Good day, dear blog guests!
Today is Black Sea Fleet Day, it’s time to remember Pomeranian fleet
Opening today new section, based on photographic materials from the local history museum (Arkhangelsk), I introduce you to the ships of the Pomors, long gone years.
In those distant times, horse-drawn transport and horse riding dominated on land. The main role waterways played - river and sea.
CARBAS
(Greek – carabos, etc. . Slavic bark, box)
The most common undecked sailing vessel is the rowing keel vessel in the North. Used on the sea, lakes, rivers as a fishing, cargo, and passenger vessel. Karbas sailed with oars and under rack or sprint sails.
1 – 2 masts. The front mast was usually located at the very bow, almost at the stem. It was built from pine and spruce. The karbas had a length of up to 12.5 meters, a width of up to 3 meters, a draft of up to 0.7 meters, and a carrying capacity of up to 8 tons.
Norwegian fishing vessel of the 13th - 20th centuries. With highly raised stems, sharp ends (bow, stern), with a sharp keel. The Arkhangelsk Pomors bought these ships in Norway and was used in fishing off the coast of Murman due to its relatively lighter hull.
The Norwegian ate was an easy-to-move sailing-rowing vessel; it had a straight, rack or oblique sail on one mast. There were also large 2-masted spruces - femburns with a lifting capacity of up to 6.5 tons.
BELOMORSKAYA LODOYA. 19TH CENTURY.
Pomeranian three-masted fishing and transport vessel. Boats were built in Kem, Onega, Pinega, Patrakeevka, Kola, Mezen.
The type of vessel arose in Novgorod times (11th-12th centuries) in the circle of North-Western maritime culture and gradually developed into one well adapted to large
arctic expeditions, a floating craft that was modified in the 18th and 19th centuries and survived until the mid-19th century.
It was only in the mid-19th century that the boat was finally replaced by the Pomeranian schooner. The good seaworthiness of the boat was noted by foreign sailors back in the 17th century. With a fair wind, the boat could travel 300 km per day.
Length - up to 25 m, width - up to 8 m. load capacity - up to 200 - 300 tons
FRIGATE - SLOOP built in Arkhangelsk in the mid-19th century.
Model from an old museum collection
CLIPER-BOAT “NEPTUNE”
(ENG. Clipper - FAST GAIT)
There were many types bots for various purposes And sizes from small 11-meter boats up to 80-ton deck sailing vessels with a crew of up to 40 people (wadboat, whaleboat, packet boat, skerry boat, etc.)
Not used on long voyages.
The model was made by Stepan Grigorievich Kuchin, famous in the late 19th - early. 20th centuries Onega captain and Pomeranian public figure, father of A.S. Kuchin,
to demonstrate a floating high-speed vessel, as indicated by the clipper contours of the hull, sharp keel, lead false keel-ballaster, sailing rig "Yol".
The model arrived at the museum in 1975
In terms of the type of sailing equipment, a brigantine (schooner - brig) was somewhat similar to a galleas: straight sails on the foremast (1st from the bow of the mast) and slanting sails on the main mast (2nd from the bow of the mast).
Thanks to its good seaworthiness and maneuverability, it became widespread in Pomerania in the second half of the 19th century and finally replaced the boat in fishing and transportation.
Displacement – up to 300 tons. Model from an old museum collection. Catalog of the Arkhangelsk City Public Museum 1905
To be continued.
When it comes to the history of the creation of the Russian fleet, they talk about the three hundredth anniversary. The figure is very strange, it causes bewilderment. It’s hard not to wonder: how did our country live, having so many maritime borders, before Peter I, who is traditionally considered the founder of the Russian fleet? After all, the history of Russia is measured in millennia.
However, numerous reference books provide information regarding the history of shipbuilding in Russia only starting from the times of Peter the Great.
Despite this, history preserves the memory of an ancient Pomeranian ship with an amazing name - KOCH. And this word came to the Pomors from the Novgorod land, where “kotsa” or “kocha” meant clothing. The name was not chosen by chance, since the ships literally “dressed in a fur coat” - their hull was protected from the onslaught of ice by double skinning. On such vessels, Pomors could travel thousands of kilometers across the northern expanses of the sea, fishing. Kochi was famous for its durability. Wooden structures, made from best breeds wood (larch, pine, mahogany) - fastened with iron staples, of which from three to four thousand were carried on the ship, and with nails. In the documents of the Archbishop of Kholmogory for 1695 (!), you can read about Arkhangelsk kochas with a length of 18.5 meters and a width of 5.14 meters, with a carrying capacity of 30-40 tons, which exceeds the size of some modern trawlers.
Pomeranian Kochi covered 150-200 kilometers per day, while English merchant ships - about 120 kilometers, and Dutch frigates - only up to 80-90 kilometers.
On these unique ships, the Pomors reached such Arctic latitudes that were inaccessible to any other ships with a metal hull and mechanical engines. They were unique not only for their protective “fur coat”, but also for their egg-shaped body. The bottom of the body was rounded, resembling half a nutshell. If the ice squeezed such a ship, its hull was not crushed, but squeezed outward. These ships, reputed to be the most durable for five centuries, acquired, thanks to the skill and inquisitive mind of the Pomeranian craftsmen, another unusual feature: the stern and bow had almost the same shape and were cut at an angle of 30 degrees, which made it easy to pull them ashore.
The peoples of the Russian North have preserved the names of the brilliant “nomadic masters” who made up entire dynasties. These are the families of the Deryabins, Vargasovs, Vaigachevs from Kholmogory, the Kulakov brothers from Arkhangelsk, Pinega craftsmen Anton Pykhunov and Efim Tarasov. Some remind us of the ancient Pomeranian Koch geographical names Arctic. For example, Nomad Bay at the mouth of the Yana River. It is characteristic that all the craftsmen used only their own, “nomadic” tools during the construction of the nomads: specially sharpened drills, gimlets, saws, adzes, and axes.
Old Russian koch "ice class"
Thus, it becomes obvious that Russia in the field of shipbuilding followed its own, completely special, original path, different from Western traditions. Tsar Peter I, having borrowed foreign shipbuilding experience, decided to transform the Russian fleet according to Western models. Under threat of death penalty, the construction of “old-fashioned” courts was strictly prohibited. According to some sources, the kochi were simply destroyed by order of the king.
But, despite strict measures, the great Russian transformer was unable to achieve complete obedience of the hereditary nomadic masters, who, under the threat of reprisals, managed to preserve the centuries-old experience and traditions of their ancestors, continuing to build kochi.
Thanks to the feat of the Pomors, a number of nomads survived until the beginning of the twentieth century, when they were noticed and appreciated by F. Nansen, who by that time had planned a difficult expedition to the North Pole. When choosing a prototype for the construction of the ship "Fram", which, according to the plan, was supposed to drift in the ice, he abandoned all the latest types of steel ships and decided to build the ship according to the experience of nomadic craftsmen, from the best types of wood, with an egg-shaped hull than ensured the successful completion of the expedition.
Admiral S.O. Makarov, when developing a model of the world's first icebreaker, took Nansen's advice and also opted for an egg-shaped hull and, following the example of the Pomeranian Kochi, cut off the bow and stern. These ingenious inventions of the ancient Pomeranian craftsmen turned out to be so successful that even today, a century after the creation of the world’s first Makarov icebreaker “Ermak”, they are considered unsurpassed for the construction of ice-going ships.
If you open the multi-volume TSB, do not look for the word “koch” in it. He's not there. How could this happen? An oversight, intent or disregard for the historical heritage of the Motherland? A riddle with no answer. There is not a word about them in school textbooks. Only in explanatory dictionary IN AND. Dahl, low bow to him, there was a short message in a few lines about the glorious ship Koch.
...And today the great-grandsons of the ancient Pomeranian ships ply the icy northern seas - the nuclear-powered ships "Siberia", "Arktika", "Russia", so strikingly similar to their undeservedly forgotten, beautiful, technically perfect ancestor - the ancient Koch.
By the will of fate, they became a worthy monument to him.
Mass marine shipbuilding (karbas, shnyaks, lodyas, small kochi for coastal navigation and large kochi for long-distance passages) began in the 15th century at the Solovetsky shipyards of the White Sea. The ships of the Solovetsky flotilla sailed under their own flag and had a multi-purpose purpose: they were used by residents for fishing, hunting sea animals, transport and protecting the Russian coasts from the raids of the “Murmans”. The manufacturing technology of Pomeranian ships did not change until the first half of the twentieth century. The perfection of their design is evidenced by the fact that the famous "Fram", intended for the most outstanding Arctic drift in history, was an exact copy of a large Pomeranian Koch.
The Pomors were not afraid to go into ice because their flat-bottomed ships, unlike European keelboats, were adapted for safe navigation in ice. This remarkable advantage was used by Russian helmsmen who guided their boats through the Barents and Norwegian Seas from the White to the Baltic along a route mastered back in the 12th century.
The Pomors used maps that were devoid of the degree symbols and scales that were familiar to us. These maps were called “drawings” and, in fact, were thematic, that is, they were route diagrams that showed objects of interest to travelers. Medieval maps were generally distinguished by a wide range of information: here one could see paradise, pictures of the history of Rome, scenes of the end of the world from the Holy Scriptures, etc. Part of the “Book of the Great Drawing,” a cartographic document of the Muscovite state of the 17th century, compiled on the instructions of Ivan the Terrible, contained outlines of the shores of the Murmansk Sea and “Painting of Pomeranian rivers on the shores of the Arctic Ocean.”
It is known that back in the 12th century, on the basis of the Novgorod boat, a Pomeranian version of this vessel was built, which had higher stability due to an increase in width to 8 m and was adapted for long voyages in harsh northern conditions. There was a brick stove in the bow compartment. Hunters who hunted sea animals confidently reached the edge on such vessels floating ice, which always served as a reliable guide for their further route. Following the ice fields retreating to the north and east, the Pomors discovered walrus rookeries on Kolguev Island and discovered New Earth, moving even further, they reached the islands of Bear and Hope, and approached the eastern shores of Spitsbergen. Gaining experience in Arctic navigation and making changes to the design of subsequent versions of ice-class sea vessels, the Pomors climbed into the most remote and inaccessible areas of the Barents Sea for Western European ships.
The new word for Arctic navigation was Pomeranian koch (in other dialects koch, kochmora, kochmara), one of the pinnacles of shipbuilding. Its appearance dates back to the 13th century, and it got its name from the additional anti-ice lining (“ice coat” of the ice belt along the waterline), made of durable oak or larch wood and called “kotsem” in the Arkhangelsk dialect (Arkhangelsk Pomors often use “ts” instead "h") Possessing an egg-shaped hull so that the ship would not be crushed by ice and be squeezed upward by the lateral pressure of attacking ice floes, the Pomeranian koch could drift until it was brought out into open water. In addition, the koch could be dragged along the ice by winding a rope around a spire (special gate), hooked to a strong ice ledge or anchored in a cut hole. In the same way, the drainage sections of the path were overcome by dragging along pine logs placed one by one under the bottom. The design of the kocha had a number of novelties that were subsequently used by foreign craftsmen, in particular, in the construction of icebreakers. These beautiful ships, which last one and a half to two times longer than the ships that came off the slipways of the best European shipyards, were manufactured by White Sea craftsmen.
It was on Kochi that Semyon Dezhnev and Fedot Popov made a voyage from the Kolyma River around the Chukotka Peninsula to the Anadyr River in 1648. Having rounded the eastern tip of Asia, the ships of Dezhnev and Popov entered the Pacific Ocean. They were the first Europeans to sail the North Pacific Ocean.
The banks of the Northern Dvina were considered the most convenient place for shipbuilding: ship pines grew here in abundance, there was no shortage of other materials necessary for the manufacture of ship hulls, and the considerable distance from foreign states prone to conquest served as a reliable guarantee of protection from military attacks.
At the end of the 19th century, the following descriptions of fishing vessels were given:
· Shnyaka is an undecked vessel made of thick boards sewn with twine (parking), with a removable mast and a straight rack sail. Shnyaks are being built in Pomerania. Shnyaka is very heavy on the oars and can barely maneuver against the wind. Depending on its size, it lifts 200,300 pounds of cargo and is serviced by 34 people. Thanks to its strength (it lasts up to 18 years), which allows it to withstand impacts on stones, which is often inevitable when drying, as well as its low side, which makes it easier to pull the longline, the shnyaka is a favorite vessel of our Pomors. On the Shnyak, Pomors travel 2560 versts from the coast. The name comes from the Norman "snekkja" ("snail").
Aslamka, oslamka - a sailing 1-, 2-mast transport or fishing vessel used in the Caspian Sea and in the lower reaches of the Volga. Length 12-15 m, width 2.4-2.7 m, draft 0.6-1.2 m, load capacity up to 30 tons.
Bagala (from Arab, “bagl” - “mule”) is an Arab merchant sailing ship with an oblique rig. Used in the 8th - 17th centuries. Two masts, length 30-40 m, width 6-8 m, side height 3-5 m, load capacity 150-400 tons.
Bark (hol. bark), 1) sailing 3-masted warship of the 15th - 16th centuries. displacement approx. 400 t (Mediterranean). It had fore and main masts with straight sails and a mizzen mast with a topmast. 2) Marine sailing transport vessel (3-5 masts) with straight sails on all masts except the stern one (mizzen mast). Displacement up to 10,000 tons. Used until the 30s. XX century
Barque (Italian barca, French barque), 1) sailing and rowing undecked fishing, sometimes coastal, vessel. They first appeared in Italy in the 7th century. Length 10 m, width approx. 2 m, side height approx. 0.6 m, capacity up to 20 people. 2) A light, high-speed vessel, used in Western European countries in the late Middle Ages. 3) A large, non-self-propelled, barge-type cargo vessel, used since the beginning of the 18th century. on large rivers of Russia. Length up to 64 m, width up to 17 m, load capacity up to 1700 tons.
Barcalon, barcalona (Italian barca longa) - sailing and rowing military vessel of the 17th - 18th centuries. It had one mast with a large oblique sail and artillery armament: up to 10 guns. Used in Spain, then in England and France. In Russia, barcalons were built only for the Azov flotilla and had a length of up to 36.5 m, a width of up to 9.2 m, a draft of up to 2.5 m, and artillery armament: 26-44 guns.
Barcarola (Italian barcarola) is an Italian gondola-type pleasure boat that could accommodate 4-5 people.
Longboat, barkas (Gol. barkas), 1) a small sailing fishing or transport vessel used in the Black and Azov Seas. It had a yawl rig, with a jib on a short horizontal bowsprit. Length 8-12 m, width 2.4-3 m, side height 1-13 m, draft about 0.75 m. 2) A ship's boat or a non-self-propelled river barge-type vessel 60-80 m long with low sides and high superstructures ( storehouses).
Barquentine (eng. barkentine) - sea sailing vessel. It had 3-6 masts and straight sails on the foremast and slanting sails on the rest. Built in the 19th - early 20th centuries. and were used for trade and training purposes.
Bilander (Gol. billander, from bij - “near”, lander - “land”) is a small sailing 2-mast coaster. Used in the Netherlands in the 18th - 19th centuries.
Bot (goal, boot), 1) General name for small (displacement up to 150 tons) rowing, sailing or motor vessels for various purposes. Due to limited seaworthiness, they are used only in coastal sea areas. 2) In the XVII - XIX centuries. a small rowing or sailing 1-mast vessel 11-18 m long, 3-4.5 m wide with an oblique sailing rig of the tender type. They served to supply ships stationed in the roadstead for communications, reconnaissance, landing operations, close combat or boarding combat, and other purposes. Armament: 2-20 small-caliber guns (mainly Falconets). Large boats had a displacement of up to 60-80 tons, a crew of up to 36-40 people. There were different types of bots: wadboat, whaleboat, grossboat, kawasaki, crab-boat, lister-boat, packet boat, snugboat, fangsboat, khachboat, skerry boat, etc. In Russia, bots have been known since the 15th - 16th centuries.
Botha is a fishing boat with high ends and large camber, used in the 19th century. off the coast of Kamchatka.
Brig (English brig), 1) sailing 2-masted warship of the 18th - 19th centuries. with a straight rig on both masts and a slanting sail (counter-mizzen) on the mainmast. It was used for cruising, reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services, as well as for escorting merchant ships. Displacement 200-400 g, length up to 32 m, width 8-9 m, crew up to 120 people, artillery up to 24 guns. 2) 2-masted merchant ship of the 18th - 19th centuries. with a sailing rig similar to a war brig. Length 27-34 m, width 7-9 m, side height 3.5-5.5 m.
Brigantine, schooner-brig (Italian brigantino, from brigante - “robber”), 1) a small sailing and rowing fast ship of the Mediterranean in the 16th - 18th centuries. It had 8-16 pairs of oars, 1-2 masts with triangular raked sails (the Venetian brigantine had a length of 19 m, a width of 3.4 m). Often used by Algerian, Dalmatian, and Tunisian pirates. Russian brigantines, introduced by Peter I, had 2 masts, 12-15 pairs of oars, 2-3 guns, and could carry 70 people. 2) Sailing 2-mast ship of the 17th - 19th centuries. with a straight rig on the foremast and an oblique rig on the main mast. Brigantines were part of military fleets as messengers and reconnaissance ships. Displacement up to 300 tons.
A bugalet is a small English sailing 2-masted coaster. Both masts carried quadrangular sails, the mainmast carried an additional topsail, and the bowsprit had 2 jibs.
Budarka, budara - a sailing cargo or fishing boat, flat-bottomed, 1-mast, with a lugger or sprint sail. Used in the Caspian Sea and southern rivers of Russia. Length 5-8 m, width 1.3-1.6 m, draft 0.3-0.4 m.
A whaleboat (English whale - boat - “whaling boat”) is a seaworthy sailing and rowing boat with a steering oar.
Vereya, rope (from the English wherry - “boat”, “yawl”) is a small English cargo sailing ship for coastal navigation. In Russia, such ships served for the siege of coastal fortresses under Peter I. Length 15-18 m, width 3.6-4 m, draft 0.7-1.2 m, load capacity 20-30 tons.
Galeas (from Italian galeazza - “big galley”), 1) a sailing-rowing warship in European fleets in the 16th - 17th centuries. Length up to 80 m, width up to 9 m, one row of oars on each side (up to 10 rowers per oar), 3 masts with slanting sails, 2 large stern steering oars, 2 decks. Armament: up to 70 guns of various calibers, crew of over 800 people. 2) In the XVIII - XIX centuries. a small 2-mast transport and fishing vessel used in Northern European countries.
Galera (Italian galera) is a military rowing vessel that existed in the 7th - 18th centuries. in the fleets of almost all European countries. Length up to 60 m, width 7.5 m, 32 oars on board. Crew approx. 450 people The main weapon of the galley until the middle of the 14th century. there were surface rams and throwing vehicles, and later guns began to be used.
Galion (Spanish galeon), 1) a sailing warship used in the fleets of England, Spain and France in the 16th - 17th centuries. Length about 40 m, width 10-14 m, displacement 500-1400 tons, 3-4. masts. They had low seaworthiness due to high sides and bulky superstructures. Often used to transport immigrants to America. 2) Spanish sailing vessel for coastal sardine fishing. Has 2 masts with lugger rigging; length about J 5 m, width about 7 m, fishing crew up to 20 people.
Galiot (French galiote), 1) a small high-speed galley of the 1st half of the 17th century, which had up to 25 pairs of oars and one mast. Often used to throw a flammable mixture (“Greek fire”). 2) A small transport ship with 2 masts, used in Germany and Scandinavian countries in the 18th - 19th centuries. Length 32-42 m, width 6.4-8.5 m, draft up to 2.8 m, load capacity up to 600 tons.
Gemam is a shallow-draft sailing-rowing ship (draft approx. 2 m) of the Swedish skerry fleet. In Russia, hemamas were built at the beginning of the 19th century. for military operations in the Baltic. They had 2 masts, up to 10 pairs of oars, and artillery weapons: 30-32 guns.
Golet (French goulette - “schooner”) is a sailing-rowing 2-masted ship of the Russian skerry fleet of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Length 18-20 m, spar and rigging like a schooner. Had up to 14 guns. They were used mainly in the Black and Azov Seas.
Gondola (Italian: gondola), 1) small rowing boat for communication of galleys with the shore. 2) From the 11th century. in Venice, a single-oared flat-bottomed canal boat. Length about 10 m, width approx. 1.3 m.
Guari is a small 1-, 2-masted ship with triangular sails. Used in France in the 19th century.
Gukor (eng. hooker) - sailing ship of the 13th - 18th centuries. Originally built in the Netherlands as fishing boats. Subsequently they were used in all countries of Northern Europe, in the 17th - 18th centuries. - like a military transport. They had 2-3 masts, a load capacity of 60-200 tons, and could accommodate up to 300 people.
Dogger (English dogger from the Dutch dogge - “cod”) is a sailing 2-, 3-mast fishing vessel with a gaff rig, with a displacement of approx. 150 tons. Appeared around the XTV century.
A doshchanik was a flat-bottomed deck vessel that moved with oars, under a direct or oblique sail, or towed. Length 15-25 m, width 4-6.5 m, side height 0.8-1.5 m, draft up to 1.2 m, load capacity 30-80 tons. Planks first appeared in ancient Novgorod in the 12th - 14th centuries. , later used on Russian rivers.
Drakar is a sailing and rowing military undecked vessel of the 8th - 10th centuries. It had a mast with a quadrangular sail, a steering oar in the stern, and metal shields on the sides to protect the rowers. A Viking warship with high seaworthiness.
Zabara is a small cargo ship, used in France and Spain for coastal navigation in the Bay of Biscay in the 19th century. Load capacity up to 80 tons.
Iol, 1) a small 2-masted sailing ship, used in the Baltic and Black Seas at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. for security and intelligence services. Length up to 15 m, width up to 4 m, draft more than 2 m, 3-7 small-caliber guns. 2) Type of 2-mast sailing rig of the yacht.
Kaag is a small 1-mast merchant ship with a shallow draft, used in the Netherlands in the 18th - 19th centuries. for coastal and river navigation.
Cabotier (French cabotier) is a flat-bottomed vessel with an elongated hull. Cabotiers were originally built in the French province of Normandy. At the end of the 19th century. they were used for freight transport along the Seine River.
Kawasaki, 1) in Japan, a flat-bottomed fishing boat. Length about 13 m, width about 3 m, side height 0.7 m, crew up to 13 people. It had one removable mast and a straight sail made of thin matting (with an area of 32 m2). 2) In the Russian Far East, a fishing sailing or motor boat with a displacement of up to 14 tons.
Kayik (Turkish kayik) is a small fishing sailing vessel used in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea. Sailing rig: sprint mainsail, rectangular topsail, foresail staysail and several jibs
Caravel (pt. caravella) 1) a marine 1-deck sailing vessel with high sides and superstructures in the bow and stern, used in the 13th - 17th centuries. in Mediterranean countries. Length 15-35 m, width 4.3-9 m, draft 2-4 m, displacement 200-400 tons, had 3-4 masts. 2) Until the 15th century. small Portuguese fishing boat.
Caraque (French caraque) is a large sailing ship. In the XIII - XVI centuries. were built first in Portugal and Venice, and then in England and France. Used for military and commercial purposes. Length up to 36 m, width up to 9.4 m, displacement up to 1600 tons, up to 4 decks, 3-5 masts. The foremast and mainmast were rigged with straight sails, while the mizzen mast had a slanting rig. Additional topsails were often installed on the foremast and mainmast. Armament: 30-40 guns.
Karakoloy is a 1-mast sailing and rowing vessel. Built in the 17th - 19th centuries. in Indonesia.
Karakora is a light boat used in the 16th - 19th centuries. in the Greater Sunda Islands. It had a reed mast and a rectangular sail.
Karamussal (from Turkish kara - “black” and mursal - “ambassador”) is a Turkish cargo ship of the Middle Ages. It had 2 masts (with straight and oblique sails), as well as a bowsprit with a jib. These ships were built from plane tree wood and painted black.
Kayuk, 1) rowing or sailing-rowing dugout canoe on the Black or Azov Seas. 2) Sailing and rowing river cargo ship of the Northern Pomors. Length 15-24 m, width 3.6-5 m, side height 2.1-2.7 m, draft 1.2-1.5 m, load capacity 16-50 tons, crew 6-20 people.
Ketch (English ketch), 1) a small 2-masted ship with an oblique sail, appeared in the 17th century. in England and North America as a fishing and trading vessel. 2) A type of modern 2-masted sailing rig with oblique sails.
Kirzhim is a small coastal sailing and rowing vessel for transporting goods and fishing in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. Length 4.5-8.5 m, crew 3-4 people. Has a straight sail.
Kirlangich (from Turkish kirlangic - “swallow”) is a high-speed sailing and rowing vessel for messenger and reconnaissance services. It had 1-2 masts with slanting sails. In Russia in the 18th century. such ships were built on the Black Sea. Length about 22 m, width 7.6 m, draft 2.4 m.
Clipper (English clipper from clip - “to shorten”), 1) a high-speed sea sailing vessel of the 19th century. for transporting valuable cargo and passengers. Had 3-4 masts. Displacement 1000-2000 tons, speed 18-20 knots (up to 37 km/h), carried a large number of sails 2) Sailing or sail-steam (screw) high-speed warship of the 19th century. (sentinel, reconnaissance messenger service). 3) US sailing fishing vessel of the first half of the 20th century.
The Knorr was a seaworthy Viking merchant ship. Length up to 15 m, width up to 5 m, draft up to 2 m.
Corvette (French corvette), 1) Sailing warship of the 18th - 19th centuries, a messenger and reconnaissance ship, sometimes participating in cruising operations. The sailing armament is the same as that of the frigate, and the artillery armament is up to 40 guns. 2) A modern naval warship with a displacement of up to 1600 tons.
Corriera (from Italian sogrpega - “mail”) is a small Italian sailing ship of the late 18th - early 19th centuries. Used for postal and messenger services.
Kosnaya boat, kosnushka - a river sailing and rowing transport boat with sprint sails on two masts. It was distinguished by its ease of movement and was used on the rivers of Russia.
Kof (Gol. kuff) - a small Dutch coastal sailing ship in the 16th - 19th centuries. Most often, kofas had the sailing rig of a ketch; when large sizes armed as a barque or schooner and were called kof-bark or schooner-kof.
Koch - sailing and rowing fishing vessel of the Northern Slavs-Pomors of the 11th - 19th centuries. Flat-bottomed 1-deck ships, length 10-15 m, width 3-4 m, draft 1-1.5 m. Straight sail, 1 mast. In the XVI - XVII centuries. were used beyond the Urals and in Siberia. The dimensions have increased: length 20-25 m, width 5-8 m, draft up to 2 m, crew 10-15 people, additionally up to 30 people. fishermen.
Kocerma is a Turkish sailing 1-mast ship of the 19th century.
Kulaz, kulas - sailing fishing boat, length 6.5 m, width 1.2 m, carrying capacity 1-1.5 tons. Used in the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
Kungas is a Far Eastern sailing fishing or coastal transport vessel. Length 12-22 m, width 2.5-5.7 m, side height 1-1.8 m, draft 0.5-1.3 m, load capacity 20-50 tons.
Kutger (German: Kutter) is a sailing fishing vessel, or less often a cargo ship, used in the 19th century. on the southern coast of the Baltic and North Seas. It had a deck, 2 masts with slanting sails and a bowsprit with 1-2 jibs. Length approx. 18 m, width approx. 5.8 m, side height approx. 5.4 m, load capacity approx. 100 t.
Lanson - 1-, 2-mast sailing fishing or coastal vessel, used on the Black Sea in the 18th - 19th centuries. Length up to 21 m, width up to 6 m, draft up to 2.5 m. Used during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791, had 4-8 guns, 1-2 mortars.
Lantsha (Malay lanchang) is a small sailing ship used in the 19th and early 20th centuries. in the Malay Archipelago region. Had 2-3 masts. Luger sails were attached to the foremast and mainmast, and a gaff sail to the mizzenmast. It had a bowsprit with 1-2 jibs.
Battleship, battleship - in the sailing fleet of the late 17th - mid-19th centuries. the largest combat 3-masted ship with strong artillery weapons (60-130 guns). By the middle of the 19th century. The displacement of the battleships reached 5000 tons, the crew - 800 people.
Luger (English lugger), 1) a small sailing fishing vessel of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. with rack (luger) sailing equipment. Had 2-3 masts. 2) A small warship from the 19th century. with rack sails, was used in a number of European countries for messenger service. Length up to 25 m, width up to 6.5 m, draft up to 3.5 m. Armament: 10-16 small guns.
Oblas is a river sailing cargo ship used in the 19th century. on the northern rivers of Russia.
Palander - Turkish sailing ship of the 16th century. for transporting horses.
Packet boat, 1) a small 2- or 3-mast sailing postal and passenger ship, in the 17th - 19th centuries. used in some European countries. 2) In England in the 17th century. a ship intended only for the transport of mail between its own and foreign ports and regular communication with the colonies. 3) In Russia in the 17th - 19th centuries. a ship with a displacement of 200-400 tons and armed with several cannons.
Pauzok is a sailing and rowing flat-bottomed vessel, found mainly on the northern rivers of Russia. They were deckless, with one mast, had a length of up to 24 m and a carrying capacity of up to 120 tons. They usually sailed with large ships and served to remove cargo from them in shallow water.
Perama is a small coastal sailing cargo ship (Mediterranean, in particular Turkey). The rig is of the lugger type, sometimes straight. Length approx. 20 m, width 3.5-4 m.
Piata (from Italian piatto - “flat”) - a flat-bottomed vessel for unloading and loading ships in the roadstead, was used in Italy in the 19th century.
Pinasse (French pinasse, English pinnace), 1) a small sailing vessel of the flute type, used in Northern Europe in the 16th - 17th centuries. It had a flat stern, 2-3 masts, and served mainly for trading purposes. 2) Currently the name of an open British Navy rowboat (sometimes equipped with an auxiliary engine). 3) A sailing fishing vessel with a raised bow and a sharp stern. Used in the waters of the Bay of Biscay.
Peter-boat (English peter - boat) is a sailing-rowing fishing boat, widely used on the Thames River in England.
Plate (English playte) is a sailing ship that served in the 15th century. in England for the transport of goods and passengers between the ports of England and France.
Pram (Gol. praam), 1) a flat-bottomed sailing (1-masted) ship, used in the 17th century. in the Netherlands for transporting goods along rivers. 2) A flat-bottomed sailing ship with strong artillery (up to 44 large-caliber guns, sometimes several mortars). 3) In Sweden in the 17th century. a military vessel used in coastal areas and on rivers to bombard enemy fortresses and fortifications. 4) In Russia in the 18th century. such ships served to protect Kronstadt from the sea. Their length is 35 m, width 10.6 m, strength 1 to 3 m. At the same time, semi-frames of half the size were built in the Baltic.
Ranshina, ranshchina - sailing-rowing 2-, 3-mast fishing vessel of the northern Slavs (Pomors) of the 11th - 19th centuries, adapted for early spring fishing and sea, animal in heavy ice conditions. It had an egg-shaped bottom and a straight, inclined stem. Load capacity 25-70 tons.
Rashiva is a sailing cargo ship used in the late 17th - early 19th centuries. in the Volga basin and the Caspian Sea. Length 30-50 m, width 10-12 m, side height up to 2.7 m, draft 1.2-1.8 m, load capacity 100-500 tons. Mast height 20-30 m, large straight rack sail, speed with with a load of 60-80 km per day downstream and 30 km against the current. When there was a calm and a headwind, barge haulers pulled the bark.
Sakoleva is a small sailing merchant ship found in the Aegean and Black Seas. It had up to three masts (one with straight sails, the other two with oblique sails); length 12-15 m, width 3.5-5 m.
Svoyskaya boat is a sailing-rowing fishing boat for coastal sea fishing, used in the Caspian Sea. It had 2 masts with raked sails, a covered forecastle and poop. It had a shallow draft (up to 0.45 m) and moved while fishing with the help of poles. Crew 4 people
Scampaveya (from Italian sampare - “disappear” and via - “away”) is a small galley, a small rowing ship of the Russian skerry fleet of the 18th century. Borrowed from the Italians. It was a copy of a Venetian galley reduced by 30-40% and was intended for reconnaissance, transportation of troops, landings, and boarding battles in skerries. Length 22 m, width about 3 m, draft 0.7 m, 12-18 pairs of oars, 1-2 masts with slanting sails. Armament: 1-2 light cannons. Capacity up to 150 people.
Strug, 1) a flat-bottomed sailing and rowing vessel of the Eastern Slavs of the 6th - 13th centuries, intermediate in size between a canoe and a boat, the Strug could accommodate 10-12 people, was used for transporting people and soil along rivers and lakes. It had 10-12 pairs of oars, a removable mast with a small straight sail, which was set with a fair wind, and a device for portaging. Length 20-45 m, width 4-10 m. 2) In the 16th - 17th centuries. small plows were used to protect river trade caravans from robbery. Armament: light cannons (bass), capacity 60-80 warriors (streltsy). The plows were of the following types: deck, light, lifting, soap, sea, attic, admiral, palace. At the end of the 17th century. Plows were used by Peter I to transport troops during the siege of Narva and Azov.
Tarida is a sailing and rowing vessel 30-35 m long, used in the Mediterranean countries in the 12th - 14th centuries. It was used as a trade and military transport.
Tartana (Italian tartana - “small ship”), 1) a sailing military and merchant ship used in the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages. It had one deck, 2-3 masts with slanting sails. 2) Light combat 2-masted ship of the 18th century. with slanting sails and several cannons. 3) Currently a 1-mast sailing vessel for coastal shipping and fishing (Mediterranean Sea). Length 8-20 m, width 3-4.5 m.
Trebaka, trabaccolo (Italian trabaccolo) is a sailing cargo or coastal fishing vessel used in the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas. Length approx. 28 m, width approx. 6 m., side height 1-2 m, raked sailing rig, on
bowsprit 2 jibs.
Trekatr is a small sailing and rowing cargo ship used in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. In wartime, they were used to transport goods and troops and had up to 10 small cannons on board.
Tuer, tuer ship (from the English tow - “pull”) - a vessel that moves by pulling a continuous chain (cable) laid along the bottom of a river or canal.
Tuzik is a small (no more than 3 m long) boat on a ship, used for communication with the shore, bringing in anchors and other ship work.
Tunbas - seaworthy sailing cargo ship of Turkey in the 17th - 18th centuries. Often used for landing operations.
Unzhak (named after the Unzha River, a tributary of the Volga) is a wooden cargo ship, used in the 19th - 20th centuries. on Russian rivers, including shallow ones. Length 50-60 m, width approx. 14 m, carrying capacity 300-450 tons. Undecked vessel with an inclined stem.
Uchan - Novgorod flat-bottomed sailing and rowing cargo ship of the 13th - 15th centuries. Slightly larger in size than a shuttle.
Ushkol is a light sailing and rowing sea vessel of the Turkish fleet of the 17th century. It was used mainly in the Black and Azov Seas to protect trade caravans. It had one mast with a slanting sail.
Ushkuy is a Novgorod sailing and rowing flat-bottomed vessel of the 13th - 15th centuries. It had a removable mast and could accommodate up to 30-40 people. It was used by Novgorod robbers - “ushkuiniki” for raids on neighboring lands (mainly the Upper Volga).
Felucca, felucca (Italian feluca from Arabic, “fuluka” - “boat”), 1) a boat on Mediterranean galleys, which served for communication with the shore and between ships. It had 3-5 pairs of oars, a mast with a slanting sail. 2) A small coastal sailing vessel in the Mediterranean countries for transporting goods and fishing. It had 1-3 short masts with slanting sails, and sometimes oars. Used by Greek pirates (at that time there were 6-8 cannons on board). 3) On the Black and Azov Seas, a sailing-rowing or sailing-motor fishing boat with an oblique quadrangular sail. Length 6 m, width approx. 2 m, draft approx. 0.5 m, load capacity 5-6 tons.
Flute (Gol. fluit) - a sailing transport ship of the Netherlands of the 16th - 18th centuries. There were straight sails on the foremast and mainmast, and a mizzen and topsail on the mizzen mast. A steering wheel appeared on flutes for the first time. In Russia, such ships have been part of the Baltic Fleet since the 17th century.
Flibot (French flibot) is a small flat-bottomed sailing vessel with a lifting capacity of up to 100 tons, used in the 18th - 19th centuries. in the Netherlands for fishing.
Frigate (gol. fregat), 1) in the XIII - XVI centuries. a sailing-rowing messenger ship with 4-5 pairs of oars and a slanting sail. 2) In the 18th century. the largest sailing and rowing ship of the skerry fleet (with 12-18 pairs of oars and approximately 38 cannons); used in the Russian fleet since the end of the 15th century. 3) In the XVIII - XX centuries. A 3-masted sailing or sail-steam warship with a full sail rig. When included in the battle line, frigates were called battleships. Artillery armament up to 62 guns. From the middle of the 19th century. Frigates began to be equipped with steam engines and paddle wheels, as well as propellers (steam frigates), and from 1860 - with armor (armored frigates). 4) Currently, a Navy ship designed to search and destroy submarines, anti-submarine, anti-aircraft and missile defense of ships and transports, have a displacement of up to 4000 tons, a speed of 30 knots (55.5 km/h), are armed with missile systems, carry 1 -2 helicopters.
Fusta (Italian fusta) - a small, fast Venetian galley of the 13th - 16th centuries. Length approx. 27 m., width approx. 4 m.
Hatchboat (eng. hatch boat - “vessel with a cage”) is a fishing vessel with a collapsible deck and one or more lockable cages for live fish, used in the USA until the mid-20th century.
Hoy (Hol. heu) is a small sailing and rowing boat, used mainly in Holland during the era of the sailing fleet for transporting passengers and cargo from the shore to large ships.
Heuer (German: Heuer) is a fishing boat used by fishermen on the Pomeranian coast of the Baltic Sea at the end of the 19th century.
Holk, hulk (English hulk) is a koga-type vessel, approximately twice as large in size. Used in England, France and the Netherlands in the 16th - 17th centuries. for trading purposes. It had 3 masts and a displacement of up to 400 tons.
Chaika is a river rowing vessel of the Zaporozhye Cossacks of the 16th - 17th centuries, adapted for sea voyages. They had 12-15 pairs of oars, a removable mast up to 4 m high with a straight sail, which was set with a tailwind. Length up to 20 m, width 3-4 m, crew 50-70 people, armament up to 6 light guns.
Chektarme is a light sailing cargo ship of the Turkish fleet with 1-2 masts. Load capacity up to 50 tons. In wartime, it was used as a messenger ship and had up to 4 small cannons on board.
Chaland (French chaland from the Greek "shelandion"), 1) a small shallow-draft non-self-propelled vessel for port unloading of large ships anchored in the roadstead. 2) A flat-bottomed fishing sailing boat with a retractable keel, used in the Black and Azov Seas. Length 7.5-8.5 m, width approx. 2.5 m, side height 0.8-0.9 m, draft 0.6-0.7 m, load capacity 3-5 tons.
Shebeka (Italian sciabecco, from Arabic, “shabbak”) is a sailing-rowing 3-masted ship with oblique sails, used in the Middle Ages in the Mediterranean Sea for military and transport purposes. It had up to 40 oars and 30-50 small-caliber guns. The design of the shebek was close to the caravel. Shebeks appeared in the Russian fleet in the 18th century. Length 36.5 m, beam 10.2 m, draft 3.3 m.
Shkut, shkout (Gol. schoot) - a sailing military or transport, less often fishing vessel, used in the 18th - 19th centuries. on the Baltic and Caspian seas, Lakes Ladoga and Onega, and on the Volga. Large skins had the sailing rig of a frigate, while roans had the rig of a brig. Length 17-45 m, width 4.5-8.5 m, draft 1.2-1.6 m; load capacity 150-500t, crew 12-18 people.
Sloop (vol. sloep), 1) in the 18th - 19th centuries. sailing 3-masted warship with a square rig, intermediate in size between a corvette and a brig. Used for reconnaissance, patrol and messenger services. 2) Marine transport and fishing 1-mast vessel. 3) During the First World War, a low-speed patrol ship with a displacement of up to 1000 tons, a speed of up to 16 knots (29.6 km/h). 4) Currently, the type of sailing equipment of sports ships.
Shmak, shmaka - a small decked sailing ship, used in the 17th - 19th centuries. for transporting goods, transporting passengers, fishing in the North and Baltic Seas. It had the sailing rig of a sloop or ketch, depending on size. In Russia, 2-mast shmak with oblique sails were used in the first half of the 18th century. as military transports, as well as for transporting timber on the Baltic and Caspian Seas. Length 18-27 m, width approx. 7 m, side height approx. 3 m, load capacity 40-140 t.
Auger, auger, 1) sea sailing and rowing vessel of the Scandinavian peoples of the 12th - 14th centuries. The auger was similar to a drakar, but was smaller in size, equipped with 1-2 masts with straight sails, 15-20 pairs of oars, and could accommodate up to 100 people. 2) In the XI - XIX centuries. sailing and rowing fishing vessel of the Northern Slavs (Pomors). Flat-bottomed, undecked vessel with a mast height of approx. 6 m, with straight or sprint sail. The large augers had a second mast with a gaff sail, as well as a jib. Length 7-12 m, width 2-2.5 m, draft 0.6-0.8 m, load capacity 2.5-4 tons, crew up to 4 people.
Elpidifor is a steam transport and landing ship used in the Russian Black Sea Fleet during the First World War. Displacement approx. 1000 tons, armament - small-caliber artillery, landing force 500-1000 people.
Yacht (English yacht, Goal jacht) is a vessel equipped with sails or equipped with a mechanical engine, intended for walking, tourism or sports. Yachts include small sailing vessels, regardless of their size and design type. Depending on their purpose, yachts can be racing, cruising-racing, pleasure or tourist.
Pomeranian Koch
The beginning of shipbuilding in the North dates back to the 11th century, when the Novgorod Slavs penetrated this region. For hunting and fishing, and pearling, they built wooden ships - lodya, ushkui and then kochi, karbasy, ranshyn, shnyak, kochmary. The first shipyards were called rafts in Rus' (from carpenter, carpenter). The construction of ships was carried out in winter and spring, in free time from fishing. The vessels served for 3-4 years.
The oldest centers of Pomeranian shipbuilding were the villages of Kandalaksha, Knyazhaya Guba, Kovda, Kem, Keret, Okladnikova Sloboda at the mouth of the Mezen, Podporozhye at the mouth of Onega, Pustozersk at the mouth of Pechora, the mouth of the Northern Dvina, Kholmogory. In connection with the further penetration of Russians to the north Kola Peninsula in the middle of the 16th century. The production of fishing boats began in Ust-Kola (modern Kola) on the shore of a shallow ice-free bay. Kola became the main shipbuilding center on Murman. In Siberia, ships were built in the Berezovsky fort and Obdorsk (modern Salekhard) at the mouth of the Ob, in Mangazeya, Yakutsk, and the Kolyma fort.
The most original, widespread and famous type of northern vessel was the Pomeranian koch. It was on the Kochis that voyages were made, during which the Pomors and Cossacks made many geographical discoveries. Kochi had a significant influence on the further development of the types of ships used for the development of the polar seas.
Koch is a Pomeranian wooden sea and river vessel of the 14th century. – beginning of the 20th century It was the result of the development of the Novgorod ushkuy - a military and merchant ship built in the 13th-15th centuries. The keel of the ushkui was hewn out from one trunk and was a beam, on top of which a wide board, which served as the basis for belts external cladding.
Pomeranian Koch
The name “koch” probably comes from the word “kogg” (ships of the Hanseatic League, common in northern Europe in the 13th-15th centuries). According to another version, the Pomeranian word “kotsa” or “kocha” meant clothing. By equipping the hull with double plating, the Pomors dressed their ships, as it were.
The initial length of the deckless kocha is 18-19 m, width – 4-4.5 m, draft – 0.9 m, load capacity – 3.2-4 t (200-250 poods). They were built from pine or cedar boards more than 2 m long and 0.71 m wide. The boards were obtained by splitting wood into 3-4 blocks and trimming them. The construction of the kocha required over 3,000 fastening brackets, about 1 km of ropes and ropes. In calm weather, the koch moved with the help of four pairs of oars.
Koch was suitable for sailing or rowing in clear water and broken ice, as well as for dragging across not very wide and relatively flat ice fields. They withstood the impacts of ice floes and were very maneuverable, which is important when moving in bays, near the shore, in shallow water, and also in waterways. Their shallow draft allowed Pomors to enter river mouths and land on the shore almost anywhere.
The main feature of the koch was the egg-shaped hull, thanks to which the ship was pushed upward when the ice compressed. The experience of the Pomors was subsequently taken into account by the Norwegian shipbuilder K. Archer when designing the research vessel "Fram" and by Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov when creating the world's first Arctic icebreaker "Ermak".
Pomor shipbuilders used their own terminology. Every detail of the kocha had its own special name. The parts of the set were made mainly from pine and larch. The keel was a “matitsa” - a trunk, at the ends of which inclined “corgis” (stems) were installed, and along the entire length, at intervals of about half a meter, “urpugs” (frames) and “hens” (ridges-hoops) were placed. From above, both were connected by “seams” (beams), and the upper deck was laid on them. Below it, to the frames, with staples and, less often, nails, they attached battens and sheathing - outer cladding boards, filling the grooves with tarred tow. Additional skin, the so-called “ice coat” or “kotsu”, was laid slightly above and below the waterline.
The mast (shegla) was secured with shrouds (in Pomeranian - “legs”), and a boom was subsequently attached to it for lifting loads. A “raina” (yard) with wooden, or less often iron, rings freely sliding along it was hoisted onto the mast, to which a rectangular sail with an area of up to 150 m2 was attached. Raina was raised using a rope “drogue”, and the sail was controlled by “vazhi” (sheets). The sail was sewn from canvas panels; it was 13-14 m high and 8-8.5 m wide. Kochi are considered the first Russian ships with a mounted rudder instead of a steering oar (later a steering wheel was installed on them). Like the boats, they had three anchors (one spare). Koch could walk up to 250 km per day. The rich maritime terminology of the Pomors convincingly indicates that their ships sailed under the wind on the same tacks as modern sailing ships. They were also familiar with the close-hauled course, when the ship goes steeply into the wind.
For a long time, it was generally accepted that the seaworthiness of the nomads was extremely low. Famous polar explorer and historian of Arctic development V.Yu. Wiese wrote about the campaigns of the Pomors to Mangazeya in the 17th century: “...Russian Kochi are ships with, undoubtedly, very low seaworthiness, which are therefore usually vilified in literature in every possible way (“fragile”, “somehow put together”, “clumsy” and etc.), - in this case, compared to foreign ships, rather represented some advantages, because they sailed to Mangazeya not on the open sea (where ice posed a great danger), but close to the coast, i.e. along a shallow fairway (“and in some places it’s deep in the lips, and in other places the vessels melt”). Small kochi could follow this fairway, but it was inaccessible to foreign expeditionary vessels with deep draft. It was thanks to sailing close to the shore, which could only be done on small vessels, that our Pomors mastered the sea route to the Ob.”
However, archaeological excavations and modern reconstructions of the nomads disprove the idea of their low seaworthiness. And it is unlikely that the Pomors could go on very fragile “shells” on long voyages to Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen, at the mouth of the Ob. In 1648 S.I. Dezhnev set out on his famous journey, the result of which was the passage of the Bering Strait on large kochas built in the Kolyma prison.
By the middle of the 16th century. Kochis have spread widely in the northern region of the country. Especially many of them were built in the 16th-17th centuries. in Karelia and at the shipyards of the Solovetsky Monastery, in the 17th century. - in Mangazeya, on the Yamal Peninsula, in Berezovo and Kem. By the 17th century The koch became deck-mounted, its length sometimes reached 25-30 m, width - 6 m, carrying capacity - 400 tons (2.5 thousand poods). The kocha body was usually divided into three “lofts” (compartments). In the bow there was a “fence” (kubrick) for a team of 10-15 people, and a stove was also installed there. A cargo hold with a waterproof “creature” (hatch) was installed in the center; passengers – merchants and industrialists (up to 50 people) – were accommodated here. The aft attic was allocated for the “cabin” (cabin) of the helmsman - the captain. Two boats were attached in front of the cabin (on large ships - two small karbas) for fishing, communication with the shore and refloating the vessel. For navigation on small rivers and lakes, small kochi (pavozki, or pauzki) were used - flat-bottomed, with low sides, first straight, then with camber.
Work on the construction of nomads was usually supervised by an experienced “nomadic master”. Over time, entire dynasties of Pomor shipbuilders emerged in the North - the Deryabins, Vargasovs, Vaigachevs from Kholmogory, the Kulakov brothers from Arkhangelsk and many others.
The decree banning maritime trade with Mangazeya, issued in 1619, slowed down the development of Arctic navigation for a long time. At the same time, purely fishing voyages of the Pomors continued. At the beginning of the 18th century. Peter I, by a special decree, prohibited the construction of ships of traditional types, trying to reorient shipbuilders to the creation of sailing ships of exclusively European type. But despite everything, the construction of the nomads continued. They are even mentioned in the report on the activities of the Arkhangelsk port for 1912.
The memory of Pomeranian ships is also preserved on the map of the Arctic. So, at the mouth of the Yana there is Nomad Bay.
This text is an introductory fragment.
