administering hormonal drugs. Frozen embryos after IVF behave in the same way as those obtained after ovarian stimulation. They are able to divide, develop, and implant normally.
Many people are interested in how frozen embryos take root. Of course, this depends on their quality. If a woman uses frozen embryos during IVF, the chances of getting pregnant are even higher than in a fresh cycle - this has been proven by research in the field of ART. Moreover, when using cryoembryos from a donor egg, the survival rate increases by 3-6%.
How to find out where you can freeze your eggs in Moscow? This can be found out on the websites of IVF clinics or the forum. Many clinics have their own bank for storing embryos, sperm, and oocytes. But before you go there, you should ask what percentage of frozen embryos are viable after freezing.
Cryopreservation of oocytes, sperm and embryos is what is used in modern reproductive medicine and allows us to solve the problem of infertility of various origins. Cryopreservation holds great promise, but many patients have to deal with this procedure today.
What is cryopreservation?
Cryopreservation is the storage of biologically active objects and organisms at low temperatures with the subsequent restoration of their functions after thawing. Storage at low temperatures stops all biological processes and thereby helps preserve all the qualities of embryos and sperm. Modern cryopreservation has stepped far forward: if with the old technique the biomaterial was easily damaged by ice crystals, today the freezing of embryos and sperm is carried out in an accelerated mode and allows you to preserve all the functions of the material. This method is called “vitrification” and differs from slow freezing in that the material is in a special liquid containing glucose, which does not crystallize and thereby reduces the likelihood of damage to the material.
Advantages and disadvantages of methods
Of course, cryopreservation of sperm and embryos are different procedures, each of which has its own pros and cons. However modern technologies Cryo-freezing has reached the peak of perfection: children born as a result of using frozen material are no different from those born naturally.
Sperm cryopreservation
Cryopreserved sperm is a popular material for artificial insemination (IUI and IVF). Sperm cryopreservation is carried out in laboratory conditions at reproductive medical centers. Donor frozen sperm is stored in quarantine for up to six months after freezing: in this way, possible defects in the material can be identified. Therefore, the likelihood of pregnancy using your husband's sperm is much lower if this condition is not met. Thus, the storage time of frozen sperm may affect the success of the procedure.
Sperm cryopreservation is indicated not only for artificial insemination, but also before radiation or chemotherapy, as well as during harmful work of a man. This will allow you to avoid negative consequences for the health of your offspring and become a happy father at a more convenient time in life. Sometimes the choice to freeze sperm is made after finding out how much it costs. The procedure for collecting and freezing sperm is simpler than similar manipulations with embryos that are sensitive to external stimuli.
Embryo cryopreservation
Usually cryopreservation of embryos is carried out during IVF, when after fertilization there is a lot of material left unclaimed within the treatment cycle. In this case, at the request of the couple, the healthiest embryos are selected for further storage and possible use. Since the cost of freezing embryos is lower than the cost of a repeat IVF cycle, it is more profitable to carry out a cryopreservation procedure for the material remaining from IVF: in the future, this will increase the chances of a successful pregnancy.
Recent studies have shown that frozen embryos are more viable during IVF than “fresh” material. In order for the embryo to retain its functions, cryo-freezing must be carried out at a certain stage of its development. Embryos are preserved at the zygote, 2, 4 or 6 cell, blastocyst stage. Otherwise, the embryo will die.
How long embryos are kept frozen depends on the wishes of the patients. They can be stored almost indefinitely. After cryopreservation, transfer of a thawed embryo for IVF can be carried out at any time, this does not affect the effectiveness of the procedure.
Thawing of embryos after cryopreservation occurs as follows: samples are removed from liquid nitrogen and thawed at room temperature. The replanting is done on the day of defrosting or a day later, depending on the stage of embryo development at the freezing stage.
How is the material frozen?
Modern medicine has almost completely switched to the fast freezing method, since slow freezing is less effective. Freezing of embryos and sperm is carried out in laboratory conditions and includes two main stages.
Preparation of material
The most viable embryos or active sperm are selected. The sperm is simultaneously cleared of proteins and other impurities, resulting in a concentrated sample that is effective for future fertilization. Embryos are examined for the presence of mesoderm and other components necessary for the further development of the fetus.
Cryo-freezing
Samples of the material are placed in a cryobank, where they are frozen in liquid nitrogen. After preparation, the sperm is placed in special containers called “straws” and sent for freezing, first at a temperature of -20 degrees C, then -196 degrees. C. Freezing embryos is especially difficult because they are composed of water and can be damaged if ice crystals form. How the embryo is frozen directly determines its viability in the future: vitrification involves ultra-fast freezing in a jelly-like medium without damaging the material.
What is better: cryo-freezing of sperm or embryo?
The appropriateness of each procedure is determined by its purpose and circumstances. Both sperm and frozen embryos can be stored indefinitely, but the greatest risk of material loss during thawing is in embryos, and sperm after freezing is able to fully retain functions. Freezing sperm is cheaper and is applicable if a woman’s eggs are for some reason incapable of fertilization. Freezing the embryo is advisable after the IVF procedure.
When comparing the use of frozen sperm or embryos with the natural process, there are other advantages: future parents can hope for the birth of healthy children, since the careful selection and preparation of material for artificial insemination minimizes all possible risks.
Price policy
Prices for cryopreservation of sperm and embryos in St. Petersburg are determined by the status of the clinic and the freezing method. How much it costs to freeze embryos during IVF depends on the individual parameters of the procedure; the cost of cryopreservation in St. Petersburg, as a rule, corresponds to the status of the reproductive center and the qualifications of the specialists working in it. You can find out about the prices for freezing sperm and embryos at the Genesis reproduction center on our website.
