How is heating paid for in an apartment building? How to calculate heating bills correctly

When planning a heating system for our home, we are faced with the question of how to correctly calculate the heating. And the calculation in this case has two aspects: on the one hand, it is necessary to find out what devices should be installed to maintain a comfortable microclimate in the room, and on the other hand, to calculate the amount that will need to be spent on paying for services.

Heating a private house

Boiler type and power

If we are planning the construction or reconstruction of a private house, then one of the most important design points is the choice of a boiler that is optimal in terms of power. If you install an insufficiently efficient boiler, then in the cold season it will work in forced mode, which will lead to its rapid wear. On the other hand, we don’t want to pay for power we don’t need either!

Note! Using a boiler with excess power leads to an increase in energy consumption by 20-30%

The first thing you need to decide is – this is the type of boiler itself:

• Solid fuel– relatively inexpensive and economical, but have some inconveniences in operation. Such inconveniences include, for example, the need to periodically add fuel (in severe frost - up to 3-4 times a day).
• Liquid fuel– have quite acceptable performance characteristics, but a large number of toxic combustion products makes their use insufficiently environmentally friendly.
• Electrical– quite effective and easy to use. The main disadvantage of such boilers is the high cost of electricity.
• Gas– the preferred option for most parameters, including ease of use and economical consumption of energy resources. The key disadvantage is the high price of the equipment itself and dependence on the availability of a gas pipeline.

Regardless of the type of installation used to heat the house, it is necessary to select its optimal performance.

There is a fairly simple formula for calculating it:

Wcat = Wsp * S / 10

In this case:

• Wbot – minimum permissible boiler power.
• Wsp – specific power indicator per 10 square meters.
• S is the area of ​​the heated room.

Note! Specific power is a standard indicator and differs depending on different regions. So in Moscow and the Moscow region this parameter is 1-1.2, in the northern regions it can reach 2, and in the southern regions it is 0.7-0.9.

Radiator calculations

In addition to the boiler itself, it is also necessary to produce. Below we will tell you how the heating of the main area of ​​our house is calculated.

To calculate the number of batteries, use the following formula:

W = S * h * 41

• W – radiator power sufficient to provide comfortable temperature in room.
• S is the area of ​​the room.
• H – height from floor to ceiling (excluding suspended structures).
• 41 – rate of thermal energy consumption per cubic meter of internal volume.

The result of the calculation using this formula is the total power installed radiators. We divide the resulting figure by the heat transfer of one section of the battery (the instructions for the radiator should contain this information), and we get required amount sections. To ensure the best heating, it is better to round the resulting number up!

Naturally, after completing all the calculations, it is necessary to select the optimal radiator models and install them in such a way that heat loss is minimal. The technology for installing heating radiators is clearly demonstrated in video lessons posted on our portal.

Payment Calculation

Payment without a common house meter

An equally important point is calculating the payment for the heat supply of your apartment. According to the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 354 “On the provision of utility services...” the payment for heating includes:

• Payment for heating provided in your apartment.
• Payment for heating common premises.

The calculation technology depends on whether your home is equipped with heat meters. In our article we will look at both options, which will allow you to perform calculations with your own hands in any situation.

So, how is the heating tariff calculated in a house in which a common meter is not installed?

Payment for heating the apartment itself, in which an individual heating meter is installed, is made according to the formula:

P i = V i * T k, Where:

• V i is the amount of heat consumed according to the indicators of the individual metering device.

For example, the meter showed that you used 1.5 gigacalories of heat in a month. In this case, the total amount will be:

1.5 * 1400 (heating tariff) = 2100 rub.

If there is no counter, then another formula is used:

P i = S i * N t * T t , Where:

• S i – room area
• N t – consumption standard
• T t—tariff set for the region

In this case, an example calculation looks like this:

• The consumption standard is 0.025 Gcal per square meter.
• The area of ​​the apartment is 75 square meters.
• Tariff – 1400 rubles.

As a result we have:

77 * 0.0025 * 1400 = 2,625 rubles.

As you can see, a careful calculation shows the effectiveness of installing a heating meter in each apartment, because the savings are quite significant.

P i = V i * T k, Where:

• V i is the amount of heat provided for general house needs during the reporting period.
• T k is the tariff established by law.

For example, if on general heating If 1 gigacalorie was spent, then the cost of payment will be 1,400 rubles.

• With individual metering devices installed: 2100 = 1400 = 3500 rub.
• Without individual meters: 2625 = 1400 = 4025 rub.

Payment with a common house meter

If a common metering device is installed in the house, then the calculation of individually consumed thermal energy is calculated as follows:

P i = V d * S i /S d *T t, Where:

• V d is the volume of heat consumed during the period according to the indicators of the general building heating meter.
• S i – apartment area.
• S d - the area of ​​​​all premises included in the house (including residential, non-residential and utility).
• T t is the tariff established in your region.

Payment for space heating common use is produced according to the same formula as in the previous case.

Another way is to use housing and communal services calculators. Today there are several similar calculators, and the data obtained as a result of their use provide sufficient accuracy of calculations.

In our article we showed how calculations are performed required power heating boilers and radiators for heating your home, and also clearly demonstrated how to calculate the tariff for heating an apartment in different situations. We hope that the formulas and examples given here will be useful, because strict accounting is the most important condition for reducing costs!

How profitable is it to calculate heating using a common house meter? How is payment calculated when using it? How can you really save on heating? Let's try to understand these rather painful issues for Russians.

Why is this necessary?

Let's immediately clarify the most important point. The meter itself does not save anything. It's just a metering device.

If thanks good insulation at home, high-quality glazing of entrances, metal-plastic windows and facades covered with a “fur coat” of foam or mineral wool, heat losses are minimized - after installing the meter, residents will receive bills with more modest figures.

If the access heating heats the street, and the apartments are generally poorly insulated, the price of heat in the house may well increase.

Please note: the assessment of the benefits and disadvantages of home meters in itself does not affect anything. According to Federal law No. 261, residential buildings must be equipped with metering devices. Dot.

So who benefits from paying for heating using a common house meter? What goals does the law serve?

• More accurate and fair payment distribution. In fact, if the residents of one house invested significant funds in its insulation, and the residents of another were indifferent to heat conservation, it would be wrong to force them to pay a single tariff. At least, this is the point of view preferred by representatives of public utilities.

• Stimulating residents of apartment buildings to save heat is an argument that looks much more convincing. Unfortunately, economic stimulation is more effective than any persuasion. If a person knows that broken glass in the entrance or an open door will put a burden on his budget, rest assured that the glass will be intact and the doors will close very tightly.
• Finally, the most unpleasant thing for us, consumers of utility services. Law No. 261 completely and finally shifts the care of common property from utility services to us.

Yes, previously payment for heating entrances and attics was taken from the amounts that we paid for heating; but the amounts themselves were tied only to the current tariff. It was necessary to take care of the condition of the common property of the house management company, and for a fixed fee.

In general, any “communes”.

Payment calculation

How is heating calculated for communal needs and for apartments?

Scenario 1

The apartment does not have its own heat meter.

The situation is typical for houses built before the economy turned to capitalist lines. Actually, most of houses in the post-Soviet space are heated by standing heating systems, in which, if you install individual metering devices, then on EVERY radiator. Which, to put it mildly, is expensive.

First, the cost of heating one square meter is determined. Heat consumption at current tariffs for the reporting period recorded by the meter is divided by the total area of ​​all residential and non-residential heated premises.

Then the apartment’s share in the common property is determined. It's easy to calculate.

All that remains is to add up the area of ​​the apartment itself, the area of ​​its share in the total property of the house and multiply the resulting amount by the cost of heating per square meter.

Scenario 2

How to calculate heating for common house and apartment needs if apartments have individual meters? The layout of new buildings provides for horizontal wiring from risers inside the apartment, and it is quite possible to install a meter.

• You quite predictably pay for the heating of your apartment based on the readings of your individual meter.
• The amount of heat that is provided to the general area - entrances, attics, etc. - this is the difference between the sum of the readings of the common house and all individual meters.
• Your share of heat costs for general needs is calculated in exactly the same way as in the previous scenario: it is proportional to the area of ​​your apartment.

Scenario 3

How much will residents of those apartments that do not have individual meters pay for heat if they are installed in other apartments?

The payment scheme is also clear and logical:

• Heat consumption is recorded for all individual and communal meters;
• The difference represents the cost of heating apartments without meters and common areas. We calculate the cost of heating one square meter according to the readings taken, after which we charge payment according to the area of ​​apartments that are not equipped with meters and shares in the common property.

How to save on heating

As we have already found out, the calculation of communal heating in itself is not always profitable. What measures can bring real savings?

Individual metering devices in combination with thermostatic heads or throttles. In this case, you pay only for the heat that you really need. In addition, in this case you are less dependent on the consciousness and common sense of your neighbors.

What is the practical implementation?

• The heat meter itself is installed at the heating inlet into the apartment. It must be sealed by representatives of the organization selling you heat.
• Thermostats or chokes are installed on the connections to heating devices. Chokes are somewhat cheaper; in the very budget option The adjustment function can be assigned even to conventional valves. However, adjusting the radiator temperature with a valve is not a trivial task.

Please note: screw valves should not be used. Rubber gaskets can block the gap when the valve is half-closed at the most inopportune moment, leaving you without heat. Actually, you can completely forget about this type of valves these days.

The ideal option is, of course, mechanical or digital thermostats. The head is installed in such a way that it is not in the flow of hot air rising from the heating device. After calibration, it is capable of maintaining with acceptable accuracy exactly the flow of the liner that is necessary to maintain the given temperature in the room.

What to do if you have a standing heating system? Installing metering devices on each radiator is a project with a very dubious return on investment. In addition to the huge initial costs, you will have to pay for their periodic maintenance, verification and possible repairs.

The problem can be partly solved by the so-called heat cost allocator. What it is? Simple Digital Thermometer, which continuously takes and records the surface temperature of the radiator and the air in the room.

The device is cheap and extremely easy to install with your own hands: it is attached directly to the surface of the heating device.

Knowing the thermal power of each battery, the temperature of the air and radiator during the month and the total heat consumption of all radiators, it is possible to reliably estimate the heat consumption in each apartment. As a result, we will receive a serious incentive to save thermal energy, since we will only pay our own expenses.

A nuance: for a reliable assessment of the comparative consumption of thermal energy, at least 75 percent of the heating appliances in the house must be equipped with temperature sensors.

The device allows you to evaluate the actual heat transfer of the radiator. Its retail price is about 1 thousand rubles.

Another solution that can reduce TOTAL costs is an automatic heating point. The devices are in greater demand among organizations: at a cost of 400,000 rubles or more, they provide a noticeable reduction in heating costs for the house as a whole, but do not solve the problems of relationships between residents.

How does such a device work?

Remote temperature sensors monitor the outside temperature on the street. When calculating the temperature curve, the most advanced devices take into account the degree of insulation of the building and its thermal inertia. The temperature of the coolant and the permeability of the heating unit are adjusted to the actual heat demand.

When using automatic control of the heating system, communal heating meters begin to bring real benefits.

Accounting problems

As usual, any innovation brings with it a lot of new problems. What troubles should we expect from the next government initiative?

• The first pitfall awaits us already at the stage of implementing legislation. You see, the initiative comes from the government. But residents must pay for the communal heating meters themselves and their installation.

Sometimes we are talking about very significant amounts. The introduction of general house accounting will cost from 150 thousand rubles. Calculate the expenses of each apartment for, say, a small 10-apartment two-story house not difficult.

Heat metering systems are quite expensive. How fewer apartments in the house - the greater the amount that each tenant will pay.

However: emergency houses subject to demolition and those where the cost of a meter with installation is comparable to a six-month heating payment are not subject to Law No. 261.

• Residents of non-privatized apartments do not participate in paying for the installation of metering devices. Their costs are covered by the municipality.

It would seem that one can only rejoice; but the costs are significant! And the budget is not rubber. Municipal organizations will have to save on purchases for current repairs and housing maintenance, which is no longer so joyful.

• Maintenance of the metering device includes periodic cleaning of filters, mud traps, repair shut-off valves before and after the counter. In addition, after the end of the one-year warranty, all subsequent repairs to the device itself are paid by residents. And in a very curious way: payment for housing maintenance increases under this expense item.

That is, regardless of whether the meter is broken or working, we pay for its repair.

• After installing a home metering device, the management organization finds itself in a delicate position.

On the one hand, she must pay monthly for the energy consumed. In the absence of payment, the supplier can simply stop supplying heat by closing the valves in its well. I think there is no need to explain what consequences this can have in severe frosts.

On the other hand, there is always a certain percentage of non-payers among residents. Each organization deals with this problem differently; however, management will be very tempted to distribute the shortage among those apartments that regularly pay for heat. There were precedents.

• Finally, the law does not provide clear instructions on what to do in the event of a device failure. Several incidents have been reported in the press where, as a result of a technical fault, residents were charged triple the normal amount.

At the same time, the solution to the problem was, to put it mildly, strange: the authorities accommodated the inhabitants of the houses, providing them... with an installment plan to pay the full amount of the debt.

Useful little things

Finally, a small amount of purely technical information about in-house metering devices.

With low heat consumption and high pressure in the heating system, the installation of the cheapest mechanical meters is allowed. At high flow rates and low pressure, an ultrasonic or electromagnetic device will provide greater accuracy. Actually, most home meters are ultrasonic.

Along with heating, metering devices measure consumption hot water. Relatively recently, counters appeared with very useful domestic realities function: they consider water with a temperature below 40C as cold with a corresponding adjustment in prices.

When introducing heat metering into apartment building It is very useful to conduct a so-called energy audit: identify places of heat leakage and recommend measures to reduce them. The event, however, is quite expensive. For residents of a 5-story, medium-sized building, the cost exceeds 50 thousand rubles, for a nine-story building - 100 thousand.

For mechanical meters, installing conventional mud traps and coarse filters is not enough. A magnetic-mechanical filter is needed to trap scale and rust that is inevitable in steel pipes.

Such a filter will retain metal particles whose size allows them to pass through the mesh.

It is often not entirely clear how the cost of heating is formed and why for residents of, for example, a neighboring house it is significantly lower. However, the fee is always calculated according to the approved scheme. There is a certain standard for heating consumption, and it is this that is the basis for the formation of the final cost. We will tell you what you need to know about charging for heating in this article.

In this article you will learn:

• How is the heating utility service related to heating consumption standards?
• What is a “heating consumption standard”.
• How to calculate the standard heating consumption.
• How is the electricity consumption standard related to the heating utility service provided by the apartment building?

How is the heating utility service related to the heating consumption standard?

First, let's describe what is included in the concept of a heating utility service. Next, we will consider what the consumption standard established for heating is and how it is formed.

Based on Rules 354, the quality of heating is assessed taking into account changes in air temperature in the room. According to clause 5 of the Rules, the heating season begins when the average daily air temperature drops below 8 °C and this regime persists for 5 days. The main purpose of supplying heat to rooms is to heat the air to a comfortable temperature. How is heating carried out technically?

In our country today, water heating systems are often used. The coolant (usually water) is heated to a predetermined temperature and circulates through the heating system. Gradually the carrier releases heat into the room. At the same time, its temperature decreases accordingly. Heat from the coolant enters the atmosphere, as a rule, thanks to heating radiators.

There are three heat supply options:

• thermal conductivity;
• convection;
• radiation.

Thermal conductivity is the ability of hotter parts of an object to transfer heat to less heated parts with the help of chaotically moving particles (molecules, atoms). For example, when a heating radiator transfers heat to an object in contact with it.

Convection is a type of heat exchange in which internal energy is transferred by flows and jets. During convection, heat is transferred through liquid or gas, including air. Gas flows around a certain object at a temperature different from its own. When air flows over a hot radiator, it heats up. When air flows over objects with a lower temperature, it cools down accordingly. Streamlined objects heat up.

Common areas where there are no heating radiators (for example, staircases in apartment buildings) are heated mainly by convection. That is warm air from apartments where radiators operate, it enters the entrances. Due to this, they create normal temperature.

In radiation, thermal energy is transmitted through a visually permeable medium, such as air, transparent objects, or a vacuum. Electromagnetic waves transfer heat from a warmer to a cooler object. For example, heat from the Sun to Earth is transferred precisely by radiation. Of course, a heating radiator does not give off heat in the same volume as the Sun. An untrained observer cannot see this radiation. But thanks to special devices - thermal imagers - this process is clearly visible.

The coolant is not directly consumed during heating (at least when the heating system is functioning normally and there are no leaks). It only transfers heat into the space, creating a comfortable environment in it. Water heated in a boiler or some other device enters the heating system, circulates in it, gives off heat and cools. Then it goes through the return pipeline back to the heating device. Due to the fact that there is no heat carrier consumption, utility users do not pay for its consumption. Only the heat that the coolant releases into the space of heated apartments is paid for.

The generally accepted unit of measurement of thermal energy according to the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J). MKD premises consume two types of energy:

• thermal;
• electric.

As noted above, energy is measured in joules (J). But “kilowatt-hours” (kW⋅h) are used to denote electricity, and gigacalories (Gcal) are used to denote thermal energy.

Calorie (kal) as a unit of measurement is used in various areas in calculations, for example, if you need to determine the consumption of thermal energy in residential buildings and MKD apartments. A calorie is an off-system unit equal to 4.1868 J. This is exactly the amount of thermal energy required to heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C.

The calorie was first used as a unit of measurement to calculate the heat content of water. In the housing and communal services sector, calories are used precisely for this purpose. The coolant in water heating systems is usually water.

Joules can be used to measure heat energy, like other energy. But, if the thermal energy consumed in residential buildings and apartment buildings is calculated, calories are used.

To heat 1 gram of water by 1 °C, you need 1 calorie. Accordingly, to heat 1 ton of water (1 million grams) by 1 °C, 1 million kcal, or 1 Mcal (megacalorie) is required. For example, to heat 1 cubic meter of water (1 ton) to a temperature of 0-60 °C, you need 60 Mcalories (megacalories), or 0.06 (0.060) gigacalories (Gcal). That is, to heat 100 cubic meters of water to a temperature of 0-60 °C, you need 6 Gcal. Note that 60 degrees is the DHW limit for residents of residential buildings and apartment buildings.

Large volumes of coolant circulate in MKD heating systems. That is why calculations are carried out in Gcal (1 Gcal equals 1 billion cal).

What is the heating consumption standard from a physical point of view?

Russian legislation considers MKD when calculating energy consumption for heating as a single whole. An apartment building acts as an indivisible technical object, consuming thermal energy to heat all the rooms in it. In this regard, when making calculations between a resource-saving organization and a utility service provider, it is very important how much heat energy the MKD used as a whole.

There are Rules for establishing and determining standards for the consumption of utility services, approved by Government Decree No. 306 dated May 23, 2006. In accordance with them, the standard for heating consumption per year is first calculated in MKD (clause 19 of Appendix 1 to Rules 306, formula 19) .

When calculating the heating consumption standard per month, a year is used as the calculation period. Indicators in different months, of course, differ, and the payment for heating consumption standards should be either the same throughout the entire heating season, or even throughout the calendar year. It all depends on what method of payment for heating operates in the Russian region.

The MKD includes residential and non-residential premises, as well as common property belonging to all owners of objects in the house on the right of common ownership. All the thermal energy supplied to the MKD is consumed by them. Accordingly, the owners must pay for heating. But the question arises: how should the cost of the service provided be distributed among all subscribers? Is there a standard for heating consumption for general house needs?

The amount of payment for heating is distributed quite reasonably. It all depends on the footage of each apartment or non-residential premises (according to Rules 354 and 306).

How to calculate thermal energy consumption standards for heating

Heating consumption standards are approved by authorized local authorities. Most often, this is the responsibility of energy commissions in the regions.

The type of house determines the heating consumption standard. The standard is valid for at least three years and usually does not change during this period. You can appeal the decision to set heating consumption standards in court.

CG consumption standards are formed by three methods: expert, calculated and the method of analogues. Authorized bodies have the right to use one method or combine several.

If specialists use the analogue and expert method, the heating consumption standard is formed on the basis of monitoring heat consumption in residential buildings and apartment buildings with approximately the same building and technical characteristics, number of residents and level of amenities. The basis here is the indicators of collective counters.

The calculation method is used if it is impossible to obtain meter readings, or the data from collective metering devices is insufficient to use the analogue method, or there is no information to use the expert method.

Each region sets its own standards for thermal energy consumption for heating. When forming it, technological losses are taken into account. At the same time, the costs of utility resources resulting from improper operation engineering communications and equipment in a residential building or apartment building, incorrect application of the rules for the operation of residential premises and the maintenance of common property in apartment buildings are not taken into account.

Standard heating consumption per sq. m is the heat energy consumption at which a normal temperature is maintained in the room. To calculate the standard heating consumption (Gcal per 1 m2 per month), use the formula:

N = Q/S*12

Q here is the total heat energy consumption for heating premises in an apartment building or residential building. Q is the sum of meter readings for the heating season (Gcal), S is the total footage of premises in a residential building or apartment building (m 2).

• Room temperature standards.

There are Rules for the provision of public services to the population, approved by decree of the Government of the Russian Federation. According to them, the air temperature in residential premises should not be less than 18 °C and 20 °C for corner rooms.

The temperature regime in residential buildings is determined by GOST R 51617-2000 “Housing and communal services. Are common technical specifications", approved by Decree of the State Standard of Russia 158-st dated June 19, 2000 and SanPIN 2.1.2.1002-00.

GOST recognizes the following temperature conditions for residential premises as optimal:

• 20 °C for corner rooms;
• 20 °C for buildings in the first year of operation;
• 18 °C for living rooms;
• 18 °C for kitchens;
• 25 °C for bathrooms;
• 16 °C for stairwells and lobbies.

According to SanPIN, the following temperature standards are considered optimal and permitted in residential premises:

For DHW also installed temperature regime, equal to 50–70 °C.

Calculate heating consumption standards as accurately as possible

According to the Rules, when setting utility consumption standards, the analogue method and the calculation method should be used.

The analogue method is used if there is data obtained from meters in houses with similar technical characteristics and design parameters, level of improvement, and also located in similar climatic zones. The analogue method allows us to obtain reliable information only regarding energy consumption and water consumption, despite the fact that the owners of premises in apartment buildings wash dishes, take showers and baths, use lighting and energy-consuming appliances in different ways. When calculating the consumption standard for heating utilities, this method cannot be used, at least with the use of communal meters. As for individual meters, practical experience not on this issue yet.

A common building meter at the entrance to the building records the amount of heat consumption for heating. But this does not mean that this volume of thermal energy is optimal for residents. For example, in Moscow along Obruchev Street there are 8 identical houses of the P-18 series - 01/12. As part of the overhaul, they replaced old windows with more energy-intensive new ones, insulated the facades, installed automated heating system control units and thermostats on heating devices. At the same time, in two buildings, among other things, heat distributors for apartment-by-apartment heat energy metering were installed. During the heating season 2010–2011. The average specific heat energy consumption was 190 kWh/m2. Moreover, during the previous period in one house the indicator was 99 kWh/m2. Significant improvements in performance could be achieved by optimizing temperature graph supply of heat energy for heating.

To calculate the heating consumption standard, it is recommended to use only the calculation method. But formula 9 proposed by the Rules is incorrect. According to her, thermal load heating changes with the outside temperature:

QO= q o.max (t in – t n.sro)/(t in – t n.ro) · 24 n o · 10 –6, Gcal/h

q o.max - standard heat energy consumption for heating a residential building or apartment building (kcal/hour); t in - temperature of heated objects in the house, °C; t n.sro - average daily outside air temperature during the heating season, °C; t n.r.o - design temperature of outside air when designing heating, °C; n o - the duration of the heating season at an average daily outside temperature of 8 °C or less. 24 are the hours in a day, and 10 –6 are the conversion factors from kcal to Gcal.

If we take into account the heat balance of the living space, the calculated hourly load for heating will be equal to:

qo.max= q ogr q inf – q life,

q ogre - heat losses through external fences; q inf - heat losses for heating the infiltrating air through the external fences; q everyday life - household heat emissions from people, artificial lighting, the use of household appliances, cooking, washing dishes, hot water pipes installed inside apartments, as well as heat input from scattered radiation.

When the temperature outside rises or falls, only the first two components of the heat balance change. Household heat emissions remain unchanged throughout the heating season. The outside temperature does not affect them. Due to this correct option the formula looks like this:

QO= [(q o.max q life) (t inn – t n.sro)/(t inn –E t n.ro) – q life ] 24 n o 10 –6 ,

If household heat emissions are designated as fractions of the estimated hourly heating load and taken out q o.max in square brackets, the formula will be:

QO= q o.max · [(1 q life /q o.max) · (t in – t n.sro)/(t in – t n.ro) – q life /q o.max ] · 24 n o · 10 –6 .

Household heat output in the heat balance remains constant with respect to the estimated hourly heating load for a particular home. However, the proportion of heat emissions increases if the outside air temperature increases. Due to the increase in outside temperature, the heat supply for heating the room may be reduced. Graphs of coolant temperatures in the supply and return pipelines heating system must converge not at t n = t in = 18...20 °C, as was the case when using the formula given in the Rules, and when t n = 10...15 °C, in accordance with other formulas given.

It should be noted that the schedule for qualitative regulation of the source, built without taking into account the increasing share of household heat emissions in the heat balance of the house with an increase in outside air temperature, is contrary to the standards. In this regard, every residential building must have automated heating system control units. If the connection is dependent, the movement of the corrective mixing pumps should be carried out not only during the cut-off of the central adjustment schedule, but also throughout almost the entire period, provided that the outside air temperature exceeds the “A” parameters.

The share of household heat emissions is a constant value of the calculated hourly load on the heating system for an individual house. This share for another residential property increases with increased thermal protection or with the use of heat recovery from exhaust air to heat the supply air. If it is intended to build a house with similar technical characteristics and design, but in a region with a cooler climate, the share of household heat emissions in the heating design will be less. If construction is planned in an area with a higher design outside temperature, the share will be higher.

In this regard, Table 7 of the Rules, which indicates the standard for heat energy consumption for heating a residential building and apartment building, cannot be called correct. When determining the values, the changing shares of household heat releases in relation to the calculated hourly heating load in different Russian regions are not taken into account. It is also not taken into account that in the future, on the basis of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011, the energy efficiency of buildings will increase.

We will not take into account the values ​​of specific heat energy consumption for heating houses built before 1995 and after 2000 with different numbers of floors in regions with a design outdoor temperature for heating design from -5 degrees to -55 degrees. Let us identify the same values ​​for buildings in the period 2011–2016. taking into account the requirements to increase their energy efficiency, as well as for buildings where major reconstruction was carried out at the same time, and compare them with the requirements of 2000 (based on Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 18 of January 25, 2011)

By order of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation No. 262 dated May 28, 2010, along with an increase in energy efficiency, the standardized heat transfer resistance of external walls, coatings and ceilings increased to the level of the table. 4 SNiP 23–02–2003, windows from 2011 to the value R F = 0.8 m 2 °C/W for areas with a degree-day value of more than 4,000 and 0.55 m 2 °C/W for the rest, and from 2016 - no less R F = 1.0 m 2 °C/W also for areas above 4,000 °C day. and 0.8 m 2 °C/W - for the rest.

For the calculations, we will take as a basis a nine-story residential building being built in central Russia. The estimated outside air temperature there is –25 degrees, and the degree-day value is 5000. In accordance with the standards for 2000, the reduced heat transfer resistance of the main external wall enclosures R w = 3.15 m 2 °C/W, windows R F = 0.54 m 2 ·°C/W, calculated air exchange with an occupancy of 20 m 2 of total apartment area per person = 30 m 3 /(h·person), specific value of household heat release 17 W/m 2 square meters of living rooms.

This is what the heat balance of a house looks like. A building loses 20–23% of heat through walls, 4–6% through coverings and ceilings, 25–28% through windows, and 40–50% through air infiltration. The relative percentage of household heat emissions from the calculated heat losses is 18–20%. The estimated heat consumption for heating a house in relation to the estimated heat loss in 2000 will be when solving the heat balance equation: o.max 2000 = 0.215 0.05 0.265 0.47 – 0.19 = 0.81. Percentage of household heat emissions from the estimated heat consumption for heating q everyday life / q o.max = 0.19·100/0.81 = 23.5%.

How do relative heat losses through windows and walls of a building change when their thermal protection increases?

To understand how the calculated thermal energy consumption for heating changes with increasing resistance to heat transfer of external fences, let's look at Fig. 1. The figure shows that when the heat transfer resistance of the walls increases by 15% from 3.15 to 3.6 m 2 °C/W, the relative heat loss through the walls decreases from 0.302 to 0.265 units or is equal to 0.265/0.302 = 0.877 from the previous value. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 0.8 instead of 0.54 m 2 °C/W, heat consumption is reduced by 0.425/0.63 = 0.675 compared to the previous indicator.

If we consider the reduction of heat loss through coverings and ceilings, as through walls, and the relative heat loss for heating the infiltration air, as before, the heat balance equation for a house built since 2011 will be as follows:

Qht.max 2011 = (0.215 0.05) 0.877 0.265 0.675 0.47 = 0.232 0.179 0.47 = 0.881.

The relative estimated heat energy costs for heating are equal to Qht.max 2011 = 0.881 – 0.19 = 0.691, and the heating consumption standard for 2011 will be reduced compared to 2000: 0.691/0.81 = 0.853 (decreased by 14. 7%, due to an increase in the heat transfer resistance of walls, coatings, floors by 15% and windows from 0.54 to 0.8 m 2 °C/W), and in absolute value at the value in 2000 q o.max = 50 m 2 °C/W converted to kcal/h: 50 0.853/1.163 = 36.6 kcal/(h m 2).

The reduced heat transfer resistance of walls will increase by another 15% in 2016 compared to 2011. When switching to windows with a heat transfer resistance of 1.0 instead of 0.8 m2 °C/W, heat losses will decrease by 0.34/0.425 = 0 ,8. The indicator of relative total heat losses in a 9-story building in 2016 will be:

Q ht.max 2016 = 0.232·0.887 0.179·0.8 0.47 = 0.206 0.143 0.47 = 0.82.

Relative calculated heat losses for heatingQ ht.max 2016 = 0.82 – 0.19 = 0.63. The decrease in the standardized specific indicator in 2016 compared to 2000 is 0.63/0.81 = 0.778. The heat transfer resistance of walls, coatings, ceilings increased by only 30% and windows by up to 1.0 m2 °C/W. Due to this, heat consumption for space heating decreased by 22.2%, including from 2016 - by 22.2–14.7 = 7.5%), and in absolute value: q o.max = 50·0.778/1.163 = 33.4 kcal/(h m 2). This is how the components of heat loss in a nine-story residential building will correlate in 2016. 25% of the heat will be lost through walls, coverings and ceilings (0.206·100/0.82), through windows 0.143·100/0.82 = 17% (in 2000 these parameters were identical to each other - 26.5%) , for heating the infiltrated air in the standard quantity: 0.47·100/0.82 = 58% (in 2000 - 47%). The percentage of household heat emissions in relation to the calculated heat losses for heating will be 0.19·100/0.63 = 30% (in 2000 - 23.5%).

Let us calculate, in the same ratio as for 2000, the indicators of heat consumption for heating houses with different numbers of floors, but for areas with different design temperature parameters of the outside air. Below is a table with the calculation results belonging to SNiP " Heating network" Thanks to the table, you can determine what power the heat supply source has and what the diameter of the pipes used in heating networks is.

It is impossible to calculate the standard for individual space heating consumption using this table. Calculated loss parameters do not reflect the degree of optimization automatic adjustment supply of thermal energy for heating.

How is the heating consumption standard for non-residential premises calculated?

Based on paragraph 20 of the Rules for the provision of public utility services to the population, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 23, 2006 No. 307, if meters for hot water and hot water, electricity, heat and gas are not installed in non-residential premises of apartment buildings, the amount of payment for housing and communal services is calculated according to the standards established by Russian legislation, as well as taking into account the amount of resources consumed.

The volumes of consumed utility resources are determined as follows:

• for cold water supply and hot water supply - using the calculation method. Water consumption standards are used as a basis. If they are not there, the requirements and rules of building codes;
• For Wastewater- how is the total volume of hot and cold water;
• for gas and electricity - using the calculation method. The calculation scheme must be agreed upon between the resource supplying organization and the person with whom the organization has entered into an agreement. The basis for the calculation is the power and operating mode of consuming devices installed at the facility;
• for heating - in accordance with clause. 1 of paragraph 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules [note: according to the consumption standard in Gcal/sq.m., i.e. calculation is the same as for apartments]. At the same time, the contractor needs to adjust the amount of payment for heating once a year. The adjustment procedure is described in subsection. 2 clause 1 of Appendix No. 2 to the Rules.

In other situations, the volumes of heat energy consumed in non-residential premises, including non-residential facilities that are not part of the apartment building and are located separately, are calculated according to the Methodology for determining the need for fuel, electricity and water in the production and transmission of heat energy and coolants in the municipal heat supply systems of the apartment building. The methodology was approved by the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation on August 12, 2003. For calculations, the Methodology for determining the amount of thermal energy and coolant in municipal heating water systems MDS 41-4.2000, approved by order of the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation dated May 6, 2000 No. 105, is also used.

Due to the fact that the legislative wording is very ambiguous, how the issue for the user of utility services will be resolved in practice is determined by the position of the energy saving organization, the executor (Criminal Code, HOA), the arguments of the participants and judicial practice.

How is the standard for electricity consumption for heating related to the heating utility service provided by MKD?

Before the new Housing Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, in the period from 1999 to 2005. The current legislation allowed turning off central heating in a separate residential building of an apartment building and heating it with electricity. Since centralized heating in houses did not always function well, a significant proportion of the population, having completed all the technical documents, began to use electric batteries.

The payment for heating in an apartment building was calculated as follows. Owners of apartments where centralized heating operated paid for the service in accordance with consumption standards. Citizens who used apartment heating, they did not pay for the service because they did not receive a receipt for it. All this was in accordance with the principles reflected in Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation - “reasonableness and fairness”. However, in 2003–2013. everything has changed (table).

Formation of the payment amount for heating in the Murmansk region municipality

Difficulties with paying for heat arose when communal meters were installed in the apartment complex. The payment amount began to consist of two components: for heating residential or non-residential premises and the common areas in the house.

As a result, starting from 2013 to this day, in a number of Russian regions (for example, in the Kirov and Murmansk regions), where there are premises in apartment buildings heated by electricity, in accordance with the legislative transfer to this type of heating, the owners of these premises continue to be charged receipts for payment for centralized heating services (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of distribution of thermal energy for heating house No. 11 on the street. Sovetskaya city of Kandalaksha (version of the State Housing Institution of the Murmansk region):

• 59.07 Gcal / 2617 sq. m = 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 36.06 Gcal.
• 0.02257 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 4.66 Gcal.
• 4.66 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 1.57 Gcal.
• 0.001933 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 3.09 Gcal.

At the same time, regional authorities insist that owners switch back to centralized heating. But they forget that the law is not retroactive.

Formula 3 from Appendix 2 of the Rules testifies to the fact that the actions are lawful. In accordance with it, areas heated by electricity are not excluded from the payment scheme for centralized heating services.

At the same time, on March 12, 2015, a meeting of the working group was held dedicated to the formation of payments for centralized heating for owners of residential premises with electric batteries (the working group was ordered to be created by the governor of the Murmansk region). The minutes of the meeting included a recommendation to the administrations of all municipalities in the Murmansk region to inform the owners that residential premises should be switched to centralized heating. However, it is unclear how this relates to the provision that the law has no retroactive effect.

It turns out that today the essence of conflicts between interested parties is as follows:

• heat supply companies want owners to pay for services not provided;
• owners of residential properties do not intend to pay for services not provided.

In a number of Russian regions today (for example, in the Bryansk and Arkhangelsk regions, Stavropol Territory) the situation is somewhat different. Formula 3 of Appendix 2 of the Rules is used taking into account the ruling of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2015 No. AKPI15-198. At the same time, in these regions, the issue related to payment for heating is resolved on the basis of Art. 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, including its main provisions - reasonableness and fairness.

Possibility of solving the problem

The main element confirming that the owner of the object receives utility service for central heating - radiator battery. It is part of the central heating system, since it is connected to it, and maintains the required temperature in the home. Premises apartment building, heated by electricity, are not equipped with these elements. Accordingly, according to the law, there is no heating service.

Below are parts of the MKD, which serve as evidence that the owners of non-residential and residential premises, where heating is supplied through electric heating, are required to pay part of the utilities:

• staircases (common property of all owners of apartment buildings);
• heating risers that pass through the residential and non-residential areas of the owners, where electric heating operates.

A number of problems remain to be resolved. Among them:

• As the owners of objects where electric heating is used, they must pay for heating spent on common property, what is the standard for heating consumption for common house needs.
• How to pay for the heat energy emitted by heating system risers passing through electrically heated objects.

The expert council of the public control system in the housing and communal services sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region has developed a number of proposals for the formation of the amount of payment for heating in apartment buildings with residential premises with electric batteries (Fig. 2, 3).

Rice. 2. The diagram shows how heat energy is distributed to heat house No. 11 on Sovetskaya Street in Kandalaksha (presented by the expert council of the public control system in the housing and communal services sector of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region):

• 0.1712 Gcal/month - heat energy losses from the supply and return risers (average value), which pass through residential buildings. For the calculations, the instruction of the Ministry of Energy of Russia dated December 30, 2008 No. 325 was used.
• 8 sq. x 0.1712 Gcal = 1.3696 Gcal.
• 59.07 Gcal - 1.3696 Gcal = 57.70 Gcal.
• 57.7 Gcal / 1804.2 sq. m = 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 51.09 Gcal.
• 0.03198 Gcal/sq. m x 206.5 sq. m = 6.6 Gcal.
• 6.6 Gcal / 2410.5 sq. m = 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 812.8 sq. m = 2.227 Gcal.
• 0.00274 Gcal/sq. m x 1597.7 sq. m = 4.38 Gcal.

Rice. 3. Payment scheme central heating owners of objects where electric heating operates.

In this case you can:

• Use the heating consumption standard for general house needs (analogue, according to Article 7 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation).
• Install heat meters on heating risers of common property.
• Apply the instrument-calculation method for the volume of heat energy emitted by heating risers.

In the given diagrams, the positions of the parties are justified and fair:

• the heat supply organization is interested in selling heating services and receiving payment for it;
• property owners want to receive high-quality heating utility services and pay for it.

Alas, the proposals put forward by the expert council of public control in the field of housing and communal services of the Public Chamber of the Murmansk Region will not even be considered. At the same time, owners of objects heated by electricity, as before, receive bills for double payment for heating services. The same problem was found in the Crimea in the city of Krasnoperekopsk. It should be decided directly by the Government of the country.

The management company told us that this year they are going to install a new house heat meter in our high-rise building. In the meantime, they will change it, we will have to pay for heating at higher rates. Explain whether they can charge us inflated amounts and how they generally calculate the payment for heat?

Denis Potapov. Southwestern district.

As explained in the capital's mayor's office, if the common house heat meter works properly all year, heating fees are calculated based on the average calculated readings of the house meter for the previous year. This is necessary to evenly distribute the amount throughout the year. That is, every month we pay for heat 1/12 of the total heat recorded on the house meter for the previous year. The management company divides the amount of heat that, according to the meter readings, heated the house last year by 12 months. The resulting figure is divided by the total area of ​​the entire house and multiplied by the total area of ​​the specific apartment and the current tariff (see “Specific”).

At the end of the year, the management company checks the resulting figure with the amount of heat actually used and changes the amount depending on whether the house spent more or less heat this year than last year. The payment adjustment is indicated on the receipt in the “Recalculation” column.

BY STANDARDS OR BY FACT

If there was a break in the operation of the home heat meter for at least a month (for example, the device broke down or the management company did not transmit the meter readings to the heat supplier), then residents will pay for heating this year according to the meter data for last year. And next year - already according to the standard. The payment for heat in a residential building is affected by the number of floors, wall material, year of construction, and the work of the management company on energy saving in the building. On average, the price for heating one square meter in houses where a house heat meter is installed ranges from 23.11 rubles. up to 29.42 rub. And in houses where they pay for heat according to the standard - more than 33 rubles, that is, the amount in receipts may be higher.

WHERE TO COMPLAIN

If the residents of the house doubt the correctness of the amount in the payment, they can contact the Moscow Housing Inspectorate with a request to check utility payments. You can send a complaint to:

Most apartment buildings in our country have central gas heating, for which each owner of square meters receives bills. Of course, you should trust the information on the receipt, but it is advisable to double-check the accuracy of the calculations in order to completely eliminate the possibility of error. The problem is that many apartment owners simply don’t know how to do this. Let's look into such an important issue!

How to calculate the cost of heating in an apartment?

The calculation algorithm is completely determined by the method of heating the house and the available heating devices. Options for equipping buildings with accounting devices can be completely different:

1. Only one meter is installed for the entire house, and individual apartments and non-residential premises are not equipped with metering devices.
2. There is a common meter, but some apartments and premises are also equipped with individual devices.
3. There is no meter in the house, but some apartments have metering devices.

Before you begin calculating heating, you need to find out which method of metering gas consumption is used in the house. Without this information, further actions are simply impossible.

How to calculate the heating fee in an apartment using a meter common to the entire house?

In order for our calculations to be clear, it is necessary to take some data as an example. Let's say that the meter in the house showed consumption of 300 Gcal. The area of ​​the multi-storey building itself is 8500 m². The apartment taken into account has an area of ​​80 m². Let’s take the tariff for consumed electricity to be 1,500 rubles/1 Gcal.

First, we’ll find out how to calculate heating based on the area of ​​an apartment; to do this, we’ll use the following diagram: (300*80/8500)*1500 =4235 RUR. This amount will appear first on the receipt, since it is the payment for heating in the apartment.

However, let’s not forget about non-residential premises, the heating costs of which are distributed among the residents. Let's assume that the living area is 7000 m². Then the calculations will be as follows: 300*(1-7000/8500)*80/7000=0.6051 Gcal. Convert into monetary equivalent: 0.6051*1500=908 rub.

The total amount of the receipt in this case will be: 4235+908=5143 rub.

How to calculate heating according to the meter in an apartment?

Let's imagine that some apartments, as well as non-residential premises, are equipped with meters. According to available metering devices, 15 Gcal were spent on heating non-residential areas, and 10 Gcal in other apartments. The needs of hot water supply accounted for 40 Gcal.

First, let's find out how much heat fell on our square meters:

• If you have a meter, take readings and multiply by the current tariff: 2*1500=3000 rub.
• in the absence of a meter, the rate of heat consumption per 1 m² is taken into account, which is 0.03 Gcal: 0.03*80*1500=3600 rub.

Now you need to find out what amount will be added. The following diagram will help us with this: ( 300-15-7000*0.03-10-40)*80/7000=0.2857 Gcal. Convert to rubles: 0.2857*1500=429 rub.

• 3000+429=3429 rub.
• 3600+429=4029 rub.

How to correctly calculate heating in an apartment without a common meter?

In this case, the presence of a metering device in the home is also of great importance. The first step is still to determine the cost of heating the apartment:

• with counter: 2*1500=3000 rub.
• without counter: 0.03*80*1500=3600 rub.

Now we need to know the amount for the needs of the house, and this requires information about the area of ​​​​the common property. Let's say it is 200 m², then the calculation will be as follows: 0.03*200*80/7000=0.0686 Gcal. In money: 0.0686*1500=103 rub.

The total amount of the receipt will be:

• in the presence of individual device: 3000+103=3103 rub.
• in the absence of a meter in the apartment: 3600+103=3703 rub.

As you can see from the calculations, an apartment meter significantly reduces the payment for thermal energy, so it is worth thinking about installing an individual meter. This will not only save your cash, but will also allow you to fully control the accrual process.

How to calculate heating batteries for an apartment?

When choosing radiators for your home, it is very important to make the correct calculation, otherwise the apartment will be constantly hot or cold. Only specialists can provide the most accurate data, but you can also calculate the required number of sections yourself. There is a simplified method that allows you to obtain data with minimal error.

First we need to find out how much thermal power is required to fully heat 1 m²:

• at standard height rooms with only one window opening and one outer wall 100 W will be enough;
• if there are two external walls, one window opening and a standard ceiling height, it is worth taking 120 W into account;
• at two window openings, we take 130 W for the same number of external walls and standard ceilings.

If the room boasts a height of more than 3 meters or the presence large windows, then the value obtained in the calculations must be multiplied by a correction factor of 1.1.

How to calculate heating radiators for an apartment using an example?

Let's assume that we have a room of 30 m² with two external walls and one window opening. The ceiling height is 3.3 meters. The choice fell on bimetal heating batteries, the power of one section of which is 220 W (according to data from the model data sheet). We need to find out how many fins we need to heat the existing room.

1. First, we find out the total thermal power for the existing room: 30*120*1.1=3960 W.
2. Now we divide the result by the power of one section of the heating device: 3960/220=18 sections.

If we have two windows, then under each of them it is necessary to place a heating radiator with 9 sections. This approach will help reduce heat losses and increase heating efficiency. We do the same calculation for each room in the apartment.

As you can see, correct calculation of heating in an apartment is not such a difficult task, which you can easily cope with on your own. The main thing is to approach the issue with maximum responsibility and seriousness!