The main human bones and their names. Basics of anatomy: the human skeleton with the name of all the bones. Muscles of the lower limbs

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1-skull
2-vertebral column
3-collarbone
4-blade
5-sternum
6-humerus
7-radius
8 cubit
9-bones of the wrist ( ossa carpi)
10-bones of the metacarpus
11-phalanges of fingers
12 hip bone
13-sacrum
14-pubic symphysis ( symphysis pubica)
15-femur
16-patella ( patella)
17-tibia
18-fibula
19-tarsal bones
20th metatarsal bones
21-phalanges of toes
22-ribs (chest).

1-skull
2-vertebral column
3-blade
4-humerus
5 cubit
6-radius
7-bones of the wrist ( ossa carpi)
8-bones of the metacarpus
9-phalanges of the fingers
10 hip bone
11-femur
12-tibia
13-fibula
14-foot bones
15-tarsal bones
16 metatarsal bones
17-phalanges of the toes
18 sacrum
19-ribs (chest)

A - front view
B - rear view
B - side view. 1-cervical department
2-thoracic region
3-lumbar
4-sacrum
5 coccyx.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
3-transverse process ( processus transversus)
4-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
5-pedicle of the vertebral arch ( pediculli arcus vertebrae)
6-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
7 costal fossa
8-superior articular process ( )
9-transverse costal fossa (costal fossa of the transverse process).

1-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
2 costal fossa
3-superior vertebral notch ( )
processus articularis superior)
5-transverse costal fossa (costal fossa of the transverse process)
6-transverse process ( processus transversus)
7-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
8-lower articular processes
9-lower vertebral notch.

1-posterior tubercle ( tuberculum posterior)
2-back arc ( arcus posterior)
3-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
4-sulcus of the vertebral artery ( sulcus arteria vertebralis)
5-superior glenoid fossa
6-transverse foramen (foramen of the transverse process)
7-transverse process ( processus transversus)
8-lateral mass ( massa lateralis)
9-fossa of the tooth
10-anterior tubercle ( tuberculum anterior)
11 - front arc.

1-tooth of the axial vertebra ( dens axis)
2-posterior articular surface ( facies articularis posterior)
3-vertebral body ( corpus vertebrae)
4-superior articular surface ( facies articularis superior)
5-transverse process ( processus transversus)
6-lower articular process: 7-arch of the vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
8-spinous process.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
3-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
4-superior articular process ( processus articularis superior)
5-transverse process ( processus transversus)
6-posterior tubercle of the transverse process
7-anterior (carotid) tubercle
8-transverse foramen (foramen of the transverse process)
9-vertebral body.

1-spinous process ( processus spinosus)
2-arch vertebra ( arcus vertebrae)
3-superior articular process: 4-mastoid process ( processus mamillaris)
5-additional process ( processus accessorius)
6-transverse process ( processus transversus)
7-vertebral foramen ( foramen vertebrale)
8-pedicle of the vertebral arch ( pediculli arcus vertebrae)
9-vertebral body.

1-base of the sacrum ( basis ossis sacri)
processus articularis superior)
3-lateral part ( pars lateralis)
4-cross lines ( linea transversae)
5-pelvic sacral foramen ( foramina sacralia pelvina)
6-apex of the sacrum ( apex ossis sacri)
7 coccyx
8 sacral vertebrae.

1-sacral canal (upper opening)
2-superior articular process ( processus articularis superior)
3 sacral tuberosity ( toberositas sacralis)
4-ear surface ( facies auricularis)
5-lateral sacral crest ( Crista sacralis lateralis)
6-intermediate sacral ridge ( crista sacralis intermedia)
7-sacral fissure (lower opening of the sacral canal)
8-sacral horn ( cornu sacrale)
9-coccyx (coccygeal vertebrae)
10 coccygeal horn
11-dorsal (posterior) sacral foramen
12-median sacral ridge

1st (I) thoracic vertebra
2-head of the first rib
3-first (I) rib
4-clavicular notch of the sternum
5-sternum handle ( manubrium sterni)
6-second (II) rib
7-sternum body ( corpus sterni)
8 costal cartilages
9-xiphoid process ( processus xiphoideus)
10 costal arch
11th costal process of the first lumbar vertebra
12-sternal angle
13th twelfth (XII) rib
14th (VII) rib
15th (VIII) rib.

1 jugular tenderloin
2-clavicular notch ( incisura clavicularis)
3-cut 1-rib (rib notch)
4-angle fudina
5-cut 11-rib
6-cut III-ribs
7-cut IV-rib
8-cut V-rib
9-cut VI-rib
10-cut VII-rib
11-xiphoid process ( processus xiphoideus)
12-body fudina
13-fudin handle.

A-first (I) rib
B-second (II) rib
Eighth (VIII) rib. A. 1-rib head ( caput costae)
2-rib neck ( collum costae)
3-tubercle of the rib ( tuberculum costae)
4-sulcus of the subclavian artery ( sulcus arteria subclavia)
5-tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle: 6-groove of the subclavian artery. B. 1-rib head ( caput costae)
2-rib neck ( collum costae)
3-tubercle of the rib, B. 1-head of the rib ( caput costae)
2-articular surface of the head of the rib
3-rib head comb
4-groove rib ( Sulcus costae)
5-rib body ( corpus costae)
6-sternal end of the rib.

Front view.

1-fudin part of the diaphragm
2-sternocostal triangle
3-tendon center of the diaphragm
4-rib part of the diaphragm ( pars costalis diaphragmatis)
5-opening of the inferior vena cava ( foramen venae cavae inferioris)
6-esophageal opening
7-hole of the aorta ( ostium aortae)
8-left leg of the lumbar part of the diaphragm
9-lumbocostal triangle
10-square lumbar muscle
11 psoas minor
12 psoas major
13-iliac muscle
14-iliac fascia
15-subcutaneous ring (femoral canal)
16-external obturator muscle
17-iliopsoas muscle ( musculus iliopsoas)
18 psoas major (cut off)
19-iliac muscle
20-intra-abdominal fascia
21-intertransverse muscles
22nd medial crus of diaphragm (left side)
23-medial crus of the diaphragm (right side)
24-lateral arcuate ligament (lateral lumbocostal arch)
25-medial arcuate ligament (medial lumbocostal arch)
26-right leg of the lumbar part of the diaphragm
27-median arcuate ligament
28-lumbar part of the diaphragm.

Trunk bones

body bones, ossa trunci, unite the spinal column, columna vertebrales, and chest bones, ossa thoracis.

vertebral column

vertebrae, vertebrae, are placed in the form of overlapping rings and folded into one column - the spinal column, columna vertebralis, consisting of 33-34 segments.

Vertebra, vertebra, has a body, an arc and processes. Vertebral body, corpus vertebrae (vertebralis), represents the anterior thickened part of the vertebra. From above and below, it is limited by surfaces facing, respectively, the above- and underlying vertebrae, in front and from the sides - by a somewhat concave surface, and behind - by a flattened one. On the body of the vertebra, especially on its back surface, there are many nutritional holes, foramina nutricia, - traces of the passage of vessels and nerves into the substance of the bone. The vertebral bodies are interconnected by intervertebral discs (cartilages) and form a very flexible column - the spinal column, columna vertebralis .

vertebral arch, arcus vertebra (vertebralis), limits the back and sides of the vertebral foramen, foramen vertebrates; located one above the other, the holes form the spinal canal, canalis vertebralis in which the spinal cord is located. From the posterolateral faces of the vertebral body, the arch begins with a narrowed segment - this is the pedicle of the vertebral arch, pediculus arcus vertebrae, vertebralis, passing into the plate of the vertebral arch, lamina arcus vertebrae (vertebralis). On the upper and lower surfaces of the leg there is an upper vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis superior, and lower vertebral notch, incisura vertebralis inferior. The upper notch of one vertebra, adjacent to the lower notch of the upper vertebra, forms the intervertebral foramen ( foramen intervertebrale) for the passage of the spinal nerve and blood vessels.

processes of the vertebrae, processus vertebrae, seven in number, protrude on the vertebral arch. One of them, unpaired, is directed from the middle of the arc posteriorly - this is the spinous process, processus spinosus. The remaining processes are paired. One pair - superior articular processes, , is located on the side of the upper surface of the arc, the other pair is the lower articular processes, processus articularis inferiores, protrudes from the side of the lower surface of the arc and the third pair - transverse processes, processus transversi, departs from the side surfaces of the arc.

The articular processes have articular surfaces, facies articulares. On these surfaces, each overlying vertebra articulates with the underlying one.

The cervical vertebrae are distinguished in the spinal column, vertebrae cervicales, (7), thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae, (12), lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, (5), sacrum, os sacrum, (5) and coccyx, os coccygis, (4 or 5 vertebrae).

The vertebral column of an adult forms four bends in the sagittal plane, curvaturae: cervical, thoracic, lumbar (abdominal) and sacral (pelvic). In this case, the cervical and lumbar curves are convexly facing anteriorly (lordosis), and the thoracic and pelvic curves are posteriorly (kyphosis).

All vertebrae are divided into two groups: the so-called true and false vertebrae. The first group includes the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, the second group includes the sacral vertebrae fused into the sacrum, and the coccygeal vertebrae fused into the coccyx.

Cervical vertebrae, vertebrae cervicales, number 7, with the exception of the first two, are characterized by small low bodies, gradually expanding towards the last VII, call. The upper surface of the body is slightly concave from right to left, while the lower surface is concave from front to back. On the upper surface of the bodies III - VI of the cervical vertebrae, the lateral edges noticeably rise, forming a hook of the body, uncus corporis, .

vertebral foramen, foramen vertebrates, wide, close in shape to triangular.

articular processes, processus articularis, relatively short, stand obliquely, their articular surfaces are flat or slightly convex.

spinous processes, processus spinosi, from II before VII vertebra gradually increase in length. Before VI of the vertebra inclusive, they are split at the ends and have a slightly pronounced downward slope.

transverse processes, processus transversi, short and directed to the sides. A deep groove of the spinal nerve runs along the upper surface of each process, sulcus nervi spinalis, - a trace of the attachment of the cervical nerve. It separates the anterior and posterior tubercles, tuberculum anterius and tuberculum posterius located at the end of the transverse process.

On VI in the cervical vertebrae, the anterior tubercle is developed. Ahead and close to it is the common carotid artery, a.carotis communis, which, during bleeding, is pressed against this tubercle; hence the tubercle got the name sleepy, tuberculum caroticum.

In the cervical vertebrae, the transverse process is formed by two processes. The anterior of them is a rudiment of the rib, the posterior is the actual transverse process. Both processes together limit the opening of the transverse process, foramen processus transversi, through which the vertebral artery, vein and accompanying sympathetic nerve plexus pass, in connection with which this hole is also called the vertebral arterial, foramen vertebra arteriale.

Differ from the general type of cervical vertebrae CI- atlas, atlas, II- axial vertebra, axis, And CVI- protruding vertebrae vertebra prominens.

First ( I) cervical vertebra - atlas, atlas, does not have a body and spinous process, but is a ring formed from two arches - anterior and posterior, arcus anterior and arcus posterior, interconnected by two more developed parts - lateral masses, Massae laterales. Each of them has an oval concave upper articular surface on top, facies articularis superior, - the place of articulation with the occipital bone, and from below an almost flat lower articular surface, facies articularis inferior articulated with II cervical vertebra.

front arch, arcus anterior, has an anterior tubercle on its anterior surface, tuberculum anterius, on the back - a small articular platform - the fossa of the tooth, fovea dentis articulated with the tooth II cervical vertebra.

back arch, arcus posterior, in place of the spinous process has a posterior tubercle, tuberculum posterius. On the upper surface of the posterior arch passes the groove of the vertebral artery, sulcus arteriae vertebralis, which sometimes turns into a channel.

Second ( II) cervical vertebra, or axial vertebra, axis, has a tooth going up from the vertebral body, dens, which ends at the top, apex. Bo the circle of this tooth, as around an axis, rotates the atlas together with the skull.

On the front surface of the tooth there is an anterior articular surface, facies articularis anterior, with which the fossa of the atlas tooth articulates, on the back surface - the posterior articular surface, facies articularis posterior to which the transverse ligament of the atlas attaches, lig. transversum atlantis. The transverse processes lack the anterior and posterior tubercles and the groove of the spinal nerve.

The seventh cervical vertebra, or protruding vertebra, vertebra prominens, (CVII) is distinguished by a long and undivided spinous process, which is easily palpable through the skin, in connection with this, the vertebra is called the speaker. In addition, it has long transverse processes: its transverse openings are very small, sometimes they may be absent.

On the lower edge of the lateral surface of the body is often a facet, or costal fossa, fovea costalis, - trace of the articulation with the head I ribs.

thoracic vertebrae, vertebrae thoracicae, number 12 ( THI - ThXII), much higher and thicker than the cervical ones; the size of their bodies gradually increases towards the lumbar vertebrae.

On the posterolateral surface of the bodies there are two facets: the superior costal fossa, fovea costalis superior, and the lower costal fossa, fovea costalis inferior. The lower costal fossa of one vertebra forms a complete articular fossa with the upper costal fossa of the underlying vertebra - the place of articulation with the head of the rib.

The body is an exception. I thoracic vertebra, which has a complete costal fossa on top, articulating with the head I ribs, and from below - a half-fossa, articulating with the head II ribs. On X vertebra has one half-fovea, at the upper edge of the body; body XI And XII vertebrae have only one complete costal fossa located in the middle of each lateral surface of the vertebral body.

The arcs of the thoracic vertebrae form rounded vertebral foramina, but comparatively smaller than those of the cervical vertebrae.

The transverse process is directed outward and somewhat posteriorly and has a small costal fossa of the transverse process, fovea costalis processus transversus articulating with the tubercle of the rib.

The articular surface of the articular processes lies in the frontal plane and is directed posteriorly at the superior articular process, and anteriorly at the inferior.

The spinous processes are long, triangular, spiky and point downwards. The spinous processes of the middle thoracic vertebrae are located one above the other in a tiled manner.

The lower thoracic vertebrae are similar in shape to the lumbar vertebrae. On the posterior surface of the transverse processes XI-X II thoracic vertebrae have an accessory process, processus accessorius, and the mastoid process, processus mamillaris.

lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, number 5( LI - LV

processus costalis processus accessorius

processus mamillaris, is a trace of muscle attachment.

lumbar vertebrae, vertebrae lumbales, number 5( LI - LV), differ from others in their massiveness. The body is bean-shaped, the arches are strongly developed, the vertebral foramen is larger than that of the thoracic vertebrae, and has an irregularly triangular shape.

Each transverse process, located in front of the articular, is elongated, compressed from front to back, goes laterally and somewhat backwards. Its major part is the costal process ( processus costalis) - represents the rudiment of the rib. On the posterior surface of the base of the costal process there is a weakly expressed accessory process, processus accessorius, is a rudiment of the transverse process.

The spinous process is short and wide, thickened and rounded at the end. The articular processes, starting from the arch, are directed posteriorly from the transverse and are located almost vertically. The articular surfaces lie in the sagittal plane, with the upper concave and facing medially, and the lower convex and directed laterally.

When two adjacent vertebrae are articulated, the upper articular processes of one vertebra laterally cover the lower articular processes of the other. On the posterior margin of the superior articular process there is a small mastoid process, processus mamillaris, is a trace of muscle attachment.

sacral vertebrae, vertebrae sacrales, number 5, fuse in an adult into a single bone - the sacrum.

Sacrum, os sacrum, sacred, has the shape of a wedge, is located under the last lumbar vertebra and participates in the formation of the posterior wall of the small pelvis. In the bone, the pelvic and dorsal surfaces, two lateral parts, the base (the wide part facing upwards) and the apex (the narrow part directed downwards) are distinguished.

The anterior surface of the sacrum is smooth, concave, facing the pelvic cavity - this is the pelvic surface, facies pelvica. It retains traces of fusion of the bodies of five sacral vertebrae in the form of four parallel transverse lines, lineae transversae. Outside of them, on each side, there are four anterior pelvic sacral openings, foramina sacralia anteriora, pelvica, (the anterior branches of the sacral spinal nerves and the vessels accompanying them pass through them).

Dorsal surface of the sacrum facies dorsalis sacri, convex in the longitudinal direction, already anterior and rough. It contains five rows of bone rows running from top to bottom, formed as a result of the fusion of the spinous, transverse and articular processes of the sacral vertebrae.

Cross crests

median sacral ridge, Crista sacralis mediana, formed from the fusion of the spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae and is represented by four tubercles located one above the other, sometimes merging into one rough ridge.

On each side of the median sacral crest, almost parallel to it, there is one weakly pronounced intermediate sacral crest, crista sacralis intermedia. The ridges were formed as a result of the fusion of the upper and lower articular processes. Outside of them is a well-defined row of tubercles - the lateral sacral crest, Crista sacralis lateralis, which is formed by the fusion of the transverse processes. Between the intermediate and lateral crests there are four posterior sacral foramens, foramina sacralia posterior, they are somewhat smaller than the corresponding anterior sacral openings (the posterior branches of the sacral nerves pass through them).

sacral canal

Along the entire length of the sacrum follows the sacral canal, canalis sacralis, curved, widened at the top and narrowed at the bottom; it is a direct continuation downwards of the spinal canal. The sacral canal communicates with the sacral foramens through the intervertebral foramens inside the bone, foramina intervertebratia.

base of the sacrum

base of the sacrum basis ossis sacri, has a transverse-oval recess - the junction with the lower surface of the body V lumbar vertebrae. The anterior edge of the base of the sacrum at the junction with V lumbar vertebra forms a protrusion - cape, promontorium strongly protruding into the pelvic cavity. From the posterior part of the base of the sacrum, the upper articular processes extend upward, processus articularis superiores, I sacral vertebra. Their articular surfaces facies articulares, directed backward and medially and articulate with the lower articular processes V lumbar vertebrae. The posterior edge of the base (arc) of the sacrum with the upper articular processes protruding above it limits the entrance to the cross capal.

Apex of the sacrum

top of the sacrum, apex ossis sacri, narrow, blunt and has a small oval platform - the junction with the upper surface of the coccyx; here the sacrococcygeal joint is formed, articulatio sacrococcygea well expressed in young people, especially in women.

Behind the apex, on the posterior surface of the sacrum, the intermediate ridges end with two small protrusions pointing down - the sacral horns, cornua sacralia. The posterior surface of the apex and the sacral horns limit the outlet of the sacral canal - the sacral fissure, Hiatus sacralis.

Upper outer sacrum

The upper outer part of the sacrum is the lateral part, pars lateralis, was formed by the fusion of the transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae.

The upper, flattened, triangular surface of the lateral part of the sacrum, the front edge of which passes into the border line, is called the sacral wing, ala sacralis.

The lateral surface of the sacrum is the articular auricular surface, facies auricularis, articulates with the same surface of the ilium.

Posterior and medial to the ear-shaped surface is the sacral tuberosity, tuberositas sacralis, - a trace of the attachment of the sacroiliac interosseous ligaments.

The sacrum in men is longer, narrower and more curved than in women.

Coccyx, os coccygis, is a bone fused in an adult from 4-5, less often from 3-6 vertebrae.

The coccyx has the shape of a curved pyramid, the base of which is turned up and the top is turned down. The vertebrae that form it have only bodies. On I coccygeal vertebra on each side are the remains of the upper articular processes in the form of small protrusions - coccygeal horns, cornua coccygea, which are directed upwards and connect to the sacral horns.

The upper surface of the coccyx is somewhat concave, connected to the top of the sacrum through the sacrococcygeal joint.

Thorax and chest bones

chest, compares thoracis, make up the thoracic spine, ribs (12 pairs) and sternum.

The thorax forms the thoracic cavity Cavitas thoracis, which has the shape of a truncated cone facing wide base down, and the truncated top - up. In the chest, there are anterior, posterior and lateral walls, an upper and lower opening, which limit the chest cavity.

The anterior wall is shorter than the other walls, formed by the sternum and cartilages of the ribs. Located obliquely, it protrudes more anteriorly with its lower sections than with its upper ones. The back wall is longer than the front, formed by the thoracic vertebrae and parts of the ribs from the heads to the corners; its direction is almost vertical.

On the outer surface of the posterior wall of the chest, between the spinous processes of the vertebrae and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are formed on both sides - the dorsal grooves: deep back muscles lie in them. On the inner surface of the chest, between the protruding vertebral bodies and the corners of the ribs, two grooves are also formed - pulmonary grooves, sulci pulmonales; they are adjacent to the vertebral part of the costal surface of the lungs.

The side walls are longer than the anterior and posterior, formed by the bodies of the ribs and are more or less convex.

The spaces bounded above and below by two adjacent ribs, in front - by the lateral edge of the sternum and behind - by the vertebrae, are called intercostal spaces, spatia intercostalia; they are made by ligaments, intercostal muscles and membranes.

Rib cage, compages thoracis, bounded by the indicated walls, has two holes - upper and lower, which begin with apertures.

superior thoracic aperture, Apertura thoracis superior less than the bottom, limited in front by the upper edge of the handle, from the sides - by the first ribs and behind - by the body I thoracic vertebra. It has a transverse-oval shape and is located in a plane inclined from back to front and downwards. The upper edge of the manubrium of the sternum is at the level of the gap between II And III thoracic vertebrae.

inferior thoracic aperture, apertura thoracis inferior, limited in front by the xiphoid process and the costal arch formed by the cartilaginous ends of the false ribs, from the sides by the free ends XI And XII ribs and bottom edges XII ribs, behind - body XII thoracic vertebra.

costal arch, arcus costalis, at the xiphoid process forms a substernal angle open from top to bottom, angulus infrasternalis.

The shape of the chest is different for different people (flat, cylindrical or conical). In persons with a narrow chest, the infrasternal angle is sharper and the intercostal space is wider, and the chest itself is longer than in persons with a wide chest. The chest in men is longer, wider and more cone-shaped than in women.

The shape of the chest also depends on age.

ribs, costae, 12 pairs, - narrow, curved bone plates of various lengths, symmetrically located on the sides of the thoracic spine.

In each rib, a longer bony part of the rib is distinguished, os costale, short cartilage - costal cartilage, cartilago co stalis, and two ends - the anterior, facing the sternum, and the posterior, facing the spinal column.
Bony part of the rib

The bony part of the rib has a head, neck and body. rib head, caput costae, located at its vertebral end. It has an articular surface of the head of the rib, facies articularis capitis costae. This surface on II-X the ribs are separated by a horizontally running crest of the rib head, Crista capitis costae, into the upper, smaller, and lower, larger, parts, each of which, respectively, articulates with the costal fossae of two adjacent vertebrae.

rib neck, collum costae, - the most narrowed and rounded part of the rib, bears the crest of the neck of the rib on the upper edge, crista colli costae, (I And XII the edges of this ridge do not have).

On the border with the body, 10 upper pairs of ribs on the neck have a small tubercle of the rib, tuberculum costae, on which the articular surface of the tubercle of the rib is located, facies articularis tuberculi costae, articulating with the transverse costal fossa of the corresponding vertebra.

A costal-transverse foramen is formed between the posterior surface of the rib neck and the anterior surface of the transverse process of the corresponding vertebra, foramen costotransversarium.

rib body, corpus costae, extending from the tubercle to the sternal end of the rib, is the longest section of the bony part of the rib. At some distance from the tubercle, the body of the rib, strongly curving, forms an angle of the rib, angulus costae. At I ribs, it coincides with the tubercle, and on the remaining ribs, the distance between these formations increases (up to XI ribs); body XII does not form an edge. Throughout the body of the rib is flattened. This makes it possible to distinguish two surfaces in it: the inner, concave, and the outer, convex, and two edges: the upper, rounded, and the lower, sharp. On the inner surface along the lower edge there is a groove of the rib, Sulcus costae where the intercostal artery, vein and nerve lie. The edges of the ribs describe a spiral, so the rib is twisted around its long axis.

At the anterior sternal end of the bone part of the rib there is a fossa with a slight roughness; the costal cartilage is attached to it.

Costal cartilages

costal cartilage, cartilagines costales, (there are also 12 pairs of them), are a continuation of the bone parts of the ribs. From I before II ribs they gradually lengthen and connect directly to the sternum. The top 7 pairs of ribs are true ribs, costae verae, the lower 5 pairs of edges are false edges, costae spuriae, aXI And XII ribs - oscillating ribs, costae fluitantes. cartilage VIII, IX And X ribs do not fit directly to the sternum, but each of them joins the cartilage of the overlying rib. cartilage XI And XII ribs (sometimes X) do not reach the sternum and with their cartilaginous ends lie freely in the muscles of the abdominal wall.
Features of the first and last pairs of ribs

Some features have two first and two last pairs of edges. first rib, costa prima (I), shorter, but wider than the rest, has almost horizontal upper and lower surfaces (instead of the outer and inner surfaces of other ribs). On the upper surface of the rib, in the anterior section, there is a tubercle of the anterior scalene muscle, tuberculum m. Scaleni anterioris. Outside and behind the tubercle lies a shallow groove of the subclavian artery, Sulcus a. subclaviae, (trace of the artery of the same name lying here, a. subclavia, posterior to which there is a slight roughness (the place of attachment of the middle scalene muscle, m. scalenus medius. Anteriorly and medially from the tubercle there is a weakly expressed groove of the subclavian vein, Sulcus v. subclaviae. Articular surface of the head I ribs not separated by a ridge; the neck is long and thin; the costal angle coincides with the tubercle of the rib.

second rib, costa secunda (II)), has roughness on the outer surface - tuberosity of the serratus anterior muscle, tuberositas m. serrati anterioris, (place of attachment of the tooth of the specified muscle).

Eleventh and twelfth ribs costa II and costa XII, have articular surfaces of the head not separated by a ridge. On XI edge angle, neck, tubercle and costal groove are weakly expressed, and on III they are missing.

This article will consider the anatomical skeleton of the leg, foot, arm, hand, pelvis, chest, neck, skull, shoulder and forearm of a person: diagram, structure, description.

The skeleton is the supporting support of the organs and muscles that provide our life, and makes it possible to move. Each part of it consists of several sections, and they, in turn, are made of bones that can change over time and subsequently received injuries.

Sometimes there are anomalies on the part of bone growth, but with correct and timely correction, they can be put into an anatomical shape. In order to identify developmental pathologies in time and provide first aid, it is necessary to know the structure of the body. Today we will talk about the structure of the human skeleton in order to understand once and for all the diversity of bones and their functions.

Human skeleton - bones, their structure and names: diagram, photo front, side, back, description

The skeleton is the collection of all bones. Each of them also has a name. They differ in structure, density, shape and different purposes.

Having been born, a newborn has 270 bones, however, under the influence of time, they begin to develop, uniting with each other. Therefore, in the adult body there are only 200 bones. The skeleton has 2 main groups:

Axial
additional

Skull (front, brain parts)
Thorax (includes 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum and its handle)
Spine (cervical and lumbar)

The additional part includes:

Upper limb belt (including collarbones and shoulder blades)
Upper limbs (shoulders, forearms, hands, phalanges)
Belt of the lower extremities (sacrum, coccyx, pelvis, radius)
Lower limbs (patella, femur, tibia and fibula, phalanges, tarsus and metatarsus)

Also, each of the departments of the skeleton has its own nuances of the structure. For example, the skull is divided into the following parts:

Execution
Parietal
occipital
Temporal
Zygomatic
lower jaw
upper jaw
tearful
bow
Lattice
wedge-shaped

The spine is a ridge, which is formed due to the bones and cartilages lined up along the back. It serves as a kind of framework to which all other bones are attached. Unlike other sections and bones, the spine is characterized by a more complex placement and has several component vertebrae:

Cervical (7 vertebrae, C1-C7);
Thoracic (12 vertebrae, Th1-Th12);
Lumbar (5 vertebrae, L1-L5);
Sacral (5 vertebrae, S1-S5);
Coccygeal department (3-5 vertebrae, Co1-Co5).

All departments consist of several vertebrae that affect the internal organs, the possibility of functioning of the limbs, neck and other parts of the body. Almost all bones in the body are interconnected, so regular monitoring and timely treatment of injuries is necessary in order to avoid complications in other parts of the body.

The main parts of the human skeleton, the number, weight of bones

The skeleton changes throughout a person's life. This is due not only to natural growth, but also to aging, as well as some diseases.

As mentioned earlier, at birth, a child has 270 bones. But over time, many of them combine to form a natural skeleton for adults. Therefore, fully formed people can have from 200 to 208 bones. 33 of them, as a rule, are not paired.
The growth process can take up to 25 years, so the final structure of the body and bones can be seen on an x-ray after reaching this age. That is why many people suffering from diseases of the spine and bones take drug treatment and various therapeutic methods only up to 25 years. After all, after stopping growth, the patient's condition can be maintained, but it cannot be improved.

The weight of the skeleton is determined as a percentage of the total body weight:

14% in newborns and children
16% in women
18% in men

The average representative of the stronger sex has 14 kg of bones of the total weight. Women only 10 kg. But many of us are familiar with the phrase: "Broad bone." This means that their structure is slightly different, and the density is greater. In order to determine whether you belong to this type of people, it is enough to use a centimeter by wrapping it around your wrist. If the volume reaches 19 cm or more, then your bones are really stronger and larger.

Also affects the mass of the skeleton:

Age
Nationality

Many representatives of different peoples of the world differ significantly from each other in height and even physique. This is due to evolutionary development, as well as the tightly rooted genotype of the nation.

The main parts of the skeleton contain a different number of bones, for example:

23 - in the skull
26 - in the spinal columns
25 - in the ribs and sternum
64 - in the upper limbs
62 - in the lower limbs

They can also change throughout a person's life under the influence of the following factors:

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, bones and joints
Obesity
Injuries
Active sports and dancing
Malnutrition

Anatomical skeleton of the leg, human foot: diagram, description

The legs are part of the lower limbs. They have several departments and function thanks to mutual support.

The legs are attached to the girdle of the lower extremities (pelvis), but not all of them are evenly spaced. There are several that are located only at the back. If we consider the structure of the legs from the front, we can note the presence of such bones:

femoral
Patella
tibial
fibula
tarsal
metatarsal
phalanges

Behind is the calcaneus. It connects the leg and foot. However, it is impossible to see it in the x-ray picture from the front. In general, the foot differs in its structure and includes:

Calcaneus
Ramming
cuboid
scaphoid
3rd wedge-shaped
2nd wedge-shaped
1st wedge-shaped
1st metatarsal
2nd metatarsal
3rd metatarsal
4th metatarsal
5th metatarsal
Main phalanges
Terminal phalanges

All bones are interconnected, which allows the foot to function fully. If one of the parts is injured, the work of the entire department will be disrupted, therefore, for various injuries, it is necessary to take a number of methods aimed at immobilizing the affected area and contact a traumatologist or surgeon.

Anatomical skeleton of the hand, human hand: diagram, description

Hands allow us to lead a full life. However, this is one of the most complex departments in the human body. After all, many bones complement each other's functions. Therefore, if one of them is damaged, we will not be able to return to our previous affairs without receiving medical assistance. The skeleton of the hand is:

clavicle
Shoulder and shoulder joints
shoulder blade
Humerus
elbow joint
ulna
Radius
Wrist
metacarpal bones
Presence of proximal, intermediate and distal phalanges

The joints connect the main bones together, therefore, they provide not only their movement, but also the work of the entire arm. When an injury occurs to the intermediate or distal phalanges, other parts of the skeleton will not suffer, since they are not connected to more important departments. But with problems with the collarbone, humerus or ulna, a person will not be able to control and fully move his arm.

Therefore, if you have received any injury, you cannot ignore going to the doctor, because in the case of tissue fusion without proper assistance, this is fraught with complete immobility in the future.

Anatomical skeleton of the human shoulder and forearm: diagram, description

The shoulders not only connect the arms to the body, but also help to acquire the necessary proportionality for the body in terms of aesthetics.

At the same time, it is one of the most vulnerable parts of the body. After all, the forearm and shoulders bear a huge load, both in everyday life and when playing sports with a lot of weight. The structure of this part of the skeleton is as follows:

Clavicle (has a connecting function of the scapula and the main skeleton)
Shoulder blade (combines the muscles of the back and arms)
Coracoid process (holds all ligaments)
Shoulder (protects against injury)
Articular cavity of the scapula (also has a connecting function)
Head of humerus (forms abutment)
Anatomical neck of the humerus (supports the fibrous tissue of the articular capsule)
Humerus (provides movement)

As you can see, all sections of the shoulder and forearm complement each other's functions, and are also placed in such a way as to protect the joints and thinner bones as much as possible. With their help, the hands move freely, starting from the phalanges of the fingers, and ending with the collarbones.

Anatomical skeleton of the chest, human pelvis: diagram, description

The chest in the body protects the most important organs and the spine from injury, and also prevents their displacement and deformation. The pelvis plays the role of a frame that keeps the organs immobile. It is also worth saying that it is to the pelvis that our legs are attached.

The chest, or rather its frame, consists of 4 parts:

Two sides
Front
Rear

The frame of the human chest is represented by the ribs, the sternum itself, the vertebrae and the ligaments and joints connecting them.

The back support is the spine, and the front of the chest consists of cartilage. In total, this part of the skeleton has 12 pairs of ribs (1 pair attached to the vertebra).

By the way, the chest covers all the vital organs:

Heart
Lungs
pancreas
Part of the stomach

However, in the event of diseases of the spine, as well as its deformation, the ribs and parts of the cells can also change, creating excessive pressure and pain.

The shape of the sternum can vary depending on genetics, breathing patterns, and overall health. In infants, as a rule, the chest is protruding, but during the period active growth it becomes less visible. It is also worth saying that in women it is more well developed and has advantages in width compared to men.

The pelvis differs significantly depending on the sex of the person. For women, the following features are characteristic:

Large width
shorter length
The shape of the cavity resembles a cylinder
The entrance to the pelvis is rounded
The sacrum is short and wide
The wings of the ilium are horizontal
The angle of the pubic region reaches 90-100 degrees

Men have the following characteristics:

The pelvis is narrower but taller
The wings of the iliac part are located horizontally
The sacrum is narrower and longer
Pubic angle about 70-75 degrees
Login form "Card Heart"
The pelvic cavity resembling a cone

The general structure includes:

Large pelvis (fifth lumbar vertebra, posterior superior axis of the garterus, sacral iliac articulation)
Border line (sacrum, coccyx)
Small pelvis (pubic symphysis, anterior upper part of the garter)

Anatomical skeleton of the neck, human skull: diagram, description

The neck and skull are complementary parts of the skeleton. After all, without each other, they will not have attachments, which means they will not be able to function. The skull combines several parts. They are divided into subcategories:

Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Zygomatic
tearful
nasal
Lattice
wedge-shaped

In addition, the lower and upper jaws are also referred to as the structure of the skull.

The neck is somewhat different and includes:

Sternum
clavicle
Thyroid cartilage
Hyoid bone

They connect to the most important sections of the spine and help all the bones to function without burdening them due to the correct position.

What is the role of the human skeleton, what provides mobility, what is the mechanical function of the bones of the skeleton?

In order to understand what the functions of the skeleton are, and why it is so important to maintain normal bones and posture, it is necessary to consider the skeleton from the point of view of logic. After all, muscles, blood vessels and nerve endings cannot exist independently. For optimal performance, they need a frame on which they can be mounted.

The skeleton performs the function of protecting vital internal organs from displacement and injury. Not many people know, but our bones are able to withstand a load of 200 kg, which is comparable to steel. But if they were made of metal, human movement would become impossible, because the scale mark could reach 300 kg.

Therefore, mobility is provided by the following factors:

Presence of joints
Lightness of bones
Flexibility of muscles and tendons

In the process of development, we learn movements and plasticity. With regular sports or any physical activity, you can increase the degree of flexibility, accelerate the growth process, and also form the correct musculoskeletal system.

The mechanical functions of the skeleton include:

Movement
Protection
depreciation
And, of course, support

Biological ones include:

Participation in metabolism
The process of hematopoiesis

All these factors are possible thanks to chemical composition, and anatomical features of the structure of the skeleton. Because bones are made up of:

Water (about 50%)
Fat (16%)
Collagen (13%)
Chemical compounds (manganese, calcium, sulfate and others)

The bones of the human skeleton: how are they interconnected?

Bones are held together by tendons and joints. After all, they help ensure the process of movement and protect the skeleton from premature wear and thinning.

However, not all bones are the same in terms of attachment structure. Depending on the connective tissue, there are sedentary and mobile with the help of joints.

In total, there are about 4 hundred ligaments in the body of an adult. The most durable of them helps the tibia to function and can withstand loads up to 2 centners. However, not only ligaments help provide mobility, but also the anatomical structure of the bones. They are made in such a way that they complement each other. But in the absence of a lubricant, the life of the skeleton would not be so long. Since the bones could quickly wear out during friction, the following are called upon to protect against this destructive factor:

joints
cartilage
Periarticular tissue
Articular bag
Interarticular fluid

Ligaments connect the most important and largest bones in our body:

tibial
Tarsus
Radiation
shoulder blade
clavicle

What are the structural features of the human skeleton associated with bipedalism?

With the development of evolution, the human body, including its skeleton, has undergone significant changes. These changes were aimed at preserving life and developing the human body in accordance with the requirements of weather conditions.

The most significant changes in the skeleton include the following factors:

The appearance of S-shaped bends (they provide support for balance, and also help to concentrate muscles and bones when jumping and running).
The upper limbs became more mobile, including the phalanges of the fingers and hands (this helped develop fine motor skills, as well as perform complex tasks by grabbing or holding someone).
The size of the chest has become smaller (this is due to the fact that the human body no longer needs to consume so much oxygen. This happened because the person has become taller and, moving on two lower limbs, receives more air).
Changes in the structure of the skull (the work of the brain has reached high levels, therefore, with the intensification of intellectual work, the brain section has prevailed over the facial one).
Expansion of the pelvis (the need to bear offspring, as well as protect the internal organs of the pelvis).
The lower limbs began to predominate in size over the upper ones (this is due to the need to search for food and move, because to overcome long distances, walking speed, the legs must be larger and stronger).

Thus, we see that under the influence of evolutionary processes, as well as the need for life support, the body is able to rearrange itself into different positions, taking any position to save the life of a person as a biological individual.

What is the longest, most massive, strongest and smallest bone in the human skeleton?

In the body of an adult there is a huge number of bones of different diameters, sizes and densities. We do not even know about the existence of many of them, because they are not felt at all.

But there are some of the most interesting bones that help maintain the functions of the body, while significantly different from others.

The femur is considered to be the longest and most massive. Its length in the body of an adult reaches at least 45 cm or more. It also affects the ability to walk and balance, the length of the legs. It is the femur that takes over most the weight of a person when moving and can withstand up to 200 kg of weight.
The smallest bone is the stirrup. It is located in the middle ear and has a weight of several grams and a length of 3-4 mm. But the stirrup allows you to capture sound vibrations, therefore it is one of the most important parts in the structure of the organ of hearing.
The only part of the skull that retains motor activity called the lower jaw. It is able to withstand a load of several hundred kilograms, thanks to the developed facial muscles and specific structure.
The tibia can rightfully be considered the strongest bone in the human body. It is this bone that can withstand compression with a force of up to 4000 kg, which is as much as 1000 more than the femur.

What bones are tubular in the human skeleton?

Tubular or long bones are those that have cylindrical shape or triangular shape. Their length is greater than their width. Similar bones grow due to the process of elongation of the body, and at the ends they have an epiphysis covered with hyaline cartilage. The following bones are called tubular:

femoral
fibula
tibial
Shoulder
Elbow
Radiation

Short tubular bones are:

phalanges
Metacarpal
Metatarsals

The above bones are not only the longest, but also the most durable, because they can withstand a lot of pressure and weight. Their growth depends on the general condition of the body and the amount of growth hormone produced. Tubular bones make up almost 50% of the entire human skeleton.

What bones in the human skeleton are connected movably with the help of a joint and motionless?

For the normal functioning of the bones, they need reliable protection and fixation. For this, there is a joint that performs a connecting role. However, not all bones are fixed in a mobile state in our body. Many we cannot move at all, but without them, our life and health would not be complete.

The skull is a fixed bone, since the bone is complete and does not need any connecting materials.

To sedentary, which are connected to the skeleton by cartilage, they distinguish:

The sternal ends of the ribs
Vertebrae

Movable, which are fixed with the help of joints, include the following bones:

Shoulder
Elbow
wrist
femoral
knee
tibial
fibula

What tissue is the basis of the bones of the skeleton, what substance gives the human skeleton strength, what is the composition of the bones?

Bone is a collection of several types of tissues in the human body that form the basis for supporting muscles, nerve fibers and internal organs. They form a skeleton that serves as a framework for the body.

Bones are:

Flat - formed from connective tissues: shoulder blades, hip bones
Short - formed from spongy substance: wrist, tarsus
Mixed - arise by connecting several types of tissues: skull, chest
Pneumatic - contain oxygen inside, as well as covered with a mucous membrane
Sesamoid - located in the tendons

When forming different kind bones, the following tissues play an active role:

Connective
spongy substance
cartilaginous
coarse fibrous
Fine fibrous

All of them form bones of different strength and location, and in some parts of the skeleton, for example, the skull, there are several types of tissues.

Until what age does the human skeleton grow?

On average, the process of growth and development of the human body lasts from the moment of intrauterine conception to 25 years. Under the influence of many factors, this phenomenon may slow down, or vice versa, not stop until a more mature age. These influencing features include:

Lifestyle
Food quality
Heredity
Hormonal disruptions
Diseases during pregnancy
Genetic diseases
Substance use
Alcoholism
Lack of physical activity

Many bones are formed under the influence of the production of growth hormone, but in medicine there are cases when people continued to grow for 40-50 years of life, or vice versa, stopped in childhood.

This may be due to a number of genetic diseases, as well as disorders in the functioning of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland and other organs.
It is also important to note that the height of people in different countries varies significantly. For example, in Peru, most women are no taller than 150 cm, and men no more than 160 cm. While in Norway it is almost impossible to meet a person shorter than 170 cm. Such a significant difference is provoked by evolutionary development. People had a need for food, so their height and figure depended on the degree of activity and quality of the products.

Here are some interesting facts about the development of the human body, in particular about growth.

If you're over 25 but want to get taller, there are a few methods you can use to increase your height at almost any age:

Sports (regular exercise can correct posture by adding a few centimeters).
Stretching on the horizontal bar (under the influence of gravity, the vertebrae will take an anatomically correct shape and lengthen the overall growth).
Elizarov's apparatus (suitable for the most radical citizens; the principle of action is to increase the total length of the legs by 2-4 cm; before deciding, it is worth noting that the procedure is painful, since both legs are first broken to the patient, after which he is immobilized by the apparatus for several months, and then plaster). This method is indicated only when prescribed by a doctor.
Yoga and swimming (with the development of the flexibility of the spine, its length increases, and, consequently, its height).

Health is the key to a happy life. Before deciding on any surgical intervention, it is worth realizing the risk, as well as the consequences.

The skeleton is a natural support for our body. And taking care of it with the help of giving up bad habits and proper nutrition will save you in the future from joint diseases, fractures and other troubles.

It is also worth remembering that in case of injury, it is imperative to consult a doctor. After all, if the bone grows together naturally, there is a risk of paralysis of the limb, and this, in turn, will lead to the need to further break the bone for its proper fusion.

Video: Human skeleton, its structure and meaning

The skeleton is one of the most important structural components of the human body.

It performs many important functions, due to which a person is able to carry out the normal process of life.

It is necessary to know the basic names of the bones of the human skeleton, as well as to have an idea of its structure of its departments.

The human skeletal apparatus is a collection of solid formations - and connecting elements.

In combination with muscle tissues, the skeleton makes up the human musculoskeletal system, due to which it can move.

Cartilages act as connecting elements. Due to the cartilage tissue, the fastening of two bones is ensured, their mobility. The degree of mobility directly depends on the number of joints.

The main function of the skeleton is support. It acts as a kind of frame of the human body, maintains its shape, evenly distributes its mass.

The skeleton acts as a support for the internal organs, which are in limbo.

In addition, the skeleton is one of the body's defense mechanisms. Various bones protect vital organs, for example, the cranium protects against damage, and the spine is the protective shell of the spinal cord. The rib cage, consisting of the sternum and many ribs, provides protection for the heart, digestive organs, as well as large arteries and veins.

The presence of cartilaginous layers between the bones ensures the performance of the spring function of the skeleton. It lies in the fact that during movement, with shocks, concussions, falls or blows, the skeleton absorbs, thus preventing damage to organs.

One of the functions of the skeleton is support

Also, it is important to note that the bones of the human skeleton take part in hematopoietic processes.

Inside them is the bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of leukocytes and erythrocytes - one of the most important components.

In addition to the hematopoietic biological function of the skeleton, bones also provide tissues with trace elements and minerals.

The shape of the skeleton directly affects the appearance of a person.

In general, the human skeleton is a complex mobile structure that performs a number of vital functions.

Structural features

Departments of the skeletal apparatus:

Spine. It is divided into 5 sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. It consists of vertebrae, which, connecting with cartilaginous tissues, form the spinal column. Performs a protective, supporting function. Mobility is provided by the intervertebral discs, of which there are 23 in the spine.
Shoulder bones. The belt consists of two shoulder blades and collarbones. Fixation to the body occurs due to a large number of ligaments and muscles. They provide attachment to the body of the upper limbs, protect large arteries from possible damage.
Upper limb belt. Consists of the humerus, which connects to the radius and ulna at the elbow joint. The wrist is attached to the radius and ulna by the wrist joint. In the lower part of the department are brushes, which consist of a large number of small bones that also form fingers.
Thoracic skeleton. Represented by the thoracic spine, which consists of 12 vertebrae. 12 pairs of ribs are attached to them, and the sternum. The rib cage protects the heart and other internal organs and also acts as a support for a large number of muscle groups.
Pelvic bones. It consists of the sacrum and two pelvic bones, between which the pubic bone is located. The pelvic girdle also includes the coccygeal spine, represented by one bone. The pelvis acts as a support for the excretory organs, intestines, external and internal genital organs. In women, the pelvic girdle functions as a reproductive canal.
lower limbs. The human legs are made up of the femur, the tibia (the tibia and fibula), and the foot. Above the knee joint, which connects the lower leg and thighs, is the knee cap or patella. The foot is made up of many small bones, but is shaped to support considerable body weight.

The bones of the human skeleton are not homogeneous and differ from each other in shape and size.

The skeleton itself is a collection of various bone sections that have a different structure and degree of mobility.

It consists of several departments that perform different functions and have a specific design.

The skeletal apparatus consists of a large number of bones, as well as other components that provide the ability to move.

Congenital pathologies of the skeleton

Musculoskeletal disorders can be either congenital or acquired. At the moment, congenital anomalies are a common occurrence.

Acquired pathologies occur, as a rule, as a result of injuries or diseases in which normal bone growth is disturbed in childhood.

The most common congenital malformations of the skeleton:

Syndactyly. Pathology in which the patient has an fusion of two or more fingers. Currently being treated surgically at the age of 6-67 years. The disease can act as a symptom of Apert complex syndrome.
Brachydactyly. A developmental anomaly in which the toes or fingers are severely shortened. Very often, such a violation is combined with syndactyly. May occur against the background of congenital.
Shoemaker's chest. Outwardly, it is a strong retraction of the sternum, as well as the ribs attached to it. It occurs due to the fusion of the diaphragm and the posterior surface of the chest. It develops at birth, and in the future, most often, it progresses. Treatment is by removing the fused tissue between the sternum and diaphragm.
Microcephaly. With such a pathology, the size of the skull does not increase in the patient, which causes significant pressure on the brain. It occurs due to the fact that the seams that hold the lid and other bones of the skull together too quickly. There is no specific treatment for the disease, which is why patients are prescribed only symptomatic therapy.
Clubfoot. It is expressed in the wrong position, in which it is turned inward. As a rule, it occurs against the background of underdevelopment various groups ligaments, due to which the flexion functions of the muscles are disturbed. In most cases, clubfoot is bilateral.
Polymelia. A rare developmental anomaly in which children are born with extra limbs. It is caused by serious genetic disorders in which the child's body is not capable of normal life. In most cases, polymelia occurs against the background of other developmental anomalies that are not compatible with life.

In general, there are various anomalies in the development of the skeleton, which differ in severity, nature of manifestation and method of treatment.

The human skeleton is the main element musculoskeletal system, which performs a supporting and protective function, participates in the processes of hematopoiesis and maintains the mineral balance of the body. The skeleton consists of a large number of paired and unpaired bones, which form various skeletal sections.

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Types of bones in the adult body

The skeleton and muscles together make up the human locomotor system. The human skeleton is a complex of bones different types and cartilage, interconnected with the help of continuous connections, synarthroses, symphyses. Bones are divided into:

tubular, forming the upper (shoulder, forearm) and lower (thigh, lower leg) limbs;
spongy, foot (in particular, tarsus) and human hand (wrists);
mixed - vertebrae, sacrum;
flat, this includes the pelvic and cranial bones.

Important! Bone tissue, despite its increased strength, is able to grow and recover. Metabolic processes take place in it, and blood is even formed in the red bone marrow. With age, bone tissue is rebuilt, it becomes able to adapt to various loads.

Types of bones

How many bones are in the human body?

The structure of the human skeleton undergoes many changes throughout life. On initial stage development, the fetus consists of fragile cartilage tissue, which over time is gradually replaced by bone. A newborn baby has over 270 small bones. With age, some of them can grow together, for example, cranial and pelvic, as well as some vertebrae.

It is very difficult to say exactly how many bones in the body of an adult. Sometimes people have extra ribs or bones in the foot. There may be growths on the fingers, a slightly smaller or larger number of vertebrae in any of the spine. The structure of the human skeleton is purely individual. On average in an adult have from 200 to 208 bones.

Functions of the human skeleton

Each department performs its highly specialized tasks, but the human skeleton as a whole has several common functions:

Support. The axial skeleton is a support for all soft tissues of the body and a system of levers for the muscles.
Motor. Movable joints between bones allow a person to make millions of precise movements with the help of muscles, tendons, ligaments.
Protective. The axial skeleton protects the brain and internal organs from injury, acts as a shock absorber during impacts.
Metabolic. The composition of bone tissue includes a large amount of phosphorus and iron involved in the exchange of minerals.
Hematopoietic. The red marrow of tubular bones is the place where hematopoiesis takes place - the formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (cells of the immune system).

If some functions of the skeleton are impaired, diseases of varying severity may occur.

Functions of the human skeleton

Departments of the skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two large sections: axial (central) and additional (or limb skeleton). Each department performs its own tasks. The axial skeleton protects the abdominal organs from damage. The skeleton of the upper limb connects the arm to the torso. Due to the increased mobility of the bones of the hand, it helps to perform many precise finger movements. The functions of the skeleton of the lower extremities are to bind the legs to the body, move the body, and cushion when walking.

Axial skeleton. This department forms the basis of the body. It includes: the skeleton of the head and torso.

Head skeleton. The cranial bones are flat, immovably connected (with the exception of the movable lower jaw). They protect the brain and sense organs (hearing, sight and smell) from concussions. The skull is divided into the facial (visceral), cerebral and middle ear sections.

Torso skeleton. The bones of the chest. By appearance this subdivision resembles a compressed truncated cone or pyramid. The chest includes paired ribs (out of 12, only 7 are articulated with the sternum), the vertebrae of the thoracic spine and the sternum - an unpaired sternum.

Depending on the connection of the ribs with the sternum, true (upper 7 pairs), false (next 3 pairs), floating (last 2 pairs) are distinguished. The sternum itself is considered the central bone included in the axial skeleton.

The body is distinguished in it, the upper part is the handle, and the lower part is the xiphoid process. The bones of the chest are connection of increased strength with the vertebrae. Each vertebra has a special articular fossa designed for attachment to the ribs. This method of articulation is necessary to perform the main function of the skeleton of the body - the protection of human life support organs:, lungs, parts of the digestive system.

Important! The bones of the chest are subject to external influences, prone to modification. Physical activity and proper sitting at the table contribute to the proper development of the chest. A sedentary lifestyle and stoop lead to tightness of the chest organs and scoliosis. An improperly developed skeleton threatens with serious health problems.

Spine. The department is central axis and main support the entire human skeleton. The spinal column is formed from 32-34 individual vertebrae that protect the spinal canal with nerves. The first 7 vertebrae are called cervical, the next 12 are thoracic, then come the lumbar (5), 5 fused, forming the sacrum, and the last 2-5, constituting the coccyx.

The spine supports the back and torso, ensures the motor activity of the whole organism and the connection of the lower body with the brain due to the spinal nerves. The vertebrae are connected to each other semi-mobile (in addition to the sacral). This connection is carried out through the intervertebral discs. These cartilaginous formations soften shocks and tremors during any movement of a person and provide flexibility to the spine.

limb skeleton

Skeleton of the upper limb. Skeleton of the upper limb represented by the shoulder girdle and the skeleton of the free limb. The shoulder girdle connects the arm to the body and includes two paired bones:

The clavicle, which has an S-shaped bend. At one end it is attached to the sternum, and at the other it is connected to the scapula.
Shoulder blade. In appearance, it is a triangle adjacent to the back of the body.

The skeleton of the free limb (hand) is more mobile, since the bones in it are connected by large joints (shoulder, wrist, elbow). Skeleton represented by three subdivisions:

Shoulder, which consists of one long tubular bone - the humerus. One of its ends (epiphyses) is attached to the scapula, and the other, passing into the condyle, to the forearms.
Forearm: (two bones) the ulna, located on the same line with the little finger and the radius - in line with the first finger. Both bones on the lower epiphyses form a wrist joint with the carpal bones.
A brush that includes three parts: the bones of the wrist, metacarpus and finger phalanges. The wrist is represented by two rows of four spongy bones each. The first row (pisiform, trihedral, lunate, navicular) serves to attach to the forearm. In the second row are the hamate, trapezium, capitate and trapezoid bones facing the palm. The metacarpus consists of five tubular bones, with their proximal part they are motionlessly connected to the wrist. Finger bones. Each finger has three phalanges connected to each other, in addition to the thumb, which is opposed to the rest, and has only two phalanges.

Skeleton of the lower limb. The skeleton of the leg, as well as the hand, consists of a limb belt and its free part.

limb skeleton

The belt of the lower extremities is formed by paired pelvic bones. They grow together from paired pubic, iliac and ischial bones. This happens by the age of 15-17, when the cartilaginous connection is replaced by a fixed bone one. Such strong articulation is necessary for the maintenance of the organs. Three bones to the left and right of the axis of the body form along the acetabulum, which is necessary for the articulation of the pelvis with the head of the femur.

The bones of the free lower limb are divided into:

Femoral. The proximal (upper) epiphysis connects to the pelvis, and the distal (lower) to the tibia.
The patella (or patella) covers, formed at the junction of the femur and tibia.
The lower leg is represented by the tibia, located closer to the pelvis, and the fibula.
Foot bones. The tarsus is represented by seven bones that make up 2 rows. One of the largest and well developed is the calcaneus. The metatarsus is the middle part of the foot, the number of bones included in it is equal to the number of fingers. They are connected to the phalanges by means of joints. Fingers. Each finger consists of 3 phalanges, except for the first, which has two.

Important! During life, the foot is subject to modifications, calluses and growths can form on it, and there is a risk of developing flat feet. Often this is due to the wrong choice of shoes.

Sex differences

The structure of a woman and a man has no major differences. Only separate parts of some bones or their sizes are subject to changes. Among the most obvious, a narrower chest and a wide pelvis in a woman are distinguished, which is associated with labor. The bones of men, as a rule, are longer, more powerful than women's, and have more traces of muscle attachment. Distinguishing a female skull from a male is much more difficult. The skull of men is slightly thicker than the female, it has a more pronounced contour of the superciliary arches and the occipital protuberance.

In the human body, everything is interconnected and arranged very wisely. The skin and muscle cover, internal organs and skeleton, all this clearly interacts with each other, thanks to the efforts of nature. The following is a description of the human skeleton and its function.

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general information

Skeleton of bones different size and the form on which the human body is fixed is called the skeleton. It serves as a support and provides reliable security to important internal organs. What the human skeleton looks like can be seen in the photo.

Described organ, connecting with muscle tissues, is the musculoskeletal system of Homo sapiens. Thanks to this, all individuals can move freely.

Finally developed bone tissue consists of 20% water and is the strongest in the body. Human bones include inorganic substances, due to which they have strength, and organic, which give flexibility. That is why the bones are strong and resilient.

human bone anatomy

Looking at the organ in more detail, it is clear that it consists of several layers:

External. Forms bone tissue of high strength;
Connective. The layer tightly covers the bones from the outside;
Loose connective tissue. Here are complex weaves of blood vessels;
cartilage tissue. It settled at the ends of the organ, due to it the bones have the opportunity to grow, but up to a certain age;
Nerve endings. They, like wires, carry signals from the brain and vice versa.

Bone marrow is placed in the cavity of the bone tube, it is red and yellow.

Functions

Without exaggeration, we can say that the body will die if the skeleton stops performing its important functions:

support. The solid bone-cartilaginous frame of the body is formed by bones, to which fascia, muscles and internal organs are attached.
Protective. Of these, receptacles have been created for the maintenance and protection of the spinal cord (spine), the brain (cranial box) and for other equally important organs of human vital activity (rib frame).
Motor. Here we observe the exploitation of bones by muscles, as levers, for the movement of the body with the help of tendons. They predetermine the coherence of joint movements.
Cumulative. In the central cavities of long bones, fat accumulates - this is yellow bone marrow. The growth and strength of the skeleton depends on it.
In metabolism bone tissue plays an important role, it can be safely called a pantry of phosphorus and calcium. It is responsible for the metabolism of additional minerals in the human body: sulfur, magnesium, sodium, potassium and copper. When there is a shortage of any of these substances, they are released into the blood and distributed throughout the body.
hematopoietic. In hematopoiesis and bone formation, filled with blood vessels and nerves, the red bone marrow takes an active part. The skeleton contributes to the creation of blood and its renewal. The process of hematopoiesis takes place.

Organization of the skeleton

Into the skeletal structure includes several groups of bones. One contains the spine, cranium, chest and is the main group, which is a supporting structure and forms a frame.

The second, additional group, includes the bones that form the arms, legs and bones that provide a connection with the axial skeleton. Each group is described in more detail below.

Basic or axial skeleton

The skull is the bone base of the head.. It is half an ellipsoid in shape. Inside the cranium is the brain, here the sense organs have found their place. Serves as a solid support for the elements of the respiratory and digestive apparatus.

The thorax is the bone base of the chest. It resembles a compressed truncated cone. It is not only a support, but also a mobile device, participating in the work of the lungs. The internal organs are located in the chest.

Spine- an important part of the skeleton, it provides a stable vertical position of the body and contains the brain in its back, protecting it from damage.

Additional skeleton

The belt of the upper limbs - allows the upper limbs to join the axial skeleton. It consists of a pair of shoulder blades and a pair of clavicles.

upper limbs - unique working tool, which is indispensable. It consists of three sections: shoulder, forearm and hand.

Belt of the lower extremities - attaches the lower extremities to the axial frame, and is also a convenient receptacle and support for the digestive, reproductive and urinary systems.

Lower limbs - mainly perform supporting, motor and spring functions human body.

About the human skeleton with the name of the bones, as well as how many there are in total in the body and each department, is described below.

Departments of the skeleton

In an adult, the skeleton contains 206 bones. Usually its anatomy debuts with a skull. Separately, I would like to note the presence of the external skeleton - the dentition and nails. The human frame consists of many paired and unpaired organs, forming separate skeletal parts.

skull anatomy

The structure of the cranium also includes paired and unpaired bones. Some are spongy, while others are mixed. There are two main sections in the skull, they differ in their functions and development. Right there, in the temporal region, is the middle ear.

The brain department creates a cavity for part of the sense organs and the brain of the head. It has a vault and a base. There are 7 bones in the department:

frontal;
wedge-shaped;
Parietal (2 pcs.);
Temporal (2 pcs.);
Trellised.

The facial section includes 15 bones. It contains most of the sense organs. This is where they start parts of the respiratory and digestive systems.

The middle ear contains a chain of three small bones that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the labyrinth. There are 6 of them in the skull. 3 on the right and 3 on the left.

Hammer (2 pcs.);
Anvil (2 pcs.);
The stirrup (2 pcs.) is the smallest bone measuring 2.5 mm.

Torso Anatomy

This includes the spine starting from the neck. The chest is attached to it. They are very related in terms of location and functions they perform. We will separately consider spinal column then chest.

vertebral column

The axial skeleton consists of 32–34 vertebrae. They are interconnected by cartilage, ligaments and joints. The spine is divided into 5 sections and in each section there are several vertebrae:

Neck (7 pcs.) This includes epistrophy and atlas;
Thoracic (12 pcs.);
Lumbar (5 pieces);
sacral (5 pcs.);
Coccygeal (3-5 fused).

The vertebrae are separated by 23 intervertebral discs. This combination is called: partially movable joints.

Rib cage

This part of the human skeleton is formed from the sternum and 12 ribs, which are attached to 12 thoracic vertebrae. Flattened from front to back and expanded in the transverse direction, the chest forms a mobile and durable rib lattice. It protects the lungs, heart and major blood vessels from damage.

Sternum.

It has a flat shape and a spongy structure. It contains a rib cage in front.

Upper limb anatomy

With the help of the upper limbs, a person performs a lot of elementary and complex actions. Hands include many small parts and are divided into several departments, each of which conscientiously performs its work.

In the free part of the upper limb includes four sections:

The belt of the upper limb includes: 2 shoulder blades and 2 collarbones.
Shoulder bones (2 pcs.);
Elbow (2 pcs.) And radial (2 pcs.);
Brush. This complex part is arranged from 27 small fragments. Bones of the wrist (8 x 2), metacarpus (5 x 2) and phalanges of the fingers (14 x 2).

Hands are an exceptional apparatus for fine motor skills and precise movements. Human bones are 4 times stronger than concrete, so you can perform rough mechanical movements, the main thing is not to overdo it.

Anatomy of the lower extremities

The bones of the pelvic girdle form the skeleton of the lower extremities. The human legs are made up of many small parts and are divided into sections:

The leg skeleton is similar to the arm skeleton. Their structure is the same, but the difference can be seen in the details and size. The entire weight of the human body lies on the legs when moving. Therefore, they are stronger and stronger than the hands.

Bone Shapes

In the human body, the bones are not only different sizes, but also shapes. There are 4 types of bone shapes:

Broad and flat (like a skull);
Tubular or long (in limbs);
Having a composite shape, asymmetrical (pelvic and vertebrae);
Short (bones of the wrist or foot).

Having considered the structure of the human skeleton, we can conclude that it is an important structural component of the human body. It performs the functions due to which the body carries out the normal process of its life.