(this material was freely copied from the long-lived site
lozawa.narod.ru)
Sentence structure
The sentence structure in Korean is different from that in Russian or English. Its simplest form is:
Subject + object + predicate
학생은 학교에 가다.
Haksen-yn hakkyo-e kada.
The student goes to school.
In a more complex sentence the structure would be:
Subject + time adverbial + place setting + object + predicate
학생은 저녁에 집에서 숙제를 하다.
Haksen-eun chonyog-e chib-eso sukche-ryl hada.
A student does his homework at home in the evening.
In cases where it is known what is being discussed, the subject may be omitted:
무엇을 합니까?
Muos-eul hamnikka?
What are you doing?
책을 읽습니다.
Chaeg-eul iximnida.
I'm reading a book (literally I'm reading a book)
Plural
Formed by adding the ending 들 (rear) to nouns. Omitted if the number of items has already been named.
사람 – 사람들
saram – saram-dyl
person people
chek – chektul
book - books
Cases
Nominative
Ending: after the consonant 이 (and), after the vowel 가 (ga).
Polite version: 께서 (kkeso)
Answers the question: who? What?
Nun-i ode.
Snowing.
Genitive
Ending 의 (th)
Answers the question: whose?
내 친구의 안경.
Ne chhingu-yangyong
My friend's glasses
Accusative
Ending: after the consonant 을 (eul), after the vowel 를 (snout).
Answers the question: who? What?
그 학생은 한국어를 배우다.
Ky haksen-eun hangugo-ryl peuda.
This student is studying Korean.
With a number of nouns, the accusative case indicates direction and answers the question “where?”
휴가를 가다 (hyuga-ryl kada) – to go on vacation
출장을 가다 (chuljang-eul kada) – to go on a business trip
유학을 가다 (yuhag-eul kada) – to go for an internship
소풍을 가다 (sophun-eul kada) – to go on a picnic
여행을 가다 (yohen-eul kada) - to go on a trip
IN spoken language the accusative case may be omitted.
Dative
Ending 에 (e)
Indicates:
병원에 가세요?
Pyeongwon-e kaseyo?
Are you going to the hospital?
2) Time of action (when?)
다섯 시에 박교수님과 만나요.
Tasot si-e Pak kyosunim-gwa mannayo.
At five o'clock I meet with Professor Park.
3) Place of action with state verbs 있다 (to be, to be present), 없다 (to not be, to be absent), 살다 (to live, to reside) and adjectives.
우리 집은 아남동에 있다.
Uri chib-yn Anamdon-e itta.
Our house is located in the Anam-dong area.
4) Addressee of the action (for inanimate objects)
어제 미국에 편지를 보냈다.
Ojae Migug-e pyeonji-ryul ponetta.
Yesterday I sent a letter to America.
Dative case of person
Ending: 에게 (ege)
Polite option: 께 (kke)
Colloquial: 한테 (hantae)
Answers the question “to whom?” Only used with animate nouns
(people or animals).
친구에게 편지를 씁니다.
Chhingu-yege pyeongji-ryl ssymnida.
I'm writing a letter to a friend.
Local case
Ending 에서 (eso)
1) Answers the question “where” and indicates the place of action with active verbs.
나는 여행사에서 일합니다.
Nowadays yohensa-eso irhamnida.
I work in a travel company.
2) Answers the question “from where” and indicates the starting point.
어느 나라에서 왔어요?
Ony nara-eso wassoyo?
What country did you come from?
Local case of person
Ending 에게서 (egeso)
Colloquial: 한테서 (hantaeso)
Answers the question “from whom?”
나는 어머니에게서 그 말을 들었어요.
Nowadays, omoni-egeso ky mar-eul tyrossoyo.
I heard this from my mother.
Instrumental case
The ending 로 (ro) after vowels and if the word ends in ㄹ (일 – 일로; il – illo), 으로 – after consonants (yro).
1) Designates a means of performing an action and answers the question “how?”, “with what?”.
나는 한자를 볼펜으로 씁니다.
Nowadays, khanchcha-ryl polpen-yro ssymnida.
I write hieroglyphs with a pen.
2) With verbs of movement, it denotes direction, answers the question “towards what?”, “where?”.
그 버스는 종로로 가지 않아요.
Ky posy-neun Chonno-ro kaji anae.
This bus does not go towards Jongno.
3) Indicates the profession or essence of a person
김 선생님은 선교사로 러시아에 왔습니다.
Kim sunsaengim-eun seongyosa-ro Rosia-e wasseumnida.
Mr. Kim came to Russia as a missionary.
나는 공장에서 기사로 일합니다.
Now konjan-eso kisa-ro irhamnida.
I work at a factory as an engineer.
Joint case
Ending: 과 (kwa) after consonants, 와 (wa) after vowels.
Colloquial: 하고 (hago)
Answers the question “with whom?”, “with what?”. Connects nouns like the Russian conjunction “and”.
시장에서 생선과 채소를 샀어요.
Sijan-eso saengson-gwa chaeso-ryl sassoyo.
I bought fish and vegetables at the market.
오늘 밤에 여자친구하고 같이 영화관에 가요.
Onil pam-e yoja chhingu-hago kachhi yonghwagwan-e kayo.
Tonight I'm going to the cinema with my friend.
Vocative case
Ending: 아 (a) after consonants, 야 (я) after vowels.
Used when addressing someone. Used only with lower forms of politeness.
기민아, 이리 와!
Kimin-a, iri wa!
Kimin, come here!
Particles
Particle 은/는 (yn/now)
An excretory particle that emphasizes a particular word in a sentence. It can form the subject (instead of the nominative case), for example:
중국어는 참 어렵다.
Chungugo-now chham orepta.
The Chinese language is really difficult.
그 사람은 내 아버지를 죽였다.
Ky saram-yn ne aboji-ryl chugetta.
This man killed my father.
Can also be added to other cases, for example:
아침에는 내가 회사에 버스로 가다.
Achkhim-e-nyn ne-ga hvesa-e posy-ro kada.
In the morning I go to the company by bus.
Particle 만 (man)
It means “only”, “only”. Usually replaces the accusative and nominative cases.
나는 싼 옷만 사 입다.
Na-now ssan ot-man sa ipta.
I buy and wear only expensive clothes.
When joining other cases, this particle does not displace them. For example:
나는 쭉 서울에만 살았다.
Na-now chchuk Sour-e-man saratta.
I have always lived only in Seoul.
Particle 도 (that)
It means “too”, “also”. Replaces the nominative and accusative cases. For example:
그분도 한국말을 가르쳐요.
Kybun-do hangukmar-eul karychhyeo.
He also teaches Korean.
저는 공부도 해요
Cho-neung konbu-do heyo.
I'm still learning.
This particle does not displace other cases. For example:
부산에도 사람이 많아요.
Busan-e-do saram-i manae.
There are also a lot of people in Busan.
일요일에도 회사에 나갑니다.
Ireir-e-do hvesa-e nagamnida.
I even go to the company on Sundays.
IN negative sentences has the meaning “even”, or emphasizes negation. For example:
그분은 그 책을 보지도 않아요.
Kybun-eun ky chaeg-eul poji-do anae.
He doesn't even look at this book.
그분은 학교에 가지도 않았어요.
Kybun-yn hakkyo-e kaji-do anassoyo.
He didn't even go to school.
그 아이는 아버지도 어머니도 없습니다.
Ky ai-nyn aboji-do omoni-do opsymnida.
This child has neither father nor mother.
그 사람은 학생도 아니고 선생도 아니에요.
Ky saram-yn haksen-do anigo sonsen-do anieyo.
He is neither a student nor a teacher.
It also means “not only... but also.”
그녀는 공부도 잘 하고 일도 잘 합니다.
Kynyo-nyn konbu-do chal hago il-do chal hamnida.
She not only studies well, but also works well.
Particle 부터 (puto)
It has the meaning “from” and is used, as a rule (but not necessarily), with the adverb of time.
내일부터 대학교에 일찍 오세요.
Neil-butho tehakkyo-e ilchchik oseyo.
Starting tomorrow, come to the university early.
오늘은 101 페이지부터 공부하겠습니다.
Onyr-yn 101 pheidzhi-butho konbuhagessimnida.
Today we will start studying from page 101.
Particle 까지 (kkaji)
Means "before". For example:
어제 밤 늦게까지 책을 보았어요.
Oje pam nytke-kkaji chhaeg-eul poassoyo.
Yesterday I read a book until late at night.
Another meaning is “even.”
너까지 나를 믿지 못하면 어떻게 하지?
But-kkaji na-ryl mitchi mot hamyeon ottokhe haji?
What should I do if even you don't believe me?
부터…까지 (puto…kkaji)
They mean “from... to”. For example:
나는 오전 여덟 시부터 오후 다섯 시까지 근무해요.
Na-now ojon yo-dol si-butho ohu tasot si-kkaji kynmuheyo.
I work from eight o'clock in the morning until five o'clock in the evening.
Particle 마다 (mada)
The meaning is "everyone".
날마다 일기를 씁니다.
Nal-mada ilgi-ryl ssymnida.
I write a diary every day.
Particle 나/이나 (na/ina)
It means "or". Used with nouns (for verbs and adjectives there is another particle with the same meaning).
미국이나 불란서에 가고 싶어요.
Migug-ina Pullanso-e kago siphoyo.
I would like to go to the USA or France.
기차나 고속버스로 관광을 합니다.
Kichkha-na kosok posy-ro kwangwan-eul hamnida.
We will go on a tourist trip by train or express bus.
“At least” also means.
맥주가 없으니까 차나 마시자.
Mekchu-ga opsynikka chha-na masidzha.
Since there is no beer, let's at least drink tea.
Used to mean “about”:
그 일은 며칠이나 걸려요?
Ky ir-yn myochkhir-ina kollyoyo?
Approximately how many days will this work take?
Particle 보다 (pod)
Used for education comparative designs. Can be used with the word 더 – more or 덜 – less.
비행기가 기차보다 빨라요.
Pihengi-ga kicha poda ppallayo.
An airplane is faster than a train.
철수가 영수보다 키가 더 커요.
Cheolsu-ga Yeonsu poda khi-ga to khoyo.
Cheolsu is taller than Yongsu.
Particle 처럼 (chhorom)
It means “as if”, “like”.
이 물건은 쇠처럼 무거워요.
And mulgon-yn sve-chhorom mugovoe.
This thing is as heavy as iron.
나는 김 선생처럼 부지런하지 않다.
Nowadays, Kim sonsaeng-chhorom pujironhaji antha.
I'm not as diligent as Mr. Kim.
Verb Basics
A verb has two verbal stems, to which are attached various suffixes and endings.
The first stem is formed by dropping the ending 다 (ta) from the dictionary form:
먹다 – 먹 (mokta – mok)
가다 – 가 (kada – ka)
The second stem is formed depending on the vowel in the root.
If the root contains the vowels 아 (a) and 오 (o), then the vowel 아 (a) is added to the stem of the verb: 받다 – 받아 (patta – pada); 높다 – 높아 (nopta – nopha). Moreover, if the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 아 (a), then the two sounds 아 (a) merge into one: 가다 – 가 (kada – ka). If the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 오, then it merges with the suffix 아 (a) into the vowel 와 (wa): 오다 – 와 (oda – wa). If a polysyllabic stem contains the syllable 르 (ry), then 으 (ы) disappears, and ㄹ (р) doubles:
모르다 –몰라; (moryda - molla)
고르다 – 골라 (koryda – kolla).
If the root of the verb contains all other vowels, then the vowel 어 (o) is added to the stem of the verb:
먹다 – 먹어 (mokta – mogo);
쉬다 – 쉬어 (svida – svio);
믿다 – 믿어 (mitta – mido);
열다 – 열어 (yolda – yero).
Moreover, if the stem of the verb ends in an open syllable with the vowel 어 (о), then two 어 (о) merge into one sound: 서다 – 서 (soda – so). If the stem of the verb ends in 우 (у), then it merges with 어 (о) into the vowel 워 (wi): 배우다 – 배워 (paeuda – pevo). If the stem of the verb ends in 여 (е), then it merges with 어 (о) to form the vowel 여 (е): 켜다 – 켜 (кёда – кё). If the stem of the verb (only in words with a polysyllabic stem). ends with 이 (и), then it merges with 어 (о) into the vowel 여 (е):
기다리다 – 기다려 (kidarida – kidaryo)
The verb 하다 (hada; to do) has two variants of the second stem: 해 (he; used in spoken language) and 하여 (hayo; used in written language):
공부하다 – 공부하여 – 공부해.
konbukhada – konbuhayo – konbuhe
The second stem of verbs ending in 내다 (neda) ends in 내 (ne):
보내다 – 보내. poneda – pone
The verb stem is not conjugated or modified, while the verb ending can be conjugated.
Time
Present tense
In the present tense the verb is used in its dictionary form(change occurs only in degrees of politeness).
대학생은 대학교에 가다.
Tehaksen-un tehakkyo-e kada.
A student goes to university.
The present tense form can also be used to mean the future.
우리는 다음 주말에는 제주도에 여행을 가다.
Uri-nyn taim chumar-e-nyn Jejudo-e yohen-eul kada.
We will go to Jeju next weekend.
Past tense
To form the past tense, the suffixes 았, 었, 였 (at, from, ot) are used.
The suffix 았 is attached to verbs containing the root vowels 아, 오 (а, о), and if the root syllable is open, then the root vowel merges with the vowel of the suffix to form the sound 와 (wa): 보다 – 보았다 – 봤다 (poda – poatta – pvatta); 오다 – 오았다 – 왔다 (ode – oatta – watta).
The suffix 었 (from) refers to verbs that have all other vowels in their roots.
The suffix 였 (yot) is added to polysyllabic verbs whose roots end in 이 (and): 내리다 – 내렸다 (nerida – naretta).
Verbs ending in 내다 (neda) are appended with the suffix ㅆ: 보내다 – 보냈다 (poneda – ponetta).
The verb 하다 (hada; to do) and verbs ending in 하다 (공부하다, etc.) have the form 하였다 (hayotta) or 했다 (hetta) in the past tense. The first is usually used in written language, the second - in spoken language. >
김선생님은 어제 부산에 갔다.
Kim sunsaengim-eun ojae Busan-e katta.
Mr. Kim left for Busan yesterday.
그녀를 서점 옆에서 기다렸다.
Kynyo-ryl sojom yoph-eso kidaretta.
I was waiting for her near the bookstore.
Simple future tense
Formed by adding the suffix 겠 (ket) to the root of the verb. Used only with the first and second person and denotes the intention to do something.
다음 학기부터 나는 일본어 배우기를 시작하겠다.
Taim khakki-butho na-now ilbono peugi-ryl sidjakhagetta.
Starting next semester I intend to start learning Japanese.
[b] Complex future tense
It is formed by adding the function word 것 (cat) + linking verb 이다 (ida) to the future participle. Used with all persons. Denotes an event that will certainly happen in the future.
삼 주일 후에 그들은 결혼할 것이다
Chuil himself hu-e kydyr-yn kerkhonhal kosida.
In three weeks they will get married.
Present continuous tense/continuous tense/continuous tense
Formed by adding the ending 고 (ko) + verb 있다 (itta; to be) to the root of the verb. Indicates an action currently taking place.
지금은 내가 서울에 살고 있다.
Chigym-yn ne-ga Sour-e salgo itta.
Now I live in Seoul.
[i][b]Constructions with verbs
Design expressing desire
It has the form 고 싶다 (ko sipta) for the 1st and 2nd person and 고 싶어하다 (ko siphohada) for the 3rd person. It means “to want to do something.”
지금도 그 사람을 만나고 싶습니까?
Chigeum-do ky saram-eul manna-go sipsymnikka?
Do you still want to meet him?
커피 마시고 싶지 않니?
Khophi masi-go sipchi ani?
Would you like to have some coffee?
제 친구가 영화를 보고 싶어합니다.
Che chhingu-ga yonghwa-ryl po-go sipohamnida.
My friend wants to watch a movie.
Design expressing intent
Means "to intend to do something." At the end of a sentence it has the form 려고 하다.
저는 다음 주말에 출장 가려고 합니다.
Cho-neung taim chumar-e chuljan ka-ryogo hamnida
I'm going on a business trip next weekend.
The ending 려고 can be used with the same meaning in the middle of a sentence.
부모님께 드리려고 선물을 샀습니다.
Pumo-nim-kke tyri-ryogo sonmur-eul sassymnida
I bought a gift to/with the intention of giving it to my parents.
However, with verbs of motion, the ending 러 is used in this case:
그 사람은 학교에 공부하러 간다.
Ky saram-yn hakkyo-e konbuha-ro kanda.
He goes to school to study.
Construction expressing obligation
Means "to be obliged to do something." Expressed by ending 야 하다 attached to the 2nd stem of the verb.
학생은 열심히 공부해야 한다.
Haksaeng-eun yolsimi konbuhe-ya handa
The student must study diligently.
외국에 가려면 여권을 받아야 합니다.
Vegug-e karyomyon yogwon-eul pada-ya hamnida.
If you are going to travel abroad, you should get a passport.
Construction expressing permission
It means “to allow something to be done” and is formed by adding the ending 도 되다 (to tveda) to the 2nd stem of the verb.
들어가도 됩니까?
Tyroga-do tvemnikka?
Can I come in?
서울역에 가려면, 이 버스를 타도됩니다.
Soulleg-e karemyon, and posy-ryl tha-do tvemnida.
If you want to go to Seoul Station, you can take this bus.
The ending of the 2nd stem of the verb +도 괜찮다 (to gwenchhantha) means “nothing that”, “nothing if”.
음식이 매워도 괜찮아요?
Eumsig-i maewo-do gwenchhanae?
Is it okay that the food is spicy?
담배를 피워도 괜찮아요?
Tambae-ryl phiwo-do gwenchhanae?
Is it okay if I smoke?
Construction expressing prohibition
It means "you can't do something." Expressed with the ending 면 안 되다 (myeon an tweda).
한국어 수업 시간에 러시아말로 하면 안 돼요.
Hangugo suop sigan-e rosiamal-lo hamyeon an tweyo.
You cannot speak Russian during a Korean language lesson.
Action direction design
It means “to perform an action for another person.” It has no analogues in Russian, but is very often used in Korean. Formed by adding the auxiliary verbs 주다 (miracle; give) or 드리다 (tyrida; present) to the 2nd base of the verb, the latter being more polite.
철수는 동생의 숙제를 도와 주었습니다.
Cholsu-neung dongsaeng-y sukche-ryl tova chuossimnida.
Cheolsu helped his younger brother with his homework.
이 단어를 번역해 줘.
And tano-ryl ponyokhe chwo.
Translate this word for me.
Constructions with substantive
From Korean verbs you can form a substantive by adding the ending 기 (ki) to the first stem: 하다 (hada) do – 하기 (hagi) doing; 배우다 (peuda) to teach – 배우기 (peugi) teaching. The substantive is used to form a number of constructions.
기를 + 좋아하다/싫어하다 (ki-ryul + choahada/sirohada)
It means “like doing something” / “don’t like doing something.” Typically used with a third person.
그분은 공부하기를 좋아해요.
Kybun-un konbuhagi-ryl choaheyo.
He likes to study.
내 친구는 가르치기를 싫어해요.
Ne chhingu-now karychhigi-ryl siroheyo.
My friend doesn't like teaching.
With the first and second person the construction 기가 좋다/기가 싫다 (ki-ga chotha/ki-ga siltha, which has the same meaning) is usually used.
이 음식은 맵지 않아서 먹기가 좋아요.
And eumsig-eun mepchi anaso moki-ga choayo.
This food is not spicy, so I like to eat it.
그런데 왜 안 왔어요? 등산가기가 싫어요?
Kyronde ve an wassoyo? Tynsankagi-ga shiroyo?
Why didn't you come? Don't you like going to the mountains?
기 위해서 (ki wihaeso)
A construction meaning “in order to.”
미국에 유학 가기 위해서 영어를 배우고 있습니다.
Migug-e yuhak kagi viheso yon'o-ryl peugo issimnida.
I'm learning English to go to study in the USA.
기 때문에 (ki ttemune)
It means “because of something”, “because of something”. Emphasizes that the action in the second sentence occurred because of the action in the first sentence.
머리가 아프기 때문에 좀 쉬어야겠어요.
Mori-ga aphy-gi ttemun-e chom svioyagessoyo.
Since I have a headache, I better rest.
기 전에 (ki jeong-ye)
A construction meaning “before”, “before”.
한국에 오기 전에도 한국말을 공부했어요.
Hangug-e ogi jone hangunmar-eul konbuhessoyo.
I studied Korean before I came to Korea.
식사를 하기 전에 기도합니다.
Sixa-ryl hagi jone kidohamnida.
Before we eat, we pray.
기로하다 (ki-ro hada)
A construction meaning “to decide to do something.”
내일은 기민 씨 생일이에요. 그래서 같이 저녁 먹기로 했어요.
Neil Kimin-ssi sen'ir-eeyo. Kyreso kachhi chonyok mokkiro hessoyo.
Tomorrow is Kimin's birthday. So we decided to have dinner together.
기로 되다 (ki-ro tweda)
It means "decided that".
박 선생님이 한문을 가르치기로 되었습니다.
Pak sonsen-nim-i hanmun-eul karychigi-ro tveossimnida.
It is decided that Mr. Park will teach hanmun.
[i][b]Connecting endings
고 co
Connects verbs and corresponds to Russian conjunctions “and”, “a”. It can denote both the simultaneity of actions and their sequence.
새가 울고,꽃이 핍니다.
Se-ga ulgo, kkoch-i phimnida.
Birds sing and flowers bloom.
기민은 극장에 가고, 철수는 학교에 갑니다.
Kimin-eun kykchan-e kago, Cholsu-neun hakkyo-e kaminida.
Kimin goes to the theater and Cheolsu goes to school.
나는 어제 일을 끝마치고 친구와 다방에 갔어요.
Now oje ir-eul kkytmachhigo chhingu-va taban-e kassoyo.
Yesterday I finished work and went with a friend to a cafe.
(으 ) 며 (s)my
It is synonymous with the ending 고.
여자 가수가 춤추며 노래 부르고 있어요.
Yoja kasu-ga chum chumyo nore purigo issoyo.
The singer dances and sings.
거나 kona
When connecting verbs, it means “or”.
저녁에 책을 읽거나 텔레비전을 봅니다.
Jeongyeog-e chaeg-eul ikkona tellebijeong-eul remember.
In the evening I read books or watch TV.
아 (어 , 여 ) 서 a (o, e) with
It means “due to the fact that”, “since”, “since”, or means a sequence of actions.
나는 바빠서 회의에 참석하지 못하겠습니다.
Na-now pappaso hvey-e chhamsokhaji mot hagessimnida.
Since I am very busy, I will not be able to attend the meeting.
철수가 책을 사서 동생에게 선물했습니다.
Cheolsu-ga chaeg-eul saso tongsen-yege sonmurhessimnida.
Cheolsu bought the book and gave it to his younger brother.
(으)니까 (s)nikka
An ending indicating a reason. Translated as “due to”, “because”. Unlike the form 아 (어, 여), 서 is usually used in imperative and invitational sentences.
오늘은 날씨가 추우니까 옷을 많이 입으세요.
Onyr-yn nalsi-ga chhuunikka os-eul mani ibiseyo.
Since it's cold today, dress warmly.
버스는 복잡하니까 택시를 탑시다.
Posy-now pokchaphanikka theksi-ryl thapsida.
Since there are a lot of people on the bus, let's take a taxi.
보니까 (dropping)
It means “to gain some experience, knowledge.” Attaches to the 2nd stem of the verb.
한국말을 공부해 보니까 재미 있어요?
Hangunmar-eul konbuhe ponikka chemi issoyo?
Have you started learning Korean (i.e. have you already gained some knowledge about it), did you find it interesting?
는데 today
An ending that also indicates a reason. As a rule, it is not translated into Russian.
비가 오는데,우산이 있습니까?
Pi-ga onynde, usan-i issimnikka?
It's raining; you have an umbrella.
제가 책을 읽는데, 좀 조용히 해 주세요.
Che-ga chaeg-eul inneungde, chom choyongyi hae juseyo.
I'm reading a book, please be quiet.
(으 ) 려고 Ryogo
Expresses the intention to perform an action. Can be translated as “in order to.”
한국말을 배우려고 한국어학당에 다닙니다.
Hangunmar-eul peurego hangugo haktan-e tanimnida.
To learn Korean I go to the Korean Language Institute.
시원한 공기를 마시려고 창문을 열었습니다.
Sivonhan konggi-rul masiryogo chanmun-eul yorossynida.
To get some fresh air, I opened the window.
(으 ) 러 (s)ro
This ending also expresses intention, but is used exclusively with verbs of motion 가다 (kada) - to go, leave, 오다 (oda) - to go, to come.
공부하러 학교에 갑니다.
Konbuharo hakkyo-e kamida.
I'm going to school to study.
아버지께서는 고기를 잡으러 바다에 나가셨습니다.
Abodzhikkeso-now kogi-ryl chabyro pada-e nagasyossimnida.
The father went to sea to fish.
(으 ) 면 (s)myeon
A ending that means "if" or "when".
돈이 있으면 빌려 주십시오.
Ton-i issimyon pillyo chusipsio.
If you have money, lend it to me.
가을이 되면 단풍이 듭니다.
Kayr-i tvemen tanphunyi tymnida.
When autumn comes, the leaves on the trees turn yellow.
(으 ) 면서 myungseo
Indicates simultaneous action. It is translated into Russian by a gerund: “doing something.”
나는 노래를 부르면서 샤워를 해요.
Now nore-ryl purymyeonso shawo-ryl heyo.
I take a shower while humming a song.
김 선생 부인은 웃으면서 우리를 맞아주셨습니다.
Kim sunsaeng puin-eun usiemyeonso uri-ryl majajusyosesimnida.
Mr. Kim's wife greeted us smiling (with a smile).
지만 chiman
An ending meaning “although”, “but”.
그 학생은 학교에 다니지만 열심히 공부하지 않아요.
Ky haksen-eun hakkyo-e tanijiman yolsimi konbuhaji anyo.
Although he goes to school, he does not study hard.
그 애는 키는 작자만 마음은 커요.
Ky e-nyn khi-nyn chakchiman maim-yn khoyo.
Although she is small in stature, she has a big soul.
다가 taga
Ending, which means that an action has been interrupted for the duration of a new action. When 다가 is preceded by a past tense suffix, it means there is a pause between actions.
학교에 가다가 친구를 만났어요.
Hakkyo-e kadaga chhingu-ryl mannassoyo.
I was walking to school and met a friend.
창문을 열었다가 날씨가 추워서 다시 달았습니다.
Changmun-eul yorottaga nalsi-ga chhuvoso tasi tarassimnida.
I opened the window, but felt it was cold, so I closed it again.
자 cha
Means that one action occurred immediately after another. Sometimes the ending 자마자 (chamaja) is used.
부산에 도착하자 친구에게 전화하겠습니다.
Busan-e tochhaja jhingu-yege jeonghwahagessimnida.
As soon as I arrive in Busan, I'll call my friend.
Participles
There are three participles in the Korean language: the present participle, the past participle, and the future participle, which is absent in the Russian language. Moreover, the Russian construction “A, which is B” in Korean is also designated as one of the participles.
Present participle
It ends in 는 (nyng) after a vowel and 은 (yn) after a consonant.
저기 가는 분이 이 선생입니다.
Chogi kanyn pun-i I sonsen-imnida.
The person walking (who is walking) there is Mr. Li.
한국말을 배우는 사람이 늘어갑니다.
Hangunmar-eul peunyn saram-i nyrogamnida.
The number of people studying (who are learning) the Korean language is increasing.
Past participle
It ends in 은 (ын) after a consonant and ㄴ (н) after a vowel.
어제 쓴 편지를 우체국에 가서 부쳤어요.
Ojae sseung pyeongji-ryl uchaegug-e kaso bucheosseo.
I went to the post office and sent the letter I wrote (which I wrote) yesterday.
Future participle
It ends in 을 (eul) after consonants and ㄹ (l) after vowels.
저녁에 먹을 음식을 준비하겠어요.
Jeongyeog-e mogul eumsig-eul chunbihagesoyo.
I will prepare the food that I will eat in the evening.
Past participle with ending던 (tone).
Denotes a memory of an action that took place in the past.
이 음악은 내가 자주 듣던 것입니다.
And ymag-yn ne-ga chaju tytton kosimnida.
This music is the same one that I listened to often.
여기 있던 책을 누가 가져 갔나요?
Yogi itton chaeg-eul nu-ga kajyo kannayo?
Who took the book that was lying here?
If the ending 던 (tone) is preceded by a past tense suffix, the meaning of completion of the action becomes more pronounced.
어제 만났던 사람을 오늘 또 만났어요.
Oje mannatton saram-eul oneul tto mannassoyo.
Today I again met the person I met yesterday.
3년 전에 헤어졌던 친구에게서 전화가 왔습니다.
Samnyeon jeong-ye hyeojetton chhingu-yegeso jeonghwa-ga wasseumnida.
I received a call from a friend who left three years ago.
Constructions with participles
The “after” design.
Past participle + 후에 (hue) – after
밥을 먹은 후에 뭘 해요?
Pab-eul mogyn hue mwol haeyo?
What do you do after eating?
A construction expressing the possibility/impossibility of an action
The construction “to be able to do something” is formed by adding to the ending of the future participle 을/ㄹ (eul/l) the function noun 수 (su) + the verb 있다 (itta) – to be, to have.
다방에 가면 친구를 만날 수 있나요?
Taban-e kamen chhingu-ryl mannal su innayo?
If I go to a tea shop, can I meet a friend?
The construction “not being able to do something” is formed in the same way, only the verb 있다 (itta) is replaced by its negative form 없다 (opta) - not to be, to be absent.
몸이 아파서 학교에 갈 수 없습니다.
Mom-i aphaso hakkyo-e kal su opsymnida
Because I'm sick, I can't go to school.
The construction “it seems that”, “it seems that”
Formed using the future participle + function word 것 (cat) + adjective 같다 (katta).
비가 올 것 같아요.
Pi-ga ol got kathayo.
It seems to be raining.
그 음식은 매우 맛이 있을 것 같군요.
Ky umsig-yn meu mas-i issyl got katkunyo.
This food looks very tasty.
Construction “past participle +적이 (chogi) +있다 / 없다
Indicates that someone has or has not had some experience. Reminds me of the perfect in English.
나도 그 사람을 만난 적이 있어요.
Na-do ky saram-eul mannan chogi issoyo.
I also met him (once).
나는 한국 음식을 먹은 적이 없어요.
Now hanguk eumsig-i chogi opsoyo.
I've never eaten Korean food.
The construction “to know/not to know something”
Formed by joining the present participle or the attributive form of the adjective ending 지 + verb 알다 (alda) - to know or 모르다 (moryda) - not to know.
내가 누군지 알아요?
Ne-ga nugunji arayo?
Do you know who I am?
그가 어디에 갔는지 몰라요.
Ky-ga odi-e gangneungji mollae.
I don't know where he went.
Construction “future participle +때 (tte)"
It's the "when" that matters.
내가 집에 돌아왔을때 내 아버지는 TV를 봤어요.
Ne-ga chib-e torawassyl tte ne aboji-nyn TiVi-ryl pwassoyo.
When I returned home, my father was watching TV.
Imperative and invitational moods
Imperative mood
In Korean, command is expressed using verb endings that vary depending on the politeness style.
The most polite ending is (으)십시오 (ы)sipsio:
tyrysipsio
listen please
chusipsio
give me please
Less polite (but still polite) is the ending (으)세요 (ы)seyo.
밥을 먹으세요
pub-l mogyseyo
In lower forms of politeness it can be used as simply the second stem of the verb: 먹어 (mogo) – eat; so does the ending 라 (ra), attached to the 2nd stem of the verb: 들어라 (tyrora) - listen.
A negative command is constructed by adding to the verb the ending 지 (chi) + the auxiliary verb 말다 (malda), which changes according to degrees of politeness:
들어가지 마십시오.
Tyrogaji masipsio.
Do not come in.
그 사람을 듣지 마세요.
Ky saram-eul tychi maseyo.
Don't listen to him.
나를 그렇기 보지 말아라 (마).
Na-ryl kyrokhe podzhi marara (ma).
Do not look at me so.
Invitational mood
Also expressed by verb endings that change depending on the politeness style in which you speak. The most polite ending is (으)ㅂ시다(ы)psida:
let's go
저녁 먹읍시다
little mogypsid
let's have dinner.
Less polite is the ending 요 (е), attached to the 2nd stem of the verb.
sijakhayo
let's start
let's go down.
In lower forms of politeness, the ending 자 (cha) is usually used:
맥주 마시러 가자
maekchu mashiro kaja
Let's go have a beer
Conditional mood
Real condition
Formed using the ending (으)면 ((ы)myeon) + ㄹ 것이다 (l goshida).
돈이 있으면 극장에 갈 것이다.
Ton-i issimyon kykchan-e kal gosida.
If there is/was money, I will/I would go to the theater.
Unreal condition
Formed using the past tense suffix + ending 으면 (name) + ㄹ텐데요 (l tendeyo).
여름 방학때 돈이 있었으면 해외 여행을 갔을 텐데요.
Yoreum panhak tte ton-i issossimyon heve yohen-eul kassil tendeyo.
If I had money during the summer holidays, I would go abroad.
[i][b]Politeness styles
In Korean (as well as in Japanese) there is a complex system expressions of politeness. The speaker must always keep in mind his social position in relation to the interlocutor, as well as to the person in question. This is ensured by a system of endings that are added to verbs and adjectives. Thus, the verb 가다 (kada) - to go can be used in this (dictionary) form exclusively in a written text that is not addressed to the interlocutor (for example. indirect speech in a literary work). In oral communication or writing, when communicating with a close acquaintance, the form 가 (ka) will be used; when communicating with a stranger, or a person at a higher level of the social hierarchy, the form 가요 or the even more polite 갑니다 is usually used.
Changing verbs and adjectives according to degrees of politeness
Formal-polite style:
is formed by adding to the 1st stem of the verb the endings ㅂ니다 (mnida) after vowels and 습니다 (symnida) after consonants. IN interrogative sentences The endings ㅂ니까 (mnikka) and 습니까 (symnikka) are used respectively:
가다 – 갑니다 – 갑니까
kada - kamida - kamnikka
읽다 – 읽습니다 – 읽습니까
ikta – iksymnida – iksymnikka
Informal-polite style:
This is the style that foreigners are advised to use, unless, of course, you are talking to a high-ranking person, a very old man, or your Korean boyfriend or girlfriend.
Formed by adding the ending 요 to the 2nd stem of the verb, while changing the ending to interrogative form not happening.
가다 – 가요
kada – kayo
읽다 – 읽어요
Ikta – ilgoyo
Vernacular style (panmal):
used either of close friends or of those lower in the social hierarchy. Usually, to form it, the 2nd stem of the verb is used without adding any endings:
kada - ka
읽다 – 읽어
Ikta – Ilgo
In interrogative sentences in panmale, the ending 냐 or 니 can be added to the 1st stem of the verb: 어디 가냐 (ody kanya) - where are you going?
Sometimes in high politeness styles the verb is completely replaced with its polite analogue:
있다 – 계시다
itta - kesida
to be, to be
먹다 – 잡수시다
mokta – chapsusida
eat - eat
주다 – 드리다
miracle - tyrida
give - present
자다 – 주무시다
children - chumusida
sleep - rest
죽다 – 돌아가다
chukta – toragada
die - die
An indicator of politeness is also the suffix 시 (si), which can also be used with lower degrees of politeness if the conversation is about a person at a higher level of the social hierarchy, for example, when two fellow students talk about their professor:
박교수님께 벌써 가시오?
Pak kyosu-nim-kke polsso casio?
Has Professor Park already left?
In the same cases, polite analogues of verbs can be used:
김선생님은 어제 돌아가셨어.
Kim sunsaeng-nim-eun oje toragsyosso
Mr. Kim passed away yesterday.
Nouns and degrees of politeness
There are also polite analogues of nouns, for example: 집 – 댁 (chip – tek) – house. The "tek" form will be more polite than the "chip" form. Polite forms for words denoting relatives are widely used. So, you can call your father 아버지 (aboji), but someone else’s - only 아버님 (abonym).
For information on pronouns and degrees of politeness, see the section “Pronouns”.
Adjectives (Descriptive Verbs)
In Western science it is accepted korean words, translated into European languages by adjectives, are called “descriptive verbs”, since they have a number of forms characteristic of the verb, primarily changing according to tenses and styles of politeness.
Adjectives in Korean have two forms: finite and attributive. Verbal characteristics are characteristic exclusively of the finite form of adjectives.
Finite form of adjectives.
Just like the verb, adjectives in the finite form have the ending 다: 예쁘다 (eppyda) - beautiful, 길다 (kilda) - long. Just like verbs, they have two stems, formed according to the same rules, and they also change according to tenses and degrees of politeness.
예쁘다 (eppyda) – beautiful
1st stem: 예쁘 (eppa)
2nd stem: 예뻐 (eppo)
Past tense: 예뻤다 (eppotta) – was handsome.
이 여자 얼굴이 예뻐요.
And yoja olgur-i eppoyo.
This woman is beautiful
Determinative form of adjective
It is formed in the same way as the past participle of verbs: 예쁘다 (eppyda) – 예쁜 (eppyn), 멀다 (molda) – 먼 (mon) – distant. In this case, the Korean adjective is placed before the noun and behaves exactly like an adjective in Russian.
그 예쁜 여자를 바라봤어요.
Ky eppyn yoja-ryl parabvassoyo.
I looked at this beautiful woman.
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
1st person pronouns
Singular: 나 (na) or the more polite 저 (cho) - I.
With the nominative case, 가 (ha) takes the form 내 (ne) 제 (che).
Plural: 우리 (uri) - we.
2nd person pronouns
As such, they do not exist in the Korean language. The pronoun 너 (but) you (in the nominative case 네기 (read as ni-ga) is used only in lower styles of politeness. More polite is the address “name of the interlocutor” + the suffix 씨 (si): 기민 씨 (Kimin-ssi), or else more polite “the position of the interlocutor + the suffix 님 (nim)”: 사장님 (sajang-nim) - Mr. head of the company; 교수님 (kyosu-nim) - Mr. professor, etc. Another polite option is the interlocutor’s surname + 선생 (sonsen, Mr.) + suffix 님 (nim): 박 선생님 (Pak sunsaeng-nim) - Mr. Park The most common familiar addresses are 아주마 (ajuma) - for a woman, 아저씨 (ahjussi) - for a man, 아가씨 (agassi) - for a girl. At the same time, all these addresses will be translated into Russian in the same way - with the word “you”:
박선생님은 이 책을 읽은 적이 있어요?
Pak sunsaeng-nim-eun and chaeg-eul ilgyn chogi issoyo?
Have you read this book? (when addressing Mr. Park)
Between spouses the address 당신 (tan'xin) was traditionally used, which in Lately increasingly common as a universal 2nd person pronoun.
The second person plural is usually 여러분 (yorobun) - gentlemen.
3rd person pronouns
As such, the same options for the 2nd person can be used, as well as the words 이 (그, 저) 사람 (and (ky, cho) saram) - this (that, that) person, 이 (그, 저 ) 분 (and (ky, cho) bun) - this (that, that) gentleman. The last option is more polite. In written form, the meaning of “he” can be simply the word 그 (ky) - that. Women are designated by the words 그녀 (geunyo) or 이 (그, 저) 여자 (and (ky, cho) yoja), that is, “she” or “that (that, that) woman.” For inanimate objects, the same demonstrative pronouns are used + the word 것 (cat) - thing.
Negative pronouns
아무도 (amudo) – no one
아무것도 (amugotto) - nothing
아무데도 (amudedo) - nowhere
언제나 (onjena) + negation: 그는 언제나 집에 없어요 (Ke-neun onjena jib-e opsoyo) – He is never (literally always) not at home.
Interrogative pronouns
누구 (nugu) – who (with the nominative ending 누가 nugu)
무엇 (muot) – what (short form of 뭐 (mwo)).
어디 (odi) – where, to where, from where
무슨 (musun) – which, which (genus, variety, type, class)
어느 (they) – which one (when choosing from several specific items)
어떤 (ottone) – which (by quality)
어떻게 (ottokhye) – like
몇 (met) – how long (period of time)
얼마 (olma) – how much (price)
왜 (ve) – why, why
언제 (onje) – when
Demonstrative pronouns
이 (and) is
그 (ky) - then
저 (cho) - over there
여기 (yogi) - here
거기 (kogi) - there
저기 (chogi) - over there
이리 (iri) - here
거리 (kori) - there
저리 (chori) - over there
Negation
Negation with verbs in Korean can be formed in several ways.
안 (an) and 지 않다 (chi antha)
The ending 안 (an) is placed before the verb: 먹다 (mokta) - to eat - 안 먹다 (an mokta) - not to eat; 가다 (kada) – to go; 안 가다 (an kada) – don’t go.
The ending 지 않다 (chi antha) with the same meaning is formed in the following way: 1st verb stem + ending 지 (chi) + function verb 않다 (antha), which changes according to tenses, politeness styles, etc.: 먹다 – 먹지 않다 (mokta – mokchi antha); 가다 – 가지 않다 (kada – kaji antha).
못 (mot) and 지 못 하다 (chi mot hada)
Means with the connotation of “not being able to do something.”
The ending 못 (mot) is used in the same way as the ending 안 (an), that is, it is placed before the verb: 못 오다 (mot oda) - cannot come.
The construction 지 못 하다 (chi mot hada) is formed in the same way as the construction 지 않다: 1st verb stem + ending 지 (chi) + 못 (mot) + function verb 하다 (hada).
NB: the verbs 있다 (itta) – to be, to be and 알다 (to know, to understand) have negative forms 없다 (opta) and 모르다 (maryda).
Negation with nouns
To form a negation with nouns, use the construction noun in the nominative case + 아니다 (anida) - the negative form of the linking verb 이다 (ida) - to be someone, something.
그 사라믄 학생이 아니예요.
Ky saram-yn haksen-i anieyo.
This person is not a student.
이것은 볼펜이 아닙니다
Igos-yn polphen-i animnida.
This is not a pen
The linking verb 아니다 is also used as the word “no” in various degrees of politeness.
아니요, 이 건물은 병원이 아니예요.
Aniyo, and konmur-eun pyeonwon-i anieyo.
No, this building is not a hospital.
Numerical and counting complexes
The Korean language uses numerals of native Korean origin and numerals of Chinese origin - when the root base of the numeral is taken from Chinese language(usually these are Chinese monosyllabic morphemes or elements and their pronunciation in Korean), and the numeral itself of the Chinese lexical system is written in hieroglyph or Hangul.
There is a rule that when counting in Everyday life For a small number of things, numerals of native Korean origin are used, and when counting things of more than a hundred, numerals of Chinese origin are used. It is especially worth noting that when indicating time, Korean numerals are used to indicate hours, and Chinese-Korean numerals are used to indicate minutes.
Korean numerals
There are 1 to 99 Korean numerals.
하나 (hana) – one
둘 (tul) – two
셋 (set) - three
넷 (no) - four
다섯 (tasot) - five
여섯 (yosot) - six
일곱 (ilgop) - seven
여덟 (yodol) – eight
아홉 (ahop) - nine
열 (yel) – ten
스물 (simul) - twenty
서른 (soreun) - thirty
마흔 (mahyn) - forty
쉰 (pig) - fifty
예순 (yesun) - sixty
일흔 (irhyn) - seventy
여든 (yodeun) - eighty
아흔 (akhyn) – ninety
It should be noted that the numerals “one”, “two”, “three”, “four” and “twenty” before nouns have the so-called attributive form:
하나 – 한 (hana – han)
둘 – 두 (tul – tu)
셋 – 세 (set – se)
넷 – 네 (no – not)
스물 – 스무 (simul – simu).
Numerals of Chinese origin
Exist from one to infinity
일 (il) - one
이 (and) - two
삼 (himself) – three
사 (sa) - four
오 (o) - five
육 (yuk) – six
칠 (chil) - seven
팔 (phal) - eight
구 (ku) - nine
십 (sip) – ten
백 (baek) - one hundred
전 (jeon) - thousand
만 (man) – ten thousand
억 (ok) – one hundred million
Numerals like “eleven”, “twenty-five”, etc. are formed as follows: two + ten + five: 이십오 (isibo).
Please note that in Korean there is a special place for “ten thousand”. Thus, “one hundred thousand” would be 10 mana (십만, simman), a million would be 100 mana (백만, pen’man), etc. up to the digit “one hundred million.”
Ordinals
Originally Korean ordinal numbers are formed by adding the ending 째 (chee), while the numeral “one” is used in the form 첫째 (cheotchee).
둘째 (tulche) - second
스물째 (simulche) - twentieth.
To form Sino-Korean ordinal numbers, the prefix 제 (che) is added to them: 제일 (cheil) – first; 제오 (cheo) – fifth.
Counting complexes
In order to count something, Koreans use so-called counting words. The closest Russian analogue here is expressions like “three glasses of milk”, “ten heads of cattle”, etc. That is, in the Korean language all nouns are uncountable.
The most common counting word is 개 (ke) – thing. Below we list the other most common counting words:
번 (Mon) – once, for events
세 (se) – for age
갑 (cap) – for packs (cigarettes, etc.)
명 (myeon) – for people
마리 (mari) – for animals
권 (kwon) – for books
자루 (charu) – for pens, pencils
잔 (chan) – for cups
채 (chae) – for houses
병 (pyong) – for bottles
그릇 (kyryt) – for portions of food
켤레 (khölle) – for paired items
장 (chang) – for sheets of paper
시간 (sigan) – for time
The word 사람 (saram) - person - can be used without a counting word: 두 사람 (tu saram) - two people.
In spoken Korean, counting complexes are usually constructed in the following sequence:
Noun + numeral + count word
고양이 두 마리
koyangyi tu mari
two cats
The case ending is always added to the counting word:
고야이 두 마리를 봤어요.
Koyanyi tu mari-ryl pwassoyo.
I saw two cats.
Direct speech
Direct speech in Korean is formed by the ending (이)라고 (and)rago + verb. In this case, the verb 말하다 (markhada) to speak is usually replaced by 하다 (khada) to do.
선생님이 학생들에게 “오늘은 제5과를 배우겠습니다”라고 말했습니다.
Sonsen-nim-i haksendyr-ege “Onyr-yn cheo gva-ryl peugessimnida” rago markhessymnida.
The teacher told the students: “Today we will study lesson 5.”
Let's continue the conversation.
Second person pronoun 너 (" But". "You").
The use of the word "you" in Korean is somewhat different from its use in Russian, for example. In Russian there are only two degrees of politeness, “you” and “you,” but in Korean there are incomparably more of them, and “ But" - this is one of the lowest levels of address. This pronoun can only be used by close friends in relation to each other, parents - in relation to children, that’s probably all." But", if used correctly, indicates a strong closeness of people, in all other cases it is very, very impolite and pointedly rude. If, for example, a boss begins to “knock” a subordinate, he is clearly dissatisfied with him and is about to start shouting and swearing Of course, this pronoun is unacceptable in relation to an elder, even if you have very good relations with him a good relationship. The Korean “you” is always an appeal from top to bottom, less often – an appeal to someone absolutely equal to you. I would like to separately note an interesting linguistic fact: in colloquial speech the pronoun " But" in the nominative case changes in pronunciation. The ending of the nominative case is -가 (" -ka") joins " But" and it turns out "네가" (which, in fact, according to all the rules of the language, should be pronounced like " bliss" with a soft "-e-"), but it's almost never pronounced that way. Nine times out of ten you'll hear "니가" (" nigga"). Initially the option " nigga" - dialectal, but for certain reasons it penetrated into the Seoul dialect and became widespread there. Its influence turned out to be so great that even before the emphasizing particle "-는/은" (" -now/-yn") the sound "-and-" is also preserved: 니는 (" ninyn"). True, this case is already less common than " nigga". Sometimes you can also hear the variant "너가" (" leg"), which, however, is incorrect from a grammatical point of view.
Let me emphasize once again that the use of pronouns in the Korean language is generally not as highly developed as, for example, in Russian or English, where without them sentences will be incomplete or even meaningless. They will be used only when really necessary. In a normal question addressed to the listener, all pronouns are usually omitted, since it is already clear that I I'm asking you, there is no one else here except the two of us. Strictly speaking, the pronoun is not absent in such sentences; it is not impersonal offers in themselves, it is simply reduced, since from the context it is already clear who is talking to whom and who is asking whom about what. Pronouns remain only when the logical emphasis in the sentence falls on them: “Have you seen “2012” yet? - Yeah, And you?". ("-2012 봤냐? - 응, 너는? "). Here, as you can see, there is simply nowhere without a pronoun, otherwise the sentence will not make sense.
Semi-polite neutral "저쪽" (" cho chok", literally "that side").
In fact, you should not overuse this phrase, since it is not entirely polite. Of course, to a certain extent it can save you in a situation where you don’t know anything at all about the person: how old is he, what is his social status, etc., but even in such cases, I personally would recommend looking for other options for appeals. Korean "저쪽" (" cho chok") I personally would correlate with the use of the third person when directly addressing a person in Russian, and in its contemptuous and mocking version ("dude, but the kid is showing his teeth!", when directly addressing this very “boy”). Very often this phrase is used to deliberately put a distance between the speaker and the listener, to isolate themselves and show that all that connects them is this momentary conversation and nothing more. This is a kind of signal to prohibit the establishment of closer verbal contact. It is better for a foreigner, even one who speaks Korean well, to avoid this address, as it is very ambiguous and has a lot of shades.
Politeness suffix -님 (" -him").
This suffix can be attached to a personal name or title, position and makes the address more polite. It is worth noting, however, that this suffix, as such, is still more characteristic of written speech than of spoken language. However, most titles, positions (let’s sum it up, words) have simply already “grew together” with this suffix and are almost unthinkable without it, even in oral speech ("선생님" - "sunsaengnim", teacher; "교수님" - " kyosunim", teacher; "과장님" (and all other office positions) - " gwangjangnim", department head, etc.). Theoretically, " -him" can be attached to anything to make it sound more polite. In hospitals, for example, this suffix is always attached to the name of patients when they are called out of line at the doctor's office: "김철수님! 3번 검진실로 오세요!" " Kim Chul Soo-nim! Sambon komjincillo oseyo!" - "Mr. Kim Chol Soo! Please go to the third office!" The use of this suffix separately (that is, not attached to anything) in poetry and verse is also interesting; in this case, it can be translated into Russian as “He / She” with a capital letter, meaning the one, the beloved, the love of one's life. In this regard, one can recall "그대" (" kyde" - "He she. beloved person"), very often used, for example, in song lyrics (and, it should be noted, nowhere else), however " -him"still has a more sublime and poetic connotation than" kyde". Direct appeal to the listener using this suffix alone is quite rare (although not completely absent).
Addresses like "여기 / 저기" (" yogi/chogi").
A very common type of address, it can be heard especially often in canteens, restaurants (when the waiter is called) or simply on the street, in order to attract a person’s attention. " Yogi/chogi"- these are demonstrative pronouns that are translated as “here / there”. It would be more correct to call them not even addresses, but special linguistic signals designed to attract the attention of the interlocutor. Since they are very, very widespread, foreigners also pick them up very quickly, Any phrase begins with this pronoun when addressing a stranger on the street, in a restaurant, and everywhere, in fact. An approximate analogue in Russian is “uh, excuse me, please,” “girl” (or any other designation by gender and age necessary in this particular situation: “Man!”, “Woman! Something has fallen!”), etc. However, it should be remembered that “ yogi" or " chogi" are still not completely polite, unlike the same "excuse me, please" (a more polite option would still be "실레[하]지만", "죄송한데" - " Silleciman", "Chweseonhandae", "Sorry, but...", "Sorry, [couldn't, but]"). Similar appeals (" yogi And chogi") carry a lesser shade of politeness, although they cannot be called impolite either. If we were to classify them into any category, the best word would be “neutral”.
A logical question often arises: is this true after all? yogi e" or " chogiyo"Should I say, for example, in a restaurant? (" -Yo" ("-요")) is a politeness particle placed at the end of a sentence and makes the style of speech neutral-polite). Most often you can hear " chogiyo" (literally, “hey, there,” in Korean, however, it does not sound as rude as in Russian). However, as our teacher at the university explained to us, and the Koreans themselves shared their language feelings, it’s better , it’s more correct, more beautiful and more respectful to say " yogie" (literally "here, here"). Something like "Please note, the client is sitting here and waiting." Besides " yogiyo" And " chogiyo"pronounced with different intonation (" yogie" - a little lower and drawn-out, " chogiyo" - a little higher and a little abrupt at the end, with a note of demand in the voice), so the first option can undoubtedly be considered a little more polite.
To be continued...
Cases and particles
In Korean, as in English, nouns do not have a gender category, but change according to number and case. Also, there are no articles in Korean.
The plural is formed very simply by adding the ending rear/rear. For example: chip"house" - chiptul"Houses", se"bird" - Saedeul"birds". However, if you have already indicated that there are several objects, for example, using words yoOrO"several" or mani“a lot”, and also if you indicated the exact number of items, for example tu haksen“two students”, then the plural ending is usually omitted, because it is already clear that there is more than one subject.
Now let's move on to cases. Let's say right away that, unlike most European languages (Russian, German or Latin), there are no types of noun declension in Korean. However, some cases still have two variants of the case ending, but determining when which variant should be used is very simple - it depends on whether the word ends with a vowel or a consonant.
Nominative, denoting the subject of the sentence, answers the question “who?” What?". The word in this case receives the ending -And, if it ends in a consonant, for example chip - chibi"house", saram - sarami"man" and the ending -ha- if it ends in a vowel: ke - keg"dog", Chhingu - Chhinga"Friend".
Accusative, denoting the object of the sentence and answering the question “whom?” What?" also has two endings. After a consonant it is placed -eul: saramyl pomnida"I see a man" Chaegul Iksimnida"reading a book". After the vowel you need to put -snout: Sukcherul Hamnida"I'm doing my homework" Maekchuryl Masimnida"drinking beer".
The dative case has only one ending, -e. This case has several meanings. Firstly, it indicates time, e.g. that's it"at two o'clock" Chinan hee"last year". Please note that the words onyl"Today", Neil"Tomorrow", Oje“yesterday” is usually used without any endings: Oje Chhingurul Mannassimnida“I met a friend yesterday” neil kykchanyro kagessimnida“I’m going to the theater tomorrow.”
Secondly, the dative case can indicate direction (where?). For example: Hakkyoe Kamida"I'm going to school" Chibe Toravassymnida"I returned home." However, it is used quite rarely in this meaning.
The third function of the dative case is to indicate location (where?). There is some difference here from the Russian language. When we speak Russian, we use the same case in sentences like “he is at home listening to music” or “he is at home now.” In Korean, these sentences will use different cases. The dative is used when someone is present or absent somewhere. Accordingly, it is used with verbs itta“to be, to be, to have” and Wholesale“not to be present, to be absent.” For example koyaniga panye Opsymnida"there is no cat in the room" haksendyri kyosire issymnida“The students are in the audience.”
As for the place where the action takes place, it is indicated by a special local case, which has the ending -esO and also answers the question “where?”, for example: konjaneso kynmuhamnida"work at the factory", tehakkyoeesO konbuhamnida"study at university". Another meaning of the locative case “from, from”, for example chibesO nagassimnida"I've left home", khangugesO wassymnida"came from Korea."
To the question “to whom?” answers the dative case of a person having an ending -ege. In oral speech its substitute is also used -hanthe. For example: xyOnyege japchiryl chuOssOyo“I gave the magazine to my older brother.” To the question “from whom?” answers local case of person, ending -egesO or colloquially -hunthesO: pumoegeso phionjiryl padassoyo“I received a letter from my parents.”
The instrumental case has two endings: -ro after vowels and -yro after consonants. For example: machhiro mosyl paksimnida“I hammer a nail,” kyohvero kamida"I'm going to church" hangunmallo marhamnida“I speak Korean.” This case indicates the direction of movement and is used in this capacity much more often than the dative. For example: sOullo Kamida“I’m going to Seoul.” The instrumental case also indicates the method of action: damp stones"I'm going by bus (by bus)" khyn soriro vechkhimnida"cries out in a loud voice" Phokkhiro mOksymnida"I eat with a fork" yisaro irhamnida“I work as a doctor.” In addition, it means "through", for example supkhyro corohamnida“I’m walking through the forest (by the forest)”; "because of": pyOnyro hakkyoe an vassymnida“I didn’t come to school because of illness.”
The genitive case has an ending th, which is pronounced like e. It answers the question “whose”. For example: kharabOjie angyOn"grandfather glasses" HyOnye ChajOnGO"big brother bike". Note that the word with the ending -e is always placed before the word for which it is a definition. If in Russian we say “my friend’s car”, then in Korean the word order will be “my friend’s car” - ne chhingue chadonchkha and nothing else.
In addition, in the Korean language there is a special connective case that replaces the conjunctions “and” and “s” and connects two nouns. It has an ending -va after vowels and -kwa/gwa after consonants. It also has conversational options -hago And -ran after vowels and -yran after vowels. For example: Chhinguva narani anja isOyo“I sit shoulder to shoulder with a friend”; sOnsennimgwa Chomsimil mogososyo“I had lunch with the teacher”; nahago yoja chinguga paro kayo“I’m going to a bar with my friend.” In Korean there is a conjunction "with" - mit, but it is used mainly in book language.
Now let's look at the main particles. In Korean, particles such as "also", "or", etc. are attached to nouns, just like case endings. In this case, particles usually replace the endings of the nominative and accusative case, but are combined with other case endings.
Particle then/before has the meaning “too”, for example: It is necessary hancharyl peuryOgo hamnida“I’m also going to learn hieroglyphs”; Ky sarami sinmundo ilgOyo“He reads newspapers too.”
Particle man means "only": Ky yojaga tososiresoman sukcherul heyo“She’s only in the reading room doing her homework.”
Particle mada means "every", for example: nalmada sui onyl hamnida"I swim every day" Hamada Ilbonyro Kayo“I go to Japan every year.”
Particle chkhorom means “as if, like, as”: Chkolsuga sagva chkOrom ppalgejyOssOyo“Cholsu turned red like an apple”; And aiga oryn chkhOrom marhamnida“This child speaks like an adult.)
Particle putho/butho means "from, with". Unlike the case ending -esO used primarily in the temporary meaning “from some time”, for example: MyOs si butho suObyl sijakhamnikka?“What time do you start classes?”; Ahop si butkhO irhamnida“We’ve been working since nine o’clock.”
Particle kkaji means “before”, used both in the temporal and spatial sense of “before some place, time”. For example: tu si kkaji oseyo“come before two o’clock”; sodaemun kkaji capsid"Let's go to the West Gate." This particle can be combined with both -esO, so with putho/butho, For example: Akhop si butkho tu si kkadzhi konbuhamnida“We study from nine to two o’clock.”
The most difficult is the use of particles -yn/now. Usually it formalizes the subject and in this case is close in meaning to the end of the nominative case. However, there is a difference. Ending -i/ha draws up some new information, whereas -yn/now shows that we are talking about something already known. In this case, the subject with a particle -yn/now can be omitted (since it is already clear from the context), and the subject with the ending -i/ha- No.
Consider the following example:
And Sarami Changmunul remembers“This man is looking out the window.”
And Saraman Changmunul remembers"This man is looking out the window."
The first sentence answers the question: “who is looking out the window?” The second sentence answers the question “what is this person doing?” It can be shortened to Changmunul remember, omitting the subject, since it is already clear who we are talking about.
Particle -yn placed after a consonant, particle -now after a vowel: Saraman, changmuneung, Kaneun, ainin.
Personal pronouns
Face
on- I (neutral)
wow- I (polite)
uri- we (neutral)
Chokhi- we (polite)
As we can see, in the Korean language there are two series of first person pronouns. One row is used when communicating with subordinates or equals, the second (polite) is used when communicating with superiors or simply unfamiliar people. This is one of the expressions of language etiquette, the knowledge of which is necessary when communicating with Koreans.
In the nominative case pronouns wow And on have corresponding shapes what And ne.
Face
With the second person the situation is somewhat more complicated. There is a pronoun But, which in the nominative case has the form Not(pronounced "nee") and means "you". Like Russian pronoun“you” is not used in polite speech. The plural form is the pronoun nohi, also familiar. In written language the pronoun is used tanxin, however, the most polite thing for Koreans is not to use second-person pronouns at all, but to address the interlocutor in the third, for example Pak sOnsennim-i odi kasimnikka? literally means “Where there goes Mr. Pak?”, but when addressed to this Mr. Pak will only mean “Where are you going.” At the same time, it is better to address Koreans by their last name, adding polite endings with Onsenim or ssi, For example Yun-ssi.
Face
There are no third person pronouns as such. Words used in written language ky"this" meaning "he" kynyo"this woman" meaning "she" kydyl“these” means “they”. In colloquial speech the expression is usually used kybun“this gentleman” or “this lady” (indifferent) or less polite ky saram"this person", ky Yoja"this woman". Respectively plural will be formed using a particle - rear/rear: kybundyl, ky saramdyl etc. The combination “it” is used kygFrom"this thing".
Demonstrative pronouns
Unlike the Russian language, there are three of them.
And- this, this, this (points to an object located next to the speaker)
ky- that, that, that (indicates an object located next to the interlocutor, or in the case when we are talking about something mentioned, for example “that person with whom we had lunch yesterday in the restaurant”)
wow- that one, that one, that one (points to an object equally distant from both interlocutors).
Note the differences in pronoun usage that are specific to the Korean language. Let's take two phrases: “This coat is expensive” and “This is a coat.” In the first case we will say And kkhOty-now pissayo). In the second case we must say Igos-yn kkhOty ieyo, that is, literally “This thing is a coat.” Omit a word cat/gFrom“thing” in this case would be a blunder.
Interrogative pronouns
nougat"who", in the nominative case has the form nougat.
muOt"what", in colloquial speech can be shortened to MVO.
Odie“where, where” depending on the case.
ve) "why, why"
Oje"When"
Ottokhe"How".
musyn"what, what"
OttOn"what (in terms of quality)"
They“which (when choosing from several items).”
Lesson 5 _ Just You and Me?
Good evening! I'm glad to see you at our new Korean language lesson. Are you ready and eager to learn and be closer to understanding your beloved oriental boys?
Then, let's begin!
Today I will tell you about such a mysterious phenomenon as pronouns in the Korean language. As you can see, I keep my promises.
Let's start with personal pronouns.
Firstly, it’s probably worth clarifying that Koreans usually have 2 forms of pronouns - so to speak, ordinary and “modest” or polite. The second is used in communication with elders in age, social status, etc.
Next in order:
1st person pronouns:
I am 나. In the nominative case – 내가
I (modest) –저. In the nominative case – 제가.
We are 우리. In the nominative case – 우리가.
We (modest) - 저희. In the nominative case –저희가.
2nd person pronouns:
You – 너 (even in dramas they say so funny, “E No!”, the Korean equivalent of the Russian “Are you listening”). In the nominative case – 네가 (read as “Niga”, sound familiar?).
You (plural) –너희. In the nominative case 너희가.
But then the magic begins because in Korean, of course, there is both the form You (당신) and the plural of it (당신들). There are also third person forms - he (그), she (그녀), they (그들). But all of them are used in literature to create a poetic image.
In oral speech, when addressing a person, they most often use either his name or his position.
For example:
선생님은 미국 사람입니까? – (Teacher), Are you American?
이 사람은 싸샤입니다. 싸샤씨는대학생입니다 – This is Sasha. He is a student.
Also, third-person pronouns can be replaced by words such as
«그본», «그 사람», «그것».
선생님이 옵니다. 그본은 한국사람입니다. The teacher is coming. He is Korean.
If we talk about pronouns of other categories, then I won’t bother too much and will just load you with a list.
Interrogative pronouns:
누구 – who (in the nominative case 누가)
무엇 – what (there is a shortened form of 뭐, and I also want to draw your attention to the fact that if you put it in the Vin. case (무엇 을), then it will be read as “muoseul”, and not “muotul”, as many people mistake.)
어디 – where, where, from.
무슨 – which, which (genus, variety, etc.)
어떤 – which (by quality)
어떻게 – like (amigo! outflow, outflow! xD)
몇 – how long (time period)
얼마 – how much (price)
왜 – why, why. Although, when they ask 왜-왜, it rather means “What-what?”
언제 – when.
A short comment on 어디. In some textbooks this word is presented as a separate grammar, and rightly so. It is often used with the verb 이다.
어디 + 입니까 =어디입니까?
This question is asked in order to find out the permanent location of an object, something that, let’s say, cannot move - streets, buildings, etc.
- 우체국이 어디입니까? – Where is the post office?
-저기입니다. - There.
If you are just looking for something and want to ask where this something you are looking for is, then you need to add the location ending 에 to the pronoun 어디 (which I will talk about next time so that there is not too much information)
Demonstrative pronouns
이 – this, this (the object is close to the speaker)
저 - that one over there (the object is removed from both the speaker and the interlocutor)
그 – this, that (1. the object is distant from the speaker, but close to the interlocutor. 2. the object has already been mentioned in speech).
여기 - here (the place where the speaker is)
거기 – there (a place remote from both the speaker and the interlocutor)
저기 - over there (the place where the interlocutor is located, but distant from the speaker or already mentioned in speech)
이리 - here
거리 - there
저리 - over there
(I’m too lazy to sign the clarification for the third time, it’s all on the same principle).
On this note, let me end today. Read, understand, get inspired, get inspired ~ I won’t give any tasks today, sort through the heap of information.
If you have any questions, again I’m in touch.
That's all for today.
안녕 ~
Sincerely yours, rocky_soul
(제3인칭)
There are no pronouns similar to the Russian “he” and “she” in the Korean language. Korean third person pronouns are formed by joining demonstrative pronouns"이", "그", "저" to noun, indicating a person “애”, “사람”, “분”, etc.
Although there are many third person pronouns, their use is not that common. If you need to contact the person mentioned earlier, there are several options:
The easiest way is to simply omit the pronoun:
A: 우리 아버지께서 출장을 가셨어요.
Q: 언제 가셨어요?
A: 그저께요.
Q: 어디에 가셨어요?
A: 미국에요.
A: My father went on a business trip.
Q: When did he leave?
A: The day before yesterday.
Q: Where did he go?
A: To America.
The second option is to simply repeat the noun as many times as necessary:
A: 우리 아버지께서 출장을 가셨어요.
IN: 아버지 께서 언제 가셨어요?
A: 그저께요.
IN: 아버지 께서 어디에 가셨어요?
A: 미국에요.
A: My father went on a business trip.
Q: When did he leave?
A: The day before yesterday.
Q: Where did he go?
A: To America.
And finally, the third option is to use compound pronouns: demonstrative pronoun“이”/ “그”/ “저” plus a noun.
이 - indicates a person close to the speaker
그 - indicates a person who is either far from the speaker, but close to the listener, or known to both the speaker and the listener.
저 - indicates a person who is far from both the speaker and the listener, but within their visibility.
Pronoun | Cases of use | Example |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 기지배 , 놈 , 자식 , 녀석 | Can be used as a neutral or affectionate reference to siblings, close friends, or one's children. Can also be used as a curse word during a quarrel | 이 놈 이 제 막내아들입니다. This is my youngest son. 그 자식 은 뭐야? 이 개자식! You son of a bitch! 이 바보 녀석 아! 이 놈아! You scoundrel! |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 애 / 애 ( 네 ) 들 | Used to refer to children, close friends, and siblings of the speaker's age or younger. | 저 애 는 어리광만 부려 야단이다. He's quite a spoiled child. 어떻게 이 애들 을 다 봐요? How can we keep track of them all? |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 것 / 거 | Can be used with children or very close friends | 이게 어디가 아픈 모양이다. It feels like he is sick. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 사람 | Used when talking about someone's husband/wife or a stranger in a neutral style | 저 사람 이 교통신호를 무시했습니다. He ignores traffic rules. 그 사람 들은 그들의 가족과 가정을 사랑한다. They love their families and homes. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 여자 , 남자 | Used as a reference to strangers in a neutral style. If you use this pronoun in relation to elders or strangers in their presence, you can greatly offend a person | 그 여자 는 작고 비좁은 아파트에 산다. She lives in a small and narrow apartment. 이 남자 는 운동하기를 좋아해서 먼데까지 (운동삼아) 걸어다닌다. He loves sports and does long distance race walking. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 분 | Used in a formal setting or in a very polite way towards strangers | 그 분 이 여기서 구두를 수선하나요? Does he mend shoes here? 이 분 을 객실로 안내해 드리세요. Show him (this gentleman) his room. |
( 이 / 그 / 저 ) 이 | used when talking about someone's husband/wife (usually among older couples) | 그이 야말로 군자로다. He's a real gentleman. |
그 , 그 ( 들 ), 그님 , 그녀 | Influence in English in Korea led to the fact that pronouns were firmly rooted in the literary language: 그 , 그 ( 들 ) – used as “he”, “she” or “they” in writing. 그녀 – used in literary speech as “she”. 그님 – used in lyrical poems and songs | 그 는 위대한 사람이다 . He's a great man. 그들 은 누구입니까 ? Who are they? 그녀 에게는 그녀 의 아름다움를 흠모하는 추종자들이 많이 있다. She has many fans who admire her beauty. |
