Basic Polish verbs. Verb categories. Conjugation of verbs with complex alternations

There are verbs perfect form And imperfect form. They are practically no different from the corresponding ones in Russian. A small number of verbs have two specific meanings at once ( ofiarować"sacrifice", anulować, kazać“command, force/force”). There are also words that do not have an aspectual pair, for example, imperfective verbs miec"have", móc"to be able" dyszeć, owocować"fruit", rozkoszować; or perfect verbs opaść, osierocić, osłupieć"to be dumbfounded" owdowieć. There may be cases when different meanings the same verb will correspond to different species forms (cisnąć“throw” is the perfect form, “reap” is the imperfect form).

However, most Polish verbs form aspectual pairs using prefixes, suffixes, and changes in the stem:

Imperfective verbs can form the present and future complex tenses ( piszę, będę pisał), active present participle ( piszący), participle with suffix -ąc (pisząc), while perfective verbs form simple future tense forms ( napiszę), participles with suffixes -wszy-/-łszy- (pisawszy), and do not have present tense forms. Forms of the past tense, conditional and imperative form verbs of both types.

With the help of suffixes, verbs also express the meaning of once and repeatedly:

• nieść"carry" - nosić,
• mowić"speak" - mawiać,
• ciąć"cut" - wycinać,
• płakać"cry" - popłаkiwać,
• ćrapacć"snore" - pochrapywać,
• jeść"There is" - jadać,
• czytać"read" - czytywać,
• spać"sleep" - sypiać,
• widzieć się"to see each other" - widywać się,
• być"be" - bywać,
• siedzieć"sit" - siadywać,
• miec"have" - miewać,
• Chodzić"walk" - chadzać,
• płynąć"swim" - pływać.

Mood category

As in Russian, there are the following moods: indicative, which represents the action as actually happening ( piszę), conditional, in which the action is recognized as possible ( pisałby), imperative when the listener is called to perform a specific action ( pisz!).

Time category

This category combines the following grammatical meanings: present time (widzę), past tense (Widziałem, napisałaś), Future tense (będę widział, napiszesz). These meanings are practically no different from those existing in the Russian language.

Pledge category

Active and passive voice coexist in sentences where the predicate is transitive verb, i.e. a verb that combines with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. In such sentences, the subject represents either the subject performing the action or the object towards which the action is directed ( on niesie sztandar"he carries the flag" - sztandar jest niesiony przez niego, koń pije wodę“the horse drinks water” - woda jest pita przez konia). Passive voice in Polish language expressed exclusively by form passive voice participles ( niesiony, pita).

Face category

As in the Russian language, the grammatical meanings of 3 persons are combined here, but, unlike the Russian language, they apply to all conjugated forms, including the past tense and the conditional mood.

Number category

Genus category

This category includes values masculine, feminine and neuter and appears in the past tense and conditional mood, as well as in the system of participles and gerunds. In the plural, these forms implement the category of a male person, which depends on the category of the male person of the subject. Participles also have a case category.

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In this lesson we continue to work with verbs.

As you know, the principle of working with verbs is always the same, regardless of the group:

removed the ending from the infinitive and put the correct endings for I, You, We, They etc.

There are 4 groups of verbs in Polish. We tried to give a fairly simple and structured explanation of this topic in this lesson. Understand the principle, learn the endings, and then type lexicon and learn verbs and their conjugations as you work with the Polish language.

Correct endings allow us to correctly say “I’m listening.” Yu", "we understand eat", not "I'm listening t", "we understand t».

Group 1. Verbs ending -ować

kupować (buy), pracować (work), studiować (study at a higher educational institution), drukować (to print), znajdować się (to be), marznąć (to freeze)

This group of verbs will be characterized by endings - esz , -iesz for pronoun You:

pracować – to work

Pracuję na pół etatu. – I work part time.
Gdzie pracujesz? – Where do you work?
On nie prakuje. - He does not work.
Ona pracuje od ósmej do czwartej. – She works from eight to four.
Pracujemy w weekend. – We work on weekends.
Do której pracujecie? – What time do you work until?
Oni pracują w brygadzie. – They work in a team.

Group 2. Verbs that end in -ić, -eć, -yć (as well as a few words ending in -ać)

prosić (to ask), mówić (to speak), dzwonić (to call)
myśleć (think), milczeć (be silent)
patrzyć (watch), uczyć (learn)
stać (stand), spać (sleep)

Such verbs are characterized by endings - ysz , -isz for pronoun You:

mówić – to speak

myśleć – to think

Ja tak nie myślę – I don’t think so.
Czy myślisz, że ona dzisiaj do nas przyjdzie? – Do you think she'll come today?
Co pani o tym myśli? – What do you think of it? (address to a woman)
Myślicie, że jutro będzie zimno? – Do you think it will be cold tomorrow?
Skoro (jeżeli) oni o tym nie myślą, musimy to zrobić sami – If they don't think about it, we have to do it ourselves.

prosić – to ask

Proszę cię. - I beg you.
Dlaczego nie poprosisz go? – Why don't you ask him?
Nikt o to (tym) ciebie nie prosi. – Nobody is asking you to do this.
Prosimy przyjść jutro wcześniej. – We ask you to come early tomorrow.
Dobrze, skoro tak prosicie. – Okay, if that's what you ask.
Oni nie proszą. Oni robią. – They don't ask. They make.

Group 3. Verbs ending in -ać

podobać się (like), czekać (wait), szukać (search), czytać (read), mieszkać (live),
zaczynać (to begin).

Such verbs will have the ending - am for pronoun I and the ending - asz For You:

czekać – to wait

Czekam na ciebie. - I'm waiting for you.
Poczekasz na mnie z pracy? – Will you wait for me from work?
Ona czeka na nas o dwunastej. – She's expecting us at twelve o'clock.
Niepotrzebnie czekamy tak długo. – We are waiting so long in vain.
Też czekacie państwo na ten pociąg? – Are you also waiting for this train?
Oni czekają na samolot z Berlina. – They are waiting for a plane from Berlin.

Group 4. Exceptions, they are easier to learn

jeść (to eat), umieć (to be able to), być (to be), rozumieć (to understand)

For pronoun I characteristic ending - em. But very often the basis itself changes.

rozumieć – to understand

Rozumiem cię doskonale. – I understand exactly what u mean.
Dlaczego ty tego nie rozumiesz? To jest takie łatwe (tak łatwo)! – Why don't you understand this? It's so easy!
Nikt tego nie rozumie. – Nobody understands this.
Czy wszystko rozumiecie? – Do you understand everything?
Rozumiemy o czym nas prosicie. – We understand what you are asking of us.
Oni nie rozumieją po polsku. – They don't understand Polish.

All we have to do is do exercises to practice the correct endings, gain vocabulary from sentences and listen to the Polish language in the answers to the exercises - this is excellent practice for listening.

Tip for the exercises: if you can’t conjugate a verb, listen to the voiceover and take dictation.

Appetite comes with eating. After we dealt with the most important verbs of the Polish language (być and mieć), we gained confidence in own strength and we are ready to absorb dozens of verbs.

All in order to finally speak Polish easily and naturally.

Well, it’s reasonable, but before we begin to understand the system of verb conjugation in Polish, i.e. Let's look at the general schemes; I would like to draw your attention to one more verb. It may not be as common as the previous ones, but it suits us for three reasons:

1) brać – an excellent illustration, this is a typical verb of the Polish language, using the example of which you can understand the general pattern of ubiquitous alternations;

2) we can cope perfectly with the control of the verb brać, we have quite enough knowledge for this;

3) in addition to the traditional Russian use of the verb to take, the Polish analogue is also ready to surprise us, appearing in the most unexpected places.

Conjugation, also known as konjugacja

In the very near future we will talk about the system of changing Polish verbs in general. Today we’ll just look at the sign...

... and let’s note one pattern for ourselves. Most Polish verbs in the present tense have two stems. As a rule, the first of them is hard (in our case bior-) (and the second is soft - bierz-). Moreover, with all their diversity, such foundations always have their clear place. The first (solid) base is always used in the very first form (ja) and in the very last (oni/one) - if you go by the tablet. In my opinion, remembering the location and use of the stems of the present tense verb, visually imagining the tablet, is the most The best way remember them, and not only for visual learners.

So, most Polish verbs (i-conjugation and e-conjugation verbs, this does not apply to am-conjugation verbs) have two stems in the present tense: hard and soft. The first is used in the first person singular and in the third person plural, the second - in all other forms of the verb.

Management: even gave me a name

There should be no problems with controlling the verb brać for two reasons.

Firstly, Polish brać, like Russian “to take”, requires the Accusative case after itself.

brać (kogo? co?) = to take (who? what?)

And such a coincidence in the Russian and Polish languages ​​is a gift of fate to you and me. We simply have no chance of mixing things up, unless, of course, we start being clever.

Secondly, the case itself, which our verb requires, is named after it. Remember what it's called Accusative in Polish? That's right - Biernik.

To bookmarks!

Acquaintance with such a part of speech as a verb usually begins with the forms of the present tense. And here we cannot do without conjugations – changes of verbs according to numbers and persons.

Conjugating verbs in Polish is complicated by the fact that there are not 2 of them, as in Russian, but 4 (some say 3). Plus, when the forms of verbs change according to persons and numbers, alternations occur at the base of the word.

We have already told you how you can make learning Polish easier if... On initial stage learning this technique will help you a lot, but if you want to know the Polish language at least at an intermediate level, then you cannot do without knowing all the conjugations that are officially identified in Polish grammars.

I conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs with an infinitive:

• vowel + — c(biec- run);
• consonant + — ć (nieść – to carry);
• -ować (rysować- paint);
• -ąć, -nąć (dźwignąć– move);
• — ić, — yć, — uć – monosyllabic words and derivatives from them ( pić - drink, ż yć - live);
• -ać (pisać – write) – not all words;
• — eć (chcieć – want) – not all words.

These words in the first person singular have the ending -ę , and in the second person — esz -у(-у) And -eat respectively. For example, drink - drink - drink.

Remember! In the present tense, verb forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb, which is presented in the dictionary). Roughly speaking, you need to discard -ć and add an ending indicating person and number.

Pi ć (drink)

If the 1st person singular stem ends in a hard consonant, then the hardness is preserved only in the 3rd person plural. In other forms, the base softens and alternations occur:

• m//m’ dmę-dmiesz
• w//w’ rwę-rwiesz
• n//n’ płynę-płyniesz
• s//ś niosę-niesiesz
• z//ź polazę-poleziesz
• t//ć gniotę-gnieciesz
• d//dź usiądę-usiądziesz
• k//cz piekę-pieczesz
• g//ż mogę-możesz
• r//rz drę-drzesz

In addition, there is an alternation of vowels:

• o//e biorę-bierzesz
• a//e jadę-jedziesz

For verbs ending in — ować , — ywać , suffixes — owa— , — ywa— are replaced by — uj— . For example : rysować- rysuję(draw-draw).

In Russian and Belarusian languages similar changes occur in verb forms. Therefore, if you are in doubt about the spelling of these words, try comparing them with the cognate verbs of our languages.

II conjugation

The second conjugation includes Polish verbs with the infinitive to — ić/- yć (mó wić - speak), as well as some words in — ać (spać - sleep, stać – stand) and — eć (myś leć - think, milczeć - be silent, widzieć - see, sł yszeć - hear, leż eć - lie).

Spać (sleep)

Mowić (speak)

Verbs of the second conjugation in the first person singular have an ending -ę , and in the second person - - isz/- ysz. Cognate verbs in Russian and Belarusian languages ​​in the 1st and 2nd person have endings -у(-у) And -hey respectively. In our languages, these verbs belong to the second conjugation. For example, see - see - see, love - love - love.

In this type of conjugation there are alternations of consonants. If the stem in the 1st person singular ends with a hardened consonant, this hardness is preserved in the 3rd person plural; in other forms the stem is softened.

• c//ć lecę-lecisz
• dz//dź siedzę-siedzisz
• sz//ś noszę-nosisz
• ż//ź wożę-wozisz
• żdż//źdź jeżdżę-jeździsz
• szcz//ść czyszczę-czyścisz

However, in some cases, hardened consonants remain unchanged: in all forms of the present tense the base is the same, only the endings change. For example: skoczę-skoczysz, kroczę-kroczysz, łączę-łączysz; płoszę-płoszysz, ruszę-ruszysz, suszę-suszysz, wróżę-wróżysz, służę-służysz, wrzeszczę-wrzeszczysz, piszczę-piszczysz, miażdżysz, chmurzę-chmurzysz.

III conjugation

The third conjugation includes verbs that end in infinitive -ać(except for those few words with the same ending that belong to the second conjugation). These verbs in the present tense in the 1st person singular end in -Am, and in the 2nd person – on – asz. There are no alternations in the base here. For example:

Mieszka ć (reside)

In the Russian and Belarusian languages, analogues of such verbs in the 1st person singular of the present tense end in –ay, and in the 2nd person – on – oh yeah: czytam— czytasz(read and read) czekam— czekasz(white: chakayu-chakaesh).

IV conjugation

In some textbooks, IV conjugation is not distinguished at all, since this group is small and includes exception words. The difficulty is that each verb has its own characteristics in the formation of forms (alternation, changes in the stem) that need to be remembered. In addition, these verbs are very common in the Polish language, without them you will not be able to construct even the simplest phrases.

The fourth conjugation includes verbs that have the ending in the 1st person singular -em, and in 2nd person -esz:

• wiedzieć – wiem – wiesz(know - know - know);
• jeść – jem – jesz(eat – eat – eat);
• rozumieć – rozumiem – rozumiesz(understand – understand – understand);
• umieć – umiem – umiesz(to be able to – I can – you can).

Jeść (There is)

Note! In verbs jeść, wiedzieć, dać in the 3rd person plural before the nasal (ending) instead of j a combination appears dz.

Verb być (to be) also belongs to the fourth conjugation, but still stands apart. Its present tense forms are not formed from the infinitive stem. This conjugation paradigm needs to be remembered.

Być (to be)

Polish conjugations in the table

To make it easier for you to understand and remember which conjugation specific Polish verbs belong to, we have prepared a visual table in which we have included the most important information:

We remind you! Hard consonants: b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z, k, g, h (ch); soft: ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l; hardened: all digraphs (without ch) – sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż + s.

Conjugation of verbs with complex alternations

Since at the base of some Polish verbs, when changing forms in persons and numbers, numerous alternations occur, both consonant and vowel sounds, it is sometimes difficult to understand why this or that form is formed in this way. The conjugation paradigm for these verbs needs to be remembered.

Ciąć (cut)

Mleć (grind)

Mielic(chalk - colloquial form)

Pleć (weed)

Bać się (afraid)

Brać (take)

Chcieć (want)

Drzeć (tear, tear)

Iść (go)

Jechać (drive)

Kłaść ( put)

Moc (be able)

Myć (się) (wash (s))

To bookmarks!

Acquaintance with such a part of speech as a verb usually begins with the forms of the present tense. And here we cannot do without conjugations – changes of verbs according to numbers and persons.

Conjugating verbs in Polish is complicated by the fact that there are not 2 of them, as in Russian, but 4 (some say 3). Plus, when the forms of verbs change according to persons and numbers, alternations occur at the base of the word.

We have already told you how you can make learning Polish easier if... At the initial stage of learning, this technique will help you a lot, but if you want to know the Polish language at least at an intermediate level, then you cannot do without knowing all the conjugations that are officially identified in Polish grammars.

I conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs with an infinitive:

• vowel + — c(biec- run);
• consonant + — ć (nieść – to carry);
• -ować (rysować- paint);
• -ąć, -nąć (dźwignąć– move);
• — ić, — yć, — uć – monosyllabic words and derivatives from them ( pić - drink, ż yć - live);
• -ać (pisać – write) – not all words;
• — eć (chcieć – want) – not all words.

These words in the first person singular have the ending -ę , and in the second person — esz -у(-у) And -eat respectively. For example, drink - drink - drink.

Remember! In the present tense, verb forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb, which is presented in the dictionary). Roughly speaking, you need to discard -ć and add an ending indicating person and number.

Pi ć (drink)

If the 1st person singular stem ends in a hard consonant, then the hardness is preserved only in the 3rd person plural. In other forms, the base softens and alternations occur:

• m//m’ dmę-dmiesz
• w//w’ rwę-rwiesz
• n//n’ płynę-płyniesz
• s//ś niosę-niesiesz
• z//ź polazę-poleziesz
• t//ć gniotę-gnieciesz
• d//dź usiądę-usiądziesz
• k//cz piekę-pieczesz
• g//ż mogę-możesz
• r//rz drę-drzesz

In addition, there is an alternation of vowels:

• o//e biorę-bierzesz
• a//e jadę-jedziesz

For verbs ending in — ować , — ywać , suffixes — owa— , — ywa— are replaced by — uj— . For example : rysować- rysuję(draw-draw).

In the Russian and Belarusian languages, similar changes occur in the forms of verbs. Therefore, if you are in doubt about the spelling of these words, try comparing them with the cognate verbs of our languages.

II conjugation

The second conjugation includes Polish verbs with an infinitive ending — ić/- yć (mó wić - speak), as well as some words in — ać (spać - sleep, stać – stand) and — eć (myś leć - think, milczeć - be silent, widzieć - see, sł yszeć - hear, leż eć - lie).

Spać (sleep)

Mowić (speak)

Verbs of the second conjugation in the first person singular have an ending -ę , and in the second person - - isz/- ysz. Cognate verbs in Russian and Belarusian languages ​​in the 1st and 2nd person have endings -у(-у) And -hey respectively. In our languages, these verbs belong to the second conjugation. For example, see - see - see, love - love - love.

In this type of conjugation there are alternations of consonants. If the stem in the 1st person singular ends with a hardened consonant, this hardness is preserved in the 3rd person plural; in other forms the stem is softened.

• c//ć lecę-lecisz
• dz//dź siedzę-siedzisz
• sz//ś noszę-nosisz
• ż//ź wożę-wozisz
• żdż//źdź jeżdżę-jeździsz
• szcz//ść czyszczę-czyścisz

However, in some cases, hardened consonants remain unchanged: in all forms of the present tense the base is the same, only the endings change. For example: skoczę-skoczysz, kroczę-kroczysz, łączę-łączysz; płoszę-płoszysz, ruszę-ruszysz, suszę-suszysz, wróżę-wróżysz, służę-służysz, wrzeszczę-wrzeszczysz, piszczę-piszczysz, miażdżysz, chmurzę-chmurzysz.

III conjugation

The third conjugation includes verbs that end in infinitive -ać(except for those few words with the same ending that belong to the second conjugation). These verbs in the present tense in the 1st person singular end in -Am, and in the 2nd person – on – asz. There are no alternations in the base here. For example:

Mieszka ć (reside)

In the Russian and Belarusian languages, analogues of such verbs in the 1st person singular of the present tense end in –ay, and in the 2nd person – on – oh yeah: czytam— czytasz(read and read) czekam— czekasz(white: chakayu-chakaesh).

IV conjugation

In some textbooks, IV conjugation is not distinguished at all, since this group is small and includes exception words. The difficulty is that each verb has its own characteristics in the formation of forms (alternation, changes in the stem) that need to be remembered. In addition, these verbs are very common in the Polish language, without them you will not be able to construct even the simplest phrases.

The fourth conjugation includes verbs that have the ending in the 1st person singular -em, and in 2nd person -esz:

• wiedzieć – wiem – wiesz(know - know - know);
• jeść – jem – jesz(eat – eat – eat);
• rozumieć – rozumiem – rozumiesz(understand – understand – understand);
• umieć – umiem – umiesz(to be able to – I can – you can).

Jeść (There is)

Note! In verbs jeść, wiedzieć, dać in the 3rd person plural before the nasal (ending) instead of j a combination appears dz.

Verb być (to be) also belongs to the fourth conjugation, but still stands apart. Its present tense forms are not formed from the infinitive stem. This conjugation paradigm needs to be remembered.

Być (to be)

Polish conjugations in the table

To make it easier for you to understand and remember which conjugation specific Polish verbs belong to, we have prepared a visual table in which we have included the most important information:

We remind you! Hard consonants: b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z, k, g, h (ch); soft: ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l; hardened: all digraphs (without ch) – sz, cz, rz, ż, dz, dż + s.

Conjugation of verbs with complex alternations

Since at the base of some Polish verbs, when changing forms in persons and numbers, numerous alternations occur, both consonant and vowel sounds, it is sometimes difficult to understand why this or that form is formed in this way. The conjugation paradigm for these verbs needs to be remembered.

Ciąć (cut)

Mleć (grind)

Mielic(chalk - colloquial form)

Pleć (weed)

Bać się (afraid)

Brać (take)

Chcieć (want)

Drzeć (tear, tear)

Iść (go)

Jechać (drive)

Kłaść ( put)

Moc (be able)

Myć (się) (wash (s))