One-part nominal sentences in Arabic. The subject is a quantitative-nominal combination. Features of generalized personal sentences

Nominal one-part sentences combine impersonal nominal (I'm cold), nominative (nominal) and vocative sentences. Nominal sentences like Me are coldly close in semantics to impersonal verbs, which is why they are included in impersonal ones.

Nominative sentences are such one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the I. p. of the noun (sometimes pronouns) or by a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of ​​being, the existence of the named objects and phenomena.

Etc. : Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of being, which is superimposed by indicative, emotional meanings and expressions of will. Important role intonation plays in nominative sentences.

In terms of composition, nominative sentences can be non-common and widespread (even widely):

Etc. : 1916 Trenches… Dirt. (uncommon suggestions).

Cold official paper, ridiculous beloved land.

(common suggestion)

By function, nominative proposals are:

1) descriptive (existential, existential):

Etc. : Fog. River.

2) indicative (particles here, out, indicate the proximity and remoteness of an object):

Etc. : Here is the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or the nominative of the message (evaluative-existential):

Etc. : Warm. Sunny. Happy - beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

Incentive-desirable:

Etc. : Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

incentive-imperative, due to a situation that requires a quick reaction of the addressee.

Etc. : Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (there is a fight).

proper-nominal (these include the names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them sentences.

Vocative sentences (“appeal sentences”) are evaluated contradictorily. Some scholars single them out as a special type of one-component sentences, while others include them in the number of nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are appeals complicated by the expression of an undivided thought, feeling, expression of will. Appeal is easy to distinguish from a vocative sentence

The following groups of vocative sentences are distinguished by meaning:

1) vocative sentences-calls, in which the addressee of the speech is called in order to attract his attention:

2) vocative sentences expressing an emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, but it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which occurs with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border of one-part and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A. A. Shakhmatov), ​​it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to move into the category of inseparable sentences when the lexical significance of nouns is lost.

The last type (genitive sentences) is represented by colloquial and everyday constructions, in which the independent genitive case of a name not only conveys the meaning of the presence, existence of an object (existence), as a nominative case in nominative sentences, but also characterizes it from a quantitative point of view (the redundancy of something is asserted). or A quantitative value can be expressed by a numeral or a noun in an indefinite quantitative value.

More on the topic 21. One-part sentences of nominal type.:

1. 19. Structural and semantic properties of one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences.
2. 22. Indivisible sentences. Complete and incomplete sentences.
3. 36. The proposal and its main features, various aspects of the study of the proposal.
4. 38. One-part sentences as a special kind of syntactic units, their typology and features of the expression of the main member.

One-part sentences of nominal type

infinitive sentences.

The question of the place of infinitive sentences in the system of one-part sentences is solved in different ways. Some linguists distinguish them into a special structural type on the basis of a specific predicative basis - block diagram(independent infinitive), correlation of an action or state with an active agent and modality expressed by infinitive form and intonation (Grammars - 60, 70, 80, V.V. Babaitseva, V.A. Beloshapkova, N.S. Valgina, P A. Lekant, D. E. Rosenthal, O. B. Sirotinina, E. S. Skoblikova). Other linguists consider them as a special kind of impersonal sentences on the basis of a common syntactic sign of incompatibility of the main member with the nominative case (subject) (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, L.Yu. Maksimov, A.K. Fedorov, etc.). In the school textbook and in the textbook for teacher training schools, they are also considered within the framework of impersonal sentences. The main member of the infinitive sentence is expressed by the infinitive, which does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action or state as desirable, extremely important, possible, inevitable.

In infinitive sentences there should not be an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjoining part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Compare: I want to go to the Crimea. - To go to the Crimea.

Semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of an unreal (potential) action, desirable, undesirable, possible, impossible, extremely important, expedient, For example: You will not see such battles! You start. Don't explain it to me.

Quite common in infinitive sentences is the meaning of inducement to action, command, command, For example: Do not lean on the handrails! Do not walk on lawns! All sleep!

Desirability value can be expressed using particles would, only, at least, only if, which are used with the infinitive, For example: Just to survive the winter; At least sleep; In case you knew...

Infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences, but differ structurally from them., namely in impersonal offer various modal values are expressed by lexical units like necessary, necessary, impossible, extremely important in combination with the infinitive, and in infinitive sentences they are enclosed in the infinitive itself, sometimes in combination with particles, For example: It's very important for you to get down to business. - You should take care of business.

Nominative (naming) sentences- one-part, segmentable sentences in which the semantic subject and its predicative attribute express the fact of existence, presence in objective reality.

In denominative sentences, the main member is framed as a subject and denotes an object characteristic of the situation being transmitted. The main form of the main member and minimum composition sentences - the nominative case of a noun, less often a pronoun or a numeral.

Both the semantic and grammatical features of denominative sentences are characterized by a sharp originality in comparison not only with two-part sentences, but also with one-part sentences. different types. The main feature of nominal sentences- fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name individual details of the situation, but the details are important, designed for the experience and imagination of the listener or reader, such that it is easy to imagine the overall picture of the situation or event being described, For example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.

The main member of a one-part sentence has a form that matches the subject, but does not denote the carrier of the feature, as in two-part sentences, but a special kind of feature. At the same time, N.S. Valgin, the main member of denominative sentences does not have the features of a predicate: it is not able to be used with a bunch and be an exponent of modal-temporal meanings; the relation of the object or phenomenon called by him to reality, the speaker conveys only with the help of stating intonation. At the same time, denominative sentences always imply a real modality and one of the meanings of the present tense, do not allow paradigmatic changes in moods and tenses, are only affirmative, For example: The tops of the limes rustled. Light. Thunder strike.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, a number of researchers, incl. and authors of school textbooks, adhere to traditional views and proposals such as There was a night attributed to two-part sentences. At the same time, in the Grammars -70 and 80, as well as in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maximov rejects the two-part nature of these sentences, and the verb be characterized as a service syntactic formant - an indicator of temporal reference.

It does not have a unique solution the question of the composition and boundaries of nominative one-part sentences, namely demonstrative sentences, headings and titles, nominative themes, forms of greeting and gratitude, nominatives of an evaluative nature, nominal sentences with determinants receive a different interpretation. Some authors, in particular V.V. Babaitsev, includes these constructions in the composition of nominative sentences, others, for example, N.S. Valgina, refers them to special designs. Let us consider the last point of view in more detail.

The distinction between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form seems possible when taking into account such a property of the sentence as independent functioning. This approach makes it possible to single out as nominative sentences only those constructions that are able to function independently without context. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite definite and relatively narrow. They include: Winter. Here is the stream. Well, the weather. Four hours, etc.

Let's list constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences:

1) The nominative case in the role of a simple name - names, inscriptions on signs. These constructs have no meaning of being: supermarket. "Eugene Onegin".

2) Nominative case in the function of a predicate two-part sentence can be used in incomplete sentences: Chichikov glanced sideways at him once more as they passed into the dining-room: Bear! The perfect bear! The guest held out his hand: - Ivanov. (the value of im.p. is a sign).

3) Isolated use of the nominative case, nominative. There are prepositive and postpositive nominatives. Prepositive nominative- nominative representation, or topic, which names the subject of speech (thought) in order to evoke an idea about it in the mind of the interlocutor, reader and is located before the message: Minority ... An age that requires special close attention.Postpositive nominative located after the message, serves the purpose of disclosing the content of the subject in front, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance it is - 12 months.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, nominative sentences- one-part sentences of a substantive type, the main member of which has the form of a nominative case and combines the functions of naming an object and the idea of ​​its existence, being. The value of beingness is dominant, and this is the static being of an object, in contrast to the dynamic one, which emphasizes the process of the emergence of an object or phenomenon, compare: Store around the corner; Again bad weather. Such designs by N.S. Valgina refers to elliptical two-part sentences with adverbial words, and V.V. Babaitsev - to a transitional type between one-part and two-part sentences.

In the linguistic literature, there are two classifications of nominative sentences:

1) semantic,

2) structural.

Each classification has a number of options, which are also reflected in the educational literature.

Semantic classification:

1) Option 1 presented in the 3 part tutorial V.V. Babaitseva, L.Yu. Maksimova, 1987, p. 105-107:

- existential(And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn; And azure and midday heat);

- index (Here is the mill. Here comes the evening of life);

- incentive:

A) incentive-desirable (Attention! Good afternoon Hello!);

b) incentive-imperative (situational) (Fire! (situation - fight). Syringe! Probe! (situation - surgical operation);

- evaluative and existential (What a frost! Well, frost! Flowers something! Well, flowers!);

- proper naming ("First joys", "Unusual summer" (books); "Tehran-43", "Russian Field" (movies));

- "nominative representations" (specific variety) (Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!).

2) Option 2, presented in Modern Russian, ed. EAT. Galkina-Fedoruk, M., 1964, part 2, p. 429-431:

- natural phenomena (Sultry afternoon);

- environment and setting, indication of the subject (Two-storey house. Veranda. Flowerbeds. Several benches and sun loungers.);

- appearance Living creatures (Correct, gently contoured oval of the face, rather regular features, thick, beautiful hair, ordinary home hairstyle, quiet gaze ); psychological state of a person, emotions (Confusion, fainting, haste, anger, fear); emotional evaluation in the form of an exclamation (What passions! What a wonderful night, what shadows and glitter);

- summation, summary, conclusion, reason (- What to do, what to do! - the chairman sighed, leaning back in his chair. - A ruin ... hourglass ); - modal meanings: doubt, distrust, assertion, message-representation (What is your name? - Natasha. Natasha Chistyakova);

- greetings, wishes, calls (Hello! Good afternoon Happy way!); incentive.

3) Option 3, presented in the Syntax of the modern Russian language N.S. Valgina. M., 1978, p. 186-188. This option takes into account the independent functioning of the nominative sentence out of context:

- proper existential (Drizzle. Twilight. Road);

- subject-existential (Bush. Moss. squat firs);

- index(Here is the willow. Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden);

- evaluative and existential(with emotionally expressive particles) ( Well, it's night! Fear. And boredom, my brother. And the character!);

- desirable-existential (If only health! As long as it's not death! In case happiness!).

Structural classification involves the division of nominative sentences on the basis of prevalence and the way the main member is expressed.

Yes, in Grammar-60 stand out uncommon and common nominative sentences. IN uncommon sentences the main member must be expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun or a numeral, quantitative-nominal phrase. Common Suggestion may include agreed and non-agreed definition.

In the textbook P.A. Lekanta"The syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian", M., 1974, p. 43-53 structural types of nominative sentences are distinguished on the basis of the sign of dismemberment-non-dismemberment. Undivided, non-spread, syntactically indecomposable, with verbal distributors, For example: Table. Four chairs. Clear afternoon. Here is the house. Here is the sun. What silence!Dissected, distributed with determinants, For example: Taiga around. And six months later - a new miracle. You are hysterical, Vasya.

N.S. Valgina highlights a special group of nominative sentences in Russian, having as the main member of the independent genitive of the name, which not only conveys the meaning of the presence, being of an object, but also characterizes it from a quantitative side - the presence of a multitude of something is affirmed. This type of proposal is called genitive. Eg: To the people! Laughter! Colors! Food, food!

One-part sentences of nominal type - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "One-piece sentences of nominal type" 2017, 2018.

Among the predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verbal, compound verbal and compound nominal predicates. In this article, we will talk about the latter.

Features of the compound nominal predicate

As the name implies, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them performs predominantly or even exclusively a grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is easy to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one in the name of which there is the word "name": a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.

Ways of expressing the grammatical part

The grammatical part of the compound nominal predicate is the linking verb "to be". Some other verbs, “semi-links” can play the same role: seem, become, etc.

The verb "to be" is in the required grammatical form. For example, He will be cheerful, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". Zero binding is used. In the Romano-Germanic languages, the link is preserved. Compare: He is cheerful. – He is merry

The verb "to be" can be not only a link, but also an independent simple verb predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them, it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the link "to be" is not used in the present tense, while in the position of the predicate the verb, of course, is preserved. Compare:

Ways of expressing the nominal part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed different parts speech, and not just names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.

Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn off from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it is impossible to say that "the young man was tall" - this makes no sense.

Please note that the same word in different sentences can perform different functions. For example, the word "funny" in our example, the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.

What have we learned?

Compound nominal predicates consist of a linking verb "to be" (less often "half-links" to appear "," to become ", etc.), which disappears in the present tense (zero link), and a nominal part, which can be expressed by all parts of speech , except for the verb in the personal form and the gerund.

Topic quiz

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A type in which sentences are fundamentally verbless:

a) do not contain physical verb forms;

b) zero forms;

c) do not imply the omission of the verb. In their semantics there are no meanings of action, process, sign. They have an existential meaning, which is expressed syntactically: Summer. Nominative and genetic sentences are distinguished.

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