One-part nominal sentences in Arabic. The subject is a quantitative-nominal combination. Features of generalized personal proposals

Nominal one-part sentences combine impersonal nominal (I'm cold), nominative (nominal) and vocative sentences. Nominal sentences like I are coldly close in semantics to impersonal verbal ones, which is why they are included in the impersonal ones.

Nominative sentences are one-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by the idiom of a noun (sometimes a pronoun) or by a quantitative-nominal combination. Together with intonation, nominative sentences express the idea of ​​being, the existence of named objects and phenomena.

Etc. : Evening. Night. Autumn. Silence.

Nominative sentences, in principle, do not depend on the context, are not constrained, are not connected, but the existential meaning is often clarified by the context. The main meaning is the affirmation of being, on which indicative, emotional meanings and expressions of will are layered. Important role In nominative sentences, intonation plays a role.

In terms of composition, nominative sentences can be uncommon and widespread (even widespread):

Etc. : 1916 Trenches...Mud. (unexpanded proposals).

Cold government paper, absurd beloved land.

(common suggestion)

According to their function, nominative sentences are:

1) descriptive (being, existential):

Etc. : Fog. River.

2) demonstrative (particles here, there, indicate the proximity and distance of an object):

Etc. : Here comes the forest. Here is the school, etc.

3) predicative nominatives or message nominative (evaluative-existential):

Etc. : Warm. Sunny. Joyfully - beauty!

4) incentive offers, which are divided into 2 groups:

· incentives and wishes:

Etc. : Attention. Hello. Good afternoon.

· incentive-imperative, conditioned by a situation requiring a quick response from the addressee.

Etc. : Scalpel (operation in progress). Fire (fight in progress).

proper names (these include names of books, magazines, paintings, inscriptions on signs, etc.)

Not all linguists consider them to be sentences.

Vocative sentences (“sentences-addresses”) are evaluated differently. Some scientists distinguish them into a special type of one-component sentences, while others include them among the nominative ones, while others consider them as indivisible.

Vocative sentences are addresses complicated by the expression of an undifferentiated thought, feeling, or expression of will. An address can be easily distinguished from a vocative sentence

The following groups of vocative sentences are distinguished by meaning:

1) vocative sentences-appeals, in which the addressee of the speech is named in order to attract his attention:

2) vocative sentences expressing an emotional reaction to the words and actions of the interlocutor:

The main member of a vocative sentence cannot be considered either a predicate or a subject, however, it can be determined by other members, for example, an application, which is the case with the main member - a pronoun.

Vocative sentences stand on the border between monocomponent and indivisible sentences. Conditionally including vocative sentences into one-part sentences (following A. A. Shakhmatov), ​​it should be said that they are not typical one-part sentences, and this determines the ability of vocative sentences to pass into the category of indivisible sentences with the loss of the lexical significance of nouns.

The last type (genitive sentences) is represented by colloquial and everyday constructions, in which the independent genitive case of a name not only conveys the meaning of the presence, existence of an object (beingness), like the nominative case in nominative sentences, but also characterizes it from a quantitative point of view (the redundancy of something is asserted). or: A quantitative value can be expressed by a numeral or a noun in an indefinite quantitative value.

More on topic 21. One-part sentences of nominal type:

1. 19. Structural and semantic properties of one-part sentences. Types of one-part sentences.
2. 22. Indivisible sentences. Complete and incomplete sentences.
3. 36. The proposal and its main features, various aspects of the study of the proposal.
4. 38. One-part sentences as a special type of syntactic units, their typology and features of expression of the main member.

One-part sentences of nominal type

Infinitive sentences.

The question of the place of infinitive sentences in the system of one-part sentences is resolved in different ways. Some linguists distinguish them into a special structural type based on a specific predicative basis - block diagram(independent infinitive), correlation of an action or state with an active figure and modality expressed by the infinitive form and intonation (Grammars - 60, 70, 80, V.V. Babaytseva, V.A. Beloshapkova, N.S. Valgina, P A. Lekant, D. E. Rosenthal, O. B. Sirotinina, E. S. Skoblikova). Other linguists consider them as a special type of impersonal sentences based on the general syntactic feature of incompatibility of the main member with the nominative case (subject) (E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, L.Yu. Maksimov, A.K. Fedorov, etc.). In the school textbook and in the textbook for teacher training colleges, they are also discussed within the framework of impersonal sentences. The main member of an infinitive sentence is expressed by an infinitive that does not depend on any other member of the sentence and denotes an action or state as desirable, extremely important, possible, inevitable.

Infinitive sentences should not contain an impersonal verb or an impersonal predicative word, since if they are present, the infinitive takes a dependent position, being an adjacent part of the main member of the impersonal sentence. Compare: I want to go to Crimea. - I would like to go to Crimea.

Semantic specificity of infinitive sentences is their designation of unreal (potential) action, desirable, undesirable, possible, impossible, extremely important, expedient, For example: You will never see such battles! You start. Don't explain it to me.

Quite common in infinitive sentences is the meaning of inducement to action, command, order, For example: Do not lean on the handrails! Don't walk on the lawns! All sleep!

Desirability value can be expressed using particles would, only, at least, only, if which are used with the infinitive, For example: Just to survive the winter; At least I could sleep; If only I knew...

Infinitive sentences are synonymous with impersonal sentences, but differ from them structurally, namely in impersonal offer various modal values are expressed by lexical units like necessary, necessary, impossible, extremely important in combination with an infinitive, and in infinitive sentences they are contained in the infinitive itself, sometimes in combination with particles, For example: It is extremely important for you to get down to business. - You should get busy.

Nominative (nominative) sentences- single-component, articulated sentences in which the semantic subject and its predicative attribute express the fact of existence, presence in objective reality.

In nominative sentences, the main member is framed as a subject and denotes an object characteristic of the situation being conveyed. Basic form of the main member and minimum composition sentences - nominative case of a noun, less often of a pronoun or numeral.

Both semantic and grammatical features of nominal sentences are characterized by a sharp originality in comparison not only with two-part, but also with one-part different types. The main feature of nominal sentences- fragmentation and at the same time large capacity of the expressed content. They name individual details of the situation, but the details are important, designed for the experience and imagination of the listener or reader, such that it is easy to imagine the overall picture of the described situation or event, For example: Night. Street. Flashlight. Pharmacy.

The main member of a one-part sentence has a form that coincides with the subject, but does not denote the bearer of the attribute, as in two-part sentences, but a special kind of attribute. At the same time, notes N.S. Valgina, the main member of denominative sentences does not have the characteristics of a predicate: it is not capable of being used with a copula and being an expressive of modal-temporal meanings; The speaker conveys the relationship of the object or phenomenon he calls to reality only with the help of ascertaining intonation. At the same time, nominal sentences always presuppose real modality and one of the meanings of the present tense, do not allow paradigmatic changes in moods and tenses, and are only affirmative, For example: The tops of the linden trees rustled. Light. Thunderclap.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, a number of researchers, incl. and authors of school textbooks, adhere to traditional views and proposals like It was night is classified as a two-part sentence. At the same time, in Grammar -70 and 80, as well as in the three-part textbook by V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov rejects the two-part nature of these sentences, and the verb be characterized as a service syntactic formant - an indicator of temporal reference.

There is no clear solution and question about the composition and boundaries of nominative one-part sentences, namely demonstrative sentences, headings and titles, nominative themes, forms of greeting and gratitude, nominatives of an evaluative nature, nominal sentences with determiners receive different interpretations. Some authors, in particular V.V. Babaytsev, includes these constructions in nominative sentences, others, for example N.S. Valgina, refers them to special designs. Let us consider the latter point of view in more detail.

The distinction between nominative sentences and constructions similar in form seems possible by taking into account such a property of a sentence as independent functioning. This approach makes it possible to identify as nominative sentences only those constructions that are able to function independently without context. In this case, the range of nominative sentences becomes quite defined and relatively narrow. They include: Winter. Here is the stream. Well, the weather. Four hours, etc.

Let's list constructions that coincide in form with nominative sentences:

1) The nominative case in the role of a simple name - names, inscriptions on signs. These constructions have no meaning of existence: To the supermarket. "Eugene Onegin".

2) The nominative case as a predicate in a two-part sentence can be used in incomplete sentences: Chichikov glanced sideways at him again as they moved into the dining room: Bear! The perfect bear! The guest extended his hand: - Ivanov. (the value of the im.p. is a sign).

3) Isolated use of the nominative case, nominative. There are prepositive and postpositive nominatives. Prepositive nominative- nominative representation, or topic, which names the subject of speech (thought) in order to evoke an idea about it in the mind of the interlocutor, the reader, and is located before the message: Minority... An age that requires special close attention.Postpositive nominative located after the message, serves the purpose of revealing the content of the preceding subject, given in a general, non-specific form: What a huge and difficult distance this is - 12 months.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, nominative sentences- one-part sentences of the substantive type, the main member of which has the form of the nominative case and combines the functions of naming an object and the idea of ​​its existence, being. The meaning of beingness is dominant, and this is the static existence of an object, in contrast to the dynamic one, where the process of the emergence of an object or phenomenon is emphasized, compare: There's a store around the corner; Bad weather again. Such designs by N.S. Valgina refers to elliptical two-part sentences with adverbial words, and V.V. Babaytsev - to the transitional type between one-part and two-part sentences.

In linguistic literature there are two classifications of nominative sentences:

1) semantic,

2) structural.

Each classification has a number of options, which are also reflected in the educational literature.

Semantic classification:

1) Option 1, presented in a three-part textbook V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimova, 1987, p. 105-107:

- existential(And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears of corn; And the azure and the midday heat);

- index fingers (Here is the mill. This is the evening of life);

- incentive:

A) incentive-desirable (Attention! Good afternoon Hello!);

b) incentive-imperative (situational) (Fire! (situation - battle). Syringe! Probe! (situation - surgery);

- evaluative-existential (What frost! What a frost! Flowers! Well, flowers!);

- proper-nominal ("First Joys", "An Extraordinary Summer" (books); "Tehran-43", "Russian Field" (films));

- "nominative representation" (specific variety) (Moscow! How much has merged in this sound for the Russian heart!).

2) Option 2, presented in Modern Russian, ed. EAT. Galkina-Fedoruk, M., 1964, part 2, p. 429-431:

- natural phenomena (Sultry afternoon);

- environment and setting, indication of the subject (Two-storey house. Veranda. Flowerbeds. Several benches and sun loungers.);

- appearance Living creatures (Regular, gently contoured oval face, fairly regular features, thick, beautiful hair, ordinary home hairstyle, quiet gaze ); human psychological state, emotions (Confusion, fainting, haste, anger, fear); emotional assessment in the form of an exclamation (What passions! What a wonderful night, what shadows and shine);

- result, generalization, conclusion, reason (- What to do, what to do! - the chairman sighed, leaning back in his chair. - A ruin... hourglass ); - modal meanings: doubt, distrust, affirmation, message-presentation (What is your name? - Natasha. Natasha Chistyakova);

- greetings, wishes, calls (Hello! Good afternoon Bon voyage!); incentive.

3) Option 3, presented in the Syntax of the Modern Russian Language N.S. Valgina. M., 1978, p. 186-188. This option takes into account the independent functioning of the nominative sentence out of context:

- intrinsically existential (Drizzle. Twilight. Road);

- objective-existential (Bush. Moss. Squat spruces);

- index fingers(Here is the willow. Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden);

- evaluative-existential(with emotionally expressive particles) ( Well, it's night! Fear. And boredom, my brother. And the character!);

- desirable-existential (If only you were healthy! If only it weren't death! If only happiness!).

Structural classification involves the division of nominative sentences based on prevalence and the way of expressing the main member.

So, in Grammar-60 stand out uncommon and common nominative sentences. IN uncommon sentences the main member must be expressed by a noun, personal pronoun or numeral, quantitative-noun phrase. Common offer may include a consistent and inconsistent definition.

In the textbook P.A. Lekanta"Syntax of a simple sentence in modern Russian", M., 1974, p. 43-53 structural types of nominative sentences are distinguished on the basis of the sign of dismemberment-non-segmentation. Undivided, unextended, syntactically indecomposable, with conditional extenders, For example: Table. Four chairs. Clear afternoon. Here's the house. Here comes the sun. What silence!Dissected, widespread with determinants, For example: There is taiga all around. And six months later - a new miracle. You're hysterical, Vasya.

N.S. Valgina highlights a special group of nominative sentences in Russian, having as the main member of the independent genitive case of the name, which not only conveys the meaning of the presence, the existence of an object, but also characterizes it from the quantitative side - the presence of a multitude of something is affirmed. This type of proposal is usually called genitive. Eg: To the people! Laughter! Colors! Food, food!

One-part sentences of nominal type - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “One-part sentences of nominal type” 2017, 2018.

Among predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates. In this article we will talk about the latter.

Features of a compound nominal predicate

As the name suggests, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them plays a primarily or even exclusively grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is not difficult to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one whose name contains the word “name”: a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.

Ways of expressing grammatical parts

The grammatical part of a compound nominal predicate is the linking verb “to be.” The same role can be played by some other verbs, “semi-links”: seem, become, etc.

The verb “to be” is in the required grammatical form. For example, He it will be fun, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". The zero copula is used. In Romano-Germanic languages, the copula is preserved. Compare: He's cheerful. – He is merry (English)

The verb “to be” can be not only a connective, but also an independent simple verbal predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them; it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the connective “to be” is not used in the present tense, but the verb, naturally, remains in the predicate position. Compare:

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed in different parts speech, and not just names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.

Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn away from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it cannot be said that “the young man was tall” - this is meaningless.

Please note that the same word can perform different functions in different sentences. For example, the word "funny" in our example the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.

What have we learned?

Compound nominal predicates consist of a linking verb “to be” (less often “semi-links “seem”, “become”, etc.), which disappears in the present tense (zero connective), and a nominal part, which can be expressed by all parts of speech , except for the verb in the personal form and the gerund.

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The type in which sentences are fundamentally verbless:

a) do not contain physical verb forms;

b) zero forms;

c) do not involve the omission of a verb. In their semantics there are no meanings of action, process, or attribute. They have an existential meaning, which is expressed syntactically: Summer. Nominative and genetic sentences are distinguished.

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