Well
The well as a method of water supply has been known since ancient times. Our ancestors did not know anything about drilling wells and alternatives to a well in country house it just wasn't. He survived to this day. Despite the seeming simplicity of work, it is unlikely that you will be able to dig a well, at least for the purposes of not only the technical use of water, but also its drinking. The thing is that it is not possible to determine in which sector of the site the aquifer is closest to the surface of the earth without the help of specialists. Therefore, before deciding on the feasibility and, in general, the very possibility of building a well on the site, geophysicists should be invited to conduct a set of exploration activities or drill a small test well 10-15 m deep. The advantage of drilling an exploratory well is that during the work it is possible to take water and soil to study their biochemical composition in the laboratory. It is important to understand that a well, in comparison with wells, has a much lower possibility of water loss. And if your house has a large area, there are bathtubs, showers, washing machines and other water-absorbing equipment, which, moreover, is intensively exploited, and in holiday season additional load on the well is given by irrigation / irrigation systems - you should think about whether the well will have enough productivity? On the other hand, the low productivity of the well leads to its rapid siltation, which basically occurs already in the first ten years of use, and if you use the well irregularly, without choosing a debit, as a result of which the water in it is rarely updated, this period can be reduced to 3-4 years. In addition, the well's water yield debit may vary depending on the season, and it may also be affected by the fact that there is a different volumetric water intake from the area of the water lens that provides your well with water. If the water level in the well falls and its filling slows down, you will have to limit water consumption, which will cause discomfort. In the worst case, the water carrier may simply be depleted. After the occurrence of such a problem, you have to deepen the well, and sometimes even dig a new one. As you understand, this process takes more than one day and will be critical for a family living in the house permanently. The quality of water is globally affected by the deterioration of the environment: in our time, free-flowing groundwater often simply does not meet the requirements sanitary norms. In addition, the well is a structure into which sewage can enter. Therefore, a number of requirements are imposed on the location of the well on the site: it must be elevated, removed from septic systems, sewers, toilets, cesspools, places where livestock and birds are kept, and other potential sources of pathogens. The ability to comply with these requirements is not available in every area. Also, if the analyzes of water from the well do not meet the requirements of SanPin, you will have to install a purification system in it, which will entail additional costs. Not surprisingly, most owners of their own home used for permanent residence prefer to use a well as a source of water supply.Well
There are two types of wells: “on sand” and “on limestone”. Let's analyze each of them separately. 1. Well "on the sand." It is drilled in the same way as a well, to the first aquifer. In this regard, such a well has all the disadvantages of use that I mentioned earlier, but its advantage is that these disadvantages are expressed on a smaller scale. So, the productivity of the well "on the sand" on average reaches a cubic meter or two per hour, which is quite enough for a typical household. Due to the higher productivity, the probability of silting decreases, respectively, the service life of the well increases and, with its regular use, can reach 15-17 years. A well “on the sand” is drilled to a depth of 15m to 35m, however, sometimes in search of aquifer, one has to go deep into the ground and 50m. In order to prevent such a development of events, it is necessary first, as I mentioned above, to carry out reconnaissance activities on the site. If you touch financial side cases, drilling a well "on the sand" will cost more than digging a well. At the same time, it will be necessary to hire specialists with equipment, buy a pump, a filter for the purpose of operating the well, and choose a casing option. However, this option in terms of costs will be more profitable than the one discussed below. 2. "Artesian" well. In general, it is technically correct to call only wells with self-flowing artesian, but this name has taken root among the people to refer to a well “on limestone”, that is, one that is drilled to a limestone aquifer. An artesian well has the most high performance(up to 100 cubic meters per hour), so it can provide water even to the largest house. The undoubted advantage of such a well is the high quality of water. Limestone itself is a good natural filter that protects water from pollution from outside. Also, the functioning of the well is not affected by fluctuations in the standing level. ground water and has a service life of 50 years or more. It would seem that in everything except the cost, there are solid pluses, but in reality everything is not so simple. Firstly, water from a deep well is saturated with iron, fluorine and other microelements, therefore, in addition to universal filters, it is often necessary to install additional filters for iron removal and water softening. having a license. Due to the specifics of the requirements for the conditions for arranging wells "for limestone", comply with them ordinary owner plot with a house (or even without it) is not possible. In this regard, artesian wells in 99% of cases are drilled illegally. When deciding to make such a well in your area, you must understand that from now on you will constantly face the risk of criminal liability for illegal subsoil use. And the third, most important thing, which, by the way, people in Russia never think about. It is not known how such widespread drilling will affect the environment. deep wells and violation of sanitary norms of their arrangement. As a person who is not indifferent to environmental problems, I urge all readers of this article to think about the future of our planet and still choose a sand well or a well as a source of water supply. Thank you for your attention.Well - a budget option water supply suburban area away from the main highway. Compared to a well, it has several advantages:
- lack of metallic taste and unpleasant odor;
- low cost of building materials and a pump for pumping water;
- ease of disinfection and annual cleaning;
- durability (service life up to 50 years and more);
- versatility (does not depend on power surges);
- the construction of a well does not require a special permit.
Types of wells
Depending on the area, you can install a well of several types:
- spring(its depth reaches 4-10 m and completely depends on the springs spouting from the ground. Usually, such reservoirs are filled for a very long time - from 5 to 10 days);
- drainage(the most popular wells. Their depth is 2-3 m. They are filled within a few hours to several days. They are not highly environmentally friendly, since water is drawn from the nearest groundwater - 2-3 water layer);
- river(its depth can reach 30 m, but in terms of filling it is not higher than 1.5 m. Unlike other types, water in river wells does not decrease, no matter how often you use it);
- artesian(water is extracted from limestone layers at a level of 20 to 200 m. Such a well is not popular, as it is expensive).
According to the type of building materials, wells are divided into:
- wood(low-cost, but short-lived - it can only last 15 years in working order. The pit is not strengthened by anything, so it can collapse at any time. In addition, contaminated water can seep through the soil);
- brick(for the construction of this type of well, a concrete foundation and wall reinforcement are required, as well as special skills in bricklaying. Otherwise, it does not require special costs and it is quite possible to do it yourself);
- reinforced concrete(you can fill the walls yourself or buy concrete rings. Despite the high financial costs, such a well will last a very long time).
Calculation of the volume of the well
Having chosen the type of well and building materials, do not rush to start construction. First you need to evaluate how much of the well can satisfy all your needs - do you plan to use it purely for domestic water supply, or also for watering a summer cottage. If we take into account only the need for drinking water, then on average for a family of 4 people, about 600 - 1000 liters will be needed.
In order to determine the area (S), we substitute the data in the formula:
S = πR², where π = 3.14.
In order not to experience a shortage of water later, count so that you always have a supply. To do this, we calculate the volume of the well in a threefold size:
V = πR² x h x 3
Before proceeding with the construction of the well, you need to assess the site and choose a place - there should be no dirt and sewage within a radius of 50 meters from it so that polluted water does not seep into the well. It is not recommended to dig a hole near the foundation of the house. The distance between them should be less than 5 m. Otherwise, the water will wash out the soil, the foundation of the house will sag, and cracks will appear in the walls.
The depth of the well depends on the groundwater. In order to determine its distance, you can use the services of a specialist or pre-drill a well. You can also find out the depth of a similar well from your neighbors.
No matter how deep the pit is, keep in mind that its fullness depends entirely on the water layer. If there is not enough water in the well, there are several options to fix it:
- deepen the pit to the next water layer;
- make a sump (pit) a little deeper than the water reservoir;
- install a “tent” - the walls of the well expanding on the sides, due to which the water intake increases with a minimum flow (rice);
- move the well to another place;
- clean and disinfect the pit.
By the way, the last - cleaning and disinfection - must be carried out at least 1 - 2 times a year. The procedure is as follows:
- all the water is pumped out of the well;
- all debris, dirt, silt is removed from the bottom and walls of the pit;
- the walls are treated with a solution of chlorine;
- water is poured back, where a chlorine solution is injected in a ratio of 150 mg of chlorine per 1 liter of water. The well is covered with a lid and left for 2 hours;
- pump out all the water again and fill it with clean water. Repeat the procedure until the smell of chlorine disappears.
In order to sewer system functioned correctly on the adjacent plot, before proceeding with its construction, you need to prepare a project in which an engineering calculation must be carried out. This is necessary in order to calculate the volume of the sewer well. After calculating the required diameter of the pipeline and the volume of the well, it will already be possible to navigate where in the site and at what depth it is possible to locate this engineering structure.
Types and features of wells
Sewerage wells for private housing construction can be built from various materials: concrete, plastic, brick. Most often, concrete rings with factory-made reinforcement are used for their device.
The reinforced concrete tank is a structure assembled from ready-made rings of standard sizes with a diameter of 0.7, 1, 1.5 or 2 meters. Theoretically, it can be of any configuration, but in practice, as a rule, a round one is used.
According to the method of effluent disposal, wells can be discharged into the general sewerage network (if the diameter of the network is sufficient to receive your effluents), with local disposal (absorbing), or adapted for pumping out by a sewer machine and export outside the site. Structures of the second type are used only in the case of deep groundwater in the territory (at a level of at least 4 m above the ground), and if soil water is located close to the surface, then a sealed type of well with periodic sewage pumping should be used. According to the standards, a sewer well must be placed at a distance of at least 5 m from the foundation of the building, and an absorbent type of structure - at a distance of at least 10 m from residential buildings. If there is a source of drinking water on the site (well or spring), the distance from it to the sewer tank must be at least 50 m.
Important! Sewerage should not be discharged into the groundwater layer, as this will lead to their pollution and pollution of the soil as a whole.
Sewerage outlets from toilets must be at least 100 mm in diameter, if the outlet is only from the kitchen, then a diameter of 50 mm is sufficient.
To calculate the volume of the well, use the values \u200b\u200bof water flow. According to the norms, 150-170 liters of water are allocated per day for 1 person (in the absence of a bath) and 230-250 liters if a bath is installed. With a family of 4 people (2 adults and 2 children), the daily water consumption rate will be approximately 1 m3 (600 - 1000 l). On non-clay soil, a absorbable well with a bottom area of 1m2 is able to absorb 1m3 waste water. To ensure a supply, the daily rate must be multiplied by 3, respectively, for a family of 4 people, the volume of the pit under the well should be 3 m3. The working volume of the concrete tank is calculated from the bottom drain pipe, which must be buried at least 0.7 m. You can also bring into the sewer drainage pipe at the same depth.
When digging a pit, it must be taken into account that a sand and gravel cushion with a layer thickness of 30-40 cm must be poured onto the bottom to filter the sewer. Accordingly, the digging depth will increase by this amount. The installation depth of the tank must be below the freezing level of the soil so that the drains coming into the well through the pipe do not freeze during the cold season. This value is determined from the standards depending on the climatic region in which the construction object is located.
Method of calculation
By depth sewer wells do usually from 2.5 to 3m. With a deduction of 70 cm from the bottom of the drain pipe, we get a clean working depth of 2.3 m.
The volume of a well is equal to the product of the area of its bottom and the height:
The area of a circle is calculated by the formula S \u003d πR 2, respectively,
V \u003d 2.3 m x 3.14xR 2 \u003d 3 m 3
It follows from this that the radius (R) in this case will be equal to 0.65 m, respectively, the required diameter will be 2 times larger - 1.3 m.
Then we round the resulting number up to the nearest value of the standard standard size, we get - 1.5 m. Therefore, to construct a well with a depth of 2.3 m and a working volume of 3 m 3, standard prefabricated reinforced concrete rings with a diameter of 1.5 m will be needed.
Today, there are plenty of sites on the Internet that provide an online calculator for calculating the diameter of the pipeline and the volume of the pit of the sewer well. In order to perform the calculation, it is enough to enter the values of the inner and outer diameters in the corresponding field of the calculator concrete rings, as well as the total height of the well body in meters. If you decide to stop at the construction of a brick well, then on the network you can also find sites that provide a free calculator for calculating the number of bricks. Also on online calculator it is possible to calculate the volume of the concrete ring, the consumption of concrete and reinforcement for it, including the total cost of the materials used.
The selection of the desired diameter of the plastic well is carried out according to the same method as described above. A pit of the required volume is arranged under a plastic container, the bottom of which is covered with a crushed stone and sand cushion. Plastic tanks can be purchased in monolithic and prefabricated versions. One of their advantages over concrete ones is a wide range of manufactured models of various diameters.
Manufacturers offer a wide range of sizes: diameters from 400mm to 2.5m. Also, their connections are more airtight than those of concrete, which allows you to protect the joints from the flow of sewage into the soil. Corrugated pipe the body of the well allows you to easily adjust the desired depth. The system of plastic extension rings also helps in this task.
