The past tense in the Polish verb was. Difficulty of the week: past tense of the verb iść. What is the hardest thing about conjugating a Polish verb? Of course, these are not endings or even alternations. The fact is that in the Polish language, by the external gender, the infinitive is completely

The idea of ​​the article “100 most used verbs in Polish”, I confess, not mine, but one reader. And this great idea, I'll tell you! If only because I didn’t really find anything on this topic on the net - there are any number of lists of the most commonly used verbs in English and German, but - I really did not find, although, perhaps, I did not look well - not a single list of Polish.

There are a couple of small lists in several brochures that I have and, of course, a list of the most used words in the Polish language in general, from which I will also take some information. In order not to write here a bunch of rather voluminous verb conjugation tables, I will simply list them, giving two forms in parentheses to them - for “I” and for “you”, and sometimes for “they”, if it is done as- that in a special way. If you are familiar with the butterfly rule, then it will not be difficult for you to recreate all the other forms of verbs. If you are unfamiliar, check it out! And also, to make it really cool, I’ll add an imperative mood here, but only in the second person. With an exclamation point so you don't make a mistake. If there is no word with an exclamation point, then there is no imperative mood. And - let's go!

This is a list of one hundred and one verbs, based on lists of the most common Polish verbs. Sometimes, when I wrote in brackets the forms of conjugations of the present tense, I thought: “Yes, I have never heard in my life that someone used these forms at all!”. Therefore, you should approach the list with due attention and understanding: not all the verbs given here are used with such a high frequency in persons. Some almost always occur only in the infinitive, and some - more often in the imperative mood (for example, as with the verb wyobrazić - well, I have never heard someone say “Wyobrażę! - I’ll imagine!”, but “Wyobraź sobie!” Imagine!" - as much as you like). Therefore, forms are, of course, great, but sometimes the truth is not necessary.

But! I would like to add something else, namely, the verbs that you must know in the name of A1 Polish textbooks, which are very likely to come across in exams. Attention! This is an addition to the list above! This is not a standalone product! That is - read all the same with the above hundred (otherwise, why did they open the article at all :)).

More than 100 most popular Polish verbs

So, the list of verbs that are not included in the "100 most used verbs in the Polish language", but which often come across in textbooks and exams (sorted alphabetically).

Wow, I didn't think there were so many! Those who thoroughly studied the first book "

Learning a foreign language can be quite challenging, especially when it comes to grammar. From the very beginning you must start practicing different times, cases, and conjugations of Polish verbs. Knowledge of conjugations of Polish verbs is really necessary in spoken Polish, as well as in other foreign language. But refreshing knowledge in grammar, especially in conjugation of Polish verbs, is important not only for beginners, but also for those who already have enough high level knowledge of the language. The conjugation function of Polish verbs from bab.la is good way learn conjugations of Polish verbs. After using the Polish verb conjugation search engine and searching for the correct Polish verb conjugation, you will be able to learn or brush up on your knowledge. If you're looking for a more fun way to learn Polish verb conjugations, or to review the ones you already know, you can try bab.la's games and quizzes. With Polish Tests from bab.la you can brush up on your knowledge of Polish verb conjugation by taking various Polish verb conjugation tests. Also, you can try funny Polish bab.la

Verbs are perfect look And imperfect form. They practically do not differ from the corresponding ones in Russian. A small number of verbs have two specific meanings at once ( ofiarowac"sacrifice", anulowac, Kazac"command, compel/compel"). There are also words that do not have an aspect pair, for example, imperfective verbs miec"have", moc"to be able" dyszec, owocowac"fruit", rozkoszowac; or perfective verbs opaść, osierocic, osłupieć"stupefied" owdowiec. There may be cases where different values the same verb will correspond to different species forms (cisnąć“throw” is a perfect form, “reap” is an imperfect form).

However, most Polish verbs form species pairs with the help of prefixes, suffixes, changes in the basis:

Imperfective verbs can form the present and future compound tenses ( pisze, będę pisal), real participle present tense ( piszacy), a gerund with the suffix -ac (piszac), while perfective verbs form the simple future tense ( napisze), gerunds with suffixes -wszy-/-łszy- (pisawszy), and have no present tense forms. Forms of the past tense, conditional and imperative form verbs of both kinds.

With the help of suffixes, the verb also expresses the meanings of singleness and multiplicity:

• nieść"carry" - nose,
• mowic"speak" - mawiac,
• ciąć"cut" - wycinac,
• płakac"cry" - poplakiwać,
• chrapac"snore" - pochrapywac,
• jeść"There is" - jadac,
• czytac"read" - czytywac,
• spac"sleep" - sypiac,
• widzieć sę"to see" - widywać się,
• byc"be" - bywac,
• siedziec"sit" - siadywać,
• miec"have" - miewac,
• chodzic"walk" - chadzać,
• plynąć"float" - plywac.

Mood category

As in Russian, there are the following moods: indicative, which represents the action as actually happening ( pisze), conditional, in which the action is perceived as possible ( writing), imperative when the listener is called to perform a specific action ( pisz!).

Time category

This category combines the following grammatical meanings: present time (widze), past tense (Widzialem, napisalaś), Future tense (będę widzial, napiszesz). These meanings practically do not differ from those existing in Russian.

Collateral category

The active and passive coexist in sentences where the predicate is transitive verb, i.e. verb combined with a noun accusative without a suggestion. In such sentences, the subject represents either the subject performing the action or the object to which the action is directed ( on niesie sztandar"he carries the flag" - sztandar jest niesiony przez niego, koń pije wodę horse drinks water woda jest pita przez konia). The passive voice in Polish is expressed exclusively by the form passive voice participles ( niesiony, pita).

Person category

As in Russian, the grammatical meanings of 3 persons are combined here, but, unlike the Russian language, they apply to all conjugated forms, including the past tense and the conditional mood.

Number category

Genus category

This category includes values masculine, feminine and neuter and manifests itself in the past tense and conditional mood, as well as in the system of participles and participles. In the plural in these forms, the category of the male person is realized, which depends on the category of the male person of the subject. Participles also have a case category.

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Acquaintance with such a part of speech as a verb usually begins with the forms of the present tense. And here we can not do without conjugations - changes of verbs in numbers and persons.

The conjugation of verbs in Polish is complicated by the fact that there are not 2, as in Russian, but 4 (some single out 3). Plus, when changing the forms of verbs in persons and numbers, alternations occur at the base of the word.

We have already talked about how you can make learning the Polish language easier if. On initial stage learning this technique will help you a lot, but if you want to know the Polish language at least at an intermediate level, then you cannot do without knowing all the conjugations that are officially distinguished in Polish grammars.

I conjugation

The first conjugation includes verbs with an infinitive in:

• vowel + — c(biec- run);
• consonant + — ć (nieść - to carry);
• -owac (rysować- paint);
• -ąć, -nąć (dźwignąć- move);
• — ić, — yć, — uć - monosyllabic words and their derivatives ( pić - drink, ż yć - live);
• -ac (pisać - write) - not all words;
• — eć (chcieć - want) - not all words.

These words in the first person singular have the ending -ę , and in the second person — esz -y (-y) And -eat respectively. For example, drink - drink - drink.

Remember! In the present tense, verb forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (the indefinite form of the verb, which is presented in the dictionary). Roughly speaking, you need to discard -ć and add an ending indicating the person and number.

Pi ć (drink)

If the stem of the 1st person singular ends in a hard consonant, then the hardness is preserved only in the 3rd person plural. In other forms, the base softens - alternations arise:

• m//m' dmę-dmiesz
• w//w' rwę-rwiesz
• n//n' plynę-plyniesz
• s//ś niose-niesiesz
• z//ź polazę-poleziesz
• t//ć gniotę-gnieciesz
• d//dź usiadę-usiadziesz
• k//cz piekę-pieczesz
• g//ż mogę-mozesz
• r//rz dre-drzesz

In addition, there is an alternation of vowels:

• o//e biore-bierzesz
• a//e jadę-jedziesz

For verbs ending in — ować , — ywać , suffixes — owa— , — ywa— are replaced by — uj— . For example : rysować- rysuję(draw-draw).

in Russian and Belarusian languages similar changes occur in the forms of verbs. Therefore, if in doubt about the spelling of these words, try to compare them with the same-root verbs of our languages.

II conjugation

The second conjugation includes Polish verbs with an infinitive in — ić/- yć (mó wić - to speak), as well as some words in — ać (spać - sleep, stać - stand) and — eć (myś leć - think, milzeć - be silent Widzieć - see, sł yszeć - hear, leż eć - lie).

Spac (sleep)

Mowic (speak)

Verbs of the second conjugation in the first person singular have the ending -ę , and in the second person isz/- ysz. Single-root verbs in Russian and Belarusian languages ​​in the 1st and 2nd person have endings -y (-y) And -ish respectively. In our languages, these verbs belong to the second conjugation. For example, see - see - see, love - love - love.

In this type of conjugation there are alternations of consonants. If the stem in the 1st person singular ends in a hardened consonant, this hardness is preserved in the 3rd person plural, in other forms the stem softens.

• c//ć lecę-lecisz
• dz//dz siedze-siedzisz
• sz//ś nosze-nosisz
• ż//ź wożę-wozisz
• żdż//źdź jeżdżę-jeździsz
• szcz//ść czyszczę-czyścisz

However, in some cases, the hardened consonants remain unchanged: in all forms of the present tense, the basis is the same, only the endings change. For example: skoczę-skoczysz, kroczę-kroczysz, łączę-łączysz; służę-służysz, wrzeszczę-wrzeszczysz, piszczę-piszczysz, miażdżę-miażd żysz, chmurzę-chmurzysz.

III conjugation

The third conjugation includes verbs that in the infinitive end in -ac(except for those few words with the same ending related to the second conjugation). These verbs in the present tense in the 1st person singular end in -Am, and in the 2nd person - on - asz. There are no alternations in the base. For example:

Mieszka ć (reside)

In Russian and Belarusian, analogues of such verbs in the 1st person singular of the present tense end in -ayu, and in the 2nd person - on - eat: czytam— czytasz(read-read) czekam— czekasz(white chakayu-chakaesh).

IV conjugation

In some textbooks IV, the conjugation is not singled out at all, since this group is not numerous, it includes exception words. The difficulty lies in the fact that each verb has its own characteristics in the formation of forms (alternations, changes in the stem) that need to be remembered. In addition, these verbs are very common in Polish, without them you will not be able to build even the simplest phrases.

The fourth conjugation includes verbs that in the 1st person singular have the ending -em, and in the 2nd person -esz:

• wiedzieć-wiem-wiesz(know - know - know);
• jeść-jem-jesz(eat - eat - eat);
• rozumieć - rozumiem - rozumiesz(understand - understand - understand);
• umieć - umiem - umiesz(to be able - I can - I can).

Jeść (There is)

Note! In verbs jeść, wiedzieć, dać in the 3rd person plural before the nasal (ending) instead of j a combination appears dz.

Verb być (to be) also belongs to the fourth conjugation, but still stands apart. Its present tense forms are not formed from the stem of the infinitive. This conjugation paradigm needs to be remembered.

Być (to be)

Polish conjugations in the table

To make it easier for you to understand and remember which conjugation specific Polish verbs belong to, we have prepared a visual table in which we have included the most important information:

We remind you! Solid consonants: b, d, f, ł, m, n, p, r ,s ,t, w, z, k, g, h (ch); soft: ć, ś, ń, ź, j, l; hardened: all digraphs (without ch) - sz, cz, rz, z, dz, dz + c.

Conjugation of verbs with complex alternations

Since in the basis of some Polish verbs, when changing forms in persons and numbers, numerous alternations occur, both consonants and vowels, it is sometimes difficult to understand why this or that form is formed in this way. The conjugation paradigm of these verbs must be memorized.

Ciąć (cut)

Mlec (grind)

Mielic(chalk - colloquial form)

Plec (weed)

Bac sic (afraid)

Brac (take)

Chciec (want)

Drzec (tear, tear)

Isc (go)

Jechac (drive)

Kłaść ( put)

Moc (be able)

Myć (się) (wash (-sya))

In this lesson, we continue to work with verbs.

As you know, the principle of working with verbs is always the same, regardless of the group:

removed the ending from the infinitive and put the correct endings for I, You, We, They etc.

There are 4 groups of verbs in Polish. We have tried to give a fairly simple and structured explanation of this topic in this tutorial. Understand the principle, learn the endings, and then dial lexicon and learn the verbs and their conjugation as you work with the Polish language.

Proper endings allow us to correctly say "I'm listening Yu"," we understand eat", not "I'm listening be"," we understand be».

Group 1. Verbs ending in -ować

kupować (buy), pracować (work), studiować (study in higher education), drukować (print) , znajdować się (to be), marznąć (to freeze)

This group of verbs will be characterized by endings - esz , -iesz for pronoun You:

pracowac - to work

Pracuję na pół etatu. - I work part time.
Gdzie pracujesz? - Where do you work?
On nie pracuje. - He does not work.
Ona pracuje od ósmej do czwartej. - She works from eight to four.
Pracujemy w weekend. - We work on weekends.
Do ktorej pracujecie? - Until what time do you work?
Oni pracują w brygadzie. - They work in a team.

Group 2. Verbs that end in -ić, -eć, -yć (as well as a few words ending in -ać)

prosić (to ask), mowić (to speak), dzwonić (to call)
myśleć (to think), milczeć (to be silent)
patrzyć (watch), uczyć (learn)
stać (stand), spać (sleep)

Such verbs are characterized by endings - ysz , -isz for pronoun You:

mowić - to speak

myśleć - to think

Ja tak nie myślę - I don't think so.
Czy myślisz, że ona dzisiaj do nas przyjdzie? - Do you think she'll come today?
Co pani o tym myśli? - What do you think of it? (referring to a woman)
Myślicie, że jutro będzie zimno? - Do you think it will be cold tomorrow?
Skoro (jeżeli) oni o tym nie myślą, musimy to zrobić sami - If they don't think about it, we should do it ourselves.

prosic - to ask

Proszę cię. - I beg you.
Dlaczego nie poprosisz go? - Why don't you ask him?
Nikt o to (tym) ciebie nie prosi. - Nobody asks you about it.
Prosimy przyjść jutro wcześniej. - We ask you to come early tomorrow.
Dobrze, soon tak prosicie. - Okay, if that's what you're asking.
Oni nie proszą. Oni robia. - They don't ask. They make.

Group 3. Verbs ending in -ać

podobać się (like) , czekać (wait) , szukać (search) , czytać (read) , mieszkać (live) ,
zaczynać (begin).

Such verbs will have the ending - am for pronoun I and ending - asz For You:

czekać - to wait

Czekam na ciebie. - I'm waiting for you.
Poczekasz na mnie z pracy? - Can you wait for me from work?
Ona czeka na nas o dwunastej. - She is waiting for us at twelve o'clock.
Niepotrzebnie czekamy tak długo. - We've been waiting so long for nothing.
Też czekacie państwo na ten pociąg? - Are you also waiting for this train?
Oni czekają na samolot z Berlina. - They are waiting for a plane from Berlin.

Group 4. Exceptions, easier to learn

jeść (to eat), umieć (to be able), być (to be), rozumieć (to understand)

For pronoun I characteristic ending - em. But very often the basis itself changes.

rozumieć - to understand

Rozumiem cię doskonale. - I understand exactly what u mean.
Dlaczego ty tego nie rozumiesz? To jest takie łatwe (tak łatwo)! - Why don't you understand this? It's so easy!
Nikt tego nie rozumie. - Nobody understands this.
Czy wszystko rozumiecie? - Do you understand everything?
Rozumiemy o czym nas prosicie. - We understand what you are asking us.
Oni nie rozumieją po polsku. - They don't understand Polish.

You and I just have to do exercises to practice the correct endings, build vocabulary from sentences and listen to Polish in the answers to the exercises - this is a great practice for listening.

Tip for the exercises: if you can’t conjugate the verb, listen to the voice acting and write it under dictation.