It is difficult to imagine the life of a modern person without the use of fire. Thanks to him, people live in comfortable conditions- V warm houses, illuminated rooms, eat delicious food and daily use objects created with the help of flame. The process of producing and subduing fire was very complex and lengthy. Thanks to ancient man, we can use this resource.
The role of fire in the life of primitive man
One and a half million years ago, man was able to control fire. Ancient man was able to create lighting for himself, warm house, tasty food and protection from predators.
Taming fire by man is a rather long process. According to legends, the first fire that man could use was heavenly fire. The phoenix bird, Prometheus, Hephaestus, the god Agni, the firebird - they were gods and creatures that brought fire to people. Man deified natural phenomena - lightning and volcanic eruptions. He made fire by lighting torches from other, natural fires. The first attempts to make fire gave humans the opportunity to keep warm in the winter, illuminate territories at night, and defend themselves from constant attacks by predatory animals.
After using natural fire for a long time, people began to need to independently extract this resource, because natural fire was not always available.
The first way to produce a flame was to strike a spark. A man observed for a long time how the collision of certain objects caused a small spark, and decided to find a use for it. For this process, people had special devices made of prismatic stones, which were fire-making devices. The man hit the flames with rough prismatic knives, causing a spark. Later, fire was produced in a slightly different way - using flint and steel. Moss and fluff were set on fire with flammable sparks.
Friction was another way to make fire. People quickly rotated dry branches and sticks inserted into a tree hole between their palms. This method of producing flame was used by the peoples of Australia, Oceania, Indonesia, and the Kukukuku and Mbowamba tribes.
Later, man learned to make fire by drilling with a bow. This method made life easier for the ancient man - he no longer had to put a lot of effort into rotating the stick with his palms. The ignited hearth could be used for 15 minutes. From it, people set fire to thin birch bark, dry moss, tow and sawdust.
Thus, fire played a dominant role in the development of mankind. In addition to the fact that it became a source of light, warmth and protection, it also affected the intellectual development of ancient people.
Thanks to the use of fire, man had the need and opportunity for constant activity - it had to be produced and maintained. At the same time, it was necessary to ensure that it did not spread to houses and was not extinguished by a sudden downpour. It was at this moment that the division of labor between men and women began to take shape.
Fire served as an indispensable means in the manufacture and processing of weapons and utensils. And most importantly, it gave man the opportunity to develop new lands.
The role of fire in the life of modern man
The life of a modern person cannot be imagined without fire. Almost everything that people use is based on fire. Thanks to him, houses are warm and light. Man uses the energy of fire every day in everyday life. People cook, wash, clean. Light, electricity, heating and gas - none of this would exist without a little spark.
Various enterprises also use fire energy. In order to make a car, an airplane, a diesel locomotive and an ordinary fork, metal is needed. It is with the help of fire that a person extracts it - smelts ore.
An ordinary lighter burns using a slightly modified method of ancient people - improved fire. IN gas lighters A mechanical spark is used, while electric lighters use an electric spark.
Fire is used in almost every human activity - ceramics, metallurgy, glass making, steam engines, the chemical industry, transport and nuclear energy.
The importance of fire in the life of mankind at all stages of its existence deserves a separate discussion. It has been half a million years since fire became an indispensable attribute of human life. In those infinitely distant times, its practical significance was enormous. Fire is the most reliable defense against predators. Fire is a source of heat that makes it possible to fry meat and bake fruits and roots. And finally, fire is an important means of processing wooden tools (both spears and clubs began to be burned for strength three hundred thousand years ago)...
However, he played no less a role in strengthening purely human, social relations. The sacred fire is a symbol of the unity of the team, the source of its strength, a wayward friend and guardian. He needs to be loved and protected and be careful with him so that his frantic power does not turn against the person himself. "Warm hearth and home“—how far into the depths of human history this concept goes! It is familiar to all of us, although our homes have long been heated not by fireplaces, but by radiators central heating and electrical appliances. But, perhaps, the craving for fire, for a living flame, which forces modern people to build fireplaces in their apartments, turn off the electricity and light candles, goes back to even deeper antiquity. festive table, gather around campfires.
By the time of the appearance of the Upper Paleolithic tribes of mammoth hunters, humanity had long known fire and was fluent in the basic methods of its production. Judging by ethnographic data, there were three such methods: “fire plow”, “fire saw” and “fire drill”.
The first method is the simplest and fastest, although it requires a lot of effort: the end of a wooden plank lying on the ground is driven with strong pressure. wooden stick- as if they are “plowing”. A narrow groove is formed, and in it there are wood powder and thin shavings, which begin to smolder when heated by friction. Highly flammable tinder is connected to it and the fire is fanned. This method is relatively rare; it was most often used on the islands of Polynesia (Charles Darwin learned it from the inhabitants of the island of Tahiti). It was occasionally used by the Australians, Tasmanians, Papuans and some backward tribes of India and Central Africa, although elsewhere other methods were preferred.
The “fire saw” has many varieties, but they all boil down to one principle: a soft, dry piece of wood lying on the ground, as if “sawing” across the grain with a piece of hard wood. Interestingly, Australians, who quite often resort to this method, use wooden shield, and as a saw - a spear thrower. Then everything happened in the same way as during “ploughing” (only there the work was carried out along the fibers): wood powder was formed and ignited. Often with this method, tinder was placed in a pre-prepared gap. Sometimes, instead of a wooden plank, a flexible plant cord was used as a “saw”. This method was used in Australia, New Guinea, the Philippine Islands, Indonesia and in some places in India and West Africa.
Drilling is the most common method of making fire. It is as follows. A small board with a pre-hollowed indentation is placed on the ground and pressed with the soles of the feet. The end of a hard stick is inserted into the recess, which is quickly rotated between the palms, while simultaneously pressing down. This is done so skillfully that the hands, involuntarily sliding down, periodically return to their original position, and the rotation does not stop or slow down. After a few minutes, smoke appears from the recess, and then a smoldering flame, which is fanned with tinder. This method is common among almost all backward peoples of the Earth. In an improved form, a stop is attached to the rod on top, and a belt is attached to the sides, which is alternately pulled by the ends, causing the drill to rotate. By attaching a small bow to the ends of such a belt, we get simplest mechanism, quite common in primitive times: bow drill. Not every modern man is able to make fire by rotating a stick between his palms: this requires great skill, even when the starting materials are well selected. But with the help of a bow drill, this seems to be accessible to many... Try it yourself, just remember: the board should be made of soft and dry wood, and the stick should be made of hard wood.
What about striking fire by striking flint against flint? It would seem that by observing the sparks that arise when flint is split, it was easier for people to come up with this method of producing fire than to invent rather complex operations with wood. Some scientists think so. B.F. Porshnev, for example, believed that the carving of fire, which arose in the process of making stone tools, preceded the methods of producing it by friction. The English archaeologist C. P. Oakley shared the same point of view. However, ethnographic data suggests otherwise.
In the 19th century, the most backward peoples everywhere made fire by friction, while cutting fire (especially by striking flint against flint) was very weak among them. On the other hand, peoples at a higher stage of development produced fire mainly by cutting (flint on iron or iron ore - pyrite). Sometimes they also used friction - but only for ritual, cult purposes. And experiments show that although a spark is constantly formed when flint strikes flint, it is quite difficult to “turn” it into fire, while igniting a flame by friction is possible, with some effort, even to modern man.
It is possible, however, that in some cases people actually first learned to strike fire, and only then began to make it by friction. In at least one South American Indian language, the term for making fire comes from the word for striking. This clearly speaks of some long-standing (perhaps truly original!), and later forgotten tradition. I say “forgotten” because here, until recently, the main way of making fire was again friction. However, this is the only exception.
Mammoth hunters' hotbeds
Primitive peoples are distinguished by great skill in storing and maintaining fire. Here is what, for example, the famous Russian ethnographer N.A. Butinov writes about Australians: “Australians are very skillful in setting up and maintaining a fire; it burns evenly, without producing a large and too bright flame. They laugh at the European colonists who build fires so large that it is dangerous to approach them, but they are of little use, and they do not know how to keep them going for long. On the contrary, the Australian sleeps peacefully all night by his small fire, and bakes and roasts food on it.”
There is no doubt that people mastered this art a very long time ago. Evidence of this is the remains of fireplaces and hearths found by archaeologists. Particularly interesting and varied are the hearths in settlements dating back to the second half of the Upper Paleolithic, primarily in sites with long-term dwellings. Here, along with simple hearths, which are a bowl-shaped depression filled with ash and coal, there are much more complex designs. Covering hearths with stones has been used for a long time; it is also known in some centers of the Willendorf-Kostenki culture of mammoth hunters (Zaraisk site, upper cultural layer). In other monuments of this culture, in addition to lining, clay coating was used. In the same place where ceramic animal figurines were made (Dolní Vestonice, Kostenki 1/1), individual fireplaces coated with clay resembled simple ovens.
In the immediate vicinity of many Upper Paleolithic hearths, small holes were dug in the ground. Some of them were used for baking food, others served as supports for posts (sometimes there are vertically protruding bones in them that jammed these posts). Now we install a crossbar on such supports, on which we hang a pot to boil tea or cook fish soup, and then they could serve as the basis for spits on which meat was fried.
Grooves were dug at the base of some hearths. Sometimes such a groove moved away from the hearth to the side. For what? St. Petersburg archaeologist Pavel Iosifovich Boriskovsky, who found such a hearth during excavations at the Kostenki 19 site, which existed about 20 thousand years ago and was also abandoned by mammoth hunters, suggested that through such a groove air entered the hearth, which intensified the combustion process. An experiment was carried out: two hearths were dug side by side: with a groove and without it. Indeed, in the first of them the flame burned much better.
Fight for fire
The importance of fire in human evolution - an integrated lesson*
Equipment.
Musical excerpts: L. Beethoven, ballet “Creations of Prometheus”, or A. Scriabin, symphonic work “Prometheus” (“Poem of Fire”), or F. Liszt, symphonic poem “Prometheus”).
Texts on the topic (see Appendices), geographical map of deserts and semi-deserts, reproductions of drawings from sites of ancient people in Africa.
DURING THE CLASSES
In a darkened classroom, a candle burns on the teacher's desk. The teacher (or a student with artistic abilities) expressively reads an excerpt from the book by J. Roney the Elder “The Fight for the Fire” (Appendix 1). After finishing reading the passage, the candle is extinguished. The class is plunged into darkness for some time. Then candles are lit on the tables of students sitting in groups.
Teacher. Guys, imagine how our ancestors sat by the fire and looked at it in fascination ten thousand, a thousand, a hundred years ago - just as we look now... In our electric life, there are fireplaces, candles, even flickering electric fireplaces with fake firewood. Wild animals are afraid of fire; domesticated ones get used to it; Only dogs innately love a fire.
Zoologists say: in two manifestations man is unique in the animal kingdom - he uses speech and fire. The use of fire is utilitarian, but a person’s craving for fire is unconscious, instinctive. This is the only instinct that animals do not know. Human instinct. It originated with our distant ancestors and has been preserved among us. But how could it not be refracted in consciousness! Fire worship cults. The destructive bliss of pyromaniacs. Rome set on fire and rebuilt. Pioneer bonfires. Eternal flame in honor of the fallen...
Let's return again to an excerpt from J. Rosny the Elder's book “The Fight for Fire.”
A discussion begins (texts with an excerpt from the book are on the students’ tables). The teacher asks questions, students work with the text and answer.
How did these people keep the fire going?
(Answer. In special cages: four women and two warriors fed him day and night.)
What was the meaning of fire for ancient people?
(Answer. Fire scared away predators, helped along the way, made it possible to cook more delicious food, fire was used in the manufacture of tools, and it created a sense of community among people.)
What means of expression does the author use when describing fire?
(Answer. Personification, comparison. Fire-beast: “mighty face”, “red teeth”, “burst out of the cage”, “devoured the trees”, “cruel and wild”. "Father, guardian, savior.")
What means of expression does the author use to indicate the dying fire?
(Answer. Personification with an animal: weakened, turned pale, shrank, “trembled like a sick animal,” “a small insect.”)
How is the mountain of the Ulamrs conveyed in the text?
(Answer.“No stars”, “heavy sky”, “heavy waters”, “cold light”, “chalky layers of clouds”, “waters as fat as mountain tar”, “algae ulcers”. Sound recording: cold plant stems, rustling reptiles, numb lizards, withered tree, plants trembling from the cold.)
The teacher leads the class to a general conclusion: ancient people personified fire as a living being, which is characterized by life and death.
Setting goals and objectives for the lesson. Consider the problem of the positive and negative influence of fire on human evolution, narrowing it to the positions of “Fire-life” and “Fire-death”.
Organization of work in groups. The class is preliminarily divided into three groups (optional): supporters of the “fire-life” and “fire-death” positions and observers (arbiters, judges). Symbolic scales are installed on the teacher’s desk, and black and white balls are placed nearby.
Mythological interpretation of human ability to control fireFire-life ( speech by representatives of the group defending this position). The question of how long we have owned fire has worried humanity for many millennia. One of the proofs of such quests is the “Legend of Prometheus”. Reading ( against the background of the musical work “Prometheus”) and discussion of the text “Prometheus” (Appendix 2). Conclusion: fire brought intelligence to humanity. White ball. ( A representative of the Fire-Life group places a white ball on the scale.)
Atlas and Prometheus, tormented by the eagle of Zeus
Fire-death ( presentation by students from a group adhering to this position). The mythological interpretation of the image of Prometheus is far from so clear. In Hesiod, Prometheus is a cunning, although kind to people, deceiver of Zeus, not without reason punished by him. Moreover, in antiquity there was a tradition (it belongs to Roman authors) of a condemnatory depiction of Prometheus. For Horace, the daring Prometheus committed an "evil deception" by bringing fire, with disastrous consequences. When creating man, he put into him the “malice” and “madness” of the lion. Prometheus cared only about human body, and hence all the troubles of human life and enmity among people. Black ball. ( Having completed the performance, the representative of the group “Fire-Death” places a black ball on the other side of the scale.).
The importance of fire in human evolution
Teacher. The earliest traces of the use of fire were found in a South African cave. Below the level corresponding to the time of 1.3–1.0 million years ago, such traces are not found, but above this horizon there are bones that were burned in a fire pit. The use of fire was a technological achievement second only to the invention of stone tools in importance. In the Zhou-Gou-Tien cave in China, where the remains of Sinanthropus and their numerous stone tools were found, traces of fire were also found: coals, ash, burnt stones. Obviously, the first fires burned here more than 500 thousand years ago.
Fire is life. The ability to use fire made food more digestible and tasty. ( White ball.)
Fried food is easier to chew, and this could not but affect appearance people: the selection pressure aimed at maintaining a powerful jaw apparatus has disappeared. Gradually, the teeth began to shrink, the lower jaw no longer protruded forward as much, and the massive bone structure required for the attachment of powerful chewing muscles was no longer necessary. The man's face took on modern features. (White ball.)
The main advantage of the ape-man was his increased migratory ability. A big game hunter, one of the highest order predators, he increasingly left the tropical zone for high latitudes - there hunting was more productive, since with a decrease in species diversity, the number of each species increases. However, it was cold there, and the Pithecanthropus had to adapt to the cold. It was this ancestor of ours who learned to preserve and use the fire of forest fires and volcanic eruptions. But the Pithecanthropus themselves did not know how to make fire. Fire made man independent of the climate and allowed him to settle over the entire surface of the Earth. ( White ball.)
Fire not only greatly expanded the availability of food sources, but also gave humanity constant and reliable protection from wild animals. People used flame for defense against large competing predators, and could use it to conquer comfortable dwellings - caves - from animals. ( White ball.)
With the help of fire, people could make more advanced tools. For example, wooden spear tips and the ends of spears burned in a fire were made harder. ( White ball.)
With the advent of fire and the hearth, a completely new phenomenon arose - a space strictly intended for people. Around the fire, which brought warmth and safety, people could calmly make tools, eat and sleep, and communicate with each other. Gradually, a sense of “home” grew stronger—a place where women could care for children and where men returned from hunting. ( White ball.)
"Fiery Revolution"
Fire is life. As tools improved, man was able to penetrate into areas with a less favorable climate and use them more effectively. environment. However, the tools themselves did not bring fundamental changes to his life: man continued to remain just another predator among many. He changed his position in nature when he began to use fire to burn vegetation. This can be considered the first environmental revolution, comparable in its consequences to the later ones - agricultural and industrial.
The purpose of burning the land was to get rid of forests and clear space for meadows and pastures. Forests grow in conditions of loss of some minimum quantity precipitation. Where there is less rainfall, meadows become the natural form of vegetation cover. Hunters know well that in meadows and steppes (savannas) there is more game, which is also easier to hunt than in dense forest. Therefore, hunting tribes usually practiced forest burning; as a result, the meadows spread to those areas where more rain fell. ( White ball.)
Fire was also used to drive game, with the change in environment providing an additional side benefit. Although hunting was later replaced by livestock farming, the practice of burning grass to maintain a treeless area continues to this day, and carefully controlled burning of forests to stimulate the growth of certain tree species and suppress others is one of the well-known techniques in modern forestry. ( White ball.)
Fire is death. Let's look at other consequences of human use of fire to burn vegetation. There is no doubt about the reality of the onset of deserts, or “desertification.” This is a formidable process in which the world's existing deserts, such as the Sahara in Africa, are expanding their limits. In Africa, deforestation began, undoubtedly, from the time man mastered fire - more than 50 thousand years ago, when the first centers appeared in the east of the continent during the Acheulean culture. Fire is an important tool in shifting agriculture, and while fires do occur from time to time due to natural causes, intentionally set fires by humans had a much greater impact on vegetation. First of all, this is explained by the fact that artificial arson was carried out in the same place more often than natural fires occurred. Even in areas with high rainfall, forest ecosystems do not recover well after they have been disturbed over a large area. The destruction of the forest entails a rapid deterioration of the soil, which eventually becomes so bad that the land can only be used for pasture, and then they generally turn into semi-deserts and deserts.
Let's compare two maps of Africa. One marks the main finds of ancient human sites; on the other - modern geographical zoning. An amazing pattern: people once lived in deserts, semi-deserts, and dry steppes. The picture is especially impressive for the famous Sahara and Kalahari deserts. If we also take into account that fossil remains of various animals and plants were found here, as well as traces of rivers, streams and lakes, then there is no doubt: in the past, these now desert lands did not have an acute shortage of water. Rock paintings left by our distant ancestors testify to the abundance of flora and fauna in what is now the deserts of Africa. For example, rock paintings in the Tassili region of the Sahara reflect the rise and fall of the culture of the ancient inhabitants of the area. Approximately 7000 BC these were hunters who hunted giraffes, antelopes and other savannah animals. Then people here began to raise livestock - frescoes that appeared 2000 years later depict countless herds. The latest drawings - with images of camels - date back to approximately 3000-2000 BC, after which this culture disappeared under the onslaught of conquerors. Let's take it as a hypothesis: the landscapes of the Sahara at the end of the Stone Age were subject to serious environmental pressure from hunters and gatherers. According to biogeographer I. Schmithusen, “natural fires are rarely observed in the grassy areas of the periodically dry tropics... Here the cause of fires is always a person, who partly for the sake of improving the quality of pastures, and partly involuntarily causes the burning of the grass stand, which occurs annually over vast areas and determines the nature of vegetation in these areas. With the exception of flooded savannas, all other savannas... arose under the direct influence of man.” Conclusion: the famous deserts of Africa - the Sahara and Kalahari - are of anthropogenic origin ( Black ball.)
Judges. Over the past 150 thousand years, the territory of the Sahara and Kalahari deserts has repeatedly decreased and increased due to climate change, without human intervention.
Fire is death. Aridization of the North African climate since 5000 BC. was largely provoked and accelerated by human economic activity.
Let us turn to the events that took place in another part of the world. Dutch navigator A.Ya. Tasman and his team, the first Europeans to see the shores of the island called Tasmania, did not meet the aborigines, but drew attention to the clouds of smoke rising in different places above the forest. Subsequent explorers of the island constantly observed forest fires and an abundance of fires lit by the aborigines. And although the Tasmanians were engaged in hunting, fishing, gathering, the main “lever” with which they “turned over” their land - radically rebuilt the landscapes - was fire. “The ecological effect of these systematic fires,” writes the famous ethnographer of Tasmania and Australia V.R. Cabo is very big. Over large areas of Tasmania, a change in vegetation occurred; there have been changes in the nature of the soil, the climate has changed.” Tasmanians used fire not only to hunt animals, but perhaps on an even more significant scale to increase open space and increase the fertility of pastures on which wild animals grazed. It was, one might say, a unique form of primitive animal husbandry using “pyrogenic treatment” of hunting grounds.
Conclusion: The use of fire by the Tasmanian aborigines led to a change in flora and fauna and, as a result, negatively affected the ecosystem of the island as a whole. ( Black ball.)
In a similar way, people mastered Australia. Travelers and missionaries of the past often mentioned the extensive use of fire by the Australian Aborigines for a variety of purposes. The hunting tribes of Australia that Europeans encountered were constantly nomadic. According to rough estimates, each tribe, or rather, each nomadic group, annually burned about 100 km2 of forests, savannas, and steppes - intentionally or involuntarily. Thousands of such groups over 20–30 thousand years could have happened many times – dozens of times! – burn vegetation throughout the continent. This is how pyrogenic landscapes were created over vast areas. Of course, they were not formed everywhere, but in areas with a certain climate and vegetation cover. But the general nature of changes with such active exploitation is expressed in the depletion of biological resources and desertification.
Conclusion: modern deserts and semi-deserts of Australia are of anthropogenic origin. ( Black ball.)
Judges. The conclusion was made very harshly, without evidence.
Fire is death. Unlike Tasmania, Australia's climate is drier, with 200–300 mm of rainfall per year in the central regions. The situation is complicated by constant deviations from the average value: sometimes 3–4 times less, sometimes twice as much. In dry years or seasons, a feedback mechanism began to operate: fires caused especially severe damage to forests, and the disappearance of forests - stabilizers of soil moisture - caused drying out and erosion of the soil. Forest-steppe, steppe and semi-steppe territories have existed in Australia for a long time, even before humans appeared here. However, the activities of nomadic groups of hunters and gatherers ultimately led to a reduction in the total area of forests and an increase in desertified areas. According to the testimony of the English researcher W. Chesling, who lived for a long time among the Australian Yulengor tribes, the latter set fire to the forest while hunting. By October, when the wind subsides, the fires manage to destroy all the humus. Now the burning sun is completing its destructive work - the country is turning into a pile of ash. In December the wind changes direction; highly saturated with moisture, it blows from the northwest, streams of rain flood the country... Loose soil, sand, ash, humus - everything is washed away into the swamps or carried into the sea.” How deep such transformations can be can be judged, in particular, from the testimony of the Australian scientist C. Moundford, who described the pyrogenic landscapes of Central Australia: “Standing on a bare hill and watching the hot whirlwinds rising from the bottom of a dry lake, I could not believe that, When the first white men reached the Mann Mountains, this huge depression was full of water, in which hundreds of ducks and other waterfowl splashed.”
About 6–10 thousand years ago, in a completely different part of the globe, in the Arctic, on the territory of Yakutia, Taimyr, Kamchatka, Chukotka, and Alaska, the so-called Sumnagin culture of the Late Paleolithic spread widely. Its significant distribution in high latitudes is explained by the favorable climate. The forest-tundra boundary was shifted 300–400 km to the north. People of the Sumnagin culture certainly influenced the landscapes of the Arctic. Their main weapon was fire. Trees and shrubs in the polar regions grow very slowly and are poorly regenerated. The destruction of vegetation cover during burning and fires caused a chain of processes that ultimately led to very serious consequences.
After the destruction of vegetation, the soil froze faster and deeper in winter, but also thawed faster and deeper in summer. In the forest-tundra, the second process is often decisive. Increased summer thawing often leads to solifluction - the sliding of thawed soil on slopes, and if there is underground ice– to a very widespread development of thermokarst. Snow blown by the wind accumulates in subsidence craters in winter, which makes freezing difficult, and in summer, melt water stimulates thawing and further increase in the size of the crater. Many lakes and swamps are formed. Even in very harsh winters The ice thickness in lakes does not exceed 2–2.5 m. Therefore, the bottom sediments of reservoirs with greater depths are preserved in an unfrozen state, and if the width of the lake is greater than twice the thickness of permafrost, a through talik appears underneath it. But the gradual accumulation of a peaty horizon in the swamps increasingly slows down the summer thawing, and the permafrost begins to regain its surrendered positions.
The destruction of forests near the northern border of the taiga zone, where the thickness of the snow cover does not reach 20 cm, leads to cooling of the soil, and with large thicknesses of snow - to its insulation. The permafrost reacts accordingly to these changes. What is this connected with? The fact is that snow cover affects temperature regime underlying soil in two ways. On the one hand, it has high reflectivity and reduces the influx of radiant energy. On the other hand, snow is a good heat insulator, which means it inhibits winter cooling of the soil. Therefore the snow cover different power has opposite effects. With a thin cover, the dominant role is played by heat reflection. With a greater thickness of snow cover, its thermal insulation properties begin to play a decisive role. Finally, with even greater power, snow again turns out to be a cooler (if we talk about the average annual temperature), because it takes longer to melt in the summer.
Thus, in different conditions Human activity can lead to different results: as a result of fires, the permafrost can degrade, or areas of pyrogenic tundra with colder soils may appear.
Conclusion: the formation of anthropogenic (pyrogenic) tundras began since the time of the Sumnagin culture (6–10 thousand years ago). Human activity contributed to the expansion of the tundra zone and the retreat of the northern border of the taiga to the south. The modern boundaries of the tundra have developed under the influence of anthropogenic influence. ( Black ball.)
(When studying changes in biota in the geological past, it is important to correctly place the emphasis, taking into account the influence of both external (climate, influence of large mammals) and internal (stage of development of the biome as a thermodynamic system) factors stimulating these changes. Thus, at the indicated time (boreal and Atlantic periods - 10,000–5,000 years ago) there was an active advance of forests both north and south of the current boundaries of the forest zone. And only a cooling of the climate caused by the growth of the ice cap in the north, which occurred after 4,500 years ago (subboreal period) gave rise to a reverse process - aridization of the southern part of the forest zone and a gradual retreat of the forest to the south in the north. Now, by the way, against the backdrop of modern climate warming, the forest is again moving north (the advance of the taiga onto the tundra), despite the intense anthropogenic load in this region. The human impact on vegetation, which was similar throughout the early and middle Holocene, only provoked these processes only during the period when unfavorable climatic conditions were formed for their occurrence. Therefore, one cannot speak so categorically about the anthropogenic origin of the tundra. With permafrost, things are also not quite the same. It is enough to point out, for example, the fact that in the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia, on a layer of permafrost starting from a depth of 15–30 cm, larch trees from Larix davurica grow well. – Approx. ed.)
Fire and metallurgical production
Fire is life. The Metal Age is the next page in the history of human culture after the Neolithic. The oldest traces of bronze in Mesopotamia and Egypt date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. The beginning of the smelting of iron ore dates back to 1300 BC. e. If previously the material from which the tool was made was wood, stone, bone, etc. - was something given, ready-made, now the process of making a tool was preceded by the process of making material for this tool - a material with new properties. Ore mining is impossible without the use of fire. ( White ball.)
Fire is death. The main causes of man-made air pollution are the combustion of natural fuels and metallurgical production. If in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the products of combustion of coal and liquid fuel entering the environment have been almost completely assimilated by the vegetation of the Earth, currently the content of harmful man-made emissions in the atmosphere is steadily increasing. From stoves, furnaces, and car exhaust pipes, it gets into the air. a large number of pollutants. Among them are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, lead compounds, various hydrocarbons - acetylene, ethylene, methane, propane, toluene, benzopyrene, etc. Together with water droplets, they form a toxic fog - smog, which has a harmful effect on the human body and vegetation cities. Liquid and solid particles (dust) suspended in the air reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Thus, in large cities, solar radiation decreases by 15%, ultraviolet radiation by 30% (and in the winter months it may completely disappear).
Every year, billions of tons of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere as a result of fuel combustion. About half of the carbon dioxide produced by the combustion of fossil fuels is absorbed by the ocean and green plants, while half remains in the air. The CO 2 content in the atmosphere is gradually increasing and has increased by more than 10% over the past 100 years. Carbon dioxide prevents the release of heat into outer space, which leads to the so-called “greenhouse effect”. Changes in the CO 2 content in the atmosphere significantly affect the Earth's climate. All this is a consequence of man’s mastery of fire. ( Black ball.)
Summing up the lesson
The judges count the number of black and white balls. There are more white people. Discussion of the results obtained. Students express their opinions freely.
Teacher. The occasional use and perhaps maintenance of lit fire by primitive people began around 1–0.5 million years ago. About 50 thousand years ago, man himself learned to make fire from sparks by striking flint against flint or using friction. About 20 thousand years ago, energy consumption averaged 10 thousand kJ per person per day, and currently in economically developed countries it is over 1 million kJ. Even more striking is the increase in the total energy consumption of all humanity during this time - 10 million times. It is due to this million-fold increase in human use of solar energy reserves preserved in organic fuel that the entire complex of modern life support for humanity has been created and is functioning.
If many thousands of years ago none of our distant ancestors, warming themselves by a tree set on fire by lightning, had thought of throwing a few new branches into the dying fire, we would still be living in caves.
In ecological terms, burning wood in a primitive fire is the very first and therefore the most significant step of humanity towards the search for new, increasingly efficient energy sources, which ultimately led to an unprecedented increase in the pressure of one species - humans - on the nature of the entire planet.
Therefore, do not forget about the black balls on the scales. Changes in landscapes and climate on our planet are all harmful consequences of mastering fire. Sometimes humanity resembles a child who found a box of matches and, secretly from adults, indulges in early spring on a sunny hill, setting fire to last year's dry grass. Tongues of flame, at first barely noticeable and harmless, fanned spring breeze in seconds they turn into a roaring monster, sweeping away a haystack, outbuildings, and the house in which the child lives in its path. The house we live in.
Remember this. The future of our planet belongs to you, the younger generation.
LiteratureBalandin R.K., Bondarev L.G. Nature and civilization. – M.: Mysl, 1998.
Vorontsov N.N. Ecological crises in the history of mankind // Biology, 2001, No. 40–41.
Vorontsov N.N., Sukhorukova L.N. Evolution of the organic world: Elective. well. Textbook manual for 10–11 grades. 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Nauka, 1996.
Dolnik V.R. Naughty child of the biosphere: Conversations about man in the company of birds and animals. – M.: Pedagogy-Press, 1994.
Erdakov L.N. Man in the biosphere – http: // ecoclub.nsu.ru
Ichas M. On the nature of living things: mechanisms and meaning. – M.: Mir, 1994.
Mamontov S.G., Zakharov V.B. General biology: Textbook. allowance for the environment. specialist. textbook establishments. – M.: graduate School, 1986.
Mythological Dictionary: Book. for students /M.N. Botvinnik, B.M. Kogan, M.B. Rabinovich, B.P. Seletsky. – M.: Education, 1993.
Mythology. Large encyclopedic dictionary. – M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1998.
Popov S.Yu. History of African vegetation over the last 150,000 years // Biology, No. 5, 2004.
Roni the Elder J. Fight for fire. Cave lion. Vamirah. – M.: Press, 1994.
Sahara. Golden fund of the biosphere. / Ed. and after. V.M. Neronov and V.E. Sokolova. – M.: Progress, 1990.
Chernova N.M. and etc. Fundamentals of ecology: Textbook. for 9th grade. general education institutions. – M.: Education, 1997.
Application
J. Roney the Elder
"FIGHT FOR FIRE"Death of Fire
The Ulamrs fled into the impenetrable night, maddened by suffering and fatigue; all their efforts were in vain before the misfortune that befell them: the fire was dead! They supported him in three cages. According to the custom of the tribe, four women and two warriors fed him day and night.
Even in the most difficult times, they supported life in him, protected him from bad weather and floods, carried him across rivers and swamps; bluish in the light of day and crimson at night, he never parted with them. His mighty face put lions, cave and gray bears, mammoth, tiger and leopard to flight. His red teeth protected a person from extensive and scary world; all the joys lived only around him. He extracted delicious smells from meat, made the ends of spears hard, made stones crack, he encouraged people in dense forests, in the endless savannah, in the depths of caves. This fire was the father, the guardian, the savior; when he broke out of his cage and devoured the trees, he became more cruel and wild than mammoths.
And now he's dead! The enemy destroyed two cells; in the third, which survived the flight, the fire weakened, turned pale and gradually decreased. He was so weak that he could not even eat marsh grass; he trembled like a sick animal, turning into a small reddish insect, and every breath of wind threatened to extinguish him... then he disappeared completely... The Ulamrs fled, orphaned, into the autumn night. There were no stars. The heavy sky fell over the heavy waters; the plants stretched their cold stems over the fugitives; all that could be heard was the rustling of the reptiles. Men, women, children were swallowed up in darkness. Listening to the voices of their leaders, they tried to move on dry and hard ground, fording the streams and swamps they encountered. Three generations have known this trail. At dawn they approached the savannah. Cold light seeped through the chalky layers of clouds. The wind swirled on the waters, as thick as mountain tar. Algae swelled like ulcers, and numb lizards lay curled up among the water lilies. A heron was sitting on a withered tree. Finally, in the red fog, a savannah with plants trembling from the cold unfolded. The people perked up and, having passed through the reeds, finally found themselves among the grasses, on solid ground. But then the feverish excitement subsided, people lay down on the ground, froze in motionlessness; women, more resilient than men, having lost their children in the swamps, howled like she-wolves; those who saved their babies lifted them up to the clouds. When dawn broke, Faum counted his tribe with his fingers and branches. Each branch corresponded to the number of fingers on both hands. What remains: four branches of warriors, more than six branches of women, about three branches of children, several old people.
Old Gong said that only one man out of five, one woman out of three, and one child out of the whole branch survived.
The Ulamrs felt the enormity of the misfortune. They realized that their offspring were in danger of death. The forces of nature became more and more formidable. People will wander the earth, miserable and naked.
To be continued
* The lesson can be taught while studying the topic “Human Origins” in the course “ General biology. 11th grade”, as well as when studying the topic “Anthropogenic impact of humans on nature” in the course “Ecology”
Class houraccording to fire safety rules
“Fire – friend or foe?”
Target: dissemination of knowledge on life safety issues.
Tasks :
Show the role of fire in human life;
Identify the causes leading to a fire;
Introduce the history of the origin of the profession of firefighter, fire protection;
Develop students’ cognitive interests and creative abilities; communication and speech qualities;
Consolidating students' knowledge about behavior in case of fire;
Foster a sense of self-preservation, develop the ability to behave correctly in an extreme situation, and quickly respond to danger.
Progress of the conversation.
The role of fire in human life y.
Before I tell you the topic of the lesson, guess the riddle.
It is beautiful and bright red.
It gives warmth and light.
But it is burning, hot, dangerous!
No need to joke with him, no! ( fire )
Guys, as you probably guessed, the topic of our lesson will be the role of fire in human life and the rules for handling fire.
Since time immemorial, man has learned to make fire. People turned the hot flames into their friends and helpers. Fire is warmth, light, food, protection. He helped people light and heat their homes, cook food, and protect themselves from wild animals. Ancient people did not have matches, and therefore they worshiped fire as a deity. It was forbidden to throw garbage and waste into the fire. This could "offend" the fire. Then they learned to get fire by striking a spark by striking a stone against a stone.
Can fire be called man's friend? Name the areas of application of fire.(Cooking, internal combustion engines (machines), metal smelting, glass and brick making, roasting ceramic products, home heating, thermal power plants and much more).
They say that fire is man's friend. Without it, life on earth is not possible. With its help, many useful things are accomplished.
Everyone knows: a man without fire,
Doesn't live a single day.
In the fire, it’s as bright as in the sun!
It's warm in the fire and in winter!
Look around, guys:
Fire is our everyday friend!
But when we are careless with fire,
He becomes our enemy.
When does fire become our enemy?
If handled carelessly, fire often turns from a faithful friend into a merciless enemy, which in a matter of minutes destroys what has been created over many years of hard work. He destroys everything in his path, and it can be difficult to stop him
With the power of a raging fire, a fire is very difficult to cope with!
2. Riddles about the causes of the fire.
What could result in a fire?
Now let’s solve the riddles and once again repeat the causes of fires.
- Wooden sisters
In a box. This …(Matches)
- Tourists will come to their camp,
They will divorce him in the evening,
It will burn for a long time,
Warm them with your warmth. (Bonfire)
- The log in the firebox is blazing
And these “stars” are thrown at us.
One burning particle
Fire may occur. (Spark)
- First the shine,
Behind the shine is a crackling sound.
Molten Arrow
An oak felled near the village. (Lightning)
- Both shirts and pants
I'm ironing for you, kids,
But remember, friends,
That you can't play with me! (Electric iron)
- There is a unit in the kitchen,
I'm glad to cook food.
We strike a match and instantly
The flame will shoot up like a fire. (Plate)
- This is a volatile substance
With a pungent odor and no color
It flows from the kitchen burner,
You strike a match and it immediately lights up. (Gas)
- A container that contains gas,
Will any of you call me? (Gas cylinder)
- She won all the matches,
Its strength lies in flammable gas.
I'm tired - I need to refuel,
Burned so that she would again. (Lighter)
- I'm running along the path,
I can’t live without a path,
Where am I, guys?
The lights in the house won't come on. (Electricity)
- It burns and melts from the fire,
The room is illuminated.
In a birthday cake
Can be used as decoration. (Candle)
- The shell is filled with gunpowder,
He is waiting for commands from the guys.
Sparkles with different lights,
Under the clouds when it takes off. (Petard)
You guessed everything correctly, correctly named the main causes of the fire. And I think that you will always handle these objects carefully and carefully because the main culprits of fires are people, their forgetfulness, mischief, and inattention. I hope you are not one of them. Let's make sure of this by playing the attention game “This is me, this is me, these are all my friends.”
( Children must correctly use the words from the game title in answers to questions)
Game “This is me, this is me, these are all my friends”
1. Who is perky and cheerful,
Keeping loyalty to the rules,
Protects both home and school from fire?
2.Who set fire to the grass near the house,
I set fire to unnecessary rubbish,
And my friends’ garage burned down,
And a construction fence?
3. Who is the neighbor's kids,
Explains in the yard
That playing with fire is not without reason
Ends in fire?
4. Who sneaks in the corner
Burned a candle in the attic?
The old table caught fire
He barely left alive.
5. Who's in dad's pocket?
I found a box of matches
And he secretly took it with him?
6. Who helps firefighters
Doesn't break the rules
Who is an example for all the guys
And happy to help all people?
3. Introduction to the profession of a firefighter.
But there are people whose profession is to defeat fire, saving people in trouble. They are fearless, strong, trained, selfless.
What are people in this profession called? (Firefighters).
For many centuries, fires were extinguished by “the whole world.” The ringing of the bell announced a fire, and residents of neighboring houses ran to help put out the fire. But the frightened crowd of people often hindered the fire extinguishing efforts more than they helped. In the fight against fire, small amounts are more successful. organized group specially trained people.
How to say correctly: “firefighter” or “firefighter”?
The modern dictionary of the Russian language explains these words as synonyms, that is, words that have the same meaning. This means that you can say both fireman and fireman. There will be no mistakes!
In ancient times, houses in Rus' were built from wood.
Once upon a time, our ancient capital Moscow was made of wood and suffered from fires many times. In Russia, the first fire brigade was organized in 1803 by order of Emperor Alexander I. When a fire broke out in the city, firefighters would ring a huge bell - they would sound the alarm, calling residents to help.
They also built tall, tall towers in cities – fire towers. Firefighters were on duty on the towers day and night and looked carefully to see if there was smoke or fire in the city. Previously, the fire department building consisted of two floors. Firefighters and their families lived on the second floor; on the first floor there were carts with barrels of water, hooks, and ladders. But the most important thing is the horses. The best, the fastest.
4. Modern equipment and technology for firefighters.
Now there are fire brigades in every city.
Firefighters now have powerful equipment; firefighters wear special heat-reflective clothing made of tarpaulin that protects them from fire and smoke. After all, a firefighter fearlessly goes into a fire!
And now riddles about firefighter equipment.
- Often defended a firefighter in a fire
This “cap” is made of metal. (Helmet)
- Carbon monoxide smoke began to billow,
Gary's room is full,
What does a firefighter wear?
What is it impossible to live without? (Mask)
- When the gasoline burns perfectly,
It can be easily extinguished... (Foam)
- Hanging - silent,
And if you turn it over, it hisses
And the foam flies. (Fire extinguisher)
- I'm rushing with a siren to the fire,
I'm carrying water with foam.
Let's put out the fire instantly, fire
We are fast as arrows. (Fire trucks)
- What kind of staircase is this?
Does it grow out of the car?
Rising above the house,
This is familiar to all firefighters. (Fire escape )
5. Repetition of fire safety rules in a playful way.
Fires are very dangerous. In a fire, things, an apartment, and even an entire house can burn down. But the main thing is that people can die in a fire. So let's repeat the rules fire safety, which you must always follow.
Competition "Finish the phrase."
- Not very tall
Little match
Only touch the matches
Don't have (the habit)
- If you want to save your property
Don't leave when the stove is heating up
-A coal fell on the floor
The wooden floor was on fire.
Don't look, don't wait, don't stand,
And quickly fill it up (with water)
-If little sisters
Lighting matches at home
What should you do?
Immediately those matches (take away)
-You will remember, friends,
Children should not take matches (not allowed)
-The iron is on, there are no owners,
There is a trail of smoke on the sheet.
Guys, take action.
Iron is hot (turn it off)
- We warn everyone for good reason:
It's hard to deal with (the fire)
-Easier than putting out a fire,
We should (warn) him
-Have you heard about the fire?
Give me a signal soon (signal)
-We will quickly defeat the fire,
If we call ("01")!
What number should you dial if you are calling from a cell phone? (112 is a unified rescue service).
Now listen to the poem, which once again talks about how to behave in case of fire.
A fire may happen, even if it’s not our fault,
In that case, we also know how to behave:
If we can go out the door, we’ll do so, let’s leave,
We will take all the animals out of the apartment with us.
We'll close the door tightly and report the fire.
If there is no phone, we will hurry to the balcony,
Let's close the balcony door more tightly behind us.
If we don’t have a balcony, we’ll shout out the windows:
We will loudly inform all passersby about the fire.
Then people will hear us, and they will come to our aid,
We won't have to wait long, the firefighters will save us.
Why do we close our doors more tightly?
To prevent the fire from developing further as quickly as possible.
If we open the doors, fresh breeze will fly,
It will double the strength of the fire, blaze and burn everything.
Smoke comes from a fire, if something suddenly burns,
This smoke is both volatile and poisonous.
We’ll get to the balcony, even if we crawl in a continuous line,
And if we can open the balcony, that means we’ll go out onto the balcony,
The air will be fresher there, we’ll wait for help there.
If clothes caught fire (we were sitting by the fire),
There is hope for salvation: you just can’t run.
Because with the wind we will increase the flame, speed it up,
Not just clothes - we ourselves will burn in this flame.
If it's difficult to take off our clothes, we'll fall to the ground,
We will roll on the ground - this is how we will cope with the fire.
Suddenly the clothes on our comrade will burst into flames,
We will take off our clothes and cover the flame at once
We close access to air - and the fire will die immediately,
We’ll immediately calm the friend down and take him to the doctor.
The main thing is to call for help those who are fighting the fire,
We respect them very much and call them firefighters!
Every citizen knows the firefighter number “01”.
If trouble comes to you, call there as soon as possible.
6. If there is a fire in the house.
And now we will repeat pWhat to do in case of a fire if you find yourself at home alone.
Rule 1 . If the fire is small, you can try to put it out immediately by throwing thick fabric or a blanket or pouring out a pan of water.
Rule 2 . If the fire does not go out immediately, immediately run away from the house to a safe place. And only after that, call the fire department on 01 or ask your neighbors about it.
Rule 3 . If you cannot escape from a burning apartment, immediately call 01 and tell the firefighters the exact address and number of your apartment.
Rule 4 . In a fire, smoke is much more dangerous than fire. If you feel like you are suffocating, squat down or crawl towards the exit - there is less smoke below. Breathe through a wet rag or towel.
Rule 5 . During a fire, never get into an elevator. He may shut down and you will suffocate.
Rule 6 . While waiting for the firefighters to arrive, do not lose your head and do not jump out of the window. You will definitely be saved.
Rule 7 . When the firefighters arrive, listen to them in everything and don’t be afraid. They know better how to save you
.
7. Summary.
Children's drawings on the topic - fire safety.
Goals: show the role of fire in human life, both positive and negative; introduce children to the profession of a firefighter; teach children to appreciate the courage and heroism of people in this profession; test students' knowledge of fire safety rules; convince that jokes involving calling the fire brigade are unacceptable; encourage creativity; draw up a reminder on how to behave in case of fire.
Equipment: illustrations for the legend of Prometheus or cartoon, fire safety posters.
Class progress
Conversation about the history of mastering fire
Mystery
What in the world has no measure, no weight, no price?
No arms, no legs, but eats everything? (Fire.)
The discovery of a method for making fire was a significant victory for man over nature. This is what they say about the meaning of fire in the legend of Prometheus.
In ancient times, when Zeus ruled the whole world, people who had just settled on earth were weak, powerless, and timid. They could neither think nor understand what they saw around them. They looked in horror at the storm clouds, the scorching sun, the endless sea and high mountains. From everything that frightened them, people hid in caves. At that time they had neither housing nor a family home: people did not cook food or warm themselves near the fire. And such a life was a miserable existence.
The titan Prometheus took pity on people with his big heart and boldly violated the prohibition of Zeus: not to give people fire. Having made his way into the palace, the titan took a small spark of fire and, hiding it in an empty reed stalk, brought it to the people on earth. Since then, the bright lights of the fires have shone on the ground. Whole families of people gathered around them, fried meat, warmed themselves, and danced. Now people lived more cheerfully and friendly, and the titan Prometheus sincerely rejoiced at this. He taught people how to tame fire, smelt copper, and forge weapons. Thanks to Prometheus, people learned to think and, probably, felt like humans for the first time.
Fire has become a reliable comrade and helper for people. It is difficult to imagine a branch of human activity where fire is not used. Help me: name the areas of application of fire. (Cooking, internal combustion engines, metal smelting, glass and building materials production, ceramic firing, thermal power plants, etc.)
We could go on and on about how fire helps us all, both at home and at work, but we must always remember that careless handling of fire can lead to disaster. Let's remember Samuel Marshak's poem "Fire".
(Students dramatize the poem.)
Mother went to the market,
She told her daughter Lena:
“Don’t touch the stove, Lenochka,
It’s burning, Lenochka, fire!”
Only the mother left the porch,
Lena sat down in front of the stove.
He looks into the red firebox,
And in the stove the fire is humming:
“Nowadays there is not enough space in the stove,
There was nowhere to go for a walk.
Mom, Lenochka, don’t believe it,
Open the door a little wider."
Lena opened the door slightly,
The fire jumped from the log.
I burned the floor in front of the stove,
Climbed the tablecloth onto the table,
Ran over the chairs with a crash,
Crawled up the curtains,
The walls are covered in smoke,
Licking the floor and ceiling...
And now some statistics.
Every year there are about five million fires in the world.
Every hour one person dies in a fire, two are injured or burned.
Every third person killed is a child.
From horse-drawn carriages with hand-operated fire pumps to powerful modern fire extinguishing equipment - this is the way the fire service has evolved. Today this special service is one of the most mobile.
They are afraid of the steppe, the mountain expanses
His hot, merciless paws.
But there are people for whom
He is like a tamed one - obedient, quiet and weak.
They will beat him to the ground, extinguish him,
They will enter the burning house, fearless.
For the lives of others, they, without doubt,
They will give their lives.
Such people, fighting with fire,
We call our firefighters!
Every hour, seven hundred fires and fires occur on our planet. There are more than five million of them per year. Losses from fires can be compared with the losses of small wars of the twentieth century. Out of ten fires, nine occur due to human fault, every fifth fire is due to a child’s prank with fire. Our firefighters are constantly fighting with them.
The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 showed that fire department workers passed a serious test of maturity with honor, averted disaster from hundreds of thousands of people, showing heroism and courage. Firefighters from the nuclear power plant guard, led by guard chief Pravik, were the first to arrive at the reactors after a few seconds of alarm. His squad was the first to step into the line of fire. Of all possible solutions Vladimir Pravik chose the most correct: he sent his squad to the roof of the turbine room. They are heroes! What they did was a feat! The fact is that it was in this room that all the turbines were located, numerous cables ran through it high voltage line, which from the fire could turn into a fuse cord. Could they retreat? Could they have not done what they did and saved their lives? Yes, they could. They could retreat temporarily until reinforcements arrived. But no one thought about this. These were people with a heightened sense of responsibility, people who took an oath. And they stepped into the raging flames, into the deadly radiation, not by order of the commander, but by the law of conscience. They rushed to save the station and people, without thinking about their lives. They were clearly aware of the danger, but like real warriors they did not spare themselves.
(The phone rings.)
- “My phone rang...” Which of you has not been familiar with these lines by Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky since childhood? What are these nursery rhymes about? About games with the phone. Now raise your hands, those who have ever called and joked on the phone. Now admit it, jokers, who called the fire brigade for the neighbors? Do you know why such actions are unacceptable? (Waste of gasoline. The fire truck wears out. But the most important thing: at this time, a fire could actually happen somewhere and someone will need help.)
I know that you are knowledgeable people in matters of fire safety. Do you want to confirm this? Then I bring to your attention a quiz.
Questions(they were prepared and asked by the students themselves):
1. What things are allowed to hang on electrical wires?
2. What nails can be driven between wires?
3. What kind of fabric can be used to wrap an electric light bulb?
4. What kind of wallpaper is allowed to cover wires?
5. On what switch can you hang clothes?
6. In which hand should a car driver hold a cigarette when driving over a wooden bridge?
7. From which side should you light a fire in windy weather?
8. Why is an iron pad nailed to the floor near the stove door?
(The teacher marks the most attentive, the most resourceful, the most competent of the quiz participants.)
And now, guys, I invite you to cooperate. Let's all create a reminder “How to behave in case of fire” together.
Children and teacher make a memo. Students paste the compiled memo into their diary.
Puzzles
A coal fell on the floor,
The wooden floor was on fire.
Don't look, don't wait, don't stand,
And fill it with... (water).
If little sisters
Lighting matches at home
What should you do?
Immediately those matches... (take away).
Where is the trash stored?
Or just different rubbish
You'll have to work hard -
Put things in order there.
They took a broom and a shovel
And quickly everything... (removed).
The red beast sits in the oven,
The red beast is angry with everyone.
He eats firewood out of anger
A whole hour, maybe two.
Don't touch him with your hand -
Bites the whole palm... (fire).
What happens if birds
Do you light matches at home? (Fire.)
A midge was flying - an aspen leg.
I sat down on a haystack - all the hay was burned. (Match.)
Back and forth
The steamer wanders and wanders,
If you stop - grief,
The sea will be perforated. (Iron.)
Hisses and gets angry
He is afraid of water.
With tongue, not barking.
No teeth, but bites. (Fire.)
We were pines and firs,
And here we are, strumming, shoved into the box.
We were the pride of the taiga -
And now there are her enemies. (Matches.)
In a small barn
There are a hundred fires. (Matches.)
Chew - I don’t chew,
And I eat everything. (Fire.)
As thin as a sparrow's leg,
A box slides along the wall.
Slides and strikes fire,
When it's burning, don't touch it,
Playing with her is a bad habit.
Dangerous toy... (match).
Four suns in grandma's kitchen,
Four suns burned and went out.
Cabbage soup, compote, pancakes are ready -
No need for sun until tomorrow. (Gas stove.)
Remember!
To avoid fires,
Everyone needs to know the rules.
Of course, there are a lot of them -
Let's learn at least five.
Near the house and barn
Don't you dare light a fire!
Maybe there's a big problem
For buildings and people.
And in the forest a fire is dangerous -
For trees, birds, animals.
The forest will be beautiful for everyone
No fires or embers.
So that the fire does not escape,
So that he knows his place,
You create a barrier for him:
A fence made of stones and earth.
When leaving, cover it with earth
Or fill everything with water.
For the wheat to grow
It takes a lot of work -
Don't light a fire
Where the harvest ripens.
Suddenly the clothes caught fire -
You immediately fell to the floor,
Roll on the floor right away
Wrap yourself in a blanket.
It's time for everyone to understand:
Matches are not a game for children!
Let it be clear to adults too...
It's dangerous to joke with fire!
A big fire or fire is a huge monster that devours everything around with its fiery tongue. This huge tongue eats up your favorite toys, dresses, houses, and even entire streets.
As a rule, children are afraid of fire. What do you think, is it possible to make fire not scary at all? Of course you can! To do this, you need to learn to manage your fear. To begin with, let everyone say to themselves: “I am strong. I'm not afraid of fire. I can control fire. I can prevent a fire." And in order to prevent a fire, you need to know well the rules for using objects from which it can occur.
1. What, with just a touch, turns a house into firewood? (Fire.)
2. On the roof - with a pillar, in the hut - with a tablecloth. (Smoke.)
3. This is a cramped, cramped house: A hundred sisters huddle in it. And any of the sisters
It can break out like a fire! (Box of matches.)
4. Hisses and gets angry, afraid of water; with tongue rather than barking; no teeth, but bites. (Fire.)
5. The electric ship is sailing - now back, now forward. (Iron.)
6. A hundred fires are kept in a small barn. (Box of matches.)
7. He eats everything - he doesn’t get enough, but he drinks - he dies. (Fire.)
8. The red bull stands and trembles, the black one runs to the sky. (Fire and smoke.)
9. Small, remote, but brings big trouble. (Spark.)
10. The red cow ate all the straw. (Fire.)
11. I saw smoke - don’t yawn, call us quickly! (Firefighters.)
12. You won’t get fire from little me. (Spark.)
13. Where people are careless with fire, there will definitely be fire. (Fire.)
14. On the table, in a cap and in a glass bottle, a friend settled - a cheerful light. (Bulb.)
Memo
If you see a fire, you must provide the following information by phone 01:
2. Object (apartment, warehouse, school).
3. What is burning (what exactly is burning in the apartment, school).
4. House number.
5. Entrance number.
6. Apartment number.
7. Floor. How many floors are there in the building?
8. Is there a danger to people?
9. Last name.
10. Telephone.
After carefully studying the memo (30 seconds), everyone should make a “fire call.” Work is done in pairs. Listen to 2-3 pairs.
Summarizing
Complete the phrase: “Now I know that...”
Additional material for teachers
A Brief History of Firefighting
♦ In the Code of Laws of Ivan III, introduced in 1498, it is said about the Kurts: “Do not give the lighter the belly, execute him with the death penalty.”
♦ Since 1689, Peter the Great ordered the Moscow archers, sotsky elders and townspeople to extinguish fires.
♦ In 1803, Alexander I signed a decree on organizing a fire department in St. Petersburg.
♦ The first fire brigade in Kyiv was organized in 1841, it consisted of 25 people.
♦ On April 17, 1918, the decree “On state measures to combat fire” was signed. This day became the day of the formation of the fire department.
re-enactment
Zero-one - the phone rang,
Someone's scream brought the wires,
Someone's cry was caught by the microphone -
This means that something has happened somewhere... (Fire and Matches come out.)
I am fire, I am a friend of the guys.
But when they play pranks on me,
Then I become an enemy
And I burn everything around. (Spins around the stage.)
1st match.
Man's friend is fire,
Just don’t touch him in vain!
If you play around,
Then troubles cannot be avoided,
There's no harm in fire!
2nd match.
Know that in anger he is angry:
Nothing will be spared!
Can destroy a school
Grain field, your home
And everything is around the house.
And soaring to the skies,
It will spread to the forest.
3rd match.
Fire is strong - it can burn a village.
He is merciless, angry, assertive, rude.
And he will destroy hundred-year-old trees
Faster than a skilled lumberjack.
4th match.
And where it goes.
The forest is burning, the whole thing is burning to the ground.
No wonder there is a saying among the people:
"Fear like fire."
5th match.
They die in the flames of the fire
Even people sometimes.
Always remember this!
Always remember this!
Remember!
(Can be given as a handout to each child.)
For fun, for play
Don't pick up matches.
A box of matches is even small,
But it can do a lot of evil.
Don't light the fire yourself
And don't let others:
Even a little sparkle
Not far from the fire.
Don't take heat from the stove -
After all, he harbors a fire.
A piece of coal, even a small one,
But it's dangerous, just like a match.
Gas in the kitchen, is there a vacuum cleaner,
TV and iron,
Let only adults turn on -
Our reliable senior friend.
If trouble strikes,
What should we do then?
Never get lost
Act skillfully.
If the fire is weak, quickly
Fill it with water.
If the phone is close
And he is available to you,
