Payment utilities day by day becomes higher, thereby reducing family funds for other needs. Regardless of the region of residence, each consumer can note that the amounts presented for payment for receiving heat in an apartment are the most significant.
But at the same time, tenants do not know how correct these charges are, because how the payment for heating is calculated is often known only to heat workers.
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Legislative basis for the formation of payment for heating
Currently, the procedure for determining the amount of payment for the provided heat is based on Decree 354 of the Government of the Russian Federation. The adoption of this standard took place in 2012, and since then the main version of the document has undergone various adjustments.
Changes were repeatedly made to the method of calculation itself. The concept of “general house heat supply needs” was introduced, which was calculated separately from the heating of residential premises. But in 2013, the heat supply service was combined into a single utility service, without separation according to the purpose of the premises.
Improvements are underway to the present, so in 2017 new formulas were introduced to calculate the amount presented for payment by the consumer. And in the current period, the calculation is carried out precisely according to such criteria and using a new procedure for generating payments.
Factors affecting the formation of payment in an apartment building
According to the legislation, the formation of the amount received for payment for the service provided is influenced by the following factors:
- Type of heat supply system depending on the source of heat supply. Since the classification system is centralized and decentralized, the formation of the payment system depends on this factor.
- The presence of metering devices for the consumption of thermal energy, regardless of the purpose. That is, the calculations provided for payment include both common house mechanisms and individual heat meters.
- The method of calculating the payment for the operation of heat supply. The method is understood as the presentation of accounts all year round or only during the heating season. The heating payment method is adopted at the regional level. Thermal workers of each region are authorized to make charges on the fact of consumption, excluding summer time, but within the framework of regulatory acts of regional significance.
- Availability of technical feasibility of installing IPU thermal energy.
Based on the existing factors that affect the formation of the amounts claimed for compensation, several options for calculating the payment for heat supply can be distinguished.
Accrual algorithm No. 1
The main components of the calculation are the centralized heating system, there are no metering devices, the seasonal way of presenting the fee.
According to the Rules for the formation of the cost of heat supply, which are approved by Decree No. 354, the calculation is made according to the following formula:
P payment = S total * N * T,
S total - the total area of \u200b\u200bthe occupied dwelling, m 2.
N - heat consumption according to the standard, Gcal / m 2. This indicator is developed locally by authorized energy commissions. Adopted by local governments and subject to revision once every 3 years.
T is the regional tariff for heat energy, rubles. In the case of several housing and communal services organizations supplying heat, this figure may vary between companies.
Attention! If it is technically possible to provide apartment building the heat resource calculation device introduces an additional load in the form of K k.p. - a multiplying coefficient, the value of which has been included in the calculations since 2016. From January 1, 2017, the coefficient for any calculation method without counters is 1.5.
Accrual algorithm No. 2
The main components of the calculation are the centralized heating system, there are no metering devices, the accrual is made evenly, throughout the year, including summer.
Under these conditions, a different formula of the Rules is applied to the calculation, namely formula No. 2-1, and the fee is charged as follows:
P olaty \u003d S total * (N * K) * T,
S total - the total area of the apartment, m 2.
N is an indicator of the rate of consumption of heating services, Gcal / m 2.
K is a coefficient showing the frequency of payment for the provided heat. It is taken as the ratio of the number of months of the actual heating season, including incomplete ones, to the year-round period. For example, heating in the region was 7 months, the coefficient is calculated as 7/12=0.583. The definition of the coefficient was adopted by Government Decree No. 857.
T is the regional tariff for covering heat supply services in rubles.
Accrual algorithm No. 3
Modern new buildings in most cases receive uninterrupted heat supply using autonomous IHS. With this heating source, independent production coolant using equipment that is the common property of all owners of the Moscow Railways.
The amount of payment for this type of heat carrier generation is determined by the following formula:
V is the amount of the communal resource that was spent on the production of the coolant. These include heat, electricity, cold water. According to Decree No. 1498, the average volumes of resources used for the previous calendar year are taken into account.
S - The total quadrature of the calculated dwelling.
S - The total area of all premises in the Moscow Railway.
T - The price of each communal resource used for the manufacture of coolant in the ITP.
How to reduce heating bills
Having considered all types of cost formation, it can be found that service providers have protected themselves from possible losses by introducing multiplying factors and various overhead costs into the calculations when forming the tariff. Every thrifty tenant does not want to pay inflated amounts that are listed on the receipt.
Therefore, some options for charging for the heat supply service of housing have been calculated and the following ways to reduce payment for utility services have been made. These include:
- refuse to provide C/O services and switch to individual consumption by installing a heating boiler. The method is quite expensive and requires registration a large number documents;
- install a heat meter in the MZD. In this case, accruals will be made according to the amount of natural resource consumed. At the same time, the presentation of the amount is carried out depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe dwelling, the number of registered persons in the apartment does not affect the calculations;
- organize the provision of the Moscow Railways with an individual heating point. The costly option, however, quickly pays off, and it is very suitable for SMDs or other communities of owners that are not dependent on the management company or the housing office.
You can carry out your mathematical calculations of the correctness of the charge for the operation of heat supply in your apartment using the provided formulas and having information about existing tariffs. There may be cases when the amounts presented are received erroneously and need to be adjusted by the consumer. All information that relates to regulatory figures and indicators is always widely available and the consumer can use it to compare with the numbers specified in the payments.
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2015 (from 01.01.2015. to 06.30.2015.)
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2015:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 36.2523 rubles / sq.m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 12.0841 rubles / sq.m
Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2015:
An example of calculating the cost of a hot water service for 1 person with a complete improvement of the apartment (from 1 to 10 floors, equipped with a sink, washbasin, bathroom 1500-1700 mm long with a shower) in the absence of hot water meters:
January-June 0.2120 Gcal/per person per month * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 209.986 rubles / person
Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply according to the DHW meter in 2015:
Normative consumption of thermal energy for heating 1 cu. m of water * Tariff for thermal energy= cost of service for heating 1 cu. m
January - June 0.0467 Gcal/cub. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 46.2564 rubles / cu. m
year 2014
Calculation of the cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. meters of total area in 2014:
Heating consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of thermal energy for heating 1 sq. m:
January-April 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 34.2001 rubles / sq.m
May 0.0122 Gcal/sq. m * 934.43 rubles / Gcal = 11.4000 rubles / sq.m
October 0.0322 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 31.8941 rubles / sq. m
November - December 0.0366 Gcal/sq. m * 990.50 rubles / Gcal = 36.2523 rubles / sq.m
Calculation of the cost of services for hot water supply for 1 person in 2014:
DHW consumption standard * Tariff for thermal energy = cost of DHW service per 1 person
1 Cal/Hour = 0.864 * 1 W/Hour
1 kilocal => 1000 cal
1 megacal => 1,000 kcal => 1,000,000 cal
1 gigacal => 1,000 mcal => 1,000,000 kcal => 1,000,000,000 cal
Thus:
the energy supplying organization indicated 0.21 Gcal/h. How much is it in kW?
0.21 Gcal / h is 0.21 * 1000000 / 0.864 \u003d 243 055.6 W \u003d 243.06 kW
1 kcal/h = 1.163 W
1 Gcal/hour = 1.163 mW
Units of measurement of thermal power and quantity of heat
Cal (calorie) - unit of measurement of thermal energy
kcal (kilocalorie) - unit of heat energy
What is Gcal? Everything is very simple. The very value of Gcal / hour tells us that this is the amount of heat generated, released or received by the consumer in 1 hour. Therefore, if we want to know the number of Gcal per day, we multiply by 24, per month - by another 30 or 31, depending on the number of days in the billing period.
And now the most interesting - why we will convert Gcal / hour to Gcal
?
Let's start with the fact that Gcal is the value that we most often see in the receipt for payment of utility bills.
The heat supply organization, through simple calculations, determined how much money it needs to receive by releasing 1 Gcal to us in order to compensate for its costs for gas, electricity, rent, payment for its workers, the cost of spare parts, taxes to the state (by the way, they are almost 50% of the cost of 1 Gcal) and while making a small profit. We will not touch on this side of the issue now. you can argue about tariffs as much as you like , and always any of the disputing parties is right in its own way. This is a market, and in the market, as they said under the communists, there are two fools - and each of them is trying to deceive the other.
For us the main thing how to touch and count this Gcal. The dry rule says - a calorie, and this is 1000 million parts of Gcal, a unit of the amount of work or energy, equal to the amount of heat required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree at an atmospheric pressure of 101,325 Pa (1atm = 1kgf / cm2 or roughly = 0.1 MPa).
Most often, we are faced with - gigacalorie (Gcal)(10 to the ninth power of calories) is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a hecocalorie. Do not confuse with hectoKal - we almost never hear about hektoKal, except for textbooks.
Here is the ratio of Cal and Gcal to each other.
1 cal
1 hectocal = 100 cal
1 kilocal (kcal) = 1000 cal
1 megacal (mcal) = 1000 kcal = 1000000 cal
1 GigaCal (Gcal) = 1000 Mcal = 1000000 kcal = 1000000000 Cal
When speaking or writing on receipts, Gcal- we are talking about how much heat was released to you or will be released for the entire period - it can be a day, a month, a year, heating season etc.
When they say or write Gcal/hour- it means, . If the calculation is for a month, then these ill-fated Gcal are multiplied by the number of hours per day (24 if there were no interruptions in heat supply) and days per month (for example, 30), but also when we received heat in fact.
Now how do you calculate this gigacalorie or hecocalorie (Gcal) allocated to you personally.
For this we need to know:
- temperature at the supply (supply pipeline of the heating network) - average value per hour;
- the temperature on the return line (return pipeline of the heating network) - also the average per hour.
- the flow rate of the coolant in the heating system for the same period of time.
We consider the temperature difference between what came to our house and what returned from us to heating network.
For example: 70 degrees came, we returned 50 degrees, we have 20 degrees left.
And we also need to know the flow of water in the heating system.
If you have a heat meter, we are fine looking for a value on the screen in t/h. By the way, according to a good heat meter, you can immediately find Gcal/hour- or as they sometimes say instantaneous consumption, then you don’t need to count, just multiply it by hours and days and get heat in Gcal for the range you need.
True, this will also be approximately, as if the heat meter counts itself for each hour and puts it in its archive, where you can always look at them. Average store hourly archives for 45 days, and monthly up to three years. Indications in Gcal can always be found and checked by the management company or.
Well, what if there is no heat meter. You have a contract, there are always these ill-fated Gcal. According to them, we calculate the consumption in t / h.
For example, the contract says - the allowed maximum heat consumption is 0.15 Gcal / hour. It may be written differently, but Gcal / hour will always be.
We multiply 0.15 by 1000 and divide by the temperature difference from the same contract. You will be indicated temperature chart- for example 95/70 or 115/70 or 130/70 with a cut at 115, etc.
0.15 x 1000 / (95-70) = 6 t / h, these 6 tons per hour are what we need, this is our planned pumping (coolant flow rate) to which it is necessary to strive so as not to have overflow and underflow (unless of course in the contract you correctly indicated the value of Gcal / hour)
And, finally, we consider the heat received earlier - 20 degrees (the temperature difference between what came to our house and what returned from us to the heating network) we multiply by the planned pumping (6 tons / hour) we get 20 x 6/1000 = 0.12 Gcal/hour.
This value of heat in Gcal released to the whole house, it will be calculated for you personally Management Company, usually this is done by the ratio of the total area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment to the heated area of \u200b\u200bthe whole house, I will write more about this in another article.
The method described by us is of course rough, but for every hour this method is possible, just keep in mind that some heat meters average flow values for different periods of time from several seconds to 10 minutes. If the water consumption changes, for example, who disassembles the water, or you have weather-dependent automation, the readings in Gcal may differ slightly from those you received. But this is on the conscience of the developers of heat meters.
And one more small note, value of consumed heat energy (amount of heat) on your heat meter(heat meter, heat quantity calculator) can be displayed in various units of measurement - Gcal, GJ, MWh, kWh. I give the ratio of units of Gcal, J and kW for you in the table: And even better, more accurate and easier, if you use a calculator to convert energy units from Gcal to J or kW.
Heat / Heating, heat supply - payment
With the beginning of each heating season, the residents of apartment buildings again and again raise the question: on what basis do we pay "for heat?", "isn't it too much?" and “how to check the correctness of charges for heating?”.
And yet, the payment for heating is the most incomprehensible part of the payments for the "communal" for citizens. In the receipts that we receive, there is a line "Heating". It has a meaningless unit of measure - " gigacalories". And even less for us is the explanatory figure in the column "volume of services rendered."
What services? How are they counted? And what about calories? And where does the number of them come from, which for some reason is attributed to your apartment? Let's figure it out.
But let's say right away - the calculation of the amount that you have to pay for heat occurs according to rather complicated rules. They include many formulas and take some time to figure out.
Therefore, we propose to act as follows: first, consider the logic of calculations as a whole, you can understand which of the options applies to your home. And then we will go through the formulas by which the payment for heating is calculated in each specific variant.
How is the heating bill calculated? General logic
So, let's start with " calories", or rather Gigacalories (Gcal). These are units of measure for thermal energy. She, thermal energy, is supplied to your apartments by means of a heat carrier - i.e. water heated to the desired temperature.
Passing through the heating system of the house, the coolant gives up part of its energy and makes the batteries and risers in your apartment hot. Therefore, it is natural that the amount of heat that enters our house is measured in Gcal.
If you have a heat meter in your apartment, then answering this question is relatively simple. How much the counter counted, so much was consumed. Plus, it is necessary to add to this the part of the heat that is spent on heating landings, elevator lobbies, etc. This is called heat for common house needs. How its volume is calculated, we will indicate below.
In general, we can say that, of course, it is easier to calculate the volume of your consumption using an apartment heat meter. The problem, however, is that heat meters in apartments of high-rise buildings began to be installed quite recently and few people have them installed now. However, there are such people, and the current legislation clearly describes how they calculate their payment. We will consider this in detail.
A much more common case is when the heat meter is at the "entrance" to an apartment building. Such a counter is called a common house or collective. His testimony makes it possible to understand how much heat entered the house. Then you can calculate how much of this energy falls on each apartment.
Distribution in this case occurs in proportion to the area of apartments. This calculation looks quite logical. We give all the necessary formulas below.
Well, what happens if there is no common house heat meter? We answer: the calculation is carried out according to the heating standards. The standard in this case is the calculated amount of thermal energy that is necessary to heat one square meter of housing for a month. They are measured in Gcal per sq. meter.
Because the temperature regime we have in winter different parts countries is very different, then the heating standards are determined by regional authorities and differ in different subjects of the federation. In addition, for different types Housing can be set and different standards. Which is quite logical - the heat loss in the old barracks and the relatively modern 11-story building built in the 80s, of course, is different.
The algorithm for calculating the payment for heating according to the standards is quite simple. The area of your apartment is multiplied by the current standard, the result is the amount of thermal energy that is (theoretically) needed to keep you warm. Naturally, all these calculations are somewhat speculative and often do not correspond to the actual consumption of thermal energy.
Our government has been stubbornly fighting with payment for heating according to the standards for some time now. The installation of general building heat meters is recognized as mandatory. And if there is no common house meter (although there is a technical possibility for installing it), then the heating fee is charged with “penalty” coefficients. From January 1, 2017, it is 1.5. The details of the calculation according to the standard are also given below.
In the meantime, let's sum up the intermediate result. The figure that describes the amount of heat consumed in your bill can appear in one of three ways:
- based on your testimony apartment meter heat (plus your share of the heat consumption for general house needs)
- based on the total volume of heat consumption attributable to your share (calculated according to the general building meter)
- based on heating standards, if you do not have a common house meter in your house.
One more important clarification: according to the current legislation, the payment for heating can be calculated:
- during the heating season
- throughout the year
Which of these options to follow is decided by the regional authorities. If a decision is made to charge heating fees throughout the year, then special correction factors are applied in the formulas for calculating heating fees. We will talk about them below, in the section where formulas are analyzed.
Here we note one important thing concerning payments for heat throughout the year: if you pay for heat even in the summer months, and your house has a common house heat meter, then you must make an annual adjustment payment for heating.
Just mark it for yourself, we'll get to that in more detail below.
Now that we have generally figured out how the payment for heat is calculated, let's move on to the formulas that describe what kind of payment you should have.
How is the payment for heating calculated if payments are received only during the heating season?
Currently, the cost of heating services is calculated on the basis of the "Rules for the provision of utility services to owners and users of premises in apartment buildings and residential buildings", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 of May 6, 2011. The current version of this document.
In order not to be confused in the future, we will call this document easier - " Rules".
Let us clarify once again, if your payment for heat is charged only for the period October - May, then everything written in this section applies specifically to you. If, in your case, payments for heat come monthly, including in summer, then.
Let's proceed directly to the calculation of payment for heat. Their algorithm, as we wrote above, depends on the following factors:
- the presence of a common house meter in the house
- availability of apartment (individual) heat meters in all apartments and non-residential premises of the house
- and also (we did not write about this above, but now we will bring you up to date) from the presence in at least 50% of the residential (and non-residential) premises of an apartment building of the so-called "distributors»
Let's deal with each of these points.
Option 1. A common house heat meter is not installed in your house.
In this case, the heating fee is calculated based on three parameters:
- the standard for heating approved in your region, how many gigacalories (Gcal) are needed to heat one square meter for a month
- approved heating tariff for your heat supplier, i.e. how much is one Gcal
- the area of your apartment (we recall that the heated area does not include the area of \u200b\u200bthe loggia or balcony).
The formula that describes the calculation of heating fees in the absence of an individual (apartment) and a common house meter looks like this:
| P i =S i x N t x T t |
Si- total area i of residential or non-residential premises.
N t- the standard for the consumption of utility services for heating.
T t— the tariff for thermal energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation
In other words, the area of your apartment is taken, multiplied by the heating standard (how many gigacalories are considered necessary to heat one square meter of area) and multiplied by the heat tariff in force in your region (the cost of one gigacalorie).
It is also worth considering that if you apartment building a common house heating meter is not worth it, although there is a technical possibility for its installation, then a multiplying factor is applied when calculating the heating fee. Thus, the government encourages the managing organizations of houses and residents to install common house meters.
The value of this multiplying factor for 2016 is assumed to be 1.4. And from January 1, 2017 - 1.5.
Option 2. There is a common house heat meter, heating meters are not installed in the apartments
It is worth noting that the formula below is valid only if none of the apartments in the house is equipped with an individual heat meter. If so, then the calculation is carried out as follows:
| P i \u003d V d x S i / S about x T t |
V d- volume (quantity) of thermal energy consumed during the billing period, determined according to the readings of the collective (common house) thermal energy meter, which is equipped with an apartment building.
Si- total area of the i-th residential or non-residential premises
S O b - the total area of all residential and non-residential premises of an apartment building
T t- tariffs for thermal energy, established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
To simplify, the total amount of heat consumed in an apartment building is taken.
It determines the share attributable to your apartment (based on the ratio of the total area of the house and the area of \u200b\u200bthe apartment).
The resulting amount of heat in gigacalories is multiplied by the tariff in force in your area.
Option 3. A common building meter is installed, all apartments (non-residential premises) are equipped with individual heat meters
"All
Vi n- volume (quantity) consumed during the billing period in i-th residential or non-residential premises of a communal resource, determined by the readings of an individual or common (apartment) metering device in the i-th residential or non-residential premises.
Vi one
V i one = Vd - ∑ i V i n
Si
S about
T T
The bottom line is that the amount of heat consumed in the apartment is taken (based on the readings of the apartment meter), and the part of the general house heat consumption passing to this apartment is added to it.
Option 4. A common house meter is installed, at least one, but not all apartments are equipped with individual heat meters
In this case, the payment for heating is carried out in the following form:
| P i \u003d (V i +S i x (V d -∑V i) / S about ) x T T |
Si- the area of the apartment,
V D- the volume of consumption in the house, calculated according to the common house heat meter,
S about- the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building,
T T- heat tariff,
Vi- heat consumption in the apartment in question. If a heat meter is installed in it, then the volume of consumption by the meter is meant.
If we are talking about an apartment that is not equipped with a heat meter, then the consumption for it is calculated by a separate formula:
Vi= S i x ∑V IPU /∑S iIPU,
In other words, to calculate the volume of heat, the average volume of heat consumption per square meter in apartments equipped with heat meters and this average reading is multiplied by the area of the apartment in question. Those. for apartments without meters, the average heat consumption is extrapolated, which is calculated for apartments with meters.
In general, Option 4 assumes that the heat consumption in the apartment is added to the amount of this room share of heat consumption for general house needs. This volume is proportional to the ratio of the area of this apartment and the sum of the areas of all residential and non-residential premises.
As you can see, the principle is the same as when calculating the payment for heating in houses where all apartments are equipped with individual heat meters.
Option 5. Payment for heat in an apartment building, where more than 50% of the apartments are equipped with distributors
The distributor is a sensor that is installed on the radiator (outside) and takes into account the amount of heat that the battery gives off to environment. In other words, this is an analogue of a heat meter, operating on other principles.
The rules require public utilities to take the readings of distributors to calculate heating fees. It is only necessary that two conditions are met:
- a high-rise building must be equipped with a common house (collective) heat meter
- distributors should be installed in apartments that collectively occupy more than 50% of all residential and non-residential premises of the house
If these conditions are met, that once a year (and more often by the decision of the meeting of residents) the payment for heating apartments with distributors is adjusted based on the readings of these devices.
The formula in this case is:
|
|
Pi- the amount of payment for the provided utility service for heating in the i-th residential premises equipped with distributors (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building for the period for which the adjustment is made,
k- the number of residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises equipped with distributors in an apartment building,
p- the number of distributors installed in the i-th residential premises (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building;
m qi- the share of the volume of consumption of the utility service for heating attributable to the q-th distributor installed in the i-th residential premises (apartment) or non-residential premises in an apartment building, in the volume of consumption of the utility service for heating in all residential premises equipped with distributors (apartments) and non-residential premises in an apartment building.
The meaning of this formula is:
- the entire payment for heating is taken, which (based on the standards, according to the formula of Option 2) was paid by the apartments where the distributors are installed
- the share of each of your distributors in the amount of heat that was taken into account by the distributors in all apartments is calculated
- then these shares are summed up and thus your share in heat consumption among all apartments equipped with distributors is calculated
- we multiply the total amount of payment for heat by all apartments with distributors by your share in this consumption (judging by the readings of the distributors).
- the resulting figure will be your payment for heat for the adjusted period.
If it turns out to be more than you have already paid, the future heat payment will be credited to your account. If less, an additional corrective payment will be made.
How is the heating fee calculated if payments are received throughout the year?
In this case, the heating fee is charged throughout the year in equal installments. The payment calculation algorithm here will also depend on
presence / absence of a common house heat meter
presence/absence of individual heat meters in apartments.
At the same time, if there is a common house metering device in the house, then the residents should annually adjust the payment for heating.
So let's consider possible options heating charges.
Option 1. The house has neither common house nor individual heat meters
The payment for heating in the i-th room (apartment) in this case is calculated according to the standards. The calculation formula is:
| P i = S i x (N T x K) x T T |
Si
N T— standard for consumption of thermal energy for heating (Gcal / sq. m);
TO- coefficient of frequency of payment by consumers for utility services for heating, determined by dividing the number of full months of the heating period in a year by the number of calendar months in a year.
T T
- the tariff for thermal energy, established in accordance with the legislation Russian Federation(rub ./Gcal);
At the same time, if you do not have a common house heating meter in an apartment building, but there is a technical possibility for installing it, then a multiplying factor will be applied when calculating the heating fee.
The coefficient is not applied if there is an act of inspection of the house, during which it was recognized that it was not technically possible to install a collective (general house) heat energy meter.
Option 2. A house-wide heat meter is installed in the house, apartment heat meters are not installed in all apartments and non-residential premises
In this case, the calculation of the heating fee is carried out according to the following formula:
| P i = S i x V T x T T |
Si- the total area of the i-th premise (apartment) in an apartment building or the total area of \u200b\u200ba residential building (sq. M);
V T- the average monthly consumption of thermal energy for heating for the previous year (Gcal / sq. m) based on the readings of the collective heat meter;
T T— tariff for heat energy established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (RUB/Gcal).
In the absence of information on the volumes of consumption of thermal energy for the past year, the amount of payment for heating is determined by the formula for calculating the payment for heat according to the standard.
Once a year, the amount of payment for heating in the i-th residential premises of an apartment building should be adjusted according to the formula:
|
P i = P k.pr x S i / S rev - P fn.i |
P k.pr- the amount of payment for thermal energy, determined based on the readings of collective (common house) metering devices installed in an apartment building (rub.)
Si- the total area of \u200b\u200bthe i-th room (apartment, non-residential premises) in an apartment building or the total area of \u200b\u200ba residential building (sq. M);
S about- the total area of all premises in an apartment building or residential building (sq. M);
P fn.i- the total amount of payment for heating in the i-th residential building of an apartment building for the past year (rub.).
In other words, the charge for heat is based on the average monthly volume of consumption recorded by the general house meter for the past year.
When data on the average heat consumption in the current year appears, a recalculation (adjustment) is made based on these data.
Option 3. The house has a common house heat meter, all (100%) apartments and non-residential premises are equipped with individual heat meters
The key here is the clarification that heat metering devices are equipped precisely "All » (100%) apartments and non-residential premises.
In this case, the following formula applies:
| P i = (V i n + V i one x S i / S rev) x T T |
Vi n- volume ( quantity) of thermal energy, determined on the basis of the average monthly volume of consumption of thermal energy for heating according to the readings of an individual (apartment) meter for the previous year
Si- total area of the i-th room of an apartment building
S about- the total area of all residential premises (apartments) and non-residential premises in an apartment building
T T- tariff (price) for a communal resource (in this case, for thermal energy), established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Vi one- the volume (quantity) of thermal energy provided for the billing period for general house needs in an apartment building equipped with a collective (common house) heat energy meter.
This volume of heat for general house needs is calculated, in turn, according to the following formula:
| V i one \u003d V D - ∑ i V i n |
V D- the amount of thermal energy consumed in an apartment building for the billing period, determined on the basis of the average monthly volume of thermal energy consumption for heating according to the readings of the collective (common house) metering device for the previous year.
The bottom line is that the amount of heat that was consumed by the apartment on average per month last year (according to the indications of the apartment meter) is taken and the part of the last year's general house heat consumption passing to this apartment is added to it.
The resulting figure is multiplied by the current heating tariff.
At the same time, the size of the payment for heating in the i-th residential or non-residential premises of an apartment building is adjusted once a year according to the formula:
| P i \u003d P k.p - P n.p. —P n.n. / S vol. x S i |
P k.p- the amount of payment for thermal energy consumed over the past year in all premises, determined based on the readings of the collective (common house) metering device and the tariff for thermal energy, approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (rub.);
Pn.n- the amount of payment for thermal energy consumed during the billing period in premises not equipped with metering devices, determined on the basis of the standard for consumption of thermal energy and the tariff for thermal energy approved in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;
S about- the total area of all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building (sq. M);
Si- the total area of the i-th room (apartment, non-residential premises) in an apartment building (sq. M);
Pnp- the amount of payment for thermal energy consumed over the past year in an apartment building equipped with a collective (common house) heat meter, with the exception of the volume (amount) of thermal energy consumed over the past year in all residential and non-residential premises in an apartment building. This indicator is determined, in turn, by the formula:
V i one \u003d V D - ∑ i V i n
V D- the volume of thermal energy consumed in an apartment building for the billing period, determined on the basis of the average monthly volume of thermal energy consumption for heating according to the readings of the collective (common house) metering device for the previous year.
V i - the volume of heat energy consumption in the i-th residential or non-residential premises, based on the average monthly volume of heat energy consumption for heating according to the meter for the previous year.
Instead of a conclusion
After reading everything written above, we believe you could not help but ask the question - and what's next? Okay, the formulas are more or less clear. But how to find out if we have a collective meter in the house, how to get acquainted with its testimony? What is the standard for heating, heat tariffs in our region? Where can I get all this?!
These questions are legitimate and we hope that in the foreseeable future we will try to following material give them (and a number of other, no less relevant) answers.
But, we hope that this article, which you have already read, will give you the opportunity, at least in general terms, to begin to navigate the issue. And this is already a big deal. After all, we pay the most for heat from utilities. And it would be nice to understand, at least as a first approximation, where the numbers come from in the line "heating" of our receipts.
Incoming payment receipts for heat supply services often baffle with their large amounts payable. In practice, it is very difficult to check the relevance of these figures, since each management company develops individual tariffs for the population. In this case, you need to know how payment for heating is carried out: the procedure for accrual and calculation.
Legislative basis for heating calculation
First of all, it is necessary to find out on what grounds the calculations for heat supply are performed. To do this, you should study the law on payment of heating. Its latest edition is No. 354 of 05/06/2011. In its paragraphs, the procedure for calculating payment is described in detail.
Compared to the old version, the procedure for calculating amounts for the services provided, as well as the forms for concluding an agreement and receipts, have undergone a change. The consumer, before calculating the surcharge for heating, needs to find out the type of arrangement of his residential building:
- A common house metering device for consumed thermal energy has been installed, but there are none in the apartments;
- Along with the common house meter, an individual energy meter is installed in the apartment;
- There are no devices for monitoring the amount of consumed heat energy in the house.
Only then can you find out how the payment for heating is calculated. In addition, according to Decree No. 354, payment for consumed heat energy is divided into two types - for a specific dwelling and as general house needs. The latter include heating staircases, basements and attics of buildings. Therefore, before calculating the payment for heating, you should ask the management company for the total area of these premises, as well as the maintenance tariff right level temperatures in them.
The same information should be displayed in the received receipts - there will be 2 points for payment, which will give the final amount. Usually, the norms for payment for heating non-residential premises are higher than those for residential ones. But when dividing the total amount for all apartments in the house, their bleed in the receipt decreases.
Since payment for heating residential and non-residential premises is considered, it is necessary that this information be written in the contract with the management company.
District heating - calculation options
Currently, there are no uniform tariffs according to which utility bills for heating would be paid. Instead, there are recommendations and rules for the formation of the cost of services by management companies responsible for the heat supply of residential buildings. The calculation method directly depends on the heat meters installed in the house or apartment.
In addition, the size of the amount is affected by the climatic features of the region, the degree of wear and tear of equipment, as well as the thermal insulation of the house. These factors are taken into account when maintaining the desired temperature level in the residential and non-residential premises of the building.
Those. the lower the efficiency of the system, the higher the payment for heating all year round. Consider the main options for calculating the cost of heat supply services according to the latest methods regulated at the legislative level.
In some cases, several heating risers can pass through one apartment. Installing a meter for each of them is a costly undertaking. Then it is best to install a common house heat meter.
Calculation of heating with a common house meter
If a heat energy meter is installed in the house, the management company is obliged to perform calculations according to a certain formula. In this case, the procedure for calculating payment for heating should consist of several points.
First of all, it is necessary to agree on the total area of the building and the specific apartment for which the calculation is performed. Then the following actions are performed:
- Reconciliation of readings of a common house meter at the beginning and end of the payment period. The difference will be the total energy consumption of the house. Thus, it is possible to correctly calculate the payment for heating an apartment or non-residential premises;
- Calculate the ratio of the total area of the apartment to the same indicator for the house;
- Find out the tariff for payment of thermal energy from the management company.
Further calculation of payment for heating is carried out according to the following formula:
P=V*(Tk/Td)*K
Where R- planned amount to be paid, V- the amount of heat energy consumed during the period, Tk And Td- the area of the apartment and the house, TO- apartment heating tariff.
As an example, you can calculate the payment for heating for an apartment with a total area of 43 m², located in a house with 7000 m². The total heat consumption was 85 Gcal. For Voronezh, the average tariff is 1371 R/Gcal. Then, according to the norms of payment for heating, the total amount will be:
P \u003d 85 * (43/7000) * 1371 \u003d 715 rubles.
But besides this, a system of norms for payment for heating was introduced. It is used in the absence of individual heat meters. The average norm W for residential premises is currently from 0.022 to 0.03 Gcal/m² per month. Then the calculation to calculate the payment for heating is necessary according to the following formula:
P \u003d Tk * W * K
Let's assume W=0.027. In this case, the payment will be:
P \u003d 43 * 0.027 * 1371 \u003d 1591 rubles.
It is by this formula that all management companies prefer to make calculations.
When drawing up a contract for heat supply, it is necessary to check the calculation method. In practice, management companies do not always provide it.
Calculation of heating with a common house meter and individual metering devices
The situation is much simpler when the apartment has a heat meter. In this case, you just need to multiply the meter reading by the tariff of the management company.
Considering that different interpretations of the law on payment for heating are possible, special attention should be paid to tariffs. The difference in prices between different providers of this service can be as high as 30%. And even if heating is paid for by individual counter- a high tariff can nullify all attempts to save on current costs.
But in practice, the consumer does not have the opportunity to choose a management company. This is especially true for apartment buildings. Therefore, when a verification calculation of payment for heating is made according to individual device heat metering - you have to apply the current tariffs.
However, in addition to the cost of the service for energy consumption in residential premises, it is necessary to take into account the costs of general house heating. First, the amount of thermal energy spent on this type of heat supply is calculated. To do this, you need to use the formula:
V=N*S*(Tk/Td)
Where V– the share of the owner of the apartment to pay for common house heating, N– consumption standards for payment for general house heating, S- the total area of the premises belonging to this category, Tk And Td- the area of the apartment and the house.
At present, the N indicator is 0.016 Gcal/m². For an example of calculating payment for general house heating, it can be assumed that the area of non-residential premises in the house is 500 m². Then the owner of the apartment must pay the following heat consumption for their heating:
V=0.06*500(43/7000)=0.18 Gcal
Then you need to multiply the result by the tariff from the service provider. In most cases, in the general calculation of payment for heating, this part takes from 5% to 15%.
How to reduce current heating costs
Given the ever-increasing tariffs for housing and communal services for heat supply, the issue of reducing these costs becomes only more relevant every year. The problem of reducing costs lies in the specifics of the operation of a centralized system.
How to reduce the payment for heating and at the same time ensure the proper level of heating of the premises? First of all, you need to learn that conventional heating systems do not work for central heating. effective ways reduction of heat losses. Those. if the insulation of the facade of the house was performed, a replacement was made window structures for new ones - the amount of payment will remain the same.
The only way to reduce heating costs is to install individual heat meters. However, you may encounter the following problems:
- A large number of thermal risers in the apartment. Currently, the average cost of installing a heating meter ranges from 18 to 25 thousand rubles. In order to calculate the cost of heating for an individual device, they must be installed on each riser;
- Difficulty in obtaining permission to install a meter. For this you need to get specifications and on their basis to choose the optimal model of the device;
- In order to make timely payment for heat supply according to an individual meter, it is necessary to periodically send them for verification. To do this, dismantling and subsequent installation of the device that has passed verification is performed. This also entails additional costs.
But despite these factors, the installation heat meter will eventually lead to a significant reduction in payment for heat supply services. If the house has a scheme with several heat risers passing through each apartment, you can install a common house meter. In this case, the cost reduction will not be so significant.
When calculating payment for heating according to a common house meter, it is not the amount of heat received that is taken into account, but the difference between it and in the return pipe of the system. This is the most acceptable open way formation of the final cost of the service. In addition, by choosing the optimal model of the device, you can further improve heating system houses according to the following indicators:
- The ability to regulate the amount of heat energy consumed in the building, depending on external factors– outdoor temperature;
- A transparent way to calculate payment for heating. However, in this case, the total amount is distributed among all apartments in the house depending on their area, and not on the amount of thermal energy that came to each room.
In addition, only representatives of the management company can deal with the maintenance and configuration of the common house meter. However, residents have the right to demand all the necessary reporting for reconciliation of completed and accrued utility bills for heat supply.
In addition to installing a heat meter, it is necessary to install a modern mixing unit to control the degree of heating of the coolant included in the heating system of the house.
Questions about paying for heating services
In addition to the opacity of the procedure for calculating payment for heating, there is also whole line problems associated with district heating. In most cases, they consist in the quality of the services provided, the legitimacy of charging year-round fees, as well as the methods for calculating payment for electric heating.
Alas, but in the law on payment for central heating services most of is given to calculations and possible compensation for poor-quality services. It is extremely difficult to get the latter due to paperwork. Consider the main problems of district heating and how to solve them.
Year-round or seasonal payment for heating services
Over the past five to seven years, a new form of charging service fees for district heating has emerged. Paying for heating in the summer has become a common practice. But how convenient is it for the consumer and legal in terms of legislation?
The problem is that the average consumer cannot choose whether to pay for heat supply all year round or only during the heating season. The decision on this is made only between the management company and the heat supply organization. In rare cases, it is possible to change the payment schedule in agreement with the HOA or housing cooperative.
What are the features of paying for heating in the summer?
- Inability to control the relevance of the fee charged. For its formation, the management company uses a lot of intricate and complex methods;
- Uniform financial burden on the consumer. The cost of heat supply services in summer and winter is always the same. Those. expenses in February will be the same as in August;
- The possibility of making a decision on seasonal payment for heat supply in the presence of heating meters.
It is because of the last point that residents of apartment buildings prefer to install a common heat meter.
Summing up the total cost of seasonal and year-round payment, you can see that the smaller amount will be in the first case.
Payment for gas and electric heating
If possible, many apartment owners try to disconnect from the central heating supply. As an alternative, do autonomous systems with gas or electric boilers.
In practice, one can face many problems when organizing such heat supply systems. The main one is not to pay for electric heating, but to obtain permission for its arrangement. And even after the legal installation of the equipment, the following difficulties may arise:
- Payment for gas heating will be charged on a general basis. Before this, it is mandatory to install a gas meter for consumed gas;
- Additionally, you will need to pay for heating associated with the common premises. The procedure for its calculation was described above;
- It is impossible to connect the boiler to the central heating system, having previously disconnected from it. This will open the common house circuit.
There is a possibility of savings in the organization of electric heating. It consists in providing a preferential tariff by the electricity supplier. But it can only be applied if the house does not have a gas main. If it is available, the cost of electricity supply services will be calculated on a general basis.
How else can you save money on central heating bills? One possibility is to provide incentives or subsidies. However, in Lately getting them is extremely difficult. To do this, you will need to collect a lot of documents, and confirm your requirements to reduce utility bills, including heat supply.
