Reinforced concrete exterior Wall panels most often performed on a single-row cut, i.e., one floor high and one or two rooms long, and according to the design they are single-layer, two-layer and three-layer (Fig. 3.4 and 3.5). All wall panels are supplied with lifting loops and embedded parts for fastening one panel to another and for connections with other structural elements of buildings.

a) Single-layer reinforced concrete exterior wall panels

Such panels are made of lightweight structural and heat-insulating concrete on porous aggregates or from autoclaved cellular concrete (Fig. 3.5). From the outside, single-layer panels are covered with a protective and finishing layer of cement mortar 20-25 mm or 50-70 mm thick, and from the inside - with a finishing layer 10-15 mm thick, i.e. such panels can be conventionally called "single-layer". The thickness of the outer protective and finishing layers is prescribed depending on the natural and climatic conditions of the construction area, and they are made from vapor-permeable decorative solutions or concretes or from ordinary solutions with subsequent painting. Finishing of the outer façade layer can also be done with ceramic tiles, glass tiles or thin sawn stone tiles or crushed stone materials.

Rice. 3.4. Exterior reinforced concrete one-, two- and three-layer wall panels:

a - single-layer; b - two-layer; c - three-layer; 1 - lightweight structural and heat-insulating concrete; 2 - outer protective and finishing layer; 3 - structural concrete; 4 - effective insulation

Rice. 3.5. Components of cross-sections of external reinforced concrete wall panels: a - with an external protective and finishing layer; b - with outer protective-finishing and inner finishing layers; c - from cellular concrete; d - two-layer with an internal carrier layer; e - three-layer with rigid connections between concrete layers; e - three-layer with flexible connections between the layers; 1 - structural heat-insulating or cellular concrete; 2 - outer protective and finishing layer; 3 - internal finishing layer; 4 - outer and inner carrier layers; 5 - lightweight heat-insulating concrete; 6 - fittings; 7 and 8 - flexible connection elements made of anti-corrosion steel; 9 - effective insulation; δ - the thickness of the insulation layer

Single-layer panels are reinforced along the contour with a welded mesh frame, and above the window openings - with a welded spatial frame. To prevent the opening of cracks in the corners of the openings, cross rods or L-shaped grids are laid outside (Fig. 3.6).

Single-layer panels from autoclaved cellular concrete cannot be made in height for the entire storey wall and walls with linear tape cutting are made from them. The fittings of such panels are protected from corrosion by coating with an anti-corrosion compound.

Rice. 3.6. Scheme of reinforcement of a single-layer lightweight concrete panel outer wall:

1 - jumper frame; 2 - lifting loop; 3 - reinforcing cage; 4 - L-shaped reinforcing mesh in the facade layer

Due to the high vapor permeability of lightweight concrete and, in connection with this, the possibility of water vapor condensation inside single-layer panels and its freezing at low outdoor temperatures, it is advisable to use such panels for buildings with low relative humidity of indoor air (no more than 60%). The thickness of single-layer panels is 240–320 mm, but not more than 400 mm.

b) Two-layer reinforced concrete exterior wall panels

Two-layer wall panels consist of an inner bearing layer made of heavy or lightweight structural concrete and an outer insulating layer of structural and heat-insulating lightweight concrete. The thickness of the inner carrier layer is at least 100 mm, and the thickness of the outer insulating layer is determined by the calculation for thermal protection. From the outside, two-layer wall panels have a protective and finishing layer of cement mortar 20–25 mm thick with the same finish as in single-layer panels.

Since the internal load-bearing layer of dense concrete in two-layer panels has low vapor permeability, such panels can be used in buildings with high relative humidity of the indoor air. Reinforcement of two-layer wall panels is performed similarly to single-layer panels, i.e. the reinforcement cage is placed in the bearing and insulating concrete layers, but the working reinforcement of the jumpers is placed in the bearing concrete layer. The total thickness of two-layer wall panels is not more than 400 mm (Figure 3.7).

c) Three-layer reinforced concrete outer wall panels

Three-layer external wall panels consist of inner and outer layers made of heavy or dense lightweight structural concrete, between which an insulating layer of effective heat-insulating material is laid. The thickness of the insulating layer is determined by the calculation for thermal protection, and the thicknesses of the inner and outer concrete layers depend on the design of the wall panel and the magnitude of the perceived loads.

The inner layer of the panels is reinforced with a spatial frame, and the outer layer is reinforced with a reinforcing mesh. Depending on the design, three-layer wall panels come with flexible or rigid connections between the inner and outer concrete layers (Fig. 3.5 and 3.8). Flexible connections are metal rods in the form of vertical hangers and horizontal struts connecting the reinforcement cage of the inner layer and the reinforcement mesh of the outer layer of the wall panel, i.e. they are fixed by welding or tied to the spatial reinforcement cage of the inner layer and the reinforcement mesh of the outer layer. Metal rods of flexible connections are made of corrosion-resistant steel or they have an anti-corrosion coating in the insulation zone.

Flexible links ensure independent operation of the concrete layers of the wall panel and exclude thermal forces between the layers. The outer layer in panels with flexible connections performs enclosing functions and its thickness must be at least 50 mm. The thickness of the inner layer in three-layer panels with flexible connections in load-bearing and self-supporting wall panels is at least 80 mm, and in non-bearing panels - at least 65 mm.

Fig 3.7. Two-layer concrete panel of the outer wall: 1 and 2 - embedded parts for fixing heating radiators; 3 - lifting loops; 4 - reinforcing cage; 5 - inner carrier layer; 6 - outer protective and finishing layer; 7 - drain; 8 - window sill; 9 - lightweight concrete heat-insulating layer; H- floor height; IN– panel length; h– panel thickness; δ – thickness of the heat-insulating layer

In three-layer wall panels with rigid links, the inner and outer concrete layers are connected using vertical and horizontal reinforced concrete ribs. Rigid links ensure the joint static work of the concrete layers of the wall panels and protect the connecting reinforcing bars from corrosion. Connecting reinforcing bars are placed in concrete bracing ribs and they are attached by welding or tied to the reinforcing cage of the inner layer and the reinforcing mesh of the outer layer.

The disadvantage of rigid connections in the outer wall panels is through heat-conducting inclusions formed by the ribs, which can lead to condensation on the inner surface of the walls. To reduce the effect of thermal conductivity of the ribs on the temperature of the inner surface of the walls, they are made with a thickness of no more than 40 mm and preferably from lightweight concrete, and the inner concrete layer is thickened to 80–120 mm. The thickness of the outer layer is at least 50 mm. Exterior finishing of three-layer wall panels is carried out in the same way as one- and two-layer ones. In all panels of external walls, embedded parts for fastening to other structural elements are placed in the carrier layer.

Rice. 3.8. Three-layer concrete panels of external walls and connections of their concrete layers:

a – arrangement of flexible links; b - the same rigid connections: 1 - suspension; 2 - spacer; 3 - brace; 4 - rib made of concrete of the outer layers; 5 - light concrete rib; 6 - inner concrete layer; 7 - outer concrete layer; 8 - reinforcing cage of the inner layer; 9 - reinforcing mesh of the outer layer; 10 - rib reinforcement; 11 - effective insulation

Panel housing can be called an old new trend in housing construction. In our country, it was with this technology that the mass construction of housing began in the 1950s. This was a big step forward in the socio-economic development of the country, as it made it possible to solve the housing problems of many people who lived in communal apartments and dormitories. Besides, this technology was economically beneficial to the state, due to the following advantages:

construction speed due to in-line production of panels in the factory;
cost-effectiveness and ease of execution due to the mass introduction of the production of products from concrete and reinforced concrete;
achievement of the specified quality of concrete and reinforced concrete products in the factory;
flexibility: the ability to organize the production of panels of any configuration, limited only by the possibilities of their transportation and delivery to the construction site;

Moreover, panel housing construction has replaced brick construction due to such advantages of concrete as:

relatively low cost;
high strength characteristics;
high rates of resilience to climate impacts;
proven fire safety;
almost complete absence of installation dependence on weather conditions;
durability.

However, even in Soviet times, panel and block houses were valued less than brick ones due to the shortcomings of concrete:

low sound insulation;
weak heat-shielding properties;
low biostability.

Already in the first years of the mass introduction of panel housing construction, the weaknesses of the technology itself became obvious:

limited room layout options:
low reliability of joints between reinforced concrete panels.

Nevertheless, today panel housing has become popular again, thanks to the development of design, material production and construction technologies that can successfully deal with the mentioned shortcomings.

Today, reinforced concrete products give wide opportunities both in the field of design and in the field of construction of various buildings and structures. Single-layer panels were replaced by modern ones of two or three layers. Such elements include a layer effective thermal insulation- durable, biostable, resistant to moisture. Two- and three-layer monolithic panels can be used as load-bearing, self-supporting, as well as hinged structures. They are our own application in the external and internal elements of the building, as well as in unloaded partitions.

The technology for manufacturing reinforced concrete panels has also made great strides, which allows them to be molded in any way and to use various cladding options: plaster, finishing brick, natural or fake diamond, facade tiles etc. Coloring is possible sandblasting outer surface of the panel. Anchors made of metal or reinforced concrete allow you to fix other materials and structures on the surface of the slabs. So today the surface of the façade panel house can have any texture, decor from protruding elements, etc. - the possibilities in this respect are not limited.

But the most important thing is that we are talking about the all-weather technology "constructor with effective layer thermal insulation, which meets all current regulatory requirements, primarily in terms of safety and energy efficiency. The high potential for the introduction of modern reinforced concrete panels with an integrated moisture-bio-resistant insulation is due to the high thermal uniformity of the created building contour and a significant reduction in the weight of one slab. In order to achieve the required values of thermal resistance of the structure for Moscow in reinforced concrete panels, it is necessary to use cotton wool insulation with a thickness of 150 mm and a density of at least 90 kg/m 3 . This insulation is easily replaced by PENOPLEX ® with a thickness of 120 mm and a density of 25 kg/m 3 . Now count how much easier the design will become!

Since the rapid development of classical panel housing construction (1960-70s), mathematical modeling and the possibility of its implementation using computer technology have made an evolutionary leap in our country. Modern calculation programs allow you to design more diverse panels, involving many options for floor planning. New generation computer programs enable high-quality calculations of butt joints of building structures in prefabricated houses. Great opportunities for high-quality design and construction of panel houses today are provided by BIM modeling, which accompanies a house at all stages of its life cycle: from the development of an architectural concept to commissioning and subsequent operation.

Advanced technologies allow you to successfully deal with the shortcomings of the concrete itself. A qualitative leap in this respect was the technology of insulating reinforced concrete panels, in other words, the creation of three-layer wall reinforced concrete panels. Since 2017, a modified international standard GOST 31310-2015 “Three-layer reinforced concrete wall panels with effective insulation” has been in force. General technical conditions". These building structures consist of outer and inner layers of reinforced concrete, between which there is a layer of effective thermal insulation. General requirements for the heat-insulating layer are determined by clause 6.3 of this standard, technical requirements - by clause 7.7.

At present, many factories of reinforced concrete products have mastered the use of highly efficient thermal insulation PENOPLEX ® from extruded polystyrene foam in panel housing construction. The PENOPLEX SPb company improves the technology of material application, develops technical solutions for the use of its products in three-layer insulated external wall panels.

According to some reports, the share of panel housing construction in housing construction is up to 40%, and improving the heat-shielding properties of enclosing structures is a very urgent task.

INTERSTATE COUNCIL FOR STANDARDIZATION, METROLOGY AND CERTIFICATION

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFECTIVE

INSULATION

General specifications

Official edition

Stand rtinform 2016

Foreword

The goals, basic principles and basic procedure for carrying out work on interstate standardization are established by GOST 1.0-92 “Interstate standardization system. Basic Provisions” and GOST 1.2-2009 “Interstate Standardization System. Interstate standards. rules and recommendations for interstate standardization. Rules for the development, adoption, application, updating and cancellation "

About the standard

1 DEVELOPED by Joint-Stock Company TsNIIEP Zhilya - Institute for the Integrated Design of Residential and Public Buildings (JSC TsNIIEP Zhilya)

2 8NESEN by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 465 "Construction"

3 ADOPTED by the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (Minutes of December 10, 2015 No. 48)

4 By order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated March 17, 2016 No. 166-st, the interstate standard GOST 31310-2015 was put into effect as the national standard of the Russian Federation from January 1, 2017.

5 83AMEN 31310-2005

Information about changes to this standard is published in the annual information index "National Standards". and the text of changes and amendments - monthly information index "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly information index *National Standards. Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - the unofficial website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet

In the Russian Federation, this standard cannot be fully or partially reproduced. replicated and distributed as an official publication without the permission of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

INTERSTATE STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFICIENT INSULATION

General specifications

Well three-layer reinforced concrete panels with enerqy-effloent Insulation. General specifications

Introduction date - 2017-01-01

1 area of use

This standard establishes the classification, types, basic parameters of three-layer wall panels, general technical requirements for them. general rules for their acceptance, methods of control, rules for transportation and storage.

This standard applies to three-layer concrete and reinforced concrete panels with effective insulation (hereinafter referred to as panels) intended for external walls of residential, public and industrial buildings.

The requirements of this standard do not apply:

On composite panels;

Wet room wall panels:

Filling window and door openings in panels.

Panels intended for use in aggressive environments must comply with the requirements of this standard and additional design documentation guidelines. established taking into account the current regulatory documents and technical documentation*.

The requirements of this standard should be taken into account when developing regulatory documents and working documentation for specific types of panels.

2 Normative references

This standard uses normative references to the following interstate standards:

GOST 475-78 Wooden doors. General specifications

GOST 5781-82 Hot-rolled steel for reinforcing reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 5802-86 Building mortars. Test Methods

GOST 6727-80 Cold-drawn low-carbon steel wire for reinforcing reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 7076-99 Construction materials and products. Method for determining thermal conductivity and thermal resistance in a stationary thermal regime

GOST 8829-94 Prefabricated reinforced concrete and concrete building products. Load test methods. Rules for assessing strength, stiffness and crack resistance

GOST 9573-2012 Heat-insulating slabs of mineral wool on a synthetic binder. Specifications

* 8 of the Russian Federation, SP S0.13330.2012 "SNiP 23-02-2003 Tvlpovye protection of buildings" is in force.

Official edition

GOST 10060-2012 Concrete. Methods for determining frost resistance

GOST 10180-2012 Concrete. Methods for determining the strength of control samples

GOST 10181-2014 Concrete mixes. Test Methods

GOST 10499-95 Heat-insulating products made of glass staple fiber. Specifications

GOST 10884-94 Thermomechanically hardened reinforcing steel for reinforced concrete structures. Specifications

GOST 10922-2012 Reinforcing and embedded products, their welded, knitted and mechanical connections for reinforced concrete structures. General specifications

GOST 11214-2003 Wooden window blocks with sheet glazing. Specifications GOST 12730.1-78 Concrete. Density determination methods GOST 12730.2-78 Concrete. Moisture determination method GOST 12730.5-84 Concrete. Methods for determining water resistance GOST 13015-2012 Concrete and reinforced concrete products for construction. General technical requirements. Rules for acceptance, labeling, transportation and storage

GOST 15588-2014 Heat-insulating polystyrene boards. Specifications GOST 16381-77 Heat-insulating building materials and products. Classification and general technical requirements

GOST 17177-94 Heat-insulating building materials and products. Test methods GOST 17623-87 Concrete. Radioisotope method for determining the average density GOST 17624-2012 Concrete. Ultrasonic method for determining the strength of GOST 18105-2010 Concrete. Rules for control and assessment of strength GOST 21519-2003 Window blocks made of aluminum alloys. Specifications GOST 21718-84 Construction materials. Dielectric method for measuring humidity GOST 21779-82 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Technological approvals

GOST 21780-2006 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Accuracy calculation

GOST 22690-88 Concrete. Determination of strength by mechanical methods of non-destructive testing

GOST 22950-95 Mineral wool boards of increased rigidity on a synthetic binder. Specifications

GOST 23009-2015 Concrete and reinforced concrete prefabricated structures and products. Symbols (brands)

GOST 23166-1999 Window blocks. General specifications

GOST 23279-2012 Welded reinforcing meshes for reinforced concrete structures and products. General specifications

GOST 23858-79 Welded butt and tee fittings for reinforced concrete structures. Ultrasonic quality control methods. Acceptance rules

GOST 24700-99 Wooden window blocks with double-glazed windows. Specifications GOST 25097-2002 Wood-aluminum window blocks. Specifications GOST 25820-2014 Lightweight concrete. Specifications

GOST 26433.1-89 System for ensuring the accuracy of geometric parameters in construction. Rules for performing measurements. Prefabricated elements

GOST 26633-2012 Heavy and fine-grained concrete. Specifications GOST 27005-2014 Light and cellular concrete. Rules for the control of medium density GOST 28013-98 Mortars. General specifications

GOST 28089-2012 Building wall structures. Adhesion Strength Method facing tiles with base

GOST 28984-2011 Modular dimension coordination in construction. Basic provisions of GOST 30244-94 Construction materials. Test methods for combustibility GOST 30674-99 Window blocks made of PVC profiles. Specifications GOST 30971-2012 Mounting seams for adjoining window blocks to wall openings. General specifications

Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference links in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annual information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year, and according to the release of the monthly information index "National Standards" for the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.

3 Terms and definitions

in this standard, the following terms are used with their respective definitions:

3.1 external three-layer wall panel: A solid planar building product, consisting of three main layers - external, internal and heat-insulating, the integrity of the structure of which is created during the molding process.

3.2 main layers of the panel: Outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers and middle thermal insulation layer. The main layers do not include: an external decorative or protective and decorative layer, an internal finishing layer and layers of roll or film materials.

3.3 solid panel: A panel without voids or air gaps.

3.4 thermal insulation layer: One of the main layers of three-layer panels, designed to perform thermal insulation functions: consists of thermal insulation materials. The heat-insulating layer may consist of several layers of heat-insulating products and materials of the same or different types.

3.5 flexible connections: Connections made of corrosion-resistant steel or other corrosion-resistant material between the outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers of the panel, ensuring their joint operation in the outer wall panel.

Flexible connections, depending on the purpose and design scheme of static work, are divided into suspensions, struts and struts.

3.5.1 hangers: Flexible connections designed to transfer the vertical load from the mass of the outer concrete layer and insulation to the inner reinforced layer of the panel: the number of hangers is determined by calculation.

3.5.2 spacers: Flexible connections designed to fix the relative position of the reinforced concrete layers and the thermal insulation layer and to absorb compressive and tensile forces from wind and other influences directed perpendicular to the facade surface of the wall.

3.5.3 struts: Flexible connections designed to prevent mutual displacement of the panel layers horizontally in the plane of the wall from the forces arising during loading and unloading operations, transportation and installation.

3.6 rigid connections: Reinforced concrete jumpers (dowels) or ribs in three-layer panels located in the insulation layer and uniting the outer and inner concrete or reinforced concrete layers.

3.7 load-bearing panel: A panel that receives a vertical load from its own weight and other structures resting on it (ceilings, roofs, etc.) and transfers this load to the foundation.

3.8 non-load-bearing panel

3.9 floor-by-floor load-bearing panel: A type of load-bearing panel that perceives and transfers the load from its own weight and the ceiling based on it to the transverse structures of the building by floor.

3.10 self-supporting panel: A panel that takes vertical load only from its own weight and the weight of overlying outer panels and transfers the load to the foundation.

3.11 concrete panel: A panel whose strength during operation is provided by the concrete of the outer and inner layers. On both layers, the concrete panel has structural reinforcement and design reinforcement designed to absorb the forces that arise during manufacture. transportation and installation.

3.12 reinforced concrete panel: A panel whose strength during operation is ensured by the joint work of concrete and reinforcement.

Note - The reinforced concrete panel has the design working reinforcement, located, as a rule. in the bearing inner layer, and structural reinforcement - in the non-load-bearing outer layer, and can also have design reinforcement designed to absorb forces arising during manufacture, transportation and installation.

3.13 outer protective and decorative layer: A layer that is not the main one, located with front side panels and designed to protect the main layers from external climatic influences or reduce the intensity of these influences, as well as to perform decorative functions.

Note - The outer protective and decorative layers of the panel may consist of the following layers: a layer of mortar or concrete, a layer of cladding with tiles or sheet products, a finishing coating (for example, paints), a hydrophobic coating or layers of other materials and products that perform protective and decorative functions .

3.14 ventilated screen: An outer protective and decorative layer in the form of a screen located at a distance of a ventilated gap (air gap) from the outer layer of the panel.

3.15 outer decorative layer: A layer that is not the main one, located on the front side of the panel and intended to perform decorative functions.

Note - The outer decorative layer of the panel consists of a finishing coating (for example, water-based polymer-cement, lime-polymer compositions and paints) applied in one or two layers, or a lining that does not perform protective functions.

3.16 internal finishing layer: A layer that is not the main one, located on the inside (facing the room) of the panel and serving as the base, on which the subsequent wall finishing is carried out.

Note - The inner finishing layer of the panel consists of one or more layers: a layer of mortar (for example, cement or cement-lime on porous or dense sand), finishing coating, etc.

4 Classification

4.1 Panels are classified according to the following main features that determine their types:

Purpose in the building:

panels of the walls of the above-ground floors.

wall panels ground floor or technical underground, attic or parapet wall panels;

Static operation scheme: load-bearing.

non-bearing.

varieties of load-bearing panels are floor-bearing and self-supporting;

constructive solution;

Connection type:

with flexible ties made of corrosion-resistant steel or other corrosion-resistant material, with rigid reinforced concrete ties (dowels or ribs);

Cutting walls into elements:

single-row (floor-by-floor) cutting (bearing, floor-bearing, self-supporting), horizontal strip cutting (non-bearing), vertical strip cutting (non-bearing).

4.2 Structural solutions of the panels are determined by the parameters adopted during the design. reflecting the architectural, technological and design features of the panels, including those specified a 5.2.10.

4.3 When using single-row cutting of walls, the panels are divided into ordinary and corner - deaf and with openings.

When using horizontal strip cutting of walls, the panels are divided into strip and inter-window (wall) - ordinary and corner.

When using vertical strip cutting of walls, the panels are divided into strip - ordinary and corner, as well as window sills.

5 Types of panels, basic parameters

5.1 Panel types and conventions

5.1.1 Panels are subdivided into the following types according to the combination of features relating them to different classification groups (see 4.1):

For aboveground floors:

ZNSNg - a three-layer, external wall load-bearing planel with flexible connections (single-row cutting).

ZNSNzh - three-layer, external wall bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNSg - three-layer external wall non-bearing planel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNSzh - a three-layer external wall non-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ЗНГг - a three-layer external wall non-bearing panel of a horizontal strip cut * ki with flexible connections,

ZNGzh - a three-layer external wall non-bearing panel of horizontal strip cutting with rigid connections.

ZNVg" is a three-layer external wall non-bearing panel of vertical strip cutting with flexible connections.

ZNVzh - a three-layer external stacked non-bearing panel of vertical strip cutting with rigid connections:

For the basement or technical underground:

ZNTsNg - a three-layer outer plinth load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNTsNzh - a three-layer outer plinth load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ZNTsg - a three-layer outer plinth non-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cut),

ZNTszh - three-layer outer socle non-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting);

For the attic:

ZNCHNg - a three-layer outer attic load-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNCHNzh - a three-layer outer attic load-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cutting),

ЗНЧг - a three-layer outer attic non-bearing panel with flexible connections (single-row cutting),

ZNChzh - three-layer outer attic non-bearing panel with rigid connections (single-row cut),

ЗНЧГг - a three-layer outer attic panel of horizontal strip cutting - a panel with flexible connections.

ZNCHGzh - a three-layer outer attic panel of horizontal strip cutting - a panel with rigid connections.

ZNCHVg - a three-layer outer attic panel of vertical strip cutting, a panel with flexible connections,

ZNCHVzh - a three-layer outer attic panel of vertical strip cutting - a panel with rigid connections.

5.1.2 Panels should be marked with marks in accordance with GOST 23009. When establishing marks, it is recommended to take into account the following provisions.

The panel brand consists of alphanumeric groups separated by dots.

The first group contains the designation of the panel type and overall dimensions.

Designations of panel types (see 5.1.1) are supplemented, if necessary, with letter indices indicating their intended use in building walls or other features of specific types.

The length and height of the panel are indicated in decimeters (rounded to the nearest whole number), and the thickness - in centimeters.

In the second group indicate, if necessary, the type of concrete and designations design features panels.

An example of a symbol (brand) of a three-layer external wall bearing panel of single-row cutting with flexible connections 3000 mm long. 2800 mm high and 350 mm thick made of heavy concrete:

ZNSNg 30.28.35

Note - It is allowed to accept designations of panel brands in accordance with working drawings standard designs.

5.2 Scope of panels, defining the nomenclature of parameters

5.2.1 The scope of the panels is determined by:

a) the purpose of buildings and their classes of responsibility;

b) the static scheme of the outer walls;

c) the maximum number of storeys or the maximum height of buildings;

d) calculated vertical load on the panel;

e) estimated wind load in the construction area;

f) design seismicity of the construction area;

g) the degree of fire resistance of buildings;

i) constructive fire hazard class of buildings;

j) indicator of thermal protection - the maximum reduced resistance to heat transfer;

l) the degree of aggressiveness of the air environment;

m) temperature and humidity conditions of enclosed premises.

5.2.2 The loads and actions on the panels, corresponding to their area of application, include:

Permanent loads (from its own weight and the weight of the building structures based on them);

Temporary loads on floors and coverings of the building (including snow loads);

Attachment loads;

wind loads;

Temperature and climatic influences;

Seismic impacts;

Random impacts - impacts (external and internal), explosions:

Impacts caused by deformations of the base, as well as shrinkage and creep of materials;

Vibrations transmitted by the ground or generated by process equipment:

Airborne noise;

Solar radiation;

Impact of an aggressive environment.

5.2.3 As elements of external fences, the panels must participate in the performance of their functions in terms of ensuring:

safety of people;

Protection of premises from adverse climatic influences;

Required microclimate and acoustic comfort in the premises;

Energy savings;

durability.

5.2.4 Ensuring the safety of people

5.2.4.1 To ensure the safety of people, panels should have the following properties:

Strength, rigidity and crack resistance;

The strength of the connecting seeds;

fire safety;

Safety during operation, including in the event of accidental impacts and emergencies;

Seismic safety (if predicted).

5.2.4.2 The strength, rigidity and crack resistance of the panel under operational impacts are provided by the parameters of concrete layers (compressive strength class of concrete, layer thickness, reinforcement) adopted based on the results of static calculations and are determined by the bearing capacity of the panels in eccentric compression.

The main indicators characterizing the strength, rigidity and crack resistance of panels are:

Estimated vertical load on the top edge of the panel, kN/m;

Estimated wind or seismic load. kPa.

5.2.4.3 The strength of the connecting bonds between the outer and inner concrete layers of the panels is ensured by the material and cross-sectional dimensions of the bond elements adopted in the working drawings, the parameters and design of their anchoring part, as well as the measures provided for in the working drawings to ensure their corrosion resistance.

5.2.4.4 Fire safety is ensured by compliance with the fire safety requirements of the panel, including the required degree of fire resistance and the structural fire hazard class of the building in which they are used. Panel fire safety requirements include:

Fire resistance limit, min;

Fire hazard class.

5.2.4.5 Safety during operation of the panel is characterized by the following indicators:

Estimated load from attachments on the inner (facing the room) side of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the surface of the panel of 150 mm and with the stipulated methods of fastening.kN;

Estimated load from attachments on the outer side of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the surface of the panel of 150 mm and with the stipulated methods of fastening. kN:

Estimated impact load from the inside of the panel. kPa;

Estimated shock load from the outer side of the panel, kPa;

Estimated seismicity of the construction area, points according to the MSK-64 scale;

Functional fire hazard class of enclosed premises.

5.2.4.6 The reliability of the panels is determined by the values of the reliability coefficients (or coefficients of working conditions) adopted during the design:

By building responsibility class:

Strength characteristics of structural materials (concrete and reinforcement).

5.2.5 Ensuring the protection of premises from adverse climatic influences

5.2.5.1 Panels must have properties that ensure, under the most unfavorable design climatic conditions:

Sufficient thermal protection winter time;

Sufficient heat resistance in the summer;

Impervious to rain water;

Required resistance to air and vapor permeability.

5.2.5.2 Indicators of panel properties specified in 5.2.5.1. are:

Reduced resistance to heat transfer. m 2 - * C / W. taking into account joints with overlapping and adjacent panels:

Estimated amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the inner surface in summer, °С:

Waterproof;

Air permeation resistance. m 2 h Pa/kg:

Resistance to vapor permeability, m 2 h Pa / mg.

5.2.6 Ensuring the required microclimate, acoustic comfort

5.2.6.1 Panels must have properties that provide:

Absence of high air humidity in the premises:

Lack of increased air mobility in the premises;

No condensation on the inner surface of the panels;

Reducing the noise level from external sources (including from vehicles).

5.2.6.2 Indicators of panel properties specified in 5.2.6.1. are:

Initial moisture content of concrete. % by weight;

Structural assurance of tightness of panels during installation;

Local resistance to heat transfer, m 2 ° C / W, in places of heat engineering inhomogeneities (slopes of openings, ends, etc.);

Panel airborne sound insulation. dBA.

5.2.7 Ensuring energy savings

5.2.7.1 Panels must have properties that contribute to the rational use of thermal energy for heating enclosed spaces during the heating period.

5.27.2 An indicator of ensuring compliance with requirement 5.2.7.1 is the compliance of the following panel indicators with the required minimum values according to the current regulatory documents in the field of thermal protection of buildings:

Reduced heat transfer resistance of the panel, m* in C/W;

Resistance to air permeability, mg h Pa/kg;

Vapor resistance. m g h Pa/mg.

5.2.8 Durability assurance

5.2.8.1 8 panels shall be provided with the preservation of the property indicators specified in 5.2.1-5.2.7 during the service life under the specified modes of operation and maintenance.

5.2.8.2 Indicators of durability of panels are:

Compressive strength concrete class:

Coefficient of thermal uniformity, taking into account the joints of the panel with the ceiling and adjacent panels;

The calculated value of the maximum vertical displacement of the outer layer relative to the inner concrete layer due to temperature deformations, mm;

Concrete grade for frost resistance;

Brand of concrete for water resistance;

Biostability of a heater;

The service life of the insulation material until reaching the limit state for heat-shielding properties under specified operating conditions.

5.2.9 The applicability of the indicators established in 5.2.4-5.2.8 to assess the properties of panels is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Name of indicator	Til päiepey
Name of indicator


Estimated load from attachments on the inner (facing the room) side of the panel at a distance of the center of gravity of the load from the surface of the pvnepi 150 we and with the stipulated methods of fastening. kN
Same. on the outside of the pvnepi. kk
Estimated impact load from the inside of the panel, kPa
Same. from the outer side of the panel, kla
Estimated seismicity of the construction area. scores on the MSK-64 scale
Functional fire hazard class of protected premises
Fire resistance limit of the panel, min
Panel fire class
Initial moisture content of concrete in panels", K by mass
Concrete grade for frost resistance

ending tvbpii 1

Name of indicator	Panel type
Name of indicator
Concrete grade for water resistance*"
Biostability of insulation
The service life of the insulation material (until the limiting state of heat-shielding properties is reached under specified operating conditions), years
Reduced heat transfer resistance of the panel, m 2 - ° C / W
The lowest local resistance to heat transfer of the panel in places of thermal inhomogeneities. m 2 ‘S/W
The heat resistance index of the panel is the calculated amplitude of fluctuations in the temperature of the inner surface of the walls in the summer. ‘C 2 ’
Air permeation resistance. m* - h Pa/kg
Vapor resistance. m 2 h La/mg
Water resistance of panels" 1
Sound insulation of the panel from airborne noise. dBA
The calculated value of the maximum vertical displacement of the outer concrete layer in relation to the inner concrete layer, mm
The calculated value of the maximum horizontal displacement of the outer concrete layer in relation to the inner concrete layer, mm

11 For lightweight concrete panels.

21 8 cases provided for by the current standards for concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as for the protection of these structures from corrosion.

21 For the climatic conditions of Moscow.

Notes

1 When determining the applicability of the panel parameters indicated in Table 1, the accepted wall and panel structures and the characteristics of the materials used should be taken into account.

2 In Table 1, in the column "Panel Type", the sign "♦" indicates the need to determine the indicator for this panel type, the sign "-" - the indicator for this panel type is not determined.

8 working documentation on a panel designed for multiple use e various conditions, it is necessary to establish the ranges of the calculated values of the indicators indicated in Table 1. which can be provided with an acceptable variation in the characteristics of the materials and components used.

5.2.10 In addition to the indicators given in Table 1, the panels are characterized by:

Types of finishing of external and internal front surfaces:

Range of overall dimensions;

Type of vertical and horizontal joints with adjacent panels;

Type of fastening to adjacent structures of buildings;

Parameters of the main layers;

The type of concrete of the outer and inner layers - heavy, light, etc .;

The material of the heat-insulating layer;

Type of connecting connections (flexible from corrosion-resistant steel, non-metallic or rigid reinforced concrete, steel in the form of dowels or ribs);

The device of vertical and horizontal fire cuts in the heat-insulating

Design of horizontal and vertical joints (with or without an anti-rain ridge, i.e. a flat joint);

Type of joints according to the method of providing water * and air insulation of the premises (closed, drained or open);

The presence or absence of a vapor barrier layer.

Single-row cut panels are also characterized by the size and number of window and door openings.

6 General requirements for panel construction

6.1 Dimensional requirements

6.1.1 Coordination and structural dimensions of panels in length and height should be assigned in accordance with the design solutions of formwork and assembly units. Dimensions of panels by thickness * not in millimeters are recommended to be taken as multiples of 10.20 or 50.

6.1.2 Limit deviations of the actual dimensions of panels in terms of length, height and thickness should* be set in the design documentation for a specific building based on calculations of the accuracy of geometric parameters in accordance with GOST 21780 based on data on the conditions of manufacture and installation of these products and their operation in building structures, technological tolerances in accordance with GOST 21779.

In the working documentation for the panel, developed for multiple use in various conditions, including the working drawings included in the catalogs of standard designs, it is recommended that the maximum deviations of the actual dimensions from the nominal ones be no higher than the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 2.

Table 2

type of deviation	Geometric parameter and its memorial value, mm	Maximum deviation, im
Linear rveme deviation*	Panel length and height at maximum size*
	re in a series of standard sizes:

	< 4 000 г 8 000

	Panel thickness

6.2 Requirements for concrete layers of panels

6.2.1 Thickness of concrete layers

6.2.1.1 The nominal thickness of the reinforced outer and inner concrete layers of the panel should be determined by static calculation, taking into account the provision of the required bearing capacity, rigidity and crack resistance of the panels, anchoring strength of flexible links - connecting between concrete layers and in joints, mounting loops, strength and crack resistance of connecting between layers reinforced concrete dowels or ribs, the thickness of the concrete protective layer to the reinforcement, the requirements for the junctions of the panels between themselves and other building structures, for the fastening nodes in the panels of window and door blocks.

Taking into account the above factors, the nominal thickness of concrete layers should be taken at least, mm;

Inner layer:.

Bearing panels -120;

Non-bearing panels - 80;

Floor-bearing panels:

From heavy concrete - 80;

From light concrete - 100;

outer layer:

From heavy concrete - 65;

From lightweight concrete - 80.

The nominal layer thicknesses listed above include the nominal thickness of the concrete or mortar of the protective-decorative and internal finishing layers.

6.2.1.2 The nominal thicknesses of concrete layers indicated in vb.2.1.1 can be increased along the perimeter of the openings or the perimeter of the panel and the formation of profiles for the installation of window or door frames, for placement of sealing, sealing, heat-insulating materials at the joints, the formation of a decompression cavity and grooves for installation of a water-cutting tape in open joints.

In addition, the nominal thicknesses of concrete layers can be increased in order to provide the required minimum thicknesses of protective layers to reinforcement or elements of the anchoring part of flexible ties.

deviations in the thickness of concrete layers are given in 7.3.2 and 7.3.3.

6.2.2 Requirements for concrete of base layers of panels

6.2.2.1 For concrete of the main (outer and inner) layers of panels, dense heavy or light concrete should be used with a volume of intergranular voids of the compacted mixture of not more than 3%. The concrete of the panels must be subject to requirements for strength, and for the concrete of the outer layers - also for strength, frost resistance and water resistance. For all types of concrete, requirements must be established for tempering characteristics for strength, and for lightweight concrete - for moisture content.

6.2.2.2 For the main layers of the panels, heavy (or fine-grained) concrete according to GOST 26633 class 615 and above or light concrete according to GOST 25620 of dense structure class B15 and above should be taken.

6.2.2.3 The working documentation on the panel shall indicate the required structure of concrete, the type of coarse and fine aggregates, and the permissible maximum fineness of aggregates. As a fine aggregate for lightweight structural concrete according to GOST 2562C, compressive strength classes B12.5 and higher, dense sand or a mixture of dense and porous fishing line should be used. It is not allowed to use perlite sand with an average density of less than 250 kg / m 3, as well as ash or ash and slag mixture as a fine porous aggregate for lightweight structural concrete.

6.2.2.4 The rated compressive strength of heavy and lightweight concrete and the solution of the outer protective-decorative and internal finishing layers should be set in the design documentation for a specific building and indicated in the order for the manufacture of panels, taking into account the requirements of GOST 13015. The rated tempering strength should be at least 70% strength corresponding to the design class for compressive strength.

6.2.2.5 Grades of concrete and mortar panels for frost resistance and water resistance should be set in the working documentation on panels for specific buildings and taken depending on the calculated values of the climatic parameters of the construction area and the parameters of the humidity regime of the protected premises, taking into account the presence of aggressive environmental influences in accordance with the requirements of the current standards applicable to concrete and reinforced concrete structures, as well as to the protection of these structures from corrosion.

6.2.2.6 Grades of concrete and mortar panels for frost resistance should be assigned at a design negative outdoor temperature in the cold period from minus 5 C to minus 40 C, not lower than F75 - for heavy concrete and not lower than F35 - for lightweight concrete. When the calculated negative outdoor temperature in the cold period is above minus 5 C, the frost resistance grade of concrete is not standardized.

6.2.27 Grades of lightweight concrete of the main layers of panels according to the average density in the dry state should be assigned taking into account the class of concrete in terms of compressive strength based on the requirements of GOST 25820.

6.2.2.8 The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the concrete of the main layers of the panels, indicated in the working documentation, should be taken depending on the density of concrete in a dry state and the operating conditions of the panel in accordance with the current regulatory documents and technical documentation in the field of thermal protection of buildings.

6.2.2.9 The requirements for the indicators of the structure of lightweight concrete panels (the volume of intergranular voids and the volume of entrained air) should be set in accordance with the requirements of GOST 25820.

6.2.3 Requirements for protective, decorative and finishing layers

6.2.3.1 The nominal thickness of the protective and decorative layer of panels should be taken at least, mm:

15 - in elevated panels:

30 - in basement panels and technical underground panels.

The nominal value of the ventilated gap in panels with a protective and decorative layer - a ventilated screen should be taken at least 15 mm.

6.2.3.2 The nominal thickness of the mortar layer in the inner finishing layer of the panels should be taken as no more than, mm:

15 - in wall panels of rooms with dry or normal conditions:

20 - in wall panels of rooms with high humidity.

6.2.3.3 The design class of concrete and the brand of mortar in terms of compressive strength for the outer protective and decorative layer should be taken equal to the class of concrete of the main layer or differ from it by no more than one step.

6.2.3.4 The brand of mortar in terms of compressive strength for the inner finishing layer of panels should be taken no higher than the grade of concrete on which this layer is applied, and not lower than grade M25.

6.2.3.5 The values of the normalized tempering strength of concrete for the external protective-decorative and internal finishing layers must correspond to the concrete of the main layers of the panel.

The normalized tempering strength of the solution must be at least 70% of the strength at the age of 28 days.

6.3 Requirements for the thermal insulation layer of panels

6.3.1 For the heat-insulating layer of the panels, heat-insulating products in the form of plates made of polymeric and mineral wool materials, as well as lightweight concrete, should be used.

6.3.2 Rigid heat-insulating boards made of the following materials should be used as a heat-insulating layer:

Polystyrene foam grade 25 or 35 according to GOST 15588;

Mineral wool based on basalt fiber on a synthetic binder with a density of 80-160 kg / m 3 and eolostanite fiber on a bitumen-mineral binder;

Mineral wool on a synthetic binder with a density of not more than 175 kg / m 3 according to GOST 9573 and GOST 22950;

Mineral wool made of glass fiber on a synthetic binder with a density of not more than 150 kg / m 3 according to GOST 10499.

Semi-rigid thermal insulation materials may only be used in combination with rigid ones. In this case, semi-rigid heat-insulating slabs should be laid directly on the concrete layer, which is the bottom during concreting.

It is allowed to use other heat-insulating products and materials manufactured in accordance with the relevant standards and meeting the requirements of this standard in terms of purpose and conditions of use, taking into account the following requirements:

The coefficient of thermal conductivity of heat-insulating materials X should be no more than 0.08 W / (m 2 * C);

Average nominal density - no more than 200 kg/m 3 .

Notes

1 The design thermal conductivity of the heat-insulating layer is determined taking into account the design compaction of heat-insulating materials and products in the process of manufacturing panels.

NOTE 2 The nominal average density of an insulating layer is determined as the quotient of its dry mass divided by its compacted volume. For multi-row thermal insulation, the calculation takes the total mass and volume of the layers in the compacted state.

6.3.3 Thermal insulation products and materials used for the manufacture of panels must have hygienic conclusions from the sanitary and epidemiological authorities and a fire safety certificate.

6.3.4 When using a five-layer insulating layer in three-layer panels of new materials, it is necessary to have technical certificates for them issued in in due course with the following main characteristics:

Average density, kg/m 3 ;

Strength at 10% reduction. MPa;

Thermal conductivity coefficient (in a dry state and calculated value), W / (m? ° С);

Weight humidity. % by weight.

The given characteristics must comply with the requirements of this standard and GOST 16381.

6.3.5 The design coefficient of thermal conductivity of the heat-insulating layer material is set in accordance with the requirements of the current regulatory documents and technical documentation * in the field of thermal protection of buildings for the design operating conditions of the building envelope, depending on the humidity conditions of the premises and humidity zones, or in accordance with the test results.

6.3.6 if the heat-insulating boards are a combustible material (in accordance with GOST 30244), along the perimeter window openings and at the joints of the panels it is necessary to arrange fire-retardant barriers made of non-combustible material, for example, from basalt-based mineral wool slabs.

6.3.7 Heat-insulating boards may be placed in panels in one or more layers. The layout of heat-insulating plates is indicated in the working documentation on the panel. Specifications for laying slabs are given in 7.7.4 and 7.7.5.

6.3.6 Moisture-intensive and non-moisture-resistant heat-insulating materials and products used in necessary cases, determined by the design of three-layer panels, the technology of their formation and heat treatment, must be protected from moisture during the manufacture of panels. Protection methods should be indicated in the working documentation on the panel.

Notes

1 Moisture-intensive materials include heat-insulating materials and products, the release humidity of which, in the absence of measures to protect against moisture during the manufacturing process, may exceed the permissible value established in 7.7.2 and 7.7.3.

2 Non-moisture-resistant materials include heat-insulating materials and products, the technical characteristics of which (for example, dimensions, strength, deformability, thermal conductivity, etc.), in the absence of measures to protect them from moisture during the manufacture of the panel, may deteriorate irreversibly.

6.3.9 When choosing products and materials for the heat-insulating layer, their biostability and durability should be taken into account.

in order to ensure the heat-shielding properties of the panel, the period of preservation of the heat-shielding properties of products and materials of the heat-insulating layer under operating conditions should not be less than the estimated service life of the panel as a whole.

6.4 Connections

6.4.1 The purpose of connecting links in three-layer panels is to ensure the integrity of the panel during its manufacture, assembly, storage, transportation, installation and operation.

For these purposes, apply:

Flexible connections in the form of individual rods, strips, reinforcing products of various types from corrosion-resistant steel or steel of ordinary quality (with or without an anti-corrosion coating);

Flexible connections in the form of separate rods from non-metallic alkali-resistant materials:

Discrete reinforced concrete connections - dowels or ribs:

Reinforced concrete ribs made of lightweight concrete.

6.4.2 Non-metallic materials should only be used for flexible braces and flexible braces. The use of flexible connections - suspensions made of non-metallic materials is not allowed.

6.4.3 Placement of ties along the body of the panel should ensure the joint operation of the outer and inner concrete layers of the panel during the operation of buildings.

6.4.4 Flexible connections should consist of two parts: working (connecting) and anchoring.

Working elements of flexible connections should be made of corrosion-resistant materials.

Anchoring elements of flexible connections are placed in concrete layers; to protect them from corrosion should be provided:

The required thickness of the protective layer of concrete (except for flexible connections made of alkali-resistant materials);

Limitation of intergranular voidness and width of cracks in concrete;

Types of concrete, in which the content of components that cause metal corrosion does not exceed the permissible level.

"SP 50.13330.2012 "SNiL 23-02-2003 Thermal protection of buildings" is in force in the Russian Federation.

6.4.5 The cross-sectional dimensions and reinforcement of rigid connecting ties (reinforced concrete lintels and ribs) should be taken such that cracking and corrosion of reinforcement in these ties and in adjacent areas of the panels are excluded. To protect the reinforcement from corrosion, it is necessary to apply the measures specified in 6.4.4 to protect the anchoring elements of flexible links. The nominal thickness of reinforced concrete ribs and the nominal dimensions of reinforced concrete dowels should be taken at least 60 mm. At the same time, it is recommended to comply with the condition according to which the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity of panels, determined taking into account the current regulatory documents and technical documentation and taken into account in the calculations of heat transfer resistance, must be at least 0.6.

6.4.6 The number of bonds required to ensure the integrity of the panel during the operation of the building should be determined by calculation according to proven methods. Types and location of connections should be specified in the working documentation for the panel.

6.5 Additional requirements

6.5.1 In panels with openings adjacent to their end faces (for example, with doorways), constructive measures must be taken (for example, the formation of a closed reinforcing loop by installing a reinforced jumper using frames, reinforcing bars or in another way) to prevent the appearance of cracks in the panel in the opening area during loading and unloading operations, transportation, storage and installation.

6.5.2 The nominal thickness of the concrete protective layer before the reinforcement (including the outer protective-decorative or inner finishing layer) should be taken not less than the values given in Table 3. The exception is panels intended for northern climatic subregions - 1B. 1G. IA. MB. IG. 1MB and IVE, taking into account the current regulatory documents and technical documentation with low average daily air temperatures (degrees Celsius), in which the nominal thickness of the protective layer of lightweight concrete from the outer surface to the reinforcement must be taken at least 30 mm. a layer of heavy concrete - at least 25 mm.

The nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete before the reinforcement located in the layer that is the top layer during concreting should be taken into account the allowable deviations in the thickness of this layer, the thickness of the reinforced layers, but not less than the values \u200b\u200bspecified in Table 3.

Table 3

Surface from which concrete cover thickness is measured	type of concrete layer, i	The minimum nominal thickness of the protective layer of concrete up to the arcade is 1 ", we
			"constructiama
External (facade), adjacent to the heat-insulating layer

The surface of the inner side of the panel and the edge of the opening

\|; In load-bearing panels, the minimum nominal thickness of the concrete protective layer before the reinforcement is prescribed depending on the standardized fire resistance limits for the bearing capacity, established by the fire safety regulations.

7 Technical requirements

7.1 Prefabrication requirements for panels

7.1.1 Panels should be manufactured in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to design and process documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

7.1.2 The factory readiness of the panels must comply with the requirements of this standard and additional requirements of project documentation for specific buildings, established taking into account the conditions of transportation and storage of panels, the technology of loading and unloading operations and the installation of buildings.

In cases stipulated by the design documentation for specific buildings, panels should be delivered with waterproof primers applied, installed window and door blocks, window sills and drains, sealed and thermally insulated at the joints between window and door blocks and the edges of openings, overhead products and other structural elements specified in 7.1.3.

Delivery of panels without window and door blocks, window sills and drains, if their installation is provided for by the project documentation, is allowed only by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer and the design organization - the author of the project.

7.1.3 In cases stipulated by the design documentation, the panels must have:

Protrusions, cutouts, grooves, niches, steel embedded and overlaid products and other structural elements designed to support panels on building structures and to align and adjoin adjacent structures:

Cutouts and recesses in the end zones and other places of adjunctions to the panels of adjacent structures, intended for the formation of a key connection after the joints have been sealed;

Reinforcing outlets, steel embedded products and other structural elements for connecting panels to each other and to adjacent building structures:

Protrusions, grooves and other structural details in the end zones of the panels, along the perimeter of the openings, designed to form an anti-rain barrier, stop sealing gaskets and sealants, install a water-breaking element (tape) at the junction, etc.;

Sockets for mounting (lifting) loops and other mounting and connecting parts;

window blocks with window sills, drains and door blocks;

Embedded and overhead products for fastening window sills, sun protection devices, curtains, cornices, devices for hanging curtains and other equipment, open heating devices and other engineering equipment.

7.2 Requirements for the actual values of the functional parameters of the panels

7.2.1 The actual values of the functional parameters of the panels, the nomenclature of which is presented in Table 1, must correspond to the limit or nominal values specified in the working documentation for these panels.

7.2.2 The actual values of the functional parameters of the panels should be determined from the results of periodic tests in accordance with 8.2.1. The actual values of parameters not specified in 8.2.1 and Table 5 are determined from the results of research tests carried out before the panels are put into production.

7.3 Geometric accuracy requirements

7.3.1 Actual deviations of the geometrical parameters of panels from the design (nominal) values should not exceed the limits established by this standard or regulatory documents on the panel. The limit values for deviations in the length, height and thickness of the panels are taken in accordance with 6.1. limit values for deviations of other panel parameters - in accordance with table 4.

Table 4

vmd geometric parameter deviations		Limit deviation mm
Linear deviation	Dimensions of openings, cutouts, protrusions and recesses:




	Socket sizes for unsoldered boxes, switches and
	socket outlets, channel cross-sections and more
	branch for electrical wiring

End of table 4

type of deviation	Geometric parameter and its nominal value, mm	Limit deviation.
geometric parameter	Geometric parameter and its nominal value, mm
Linear deviation	Dimensions that determine the position of openings, cutouts,
	stupas and recesses:




	Dimensions that determine the position of steel embedded parts, located in accordance with the working documentation at the same level with the concrete surface and not serving as fixators during installation: In the plane of the panel with the size of the embedded part up to 100 mm
	In the plane of the panel with the size of the embedded part over 100 mm
	From the plane of the panel
	Dimensions that determine the position of steel embedded parts that serve as clamps during installation
Deviation from straight line	The straightness of the profile of the front surfaces, supporting
nuances	nyh and end faces: On sections 1 m long For the entire length of the panel or block length:



Deviation from plane	The flatness of the front surface when measured from
	conditional plane passing through three corner points of the pvnel surface at the largest size (length or height):



Deviation from perpen-	Perpendicularity of adjacent end faces (for foam
dicularity	rectangular lei) when measuring on the base:

7.3.2 Deviations from the design thickness of the concrete layers, as well as the outer protective-decorative and inner finishing layers of the panels, shall not exceed ±5 mm. Deviations from the design thickness of the heat-insulating layer with plate insulation laid in one layer should not exceed ± 5 mm. and in two layers - ±10 mm.

7.3.3 Limit deviations from the design thickness of the concrete protective layer to the working reinforcement should be assigned in accordance with GOST 13015.

7.4 Concrete and mortar requirements

7.4.1 Concrete used for the main layers of panels must meet the requirements:

Heavy and fine-grained concrete - GOST 26633;

Lightweight concrete - GOST 25820.

The solution used in the manufacture of panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 28013.

7.4.2 The actual strength of concrete (at the age of 28 days and tempering) must correspond to the required one, assigned in accordance with GOST 18105, depending on the class of concrete established in the working documentation, and the indicator of the actual uniformity of concrete strength.

7.4.3 The actual strength of the solution of the outer protective-decorative and inner finishing layers of panels (at the age of 28 days and tempered) should not be lower than the normalized strength.

7.4.4 The actual average density of lightweight concrete must correspond to the required average density, determined in accordance with GOST 27005, depending on the grade of concrete in terms of average density and the coefficient of required density, which characterizes the actual density uniformity of concrete.

7.4.5 The actual thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete of the main layers of the panels should not exceed the thermal conductivity values specified in the working documentation on the panel by more than 10%.

7.4.6 The actual values of the volume of intergranular voids and the volume of entrained air in the compacted concrete mixture should not exceed the values adopted in accordance with GOST 25820 and 6.2.2.1.

7.4.7 The frost resistance of concrete and mortar and the water resistance of concrete must correspond to the frost resistance and water resistance grades established in the project documentation for specific buildings and specified in the order for the manufacture of panels.

7.5 Requirements for reinforcing and embedded products

7.5.1 Steel grades and grades for reinforcing and embedded products must correspond to those specified in the working drawings of the panels.

7.5.2 Welded reinforcing and embedded products must comply with the requirements of GOST 10922 and GOST 23279.

7.6 Requirements for non-metallic flexible ties

7.6.1 Non-metallic flexible connections must comply with the following requirements:

According to the material - durability;

In terms of manufacturing accuracy.

7.7 Requirements for the thermal insulation layer

7.7.1 The strength of materials and products of the heat-insulating layer at 10% compression for panels, in the manufacture of which the concrete of the outer or inner layer is laid on the heat-insulating layer, should be such that the compressibility of the heat-insulating layer does not exceed 6% at the pressure created by the mass laid on him a layer of concrete.

It is allowed to use heat-insulating boards with compressibility at the specified pressure from 6% to 15% (semi-rigid boards according to GOST 16381) in combination with heat-insulating products, the compressibility of which does not exceed 4%.

In this case, a layer of more rigid heat-insulating plates should be laid on a layer of less rigid

7.7.2 humidity of heat-insulating products when laying in panels (initial humidity) should not exceed the maximum permissible humidity (weight humidity) established in the standards for products of a particular type.

7.7.3 moisture content of the heat-insulating layer during the release of panels to the consumer (release humidity) should not exceed the maximum permissible humidity (weight moisture) established for heat-insulating products from which this layer is made, by more than 5% by weight.

7.7.4 Heat-insulating boards should be laid in panels close to each other.

When heat-insulating plates are arranged in several layers, the seams between the plates in each of the layers must be offset relative to the seams between the plates in adjacent layers by at least the thickness of the layer.

The layout of heat-insulating plates must correspond to that specified in the working drawings of the panels.

7.7.5 The gaps between the ends of the heat-insulating plates and the gaps at their junctions with the mold must be protected from the flow of the concrete mixture and its mortar component. The locations of the gaps and methods of protection against the ingress of concrete mix must be indicated in the working drawings of each specific panel.

7.8 Panel Mass Requirements

7.8.1 Deviations of the actual weight of the panels when they are released to the consumer from the nominal weight specified in the working documentation should not exceed ±10%.

7.8.2 The nominal release weight of panels with the main layers of lightweight concrete is calculated at the design average density of the concrete of the main layers and the density of the insulation, taking into account their highest allowable release moisture.

The nominal release weight of panels with base layers of heavy concrete should be taken taking into account the actual average density of concrete at the manufacturer's site. determined from the test results.

7.9 Requirements for the appearance and quality of panel surfaces

7.9.1 The type and quality of the finish of the outer front surfaces of the panels must comply with the requirements of the design documentation and the standard of finish, approved by agreement with the customer.

7.9.2 Types of window and balcony blocks installed in the panels, their coloring, glazing and completion with window sills, drains and embedded products must comply with the manufacturing order.

7.9.3 The quality of the concrete surfaces of the panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 13015 for surfaces of the categories specified in the standard or working documentation on the panel or regulatory documents on the panel.

7.9.4 On the surface areas of the panels intended for the formation of sealed zones at the joints and the application of glued air insulation. must not be:

Sinks with a diameter of more than Emmy and a depth of more than 2 mm:

Local build-ups and depressions with a height (depth) of more than 2 mm;

Concrete edges of ribs with a depth of more than 2 mm and a length of more than 30 mm per 1 m of the rib.

7.9.5 Panel surfaces must be free of grease and rust stains.

7.9.6 On the lined surfaces of the lamellae, there should be no loose finishing materials. The quality of the seams between the elements of finishing materials must comply with the standard of finishing (see 7.9.1).

7.9.7 There should be no cracks in concrete and mortar intended for the manufacture of panels, with the exception of local surface cracks with a width of not more than 0.2 mm.

7.10 Requirements for materials and components

7.10.1 Binders, aggregates, additives and water used for concrete preparation must comply with:

For heavy and fine-grained concrete - GOST 26633:

For lightweight concrete - GOST 25620.

The materials used to prepare the solution must comply with the requirements of GOST 28013.

7.10.2 Heat-insulating boards in accordance with 6.3.2 shall be used as the material of the heat-insulating layer in the panels.

It is allowed to use other heat-insulating materials that meet the requirements of this standard (see 6.3.3) and provide the resistance to heat transfer of panels required in the specific conditions of operation of buildings during the entire expected service life.

7.10.3 To reinforce the panels, reinforcing steel should be used that meets the requirements:

For bar reinforcement - GOST 5781 or GOST 10884;

For reinforcing wire - GOST 6727.

7.10.4 Steel for the manufacture of embedded products and mounting loops must comply with the requirements established in GOST 13015.

7.10.5 Window blocks and balcony door blocks installed in panels must comply with the requirements of GOST 11214. GOST 21519. GOST 23166. GOST 24700. GOST 25097. GOST 30674. external door blocks - GOST 475. junctions to panel openings - GOST 30971.

7.10.6 Used for finishing panels, as well as for waterproofing, vapor barrier and anti-corrosion coatings, paint and varnish and facing materials and mastics must comply with the requirements of the relevant standards and, in cases provided for by regulatory documents, have certificates of conformity.

7.11 Marking

7.11.1 Markings, signs and the name of the manufacturer should be applied to the side faces or other surfaces of the panels in accordance with GOST 13015.

7.11.2 Methods and rules for marking on panels are specified in section 7 of GOST 13015.

8 Acceptance rules

8.1 General rules for acceptance

8.1.1 Acceptance of panels is carried out in batches in accordance with the requirements of GOST 13015 and this standard. The composition of the batch includes products of the same type of concrete of the same class in terms of compressive strength and the same brand in terms of average density, made using the same technology from materials of the same type and quality within no more than one day.

8.1.2 Acceptance of panels is carried out based on the results of incoming and operational control, periodic and acceptance tests.

8.1.3 The characteristics of the panels, controlled during the input and operational control, must comply with GOST 13015. Additionally, during operational control, check:

Humidity of the material of the insulation boards before laying in the form;

Correct position and anchoring of flexible ties and rigid tie reinforcement.

The actual thickness of the concrete layer of the panels.

The actual thickness of the heat-insulating layer:

Correct laying of insulation boards and installation of fire cuts (liners);

The presence and number of slots in the insulation boards at the locations of the connection elements, the quality of the sealing of the slots;

The presence and correct installation of wooden plugs for fastening window and door blocks;

Availability and quality primers panels.

8.2 Indicators controlled by the results of periodic tests

8.2.1 Periodic tests to determine the compliance of the controlled parameters of the panels with the required values should be carried out when the panels are put into production, when the production technology or the materials and components used are changed, and also periodically at the time specified in the working documentation.

8.2.2 Panels intended for testing in terms of resistance to force. must comply with the requirements of this standard and the working documentation on the panel.

8.2.3 Depending on the specific design, the accepted type of finish and the specifics of the panel production technology, it is allowed to include among the indicators of panels controlled by the results of periodic tests, in addition to the indicators in Table 5:

Release moisture of the heat-insulating layer of three-layer panels;

Porosity indicators of compacted lightweight concrete mix:

Thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete:

Adhesion strength of facing tiles with concrete or mortar:

Deviations of geometric parameters, the accuracy of which depends on the integral elements of the forms.

8.2.4 The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete should be controlled in cases where the heat transfer resistance of the layers of a lightweight concrete panel is taken into account when determining whether the calculated reduced heat transfer resistance of the panels meets the requirements of the current regulatory documents and technical documentation for the thermal protection of buildings.

8.2.5 Release humidity of materials should be controlled based on the test results of samples taken from three finished panels, at least:

Lightweight concrete of the outer and inner layers - once a month, as well as when changing the composition of concrete:

Heat-insulating layer material - twice a month.

The assessment of the actual release moisture content of materials should be carried out based on the results of checking each controlled product according to the average value of the moisture content of the samples taken from it.

8.2.6 Monitoring in terms of porosity of a compacted mixture of lightweight concrete (volume of intergranular voids, volume of entrained air) should be carried out at least once a month.

8.2.7 Monitoring in terms of thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete should be carried out at least once every 6 months.

8.2.8 Adhesion strength of facing tiles with mortar or concrete panels should be checked at least once every 3 months. Strength assessment is carried out by the average value of the test results of samples taken from five finished panels that are part of one accepted batch of panels.

8.2.9 Control in terms of accuracy of the geometric parameters of the panels is carried out at least once a month, choosing panels from one batch. The sample size and the rules for evaluating the results of control - in accordance with 8.3.5.

8.3 Indicators controlled by the results of acceptance tests

8.3.1 Acceptance of panels based on the results of acceptance tests is carried out according to the following indicators:

Strength of concrete and mortar:

Average density of lightweight concrete;

Compliance of embedded parts, reinforcing products, quality of welded joints and mounting loops with working drawings;

The accuracy of the geometric parameters of the panels;

The thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement;

Crack opening width:

Quality of concrete surfaces:

The presence of adhesion of facing tiles with concrete or mortar;

Weight of products;

Appearance.

8.3.2 The strength of concrete is controlled in the manner prescribed by GOST 18105. Control of the strength of the mortar (at the design age and tempering age) is carried out for each batch of products based on the test results of at least one series of samples made from one sample of the mortar, but at least once per shift .

8.3.3 The control of the average density of lightweight concrete of the main layers of the panel should be carried out in accordance with GOST 27005.

8.3.4 Compliance of embedded parts, reinforcing products, quality of welded joints and mounting loops with working drawings is controlled upon their acceptance in the reinforcement shop.

8.3.5 Compliance with the accuracy of geometric parameters, the thickness of the protective layer of concrete to the reinforcement, the width of crack opening, the quality of concrete surfaces and the mass of products with the requirements of working documentation is checked based on the results of selective one-stage control in accordance with GOST 13015.

8.3.6 Compliance with the established requirements for the appearance of products (absence of grease and rust stains, concrete sagging on embedded parts and mounting loops, reinforcement exposures, presence and correct application of markings and signs, waterproofing and anti-corrosion coatings, availability, completeness and quality of finishing filling openings , conformity of the finish of the outer surfaces to the approved standard) is checked by continuous control of the products included in the batch.

8.3.7 Based on the results of acceptance in accordance with GOST 13015, a document is drawn up on the quality of the supplied panels.

In addition, the quality document must indicate:

Concrete grade according to the frost resistance of the outer layer of the panels:

Density and coefficient of thermal conductivity of the insulation boards of the heat-insulating layer;

Type of finishing of external front surfaces indicating the type of finishing or facing material and reference to the relevant standards.

If there are mortar layers in the panels, the following indicators should be given in the quality document: the strength grade of the mortar, the actual tempering strength and the frost resistance grade.

6 as indicators of the average density of lightweight concrete of the outer and inner layers of the panels, the actual values \u200b\u200bof the average density in the state dried to a constant mass should be indicated.

9 Methods of control and testing

9.1 Panel quality control

9.1.1 Compliance with the requirements for panel parameters characterizing their resistance to static force effects (load on the upper edge of the panel, if the panel is load-bearing), wind (load across the panel field) and seismic effects, is determined by test results in accordance with GOST 6829 according to the schemes given in the working documentation on the panel.

Tests should be carried out for center compression of the inner concrete or reinforced concrete layer and for mutual shear of the outer and inner layers.

Based on the test results, determine:

The bearing capacity of the panel piers in non-central compression, characterized by the value (magnitude) of the breaking static load on the upper face of the panel:

The maximum displacement of the outer concrete or reinforced concrete layer relative to the inner concrete or reinforced concrete layer at twice the design load on the outer layer, including its own weight. should not exceed 2 mm.

9.1.2 Tests to determine the resistance of the panel to hinged and impact loads are carried out according to the methods agreed between the manufacturer and the customer.

9.1.3 The accuracy of the dimensions and shape of the panels, the dimensions characterizing the quality of the surfaces of the panels, is determined in accordance with GOST 26433.1.

9.1.4 Compliance with the requirements for the appearance of the panels. - the absence of grease and rust stains, concrete sagging on embedded products and mounting loops, rebar exposures, the presence and correct application of markings and signs, the presence of waterproofing and anti-corrosion coatings, the availability, completeness and quality of the finish of filling the openings, the conformity of the finish of the outer surfaces to the approved standard, checked visually.

9.2 Strength control of concrete and mortar

9.2.1 Compressive strength of concrete is determined according to GOST 10180. Evaluation of test results - according to GOST 18105.

9.2.2 The strength of the solution is controlled according to GOST 5802.

9.2.3 The actual tempering strength of light and heavy concrete is determined in accordance with GOST 17624 when testing panels with an ultrasonic method.

The actual tempering strength of light and heavy concrete can also be determined according to GOST 22690 when testing panels by mechanical methods of non-destructive testing.

9.3 Control of average density of concrete

9.3.1 The average density of concrete is determined according to GOST 12730.1. Evaluation of test results - according to GOST 27005.

The average density of concrete can also be determined according to GOST 17623 by the radioisotope method. At the same time, at least one panel per shift is tested.

9.4 Control of frost resistance and water tightness of concrete

9.4.1 The frost resistance of heavy and light concrete is determined according to GOST 10060. The frost resistance of the solution is controlled according to GOST 5802.

9.4.2 The water resistance of concrete is determined according to GOST 12730.5.

9.5 Concrete moisture control

9.5.1 The moisture content of lightweight concrete is determined in accordance with GOST 12730.2.

9.5.2 At least two samples should be taken from each panel in the sample (see 8.2.5). Samples are taken by drilling out from the inner layer of the panel at low speed or using a jumper. The sampling site must be located at least 200 mm from the end face of the panel.

Holes formed after sampling must be sealed with a material that ensures the restoration of the required operational properties panels in sampling areas.

9.5.3 It is allowed to determine the moisture content of concrete by dielcometric method in accordance with GOST 21718.

9.6 Control of thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete and porosity of concrete mix

9.6.1 The thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete dried to constant weight is determined according to GOST 7076. The thermal conductivity test should be carried out at a panel surface temperature of 10 °C to 40 °C.

9.6.2 The control of the porosity indicators of the concrete mixture of lightweight concrete is carried out in accordance with GOST 10181.

9.7 Inspection of welded reinforcing and embedded products

9.7.1 Inspection and testing of welded reinforcing and embedded products is carried out in accordance with GOST 10922.

9.7.2 It is allowed to determine the quality control of welded joints by the ultrasonic method in accordance with GOST 23858.

9.6 Moisture control of the insulation layer material

9.8.1 Moisture control of the material of the thermal insulation layer should be carried out by testing samples taken from the finished panels, using the methods specified in the standard for the material. From each panel included in the sample, at least two samples of heat-insulating material are taken.

9.8.2 It is allowed not to control the release moisture of the heat-insulating layer made of polystyrene foam boards, adopted in accordance with GOST 15588. and from other non-moisture-intensive and moisture-resistant materials and products when indicated in the working documentation on the panel.

9.9 Control of compressibility and initial moisture content of thermal insulation materials and

9.9.1 Compressibility and initial moisture content of heat-insulating materials and products are controlled in case of changes in these parameters during storage or transportation, as well as before the start of production of each batch of panels.

9.9.2 The compressibility of thermal insulation products shall be tested at the pressure specified in 7.7.1. using test equipment and according to the methods specified in GOST 17177 and product standards.

9.9.3 The initial moisture content of heat-insulating materials and products is determined by testing samples taken from them using the methods specified in the standards for materials and products.

9.10 Control of the presence and strength of adhesion of finishing and facing layers with

concrete and mortar

9.10.1 The presence of adhesion of the protective-decorative and finishing layers with the concrete of the panels is checked by tapping.

9.10.2 The adhesion strength of facing tiles with mortar or concrete is determined in accordance with GOST 28039.

10 Transport and storage

10.1 Transportation and storage of panels is carried out in accordance with the working documentation for panels of specific types, developed in compliance with the requirements of GOST 13015 and this standard.

10.2 Panels should be stored in cassettes in a vertical or inclined position.

Window and door blocks installed in panels must be closed and secured during storage and transportation.

10.3 When storing and transporting the panels, the supports are placed only under the inner load-bearing concrete layer in such a way. so that the outer protective-decorative and heat-insulating layers of the panels below have an air gap of at least 20 mm. The transfer of forces to these layers is not allowed.

As supports, special gaskets are used - wooden, rubber, etc.

If there are parts and parts protruding downwards in the panels, the height of the supports must exceed their height by at least 20 mm.

10.4 When storing the panels in an open area and during transportation, the horizontal and vertical ends of the panels along the entire length and along the perimeter of the openings and the places where the insulation comes out to the outside must be pasted over with waterproof material.

10.5 The panels are transported in a vertical or inclined position on panel carriers, railway platforms and other vehicles, equipped with special fastening and support devices that ensure the immobility of the panels and their safety, including the safety of filling openings and parts protruding from the plane of the panels.

10.6 Lifting, loading and unloading of panels should be carried out with the capture of mounting loops or with the use of special gripping devices provided for by the working documentation for these panels.

10.7 When storing, transporting and installing panels, fire safety measures should be taken to exclude the possibility of ignition of the insulation.

UDC 691.328.1.022.4:006.354 MKS 91.080.10

Key words: panel, three-layer reinforced concrete panel with effective insulation, classification. types, parameters, design load, brand, concrete, class, design, reinforcement, embedded parts, technical requirements, strength, connecting connections, acceptance, control methods, transportation and storage

Editor T.T Martynoa Technical editor S.N. Prusakova Corrector R.A. Meitova Koylayuternaya imposition I.A. Naleikina

Delivered in set 2S.03.20ie. Signed on print 0S.04.2016 Fornat 60*84/1 Typeface Ariel.

Uel. oven l. 3.26. Uch.*ed. l. 2.75. Tira” 35 eq. Behind*. 053.

Published and printed by FSUE STANDARTINFORM, $12399 Moscow. Grenade ler.. 4.

In the Russian Federation, SP 50.13330.2012 "SNiP 23-02-2003 Thermal protection of buildings" is in force.

Due to the variety of requirements that exterior wall panels must meet, designing them is quite a challenge. In addition to the general requirements for external walls (strength, stability, low thermal conductivity, frost resistance, fire resistance, low weight, economy), the manufacture and installation of the structure of external wall panels should be carried out with a minimum of labor costs; they must have perfect joint designs and a high degree of factory readiness. The shape and finish of the panels must meet the aesthetic requirements for buildings in the construction area.

Optimal design solutions for panels are difficult to find, also because they are constantly being modified and improved. Currently, many options for wall panels have been developed. Below is a description of the most used of them and promising ones. On fig. 14, a shows a load-bearing single-layer wall panel of a frameless house, made of expanded clay concrete grade 75 with a bulk weight of 900 -1100 kg / m. Panel thickness 340 mm. The outer surface of the panel has a textured layer 20 mm thick of decorative concrete, and the inner one has a finishing layer 10 mm thick from a mortar placed in the mold when the panel is concreted. After mounting the panel, it remains to putty and paint its inner surface.

Ras. 14. Single layer wall panels:

a - construction of expanded clay concrete panel; b - interface of the outer panel with the inner; ; in - the same, internal among themselves; 1 - lifting loop; 2- temperature seam; 3 - decorative concrete; 4 - affective insulation; 5 - heating panel; 6 - embedded steel parts; 7 - steel connecting rods; 8 - outer wall panel; 9 - the same, internal; 10 - finishing layer; g - from cellular concrete; 1 - reinforcing mesh; 2- lifting loops; 3 - welded frames; 4 - grooves for installing brackets for window boards

On fig. 14, b, c shows the pairing and fastening of expanded clay concrete panel walls - external and internal and internal to each other. The panels are fastened together by welding steel rods or strips to the embedded steel parts of the panels of the outer and internal walls. After welding, the fasteners are sealed with a solution of concrete to protect them from corrosion and from exposure to fire in case of fire. Single-layer wall panels made of autoclaved reinforced concrete have a small volumetric weight.

The typical project of residential large-panel houses of the 1-468 series provides for the use of room-sized wall panels made of cellular concrete with a volume weight of 600-700 kg / m3. The thickness of the panels, depending on the climatic region, is taken from 30 to 320 mm (Fig. 14, h). The end walls of the houses of this series consist of two walls: the internal load-bearing wall is designed on reinforced concrete, and the external self-supporting wall is made of cellular concrete.

Wall panels made of cellular concrete in the first houses built had a textured layer of dense mortar 30-35 mm thick on the outside. Since this layer makes it difficult for water vapor to escape from the room and complicates the technology for manufacturing panels, now in the panels of houses of the 1-468 series, instead of a textured layer, a hydrophobic coloring of the outer surface of the panels is produced, which allows water vapor to pass through and at the same time protects the outer surface from atmospheric moisture.

Rice. 15. An example of the construction of a two-layer wall panel made of lightweight concrete:

I - frames; 2 - carrier layer; 3 - finishing layer; 4 - window sill; 5 - drain; 6 - lifting loops; 7 - large-pore (heat-insulating) concrete; 8 - embedded parts; 9 - embedded parts for mounting the radiator

Single-layer wall panels can be considered the most promising: in comparison with layered panels, they have many advantages due to the simplicity of the design solution and technologies manufacturing, lower labor costs; in addition, production W.H can be easily mechanized.

In the absence of an aggregate suitable for producing lightweight concrete with a bulk weight of less than 1000 kg / m 3, it is powerful to use two-layer panels, the bearing layer of which consists of dense light or heavy concrete of grade 150-200 with a volumetric load of more than 1000 kg / m3, and an insulating layer - of heat-insulating light or cellular concrete or rigid thermal insulation boards . The thickness of the bearing layer for wall panels must be at least 60 mm.

The carrier layer is recommended to be placed on the inside of the room, so that it is also a vapor barrier. The heat-insulating layer is protected from the outside with a layer of decorative concrete or mortar grade 50-75 with a thickness of 15-20 mm. In the case of the use of insulation in the form of semi-rigid heat-insulating slabs or reinforced concrete bearing slabs of two-layer panels laid by pouring, they are designed with ribs along the contour or often ribbed. The height of the vertical ribs is set within 1/20 -1/15 of the panel height, the plate thickness between the ribs is at least 35 mm.

The width of reinforced concrete ribs is taken to be at least 40 mm, and in load-bearing panels, the width of horizontal ribs should be taken as 60 mm. On fig. 15 shows the construction of a two-layer lightweight concrete exterior wall panel. Three-layer wall panels consist of and; two reinforced concrete slabs and a layer of insulation between them (Fig. 16). Used as a heater semi-rigid mineral wool slabs, mineral cork, cement fiberboard, asbestos-cement slabs, mineral wool mats on a phenolic bond, fiberglass mats, as well as rigid insulation - foam glass, ceramic foam, foam silicate.

Rice. 106. Three-layer wall panel:

1 - welded frames covered with concrete; 2 - lifting parts; 3 - heavy beta; 4 - insulation; 5 - welded meshes; c - overhead parts

External and internal reinforced concrete slabs are interconnected by welded reinforcing cages, pre-concreted with light or heavy concrete. Until now, it has been assumed that the use of lightweight concrete should exclude the formation of heat-conducting inclusions that cause condensation. However, the practice of using three-layer panels with connecting ribs coated with light concrete showed that in winter in the zone negative temperatures the reinforcing bars of the ribs are moistened and corroded.

It is recommended to make the inner plate of a three-layer panel 80 mm thick instead of the frame used 40-50 mm thick. In this case, the thickened heat-conducting reinforced concrete slab becomes, as it were, a heat pump that pumps heat from the heated room into the panel. As a result, the dew point moves towards the outer part of the panel, and the connecting ribs always find themselves in the zone of positive temperatures, which eliminates the possibility of their corrosion when concreting with heavy rather than light concrete.

The thickness - of the outer plate of the three-layer panel must be at least 50 mm. The thickness of the insulation layer is determined by heat engineering calculation. If we take cement fiberboard as a heater, then its thickness for Moscow will be 450 mm and the total thickness of the three-layer wall panel will be 80 + 150 + 50 = 280 mm. The thickness of the lined connecting ribs of the panel is not less than 40 mm, and the distance between them is not more than 1200 mm.

In foreign construction, the connecting links between the outer and inner plates of three-layer panels began to be made of stainless steel, which is very expedient from the point of view of the durability of the structure.

In construction practice, one- and three-layer external wall panels are most common, while the use of two-layer panels is very limited.

Bearing panels of internal walls of large-panel buildings fire resistant materials: heavy and light concrete (waste coconcrete, expanded clay concrete, thermosite concrete, etc.); cellular and silicate concretes can also be used.

By design, the bearing panels of the inner walls can be solid (Fig. 17, i), hollow (Fig. 17, b), often ribbed (Fig. 17, c) and with ribs along the contour (Fig. 17, d, 9) . Among the progressive enclosing structures of the walls are panels made of asbestos-cement, as well as polymeric materials. The advantage of these panels compared to reinforced concrete is their lightness.

Asbestos-cement wall panels can have frame and frameless structures. The frame wall panel (Fig. 18, a) consists of two asbestos-cement sheets: the outer one is 10 mm thick, the inner frame between them is made of asbestos-cement bars of a special profile (Fig. 18, b).

The frame of asbestos-cement panels can also be mounted from wooden bars. Insulation is laid inside the panel. Facing asbestos-cement sheets are attached to the frame on a durable waterproof polymer adhesive.

An asbestos-cement panel the size of a room has a frame along its contour and along the perimeter of the window opening, and the horizontal window frames of the frame are installed over the entire width of the panel. To increase the mechanical strength of the bars, they are reinforced with a strip of durable sheet asbestos-cement.

To enhance the thermal insulation of the panel, mineral wool felt on a bundle is laid in its cavity (Fig. 18, b, c) or insulating wood fiber boards with a thickness of 12.5 mm in 2-3 layers with air interlayers (Fig. 18, d, e).

To prevent the felt from settling, the first layer is glued to the asbestos-cement sheathing with a vapor barrier coating, for example, iron minium on slate drying oil, and several anti-settling strips are laid (after 400 -500 mm), pressing the bulk of the insulation. Sedimentation strips are located either on one outer side (Fig. 18.6), or on both sides (Fig. 18, c). In the latter case, due to the wavy shape, the insulation is less susceptible to precipitation.

If the panels are insulated with fiberboards, the latter are laid in two layers with three air layers (Fig. 18, d) or in three with two layers (Fig. 18.5).

The frameless panel consists of an outer asbestos-cement sheet 10 mm thick, which is box-shaped, in a second flat asbestos-cement sheet, also 10 mm thick, forming the inner surface of the panel. A heater (mineral wool boards) is laid between the sheets.

Rice. 17. Bearing panels of internal walls:

a - solid single-layer; b - multi-hollow; c - often ribbed; g - with ribs along the contour; d - supporting the ceilings on the lower edge of the wall; 1 - welded frames; 2 - lifting loops; 3 - embedded parts; 4 - welded meshes; 5 - wooden plugs for fixing the plinth; in - the same, for fixing the box; 7 - round or oval voids; 8 - soundproofing gasket made of fibreboard

Panel thickness 140 mm, weight 1 m* about 70 kg. The mass of a frame panel 140 mm thick with a frame made of asbestos-cement bars and mineral wool insulation reaches 80. Frameless fabric also includes three-layer panel, for example, of the "sandwich" type of three layers of fiberboard, glued together with cement mortar and lined on both sides with flat asbestos-cement sheets.

When using asbestos-cement panels, it must be taken into account that asbestos-cement sheets in panels warp when they are moistened and dried on one side. To reduce water absorption and warping of sheets, it is recommended to cover them with hydrophobic liquid GKZH-10 or GKZH-11 (letters GKZH mean "hydrophobic silicone liquid"). GKZH-10 is an aqueous solution of sodium ethyl siliconate, GKZH-11 is an aqueous solution of sodium methyl siliconate.

Rice. 18. Asbestos-cement foot panels with asbestos-cement frame:

a - general view of the panel; b - design of panel drowning with mineral wool felt with anti-settling strips on one side; c - the same, from both sides; g - insulation with wood-fiber boards in two layers; 6 - the same, in three layers; 1 - frame elements; 3 - asbestos-cement sheets; 3 - mineral wool felt; 4 - anti-settlement strips; 5 - fiberboards; 6 - laying of fibreboard.

The issue of using plastics for wall panels has not yet been studied enough, and such panels are used only on an experimental basis. When designing wall panels and other structures made of plastics, it must be taken into account that many polymeric materials are combustible, and the decomposition products formed during their combustion are toxic. Polyvinyl chloride foam, which belongs to slow-burning materials, as well as materials made using urea-formaldehyde polymers, are safer in terms of fire.

On fig. 19, A the design of a wall panel made of polymeric materials is shown, which was used in a residential building built in Moscow on 4th Vyatsky Lane. The panel has the following layers, counting from the inner to the outer surface: gypsum dry plaster 10 mm, aluminum foil 0.1 mm, hard wood fiber board 4 mm. Next, a heater is laid - plywood honeycombs with foam plastic with adhesive bond 80 mm, fibreboard 4 mm. External cladding consists of two layers of burlap and a layer of fiberglass impregnated with a polyurethane binder. Window frames and bindings are made of aluminum alloys.

Rice. 19. Wall panels made of polymeric materials:

a - with aluminum alloy window frames; 1 - dry plaster; 2 - solid fibreboard; 3 - insulation; 4 - fiberboard; 5 - burlap and fiberglass; 6 - aluminum window frame; 7 - sealing gasket for rubber; b - with plastic window casings: 1 - outer layer of fiberglass 5 mm thick; gas - insulation layers; 4 - element of a window stopper; 9 - elastic gasket al polyurethane foam; b - decorative inserts made of colored fiberglass (solution option).

On fig. 19, b another version of the plastic wall panel used in Moscow in an experimental house in the 10th quarter of Novye Cherepushki is shown. This panel is three-layer: the outer layer is made of fiberglass with a thickness of 5 mm, insulation layer - from polyvinyl chloride foam boards with a thickness of 103 mm and internal - from wood-particle boards with a thickness of 12 mm. Window frames and bindings are made of glass-vlastik (see Fig. 174). The panels are bolted to the transverse reinforced concrete beams-walls.

Rice. 20. Pairing a balcony slab with a wall:

a - incision; b - facade; c - plan; 1 - wall panel; 2 - balcony slab; 3 - steel; planks; 4 - insulation; 5 - cutout in the panel for the balcony slab.

The design of the fastening of balcony slabs in panel buildings is more complicated than in brick buildings due to the insignificant thickness of the panel walls. On fig. 20 shows the connection of a balcony slab with a panel wall of two-layer panels with an external reinforced concrete slab. The cantilevered balcony slab is between the wall panels and fastened to the steel connecting strips welded to the embedded parts of the wall and ceiling panels.

Three-layer wall panels are used in the construction of multi-storey residential buildings, cottages and industrial facilities.

They are manufactured in the factory from three plates, which are interconnected by a reinforcing cage.

Heat-saving material is placed in the free space. The release of such panels made it possible to speed up and optimize the construction process.

Consider the types of reinforced concrete slabs and their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, regulatory requirements for production.

Panel Features

Depending on the design features, reinforced concrete wall panels are divided into types:

№	Kinds	Characteristics
1	Single layer	They are made of concrete on porous aggregates: foam concrete, aerated concrete, ash gravel. Expanded clay, slag, etc. serve as fillers. The outer side is covered with a facing layer 2-4 mm thick to protect the panel from moisture and other atmospheric influences. The interior is plastered.
2	Double layer	Produced from two layers: outer and insulating. Insulating material is fixed on the inside of the slab, covered with cement mortar. Install the structure with the heat-saving side inward.
3	Three-layer	They are made in the form of a sandwich of two outer plates and a heater between them. They have enhanced properties to keep warm and not let in street noise.

Depending on their design features, the panels receive and distribute the loads that fall on them in different ways.

Depending on the resistance to stress, they are divided into:

Type depending on load resistance	Characteristics	Manufacturing materials
Carriers	They accept and distribute loads from their mass, ceilings, finishing materials.	Blocks from small to large. Internal panels are made hollow, solid, often ribbed or with ribs located along the contour of the plate.
Self-supporting	They take loads of their weight and wind effects and transfer them to the frame part of the building.	Large panels.
Mounted	Maintain within one floor wind loads And own strength gravity.	Multilayer lightweight energy efficient materials. Serve as a protective structure.

Serves as a heater mineral wool, glass fiber and other fireproof materials.

The outer layer is made depending on the requirements for operational, protective, decorative properties.

It can be finished with concrete, tiles, natural stone, sprinkled with decorative gravel or painted with facade paint.

For the installation of walls and in heated housing construction, multilayer wall panels are used, the design of which includes: outer protective-finishing, heat-saving and bearing layers.

wall panel requirements

Wall panels undergo strict quality control and compliance with requirements

Wall panels used in construction must comply with the requirements of regulatory documents:

strict compliance with sizes and geometric shapes;
high rates of heat saving and sound insulation;
high strength, low specific gravity;
fire resistance;
high-quality reinforcement, all intersections of the reinforcement must be fastened together by welding;
quality of docking connections;
resistance to atmospheric and mechanical influences;
economy.

High stability of reinforced concrete wall panels is ensured when they are connected to each other and to ceilings. Concrete concrete panels themselves are not sufficiently stable due to their shape: large length, width and small thickness.

Flaws

The disadvantages of reinforced concrete slabs include the fact that, due to the large weight and size, it is necessary to involve special equipment during the transportation and installation of blocks.

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Without special equipment, the quality of the concrete used in the manufacture cannot be determined. But there are a few tricks on how to visually try to establish the quality of a wall panel.

The brand of concrete can be determined by color:

If defects and thin reinforcement are visible during external examination, then most likely the plate is of poor quality

The surface of the plate must be free of cracks, chips, and other defects. The reinforcement must not protrude from the concrete slab.

According to GOST, the hinges are made of metal with a thickness of more than 10 mm.

If you see that the loops are made of thin metal, we can assume that they also saved on internal reinforcement.

If during the inspection at least one of the described shortcomings was revealed, it is better not to buy such wall panels. Having saved on material, you will lose on the fact that the building will last much less and will need to perform frequent repairs.

Panel marking

Each wall panel is marked, which allows you to find out its characteristics

Reinforced concrete products must be marked with letters and numbers written through a dash.

The first group of characters indicates the purpose and overall dimensions of the structure. An example of marking PST 700-350-25, where the length is 700 cm, the width is 350 cm, the thickness is 25 cm.

The last part of the marking indicates additional parameters:

resistance to seismic ground vibrations greater than 7 points is denoted by the letter C;
the possibility of operation at temperatures lower than 40 degrees, the letter M;
permeability: normal - N, reduced - P, very low - O.

The following parameters are also indicated in the marking:

Shape, end face configuration.
Location and dimensions of door and window openings.
type and location.
The presence and shape of strobes in the junctions of adjacent elements.

For construction, you need to purchase reinforced concrete slabs made according to all the requirements of the standards. In this case, housing construction will be reliable and warm. For more information about the installation of three-layer reinforced concrete structures, see this video:

Most the best option for energy-efficient construction is the use of three-layer reinforced concrete panels.

3 layer reinforced concrete panels. Reinforced concrete wall panels - a complete overview of the types and characteristics of products. Benefits of sandwich panel construction

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFECTIVE

INSULATION

Foreword

1 area of use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Classification

5 Types of panels, basic parameters

6 General requirements for panel construction

7 Technical requirements

8 Acceptance rules

9 Methods of control and testing

10 Transport and storage

Panel Features

wall panel requirements

Flaws

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Panel marking

Regular and irregular English verbs

Where did the Romanov dynasty come from?

3 layer reinforced concrete panels. Reinforced concrete wall panels - a complete overview of the types and characteristics of products. Benefits of sandwich panel construction

INTERSTATE

STANDARD

THREE-LAYER REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL PANELS WITH EFFECTIVE

INSULATION

Foreword

1 area of ​​use

2 Normative references

3 Terms and definitions

4 Classification

5 Types of panels, basic parameters

6 General requirements for panel construction

7 Technical requirements

8 Acceptance rules

9 Methods of control and testing

10 Transport and storage

Panel Features

wall panel requirements

Flaws

How to distinguish high-quality concrete products

Panel marking

Regular and irregular English verbs

Where did the Romanov dynasty come from?

1 area of use