1) Segmented body, jointed limbs.
2) Chitin cover.
3) The circulatory system is open, the heart tube is on the dorsal side.
4) Periopharyngeal nerve ring and ventral nerve cord.
Differences
1) Body sections: in crayfish and spiders - the cephalothorax and abdomen, in insects - the head, chest and abdomen.
2) Legs: crayfish can have a different number (in crayfish 10), in spiders 8 (4 pairs), in insects 6 (3 pairs).
3) Wings only in insects, 2 pairs, located on the chest.
4) Eyes: in crayfish, complex, faceted (consisting of many simple eyes), in spiders, simple, in insects, simple and complex.
5) Mustache: crayfish have 2 pairs, spiders do not, insects have 1 pair.
6) Respiratory and circulatory systems:
- Crayfish breathe through gills, oxygen from the gills to all organs of the body is carried by blood, so the circulatory system is well developed.
- Insects breathe through tracheae: thin tubes that carry air to every cell in the body. Blood does not carry oxygen, so the circulatory system is poorly developed (blood carries nutrients, metabolic products, hormones, etc.)
- Spiders breathe with lungs and tracheae, the circulatory system is moderately developed.
7)excretory system: metanephridia (green glands) and malpighian vessels, in crayfish only metanephridia.
In all insects, development is indirect (with metamorphosis, with transformation). The transformation can be complete or incomplete.
- Complete: egg, larva, pupa, adult insect. It is typical for butterflies (lepidoptera), beetles (coleoptera), mosquitoes and flies (dipterous), bees (hymenoptera), etc.
- Incomplete: egg, larva, adult (no pupal stage). It is typical for grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera), bedbugs.
Choose the one most correct option. The grasshopper has development
1) indirect
2) with a doll
3) direct
4) with complete transformation
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. What are the functions of the circulatory system of insects?
1) transports nutrients and harmful waste products
2) carries out the transfer of gases
3) delivers oxygen to cells
4) participates in metabolism and energy conversion in the cell
Answer
Establish the sequence of stages of development of the cabbage white
1) egg
2) chrysalis
3) caterpillar
4) adult insect
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects
A) pre-digestion of food outside the body
B) dividing the body into cephalothorax and abdomen
C) eyes are simple, from two to eight pairs
D) the presence of one pair of antennae on the head
D) the presence of three pairs of limbs on the chest
E) compound eyes, complex structure
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the sign of the animal and the class for which it is characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects
A) the presence of the cephalothorax and abdomen
B) one pair of antennae
B) four pairs of walking legs
D) eyes are simple or absent
D) only tracheal breathing
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between the signs of animals for which they are characteristic: 1) spider, 2) insect
A) respiratory organs - only the trachea
B) developed chelicerae
B) excretory organ - fat body
D) three pairs of walking legs
D) the body is divided into three sections
E) four pairs of walking legs
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between the structural features of arthropods and the class for which they are characteristic: 1) arachnids, 2) insects. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) the body consists of the head, chest, abdomen
B) have a mustache
B) 3 pairs of walking legs
D) there are only simple eyes
D) most have wings
E) there are lung sacs and tracheae
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of arthropods: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) respiratory organs - exclusively trachea
B) direct development in the majority
C) the presence of three pairs of limbs
D) blood does not carry gases
D) the body consists of the cephalothorax and abdomen
E) the presence of one pair of antennae
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Incomplete transformation is characteristic
1) butterfly Peacock eye
2) fire bug
3) dragonfly-yoke
4) housefly
Answer
1. Establish a correspondence between the insect and the type of its postembryonic development: 1) with incomplete transformation, 2) with complete transformation
A) Asiatic locust
B) May beetle
B) cabbage white
D) housefly
D) green grasshopper
E) honey bee
Answer
2. Establish a correspondence between the type of animal and the type of its postembryonic development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) desert locust
B) bread beetle
B) common praying mantis
D) honey bee
D) birch moth
Answer
3. Establish a correspondence between a representative of the class of insects and the type of its development: 1) with incomplete transformation, 2) with complete transformation. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) locust
B) stag beetle
B) a cockroach
D) grasshopper
D) bed bug
E) cabbage butterfly
Answer
4. Establish a correspondence between insect species and types of their development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) beetle
B) forest bug
B) green grasshopper
D) May beetle
D) urticaria butterfly
Answer
5. Establish a correspondence between insect species and types of their development: 1) with complete transformation, 2) with incomplete transformation. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) swimming beetle
B) migratory locust
B) bear
G) ladybug
D) dragonfly rocker
E) red ant
Answer
COLLECTING 6
D) gravedigger beetle
D) Colorado potato beetle
E) a bug is a harmful turtle
Establish a correspondence between the trait and the type class Arthropods: 1) Crustaceans, 2) Insects. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) cephalothorax and abdomen
B) Excretory system - antennal glands
C) respiratory organs - trachea
D) Respiratory organs - gills
D) Three pairs of walking limbs
E) head, thorax and abdomen
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics and classes of arthropods to which it belongs: 1) crustaceans, 2) arachnids. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) the presence of two pairs of antennae
B) regulation of the number of insects
C) the presence of four pairs of limbs
D) the transfer of certain types of diseases dangerous to humans
D) external digestion
E) purification of water bodies from organic residues
Answer
Read the text. It is known that the king crab is one of the most large species crustaceans, an inhabitant of the Far Eastern seas. Using this information, select three statements from the text below that relate to the description of these features of this organism. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated. (1) The crab breathes oxygen dissolved in water. (2) The muscles of the limbs of the crab are used as food. (3) Crabs are eaten by humans. (4) The body parts of a crab are the cephalothorax and abdomen. (5) Poaching significantly reduces the crab population. (6) Males reach 23 cm in shell width, 1.5 m in leg span, and 7 kg in weight.
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of the animal shown in the picture?
1) closed circulatory system
2) division of the body into head, thorax and abdomen
3) abdominal nerve chain
4) four pairs of legs
5) one pair of antennae
6) breathing with the help of lung sacs and trachea
Answer
All but two of the characteristics below are used to describe the animal depicted in the drawing. Identify two terms that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) five pairs of walking legs
2) the presence of two to twelve simple eyes
3) the presence of a green gland
4) the body consists of the cephalothorax and abdomen
5) the presence of the spider gland
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. Specify the features characteristic of insects with incomplete metamorphosis:
1) three stages of development
2) external fertilization
3) the larva looks like an annelids
4) the larva is similar in external structure to the adult insect
5) the larval stage is followed by the pupal stage
6) the larva turns into an adult insect
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the classes of animals and their characteristics: 1) crustaceans, 2) insects. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) respiratory organs - trachea
B) respiratory organs - gills
B) three pairs of walking legs
D) five pairs of walking legs
D) direct development
E) development with complete and incomplete transformation
Answer
All but two of the examples below refer to orders of insects with complete metamorphosis. Identify two examples that "fall out" from the general list, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Coleoptera
2) Hemiptera
3) Diptera
4) Orthoptera
5) Lepidoptera
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What are the characteristics of insects?
1) division of the body into the cephalothorax and abdomen
2) division of the body into head, thorax and abdomen
3) tracheal respiratory system
4) pulmonary respiratory system
5) four pairs of walking limbs
6) six walking limbs
Answer
Select three statements related to the difference between arachnids and insects.
1) They have an external chitinous skeleton, which serves as a frame for the entire body.
2) Four pairs of simple eyes.
3) Open circulatory system.
4) There are Malpighian vessels.
5) Four pairs of walking legs.
6) The body consists of the abdomen and cephalothorax.
Answer
Choose one, the most correct option. Aromorphic changes in arthropods include the appearance
1) organs of sight and touch
2) closed circulatory system
3) limbs, consisting of departments
4) nervous system in the form of a chain
Answer
Establish a correspondence between the sign of animals and classes: 1) Insects, 2) Crustaceans. Write the numbers 1 and 2 in the correct order.
A) respiratory organs - trachea
B) three pairs of limbs
C) five pairs of walking legs
D) respiratory organs - gills
D) hard chitinous shell
E) excretory system - Malpighian vessels
Answer
Choose three options. What features unite crayfish, cross-spider and May beetle into the Arthropod type?
1) the same structure of the excretory organs
2) chitinous cover of the body
3) compound eyes
4) closed circulatory system
5) division of the body into sections
6) abdominal nerve chain
Answer
Set the correspondence between the animal and the class to which it belongs: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects
A) honey bee
B) scorpion
C) red forest ant
D) malarial mosquito
D) taiga tick
Answer
Establish a correspondence between an arthropod and the class to which it belongs: 1) Crustaceans, 2) Arachnids, 3) Insects. Write the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct order.
A) scorpion
B) spider-cross
B) egg-eating rider
D) king crab
D) Black Sea shrimp
E) bed bug
Answer
Establish a correspondence between examples and classes of animals: 1) Arachnids, 2) Insects, 3) Crustaceans. Write down the numbers 1-3 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) king crab
B) bed bug
B) ladybug
D) spider-cross
D) Black Sea shrimp
E) common praying mantis
Answer
Find three errors in the given text. Specify the numbers of proposals in which they are made.(1) Insects are dioecious animals. (2) The females lay fertilized eggs, which hatch into larvae. (3) In some insects, the larvae do not look like adults, this type of development is called development with incomplete transformation. (4) In development with incomplete transformation, the insect goes through the phases: egg - larva - pupa - adult. (5) Different nutrition of larvae and adults reduces competition and promotes the survival of the species as a whole. (6) Grasshoppers, crickets, bedbugs, and mosquitoes are representatives of insect orders with incomplete metamorphosis. (7) Representatives of insect orders with complete transformation include butterflies, beetles, bees, bumblebees.
Answer
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. What features of organization contributed to the wide distribution of insects on the planet?
1) development of a secondary body cavity
2) the presence of the nervous system of the nodal structure
3) high fertility
4) a variety of oral apparatus
5) the presence of stinging organs
6) the presence of wings
Answer
Choose three correct answers from six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated. If in an animal the heart has the structure shown in the figure, then this animal is characterized by
1) the presence of hemoglobin in erythrocytes
2) pelvic kidneys
3) tubular nervous system
4) open circulatory system
5) branched tracheal tubes
6) indirect development
Answer
Establish a correspondence between characteristics and organisms. Write down the numbers 1 and 2 in the order corresponding to the letters.
A) gill breathing
B) has two pairs of antennas
B) simple eyes
D) has five pairs of walking legs
D) usually has spider glands
E) walking legs do not have claws at the end
Answer
© D.V. Pozdnyakov, 2009-2019
Task 1. Perform laboratory work.
Subject: "The external structure of the insect".
Goal of the work: to study the external structure of insects on the example of a cockroach or a large beetle.
1. Make sure that the workplace has everything you need to perform laboratory work.
2. Using the instructions given in paragraph 26 of the textbook, complete the laboratory work.
3. Fill in the table.
Task 2. Fill in the table.
Task 3. Color internal organs insect (red - blood organs; yellow - organs of the nervous system; green - organs of the digestive system) and label them.
Fill in 4. Fill in the table.
Digestive system, digestion, type of nutrition mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine. Extracellular digestionmouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, goiter, chewing stomach, midgut, hindgut, anusSense organsSense organs
Comparative characteristics of arachnids and insects Comparable feature Class arachnids Insects Distribution and lifestyle land and terrestrial arthropods all habitats except seas and oceans Body sections cephalothorax and abdomen, no antennae, 2 pairs of mouthparts head, chest, abdomen; 1 pair of compound eyes, 1 pair of antennae Limbs: number, location, structure 4 pairs of walking legs three pairs of legs or wings Digestive system, digestion, type of food mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine. extracellular digestion mouth, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, goiter, chewing stomach, midgut, hindgut, anus Respiratory system lungs and trachea trachea Nervous system cephalothoracic ganglion large supraesophageal node sense organs well developed, several pairs of eyes well developed Reproduction and development fertilization internal dioecious insects
Task 5. Write down the numbers of the correct statements.
1. The class Insects includes all tracheal-breathing arthropods with three pairs of legs.
2. In all insects, the body consists of a head, chest and abdomen.
3. The legs of insects are located on the chest and abdomen.
4. Insects live not only on land, but also in water and soil.
5. Insects eat anything that contains organic matter. Some of them even adapted to eat wool, wood and beeswax.
6. Along with compound eyes, many well-flying non-insects also have simple eyes.
7. Antennae of insects - organs of smell.
8. Aquatic insects have developed gill breathing.
9. Insect excretory organs - Malpighian vessels.
10. Blood in insects flows only through the blood vessels.
Correct statements: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9.
The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. The only group of invertebrates that acquired the ability to fly.
From above and from the sides, the head is covered with a head capsule. On the sides of the head are two compound eyes, between which there are usually simple eyes.
The head has a pair of jointed antennae. The antennae contain tactile and olfactory receptors.
The mouth is located on the ventral side of the head and is surrounded by modified limbs that form oral apparatus. Gnawing mouthparts have beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers, butterfly caterpillars, etc. It is formed by the upper lip, upper jaw, lower jaw and lower lip. The tongue belongs to the oral apparatus.
The chest is formed by three segments. Three pairs of walking legs are attached to the segments of the thorax.
On the dorsal side of the second and third segments of the chest are wings - two-layer folds of the integument of the body. The trachea and nerves pass through the wing. Their occurrences form thickenings - veins. In beetles, cockroaches, the first pair of wings turns into hard elytra. In Diptera (flies, mosquitoes), only the first pair of wings is developed, and the second is turned into halteres - organs of stabilization during flight. Among insects, there are primarily wingless species that belong to ancient, primitive groups. There are secondarily wingless insects that have lost their wings due to lifestyle features, such as fleas, lice, etc.
The abdomen consists of a different number of segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen, but their rudiments may be found: styli, cerci, ovipositors.
The mouth leads into the oral cavity, the ducts of several pairs of salivary glands flow into it. The oral cavity passes into the pharynx, behind which is the esophagus, sometimes expanding into a goiter. The stomach is muscular, the intestine ends with an anus. Insects do not have a liver.
Excretory organs - Malpighian vessels. The fat body takes part in the excretion. Modified areas of the fat body in some insects (firefly beetles) form organs of luminescence.
The nervous system is formed by the brain, the peripharyngeal nerve ring and the ventral nerve cord.
The ganglions of the thoracic segments are the most developed, since they innervate the legs and wings. The sense organs are complex and diverse, there are organs of touch, smell, taste, sight, and in some species - hearing.
Breathing is only tracheal. The tracheae begin with paired respiratory openings. Inside the body of the insect, the trachea branch and braid the internal organs.
The circulatory system is relatively poorly developed. The heart is tubular and located on the dorsal side of the abdomen.
Insects have separate sexes, sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Sex glands are paired, located in the abdomen. Fertilization is internal.
The development of primitive insects proceeds without metamorphosis. In highly organized insects - development with metamorphosis (or with transformation). In the latter case, development can be with incomplete transformation and with complete transformation.
During development with incomplete transformation, the organism goes through the following stages: egg - larva - adult insect. The larva hatched from the egg resembles the adult insect in a number of important ways. Larvae and adult insects have a common body plan, the same type of mouth apparatus, and, consequently, a similar spectrum of nutrition, and usually live in the same environmental conditions. Larvae differ from adult insects in the underdevelopment of wings, an incomplete number of abdominal segments, and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics. With incomplete transformation, insects of the orders Orthoptera (grasshoppers), Cockroaches, Hemiptera (bugs), Homoptera (aphids), lice, etc. develop. In insects with complete transformation, development proceeds according to the following scheme: egg - larva - pupa - adult insect. Larvae fundamentally differ from adult insects in terms of the general plan of body structure, as a rule, have a different type of organization of the oral apparatus and a different spectrum of nutrition, and live in different environments (for example, a mosquito and its aquatic larva). The larva after the last molt passes into a state of rest - it pupates. With complete transformation, insect orders develop: Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, Fleas, etc.
Insects are a class belonging to the phylum Arthropoda. The vast majority of arthropod species belong to insects. There are about 1.5 million species of insects. Compared with crustaceans and arachnids, they are more complex due to the fact that they are better adapted to living on land and have mastered almost all living environments here. They crawl on the ground, live in the soil, fly and jump. Some even returned to life in the water, but still breathe air.
Insects include beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, dragonflies, flies, bees, ants, cockroaches and many others.
We can give the following general characteristics of insects:
- The body is covered with a cuticle containing chitin(like all arthropods).
- The body of an insect consists of a head, thorax and abdomen.. The chest consists of three segments. The number of abdominal segments varies depending on the species (from 6 to 10 segments).
- Three pairs of legs(total 6), which grow from the segments of the chest. Each leg consists of several segments (coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus). In some insects, the legs can be modified due to the fact that they do not perform the function of walking, but some other (for jumping, digging, swimming, grasping). For example, in grasshoppers, the hind legs are more powerful and longer and provide him with a good jump. And in praying mantises, the front legs are modified into grasping limbs, with which he catches other insects.
- Most insects have two pairs of wings. They grow from the last two segments of the chest. In a number of groups, the first pair of wings is modified into rigid elytra (for example, in beetles).
- On the head is one pair of antennae on which the organs of smell and touch are located.
- Insect eyes are complex (faceted), consist of many simple eyes (facets). Such eyes form a mosaic image (the overall picture is made up of small parts).
- Insects have a more complex nervous system and behavior than other groups of arthropods, but its general structural plan is about the same. Allocate the brain (supraglottic ganglionic mass), peripharyngeal ring, abdominal nerve chain.
- Insects can eat in different ways. In the course of evolution, they developed various oral apparatus(gnawing, sucking, filtering and other types). In any case, the upper and lower lips, a pair of upper and a pair of lower jaws, as well as a chitinous tongue are involved in the formation of the oral apparatus.
- The digestive system consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, goiter (not always), stomach, midgut, hindgut, anus. Various glands that secrete digestive enzymes flow into the oral cavity and midgut. In the stomach of an insect, food is mainly crushed with the help of hard chitinous formations. Digestion takes place in the middle intestine, which, on the border with the stomach, has blind processes in a circle that increase its surface.
- The excretory system is represented only malpighian vessels. These are tubes, one end of which flows into the hindgut, and the other is in the body cavity and is blindly closed. Through the walls of the Malpighian vessel from the body cavity, in which the blood flows, waste products that need to be removed from the body are filtered. They leave the hindgut along with undigested food residues. Most harmful substances the organism of insects isolates in the so-called fat body (but its main function is the supply of nutrients).
- The respiratory system consists of trachea- branched tubules penetrating the body. Outwardly, they open on each segment with a pair of holes.
- The circulatory system is open, i.e. from the vessels, the blood is poured into the body cavity, and then again collected in the vessels. Blood pushes the heart located on the dorsal side of the abdomen. From the heart, blood flows in the head direction. From the head, blood flows in the abdominal direction through the spaces between the organs. Then again it is collected in the vessels going to the heart. Blood is involved only in the transfer of nutrients from the intestines and the removal of harmful waste products from cells. Oxygen in the tissues of the insect body comes directly from the trachea. They release carbon dioxide from tissues. Despite the fact that the tracheal respiratory system for arthropods is considered more advanced, and the trachea permeate the entire body of the insect, this type of breathing prevents insects from increasing in size. A large body cannot be adequately supplied with oxygen through the trachea.
- There are two types of insect development: with complete transformation and with incomplete transformation. In insects with a complete transformation in the life cycle, metamorphosis is observed, when a larva, unlike adults, undergoes a strong change through pupation and becomes an adult sexually mature insect. This development allows larvae and adults to feed and live in different places which reduces competition between them. Insects with incomplete metamorphosis do not have metamorphoses in their life cycle. From the eggs they emerge outwardly similar to adults. As the young growth grows, it molts several times, the genitals develop in it.
- During the historical development of life on Earth (evolution), many insects entered into a kind of symbiosis with flowering plants, becoming their pollinators and feeding on their pollen and nectar. This is what determined their external structure (especially the structure of the oral apparatus) and all the diversity and beauty of plant flowers. Many types of insects pollinate only certain types of plants, the flower of which is adapted for pollination only by this type of insect.
Hymenoptera
stag beetle
Diptera
scorpions
The structure of insects. The body of adult insects, like all arthropods, is covered with a chitinous cover that acts as an external skeleton, and is divided into a head, chest and abdomen, which distinguishes them from other arthropods. The segments of the head are fused into a common mass, the segments of the thorax and abdomen are more or less clearly distinguishable. The head and chest bear limbs, the abdomen sometimes retains only underdeveloped limbs, i.e., their rudiments.In the larvae of many insects, the division of the body into sections is weakly expressed.
Locust head
lip Lower lip
Upper jaw.
Lower jaw
Anterior chest
Medium chest
The chest of insects always consists of three segments calledanteriorly-, mediumAndposteriorly chest. The thoracic segments bear three pairs of walking limbs. The wide distribution of insects and the development of various habitats by them has led to the emergence of significant diversity in the structure of articulated limbs. The limbs of insects are a system of movably connected to each other
Grasshopper
gom levers with a large number degrees of freedom, that is, capable of varied and precise movements. Most of all, running legs correspond to the described type. (beetles, cockroaches), most common among insects. In animals capable of jumping, such as grasshoppers, the femur and tibia of the hind pair of legs are strongly extended. In burrowing insects - bear- all legs, and especially the front ones, shorten, become massive and acquire powerful weapons from chitinous teeth. The swimming limbs are flattened in the form of an oar and equipped with a dense row of elastic rowing hairs ( swimming beetles).
Wasp medium
Zhigalka autumn
A characteristic feature of many insects is the ability to fly.Wings, one or two pairs, located on the second (mesothorax) and third (mesothorax) thoracic segments and represent folds of the body wall. The wing has the appearance of a thin plate, it is two-layered.
Elytra
Dragonfly
swimmer
bordered
In different orders of insects, the forewings and hindwings may be developed differently. Only in the least specialized insects (for example, dragonflies) both pairs of wings are equally developed, although they differ in shape. Beetles are characterized by the transformation of the front wings into thick and hard elytra, which almost do not participate in flight and mainly protect the dorsal side of the body. Only the hind wings are real, which are hidden under the elytra at rest.
Movement
wings
muscles
circulatory
Respiratory
Flying ladybug
The nervous system of insects, like that of other arthropods, is built according to the type of ventral nerve chain, but it can reach a very high level of development and specialization. The central nervous system includes the supraesophageal ganglion - the brain, the subpharyngeal ganglion and the abdominal nerve chain of paired ganglia - ganglia. The brain consists of three sections: anterior, middle and posterior.The sense organs of insects can perceive a wide variety of stimuli: mechanical, chemical, visual, sound, etc. Insects are able not only to perceive, but also to make sounds. This feature is characteristic of representatives of many groups: straight-winged
lykh, Zhukov, Hymenoptera, butterflies etc. Chirring orthoptera, for example, due to the development of special devices, which are most often associated with wings. Yes, at grasshopper these organs are located on the front wings, where the veins of the left wing acquire tooth-like outgrowths and turn into the so-called bow, with which the animal leads along the right wing.
Compound insect eye
simple peephole
Feelings
body
cells
pigment cells
In addition to complex (faceted) eyes, many insects also have simple eyes that perceive only the intensity of illumination, and not images.
Crystal
lens
dragonfly eyes
The circulatory system in insects is not closed. In the abdomen above the intestine lies a long tubular "heart". Insect hemolymph is a colorless or yellowish liquid whose main function is to supply tissues and organs with nutrients.
Tsetse fly eyes
The respiratory organs of insects are a complex system trachea. On the sides of the middle and metathorax and, in addition, on the segments of the abdomen, there are up to 10 pairs of holes - spiracle. Air tubes permeate the entire body and deliver oxygen directly to tissues and cells, as if replacing blood vessels.
horsefly eyes
Digestive system Reproductive system
Bumblebee collects nectar
dead beetle
SHSHSHAYASHSH
The food of insects is varied, it includes almost all plant and animal substances. Ant with prey origin. All insects arepoisonous, such as cockroaches, which feed on various plant and animal products. Very many insects are vegetarians, feeding on all parts of plants, from the root to the fruit, inclusive.
Ground beetle - predator
No less numerous are predatory insects that eat other insects, worms, mollusks, etc. Finally, there are insects that feed on carrion, various kinds of garbage and decay products: manure, rotting plant debris, etc. Some insects specialized in extremely low-nutrient food ( feathers, horn, wax, etc.).The excretory organs are representedmalpighian vessels- thin tubes that open into the intestines.
Reproduction of insects. Insects have separate sexes. Their sex glands are paired. In males, the testes are located in the abdomen, from which the vas deferens extend, flowing into the ejaculatory canal. The ovaries of females open into the oviducts, which are connected below into a single vagina. Fertilization is internal. Spermatozoa in the female genital tract remain viable for a very long time. On the-
dragonfly larva
Egg Larva
adult
caterpillar chrysalis
For example, the queen bee after mating during her life (4-5 years) lays thousands of eggs without re-fertilization.
Postembryonic development of insects proceeds either without transformations or with incomplete or complete metamorphosis. During direct development characteristic of lower insects ( foot- ponytail, campodea), individuals emerge from eggs, which differ from adults mainly in small size and underdeveloped sex organs.
bodies. In insects with incomplete metamorphosis, for example,grasshoppersorlocusts, from eggs emergelarvaewith features of an adult organism -imago. The larvae undergo several molts and eventually turn into adult insects without going through the pupal stage. At complete transformation, characteristic of butterflies worm-like larvae emerge from the eggs, completely different from adults. After reaching a certain age, they stop moving and eating and soon turn into dolls- ku. Inside it, a deep restructuring of the body occurs with the formation of tissues and organs of an adult insect. At the end of this process, the integuments of the pupa burst and
Dragonfly dit imago. developmental stages in insects
are confined to a certain season of the year: this phenomenon is calledseasonal cycle. Incomplete Diversity of Insects. Insect class
transformation is divided into two large groups - primary
but wingless and winged.
Complete transformation
TOprimary winglessinclude the most simply organized insects, such ascampodea, springtail, sugar silverfish etc., living in the soil, under stones, in moss, in cellars and cellars. Their sizes are small, some do not exceed 1 mm. Together with other animals living in the soil, the primary wingless participate in soil formation.
springtail smintur Primary Beskra
Springtail
silverfish
silkworm
red forest ant
worker ant
Meaning of insects. The positive activity of insects in nature is primarily expressed in their pollination of plant flowers (about 30% of European flowering plants are pollinated by insects).
plant and animal remains that accumulate in abundance on the surface of the soil.
No less significant are the negative consequences of insect activity. Yes, many
bee dance
: * Working
honey bee
Termite castes
Uterus
colorado potato beetle
Butterfly caterpillars
Examples of the use of insects in human economic activity are well known. From time immemorial, bred in the East silkworm, from the cocoons of which silk was made. A person breeds bees in order to obtain honey, a number of drugs (propolis) and wax. Some insects, for example riders, have found application in the control of agricultural pests (for example, withblood aphid)as their natural enemies.
Making silk threads from silkworm cocoons
What are the features of the external structure of insects?
How many sections does the body of insects consist of?
How are the limbs of insects arranged?
What kind of wings do insects have?
How is the nervous system of insects arranged?
Describe the structure of the eyes of insects.
How do insects eat?
What is a hemolymph? What are its functions?
How do insects breathe?
What are Malpighian vessels?
Complete task number 117 on p. 89 (Workbook).
Choose the correct answer. Test on p. 132-136, option 1 (Test items).
Think
Why do insects have a poorly developed circulatory system?
Why is the circulatory system not involved in the transport of gases throughout the body?
Laboratory work
Do activity #13 on p. 18-20 (Laboratory work).
Work with computer
Please refer to the disk. Study the material of the lesson and complete the suggested tasks.
http://www.floranimal.ru/classes/2703.html (Insects. general characteristics. Classification).
http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/nauka_i_tehnika/biologiya/NASE-KOMIE.html (Insects. General characteristics. Role in human life).
The body of insects consists of three sections (head, thorax, abdomen). On the head are one pair of compound eyes, sometimes simple eyes, a mouth apparatus formed by modified limbs, and antennae. The chest carries three pairs of walking legs, most have wings. Breathing is carried out with the help of trachea, penetrating the entire body. The circulatory system is not closed. Development in many forms is accompanied by a complex transformation of the larval stage into an adult organism. According to the way of life there are flying, running, burrowing and swimming insects.
Type Echinoderm*
Ancestors of echinoderms and chordates are considered to be animals that separated from the group of ancient polychaete rings.
Sea stars
Holothuria
The integuments of echinoderms consist of two layers: the outer one - a single-layer epithelium and the inner one, formed by fibrous connective tissue, where various elements of the calcareous skeleton develop. At starfish the skeleton is formed by calcareous plates arranged in longitudinal rows and usually bearing protruding spines. Body sea urchins enclosed in a calcareous shell of rows of tightly connected plates with long needles sitting on them. The skeleton of holothurians is formed from small calcareous bodies of various shapes, scattered throughout the skin.
The most salient feature echinoderms -water-vascular (ambulacral) system. It is represented by an annular canal surrounding the esophagus, and five radial canals extending from it into the rays. The latter give paired branches to the legs - thin, highly extensible tubes, equipped with a suction cup on one side, and a bubble on the other. The water-vascular system is connected to the external environment through a channel (with calcified walls) and a porous plate. The water entering the system is filtered through the pores of the plate. Mobile echinoderms, using this system, can move by sticking to the ground; in the immobile, gas exchange and excretion occur through the channels of the water-vascular system.
The muscles are developed to varying degrees - depending on the mobility and nature of the skin skeleton.
The nervous system of echinoderms has a radial structure: radial nerve cords depart from the peripharyngeal nerve ring according to the number of rays of the body.
The sense organs are poorly developed. Primitive eyes are located in starfish at the ends of the rays, and in sea urchins - on the upper body. There are also organs of touch.
The circulatory system usually consists of two annular vessels, one of which surrounds
mouth, and the other - the anus, and radial vessels, the number of whichstarfishcoincides with the number of rays of the body.
Scheme of the structure of a starfish
Structure diagram sea urchin
Intestines
Echinoderms have no special excretory organs. The excretion of metabolic products occurs through the walls of the channels of the water-vascular system.
legs
Development occurs with a number of complex transformations. Bilaterally symmetrical larvae of echinoderms swim in the water column; in the process of transformation (metamorphosis), animals acquire radial symmetry and move to a crawling lifestyle.
Many echinoderms have the ability toregeneration(restoration) of body parts. For example, from one beamstarfishthe whole animal can recover.
starfish regeneration
Nervous system of a starfish
Class Starfish
Starfish
Starfish live at the bottom of the seas, descending to great depths. They feed on benthic animals, organic remains.
Evasteria
mesh
Crossaster
Astroclex
