Cutter with a cylindrical shank - GOST requirements for the tool. Wood cutters What is a cutter shank

I have been planning to write this article for a long time. The fact is that I am a fan of such a tool, as there are a lot of things that were previously not available to me that I can now do with these machines (to be honest, I have five of them for different tasks).

Everything would be fine, but consumables for them, that is, cutters, especially curly ones (classification of cutters i), are quite expensive. I’m not talking about professional models, such as CMT or Freud - they are generally expensive (definitely for 1000 r, which comes to a third of the price of the most budget router) and for most amateurs it’s not affordable.

For myself, I found a way out - cutters from the Chinese Aliexpress store. In terms of quality, they do not differ much from our budget counterparts, and some, in general, there is a suspicion, are made at the same factory ... But the price is simply pleasing.

For example, we will analyze three options for cutters for angular fusion of workpieces (about working with it already). All three cutters are approximately the same parameters (diameter 70 mm)

In principle, it is clear enough here that milling cutter with Aliexpress is the cheapest(approximately 1.5 times), and visually almost does not differ from encoring (according to reviews, in principle, too).

But here we are in for a disappointment. We follow the links and carefully study the characteristics (for those who have not done this before, I explain). We look at the diameter of the shank for cutter number 1, it is 1/2 "(which is our 12.7 mm) and for numbers 2 and 3 - 12 mm. It would seem that 0.7 mm is not much. But in the case of a router, this the difference is critical.

The inch standard (American) is the prevailing one for Ali. The most popular sizes are 1/4" and 1/2" (6.35 mm and 12.7 mm). We also use cutters 6, 8 and 12 mm. What to do?

There is a way out of this situation. Must buy there collet chucks appropriate sizes or adapters to them.

For example, a 1/4 inch collet fits many household routers (I personally bought it for myself and it fit like a glove on my Mac Allister MRO1200 and Ryobi 1400. I think Elitech F 1800E which visually does not differ much from it will also stand up.

A 1/2 inch collet (price 540 rubles) also fits many machines (reliably - those that users have tried - indicated in the description and comments). I ordered it for myself for my Felisatti RF67 / 2200VE ... I'm waiting.

Basically, I think that the price is not high. And even if it doesn’t fit, you can always either sell this collet to Avito or even change the milling cutter by selling the old one there (after checking the list) - even such a steep measure will pay off over time ....

For 1/4" cutters, there is another option (win-win) - an adapter sleeve from 8 mm to 1/4". It is put on the shank of a 1/4 inch cutter and is inserted into an 8 mm collet. (sorry, I did not find adapters from 12 to 12.7 mm) ...

I collect all interesting offers on Chinese milling cutters and collets in my

All photos from the article

Manual milling machine widely used for . But it is useless without properly selected cutters, which determine the type of operation performed. We will discuss them further.

Most popular options

The router itself, in fact, is a conventional engine with comfortable handles, the ability to adjust power and seat under cutters. And it is the installed working elements that determine the scope of all equipment.

All types of wood cutters for manual router can be considered for a very long time, but we will try to touch on their main differences and purposes.

Construction types

End mills for wood for a manual router primarily differ from each other in terms of design:

Tip: if the shell cutter becomes dull during operation, do not rush to change it, it will be enough to turn the blades over with your own hands to the other side and continue the operation, since the sharpening of such models is double-sided.

Purpose

Application instructions milling equipment depends on what type of cutting consumable you install on it:

edging

Fillet cutter for wood for manual router

Very widespread are edge models with a thrust bearing, which are used for processing and. They, in turn, also have different variations depending on the shape of the blades:

Combined cutter:

• They are a combination of a groove and spike cutting element;
• Used when creating wooden shields. With its help, all the necessary wooden fragments are reliably spliced. It is noteworthy that in the case of using these models, the joint area of ​​​​the joinery increases significantly, due to which it turns out to be extremely strong.

Conclusion

As you can see, get the right one. manual machine- that's not all. If you want to be able to carry out the full processing of wooden products, then you will also need to acquire high-quality appropriate cutters, each of which is used to perform strictly certain tasks. And also you will need accuracy and care.

The video in this article will reveal to you Additional materials that are directly related to the information provided. Remember that the right tool is the key to the successful completion of the task!

If you have any questions regarding this topic, you can ask them in the comments.

Milling is almost unlimited possibilities for processing workpieces. Creating edges, grooves or grooves of different depths and shapes - for each of these operations there are different types of wood cutters that allow processing with maximum efficiency. In this article we will talk about what types of cutters are and for what purposes they are used.

Tool steel is an ideal material for the production of solid milling cutters. The body of brazed cutters is made of structural steel, and plates of high-speed steel, as well as hard alloys, are soldered onto the working parts of the teeth of the cutters. Prefabricated cutters have teeth made of high speed steel or equipped with carbide inserts. They are attached using various mechanical methods.

The main parameters of the cutter include:

• shank diameter. This indicator is key. It shows if the cutter is compatible with specific model router, because not every tool in the kit has collets. A collet is a special sleeve that compresses the shank. Collets are available in 6, 8 and 12 mm. Note that in stores there are cutters with a shank of 1/4 or ½ inch, if we translate into millimeters we get 6.35 and 12.7 mm. These cutters are not compatible with 6mm and 12mm collets. The shank diameter strictly corresponds to the diameter of the collet
• cutter design. They are monolithic, prefabricated, or with replaceable blades. Often, a wood cutter is a steel “blank” with a shank to which the blades are soldered. There are such blades that are created in the form of removable plates with double-sided sharpening. When the point is dull, the knife is simply turned over. In addition, there are solid cutters that are created as a monolithic metal part with turned blades.
• blade types. The cutter is marked "HM" and "HSS". HM is a carbide cutter, HSS is a high speed cutter. The fast cutting option is ideal for working with soft woods or aluminium. Carbide will help to cope with various wood materials, including hard varieties. Most often, the location of the blades is strictly vertical, which means that they cut, and do not cut the material. There are also inclined or spiral knives. Such knives cut the material, therefore, with such processing, there are fewer chips along the edges, and the quality of processing is noticeably higher.

It is very common to find cutters that are equipped with a small bearing mounted flush with the blades at the top or bottom. The bearing provides minimal cost time to perform precise edge milling, because there is no need to fiddle with stops to guide the tool evenly: the bearing itself rests on the “edge” of the workpiece and therefore creates an accurate direction for the router.

Buying cutters by the piece is quite expensive. It's better to buy a set. The set, of course, has a higher cost than one cutter, but if you buy the same cutters separately, you will spend much more. There are many such sets and they are sold in any store. Consider the five most common sets from Diold:

• the first set has six edge cutters with radii of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 mm, equipped with a thrust bearing at the bottom. The shank of all cutters has a diameter of 8 mm
• the second set contains 12 cutters. By purchasing the set, you will receive two edge cutters with a radius of 6.35 and 9.5 mm and with a support bearing; one figured with two radii of 4 mm and with a support bearing; three end mills having a diameter of 6, 12 and 16 mm; one end with a diameter of 12.7 mm; one angular (angle 90 degrees) with an outer diameter of 12.7 mm. Also in the set there is one groove cutter with a radius of 6.35 mm; one end radius with a radius of 6.35 mm and a support bearing; one 45-degree end mill with bearing support and one groove cutter (under " dovetail”), having a butt diameter of 12.7 mm and an angle of 14 degrees. Such a large set will become a faithful assistant to a novice carpenter, because it will help to implement different types work on the creation of simple pieces of furniture
• the third set has 16 items. It is very similar to the previous one. In addition to those described above, in the set you will see end mills with a diameter of 3 and 12.7 mm; grooved with a radius of 3.2 mm and a special drill with a diameter of 6.3 mm
• the fourth set is for professional craftsmen. The set contains 12 cutters reinforced structure with all the functions of the second set
• the fifth set is somewhat similar to the fourth, but includes 20 reinforced cutters with a wide variety of features and the addition of a 9.5 mm wide end slot cutter with a 32 mm diameter. The set is also intended for professional craftsmen.

In addition to the sets described above, Diold has 10 more sets equipped with cutters in various combinations. The choice of sets is quite wide, any master will choose the right one for himself.

Types of cutters for a milling cutter

A hand router is an indispensable thing in household. He, like any other serious tool, has a variety of equipment, with which simple wooden bars become a work of art. Next, we will talk about the types of wood cutters most in demand today, their purpose and application.

The grooving cutter for wood has several modifications:

• straight groove cutter. It has parallel cutting edges, which, during rotation, outline a surface in the form of a cylinder. These cutters are designed for processing straight grooves. If you skillfully combine them with a copy sleeve, you will be able to carefully cut curvilinear flat blanks according to the template. The size of these cutters is determined by the diameter and length of the cutting part.
• fillet V-shaped groove cutter. It leaves a straight groove with the bottom of the corner. Such a profile is used as an element of decorative carving or as a special guide for moving, for example, a box, which can be found in old furniture.
• structural groove cutter. It is designed to create connections, for example, dovetail, or an inverted T-slot. The same cutter will help to get the usual box connections for lightly loaded boxes, such as caskets. The size is determined by the largest diameter, angle of inclination, as well as the height of the working part
• cutter for splicing on a microthorn, or "mouse tooth". Such cutters are used in the process of splicing long workpieces in length. However, there is another use for such cutters: they will help to attach the face to the end to obtain decorative effects or create wide shields
• shaped groove cutter. The task of this cutter is to create grooves with shaped side surfaces. Naturally, with the use of a rip fence or a guide sleeve, these cutters can handle workpiece edge work. Also, some of these cutters are quite suitable for forming large recesses, for example, compartments in caskets, recesses in non-round saucers, wooden trays and other similar works.

Most universal tool for woodworking can be called end mills for wood. The stores offer a huge number of models that are designed for a variety of work related to processing different varieties timber and creations from it different designs. However, despite the versatility of this type of cutter, choose the right one and the same time. quality option quite problematic. end mill similar to a drill that is fixed in the spindle of a milling machine. The cutter itself is characterized by the presence of several cutting edges located on the side or on the end. Most often, a spiral cutter for wood is made of high-strength steel. In addition, in order to guarantee additional protection the working part of the cutter is coated with a Teflon non-stick coating.

The spiral cutter is also excellent for plunge milling. Spiral cutters are characterized by low wear and reduced impact loads on the milling machine.

Edge cutter for wood is of the following types:

• straight edge cutter. Absolutely all edge cutters have a bearing, which, during operation, runs in the edge of the part. Note that the working (cutting) part is above or below the bearing. Straight edge cutters are in great demand in the process of working with templates. The bearing can be located at the top or bottom. Cutters with a lower bearing are cheaper, however, during operation, the workpiece is between the template and the router, which makes it impossible to process in two passes in depth, while with the upper bearing it is real. The main characteristics of these cutters include the working length, the working diameter, and the bearing diameter, which often differs from the working one. It is more convenient to purchase cutters in which these diameters are the same, this will facilitate the creation and installation of a template on the workpiece.
• shaped, or molding, edge cutter. There is a wide variety of such cutters. The edge profile is selected according to appearance products. Their size depends on the height of the working part, as well as largest diameter and the radius of the rounding they make. If there are several roundings in the profile, the profile of the largest of them is most often indicated. Very rarely, adjustable edge molding cutters come across. In such cutters, it is possible to adjust the distance between the working parts
• wood cutter. It is designed to sample the fold. The main difference from straight groove cutters is that disk cutters are based on the edge with a bearing, as a result of which the groove chosen by it is more accurate in relation to the edge of the workpiece. However, their cost is higher than direct grooved ones. Most often, these cutters are made adjustable in order to be able to choose a groove of different depths or widths. In a set of such cutters there are bearings of various diameters or a stack of thin cutters on the axis, so the height changes by disassembling the cutter and removing extra discs
• curly edge cutters. There is a bearing at the end of such cutters, however, the shape of their edges is somewhat more complicated than that of shaped edge cutters, with a greater height. They are used to create a baguette and in the process of processing the edges of panels, skirting boards, as well as facade frames. There are these cutters without bearings. With such a cutter, it is necessary to work with the help of a parallel stop or a copy sleeve and a template
• horizontal figurine cutters. They help in decorative milling of the edges of the panels. As a result of their significant diameter, mass and cutting force, they are produced only with a 12 mm shank and can only be used on the table, that is, provided that the router is stationary. There are such cutters, consisting of two cutting discs and capable of processing both sides of the panel in one pass.

It turns out that buying a milling machine is only half the battle. If you intend to fully work with wooden products, then you should also purchase appropriate and high-quality cutters, each of which is used to implement specific tasks.

Cutters with a cylindrical shank, the design and dimensions of which must comply with the provisions of GOST 17025, are designed to work with ledges and surfaces on milling machine equipment.

1 End mill - types, properties and characteristics

Such a tool differs from a drill in its geometry and application. Drills, as you know, can process products exclusively in the axial direction. But the end mill can rotate while working with metal products in any direction. Only certain types of this tool are not capable of performing axial rotations.

End cutters are divided into several types. First of all, they can have a conical or cylindrical shank. In both cases, the circumferential pitch of the teeth will be uneven. The considered cutters are:

• for segment keys;
• with hard alloys (keyway);
• with screw carbide inserts and special crowns;
• for processing T-shaped grooves;
• keyway with shanks of various shapes (conical, cylindrical).

The end mill is attached to the spindle with a shank. Different cutters may have their own characteristics of their individual parts. They are divided into:

• helical, straight-toothed and with helical teeth;
• composite, solid and prefabricated;
• backed and sharply sharpened.

Within the framework of this article, we are interested in a cutter with a cylindrical shank, which will be discussed.

2 GOST 17025–71 for tools with a cylindrical shank

End mill with tail cylindrical shape makes it possible to process ledges and surfaces of products made from any structural, low-alloy and conventional. GOST 17025 tells us that such milling tools can be produced in two types:

• with a large tooth (Type 1);
• with a normal tooth (Type 2).

An end mill with a large or normal tooth according to GOST can have a special cylindrical ribbon or be sharpened sharply. These tools are made with right and left cutting.

The end mill is designated by a combination of numbers from 2220-0164 to 2220-0226 (right-hand cutting) and from 2220-0228 to 2220-0229 (left-hand cutting). The diameter of cutters with a cylindrical shank in accordance with State Standard 17025 varies from 2 to 28 mm, their length is 7–45 mm. Shank cross section varies from 4 to 63 mm. GOST allows the production of a tool in which the diameters of the working part and the shank are identical.

An end mill of any type is produced with an uneven tooth pitch (such a pitch is called circumferential). The State Standard clearly states the value of the tooth pitch, depending on the number of the latter:

• with six teeth - 57-63-57-63-57-63 degrees;
• at five - 68-72-76-68-76 degrees;
• at four - 90-85-90-95 degrees;
• at three - 110-123-127 degrees.

Production is possible cutting tool with a uniform step, but only in agreement with the customer of the cutters. At a separate request of the client, left-hand cutters are also produced (standard products according to GOST 17025 are milling devices with right-hand thread).

3 Special requirements of the State Standard 17025–71

Chip flutes in such tools have the following angles:

• end mill Type 1 - 30 to 35 degrees;
• cutter Type 2 - from 35 to 45 degrees.

Cutting devices, the cross section of which does not exceed four millimeters, GOST allows to produce without teeth on the ends. A tool with a cross section of not more than 12 millimeters can be made without a neck. center hole on the end face, which each end mill has, must meet the requirements of State Standard 14034.

It is allowed to manufacture a tool without a hole, but on condition that the cutter has a cross section of up to six millimeters (if the diameter is larger, the presence of a hole is mandatory). The geometric parameters of cutter shanks are specified separately in the standard 25534. Technical requirements to the process of manufacturing a cutting tool are set out in GOST 17024. An end mill can have a recess on both ends of the tool or only on the side of its working part.

Cylindrical shanks for end-type milling cutters, which allow mounting tools in machine tool chucks, are produced in three versions (Gosstandart 25534): with one or two flats, smooth. Flattened shanks are used to hold the cutter in clamping screw chucks, the smooth version in conventional clamping chucks.

4 Solid carbide cutters - GOST 32405–2013

The end tool with a cylindrical shank of a solid type made of hard alloys is used when products made of hard and durable materials (for example, structural steel) are machined. The cylindrical shank carbide end mill can be short (Type 1) or long (Type 2) cutter.

The diameter of such tools is from 1 to 20 mm, the number of teeth is from 2 to 4. If the cutter according to GOST 32405 has two teeth at the end, it is used for grooving. A tool with a cross section of not more than 4.5 mm may have an outer center from the side of the tail. Most often, alloys according to GOST 3882 are used for the production of carbide cutting devices. These include VK10, VK8 and VK6-M. At the request of the client, other alloys can be used.

Surface roughness of the working tool (in micrometers):

• surfaces of chamfers and cutting additional edges - 3.2;
• rear and front surfaces of the main edges - 1.6;
• shank surface - no more than 0.63.

The cutting parts of the tool must not have black chips, burrs, chipping, chips and cracks on the surface.

Carbide milling cutters are characterized by certain periods of resistance (set and average), which are determined during testing. The values ​​of these periods for structural steels are given below:

• tool with a cross section of more than 2.5 mm - 12 (installed) and 30 (average) minutes;
• tool with a cross section of less than 2.5 mm - 8 and 20 minutes, respectively.

If heat-resistant steels are processed, the length of the periods is determined taking into account a correction factor of 0.5. For stainless steel, a factor of 0.6 is used.

5 Additional requirements for carbide end tools

End mills from alloys of the "VK" series are operated until the wear of their teeth (back surfaces) does not exceed the following values:

• 0.5 mm - a tool with a cross section of 16 mm or more;
• 0.35 - section 10–16 mm;
• 0.3 - section 6–10 mm;
• 0.25 - section 3–6 mm;
• 0.15 - cross section up to 3 mm.

The value of the taper of the cutting section of the cutters should be in the range from 0.01 (a tool with a section of 1–5 mm) to 0.03 (more than 12 mm), the allowable index of end and radial runout is from 0.015 to 0.03 mm, deviations in length - +1 to 2 mm.

Mandatory tests finished instrument include control:

• its dimensional characteristics;
• surface roughness (comparison with reference samples or according to State Standard 9378);
• appearance (using an optical device with a fourfold increase according to the standard 25706);
• the established and average period of firmness;
• operability on milling units (control processing of ledges in certain modes is performed).

All these types of tests are carried out on products made of alloyed structural steel alloys. Moreover, their surface should have an initial roughness of up to 2.5 micrometers.