View question. Red viburnum (Viburnum opulus L.)

Family: honeysuckle (Caprifoliaceae).

Homeland

In nature, viburnum is distributed in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, Asia, North America, North Africa. The genus contains about 150 species.

Form: deciduous (less often evergreen) shrub or tree.

Description

Kalina - perennial shrub or small tree up to 4 m high. Viburnum leaves are usually opposite, less often whorled, simple, with stipules, entire, lobed or serrated. Viburnum flowers are white, creamy white or pinkish, collected in racemes. Viburnum fruits are red or blue-black, depending on the type. Most types of viburnum bloom in late May - early June; long-lasting flowering. The root system of viburnum is fibrous. Viburnum is an excellent honey plant. Plants are decorative with their flowers, leaves and fruits.

Viburnum common , or Red viburnum (V. opulus). A large, wide, vertically growing shrub or tree up to 4-5 m tall and wide, often forming thickets. The bark of the red viburnum is gray-brown, with cracks. The leaves of the plants are large, broadly ovate, three- or five-lobed, light green in spring, dark green in summer, reddish in autumn. Red viburnum flowers are large and white. The fruits of the species are red, shiny, round or elliptical, edible, look impressive against the background of foliage, and stay on the plant for a long time. The growth rate of red viburnum is medium or high. The root system of plants is superficial, wide, and not sensitive to flooding or compaction. Red viburnum suffers from high temperatures and drought.

Viburnum black , or viburnum gordovina, or pride (V. lantana). Dense powerful bush up to 5 m tall with a dense, wide, compact crown. All parts of the black viburnum are covered with small white hairs. The leaves of the pride are wrinkled, ovate-oval, dense, wide, dark green above, bluish below. The flowers are creamy white. The fruits of black viburnum are shiny, edible, initially red, later turning black. The pride is simultaneously decorated with both red and black fruits; the fruits turn completely black in September. In nature, black viburnum is found in Central and Southern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa, and the North Caucasus.

Viburnum canadian (V. lentago) - a tall shrub or small tree up to 6 m tall with an ovoid crown. The leaves of Canadian viburnum are broadly oval, pointed, smooth, shiny, finely toothed along the edges, bright green in summer, all shades of red in autumn. The flowers are small, creamy white. The fruits of Canadian viburnum are initially green, later bluish-black, with a bluish bloom, and are edible. Canadian viburnum differs in that it reacts poorly to waterlogged soils. In nature, the plants are found in Canada and the USA.

Viburnum bureinskaya , or viburnum buryat (V. burejaeticum). Strongly branching shrub up to 3 m tall with a spreading openwork crown. The leaves of the Buryat viburnum are elliptical or ovate, pointed, sharp-toothed along the edges, dark green above, slightly pubescent, lighter below. The flowers of Buryat viburnum are yellowish-white, the fruits are black and edible. Buryat viburnum is light-loving and demanding on soil fertility. In nature, plants are found in the south of Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, Northeast China, and North Korea.

(V. Sargentii). Spreading multi-branched shrub up to 4 m tall. The leaves of Sargent's viburnum are located on long petioles and have a deep central vein. The flowers are larger. The fruits of the plants are bright red and ripen in early October. Viburnum Sargent is undemanding to soil conditions. In nature, plants are found in Eastern Siberia, on Far East, Sakhalin, Korea, Northern China, Japan.

Kalina Raita (V. wrightii). A straight-trunked, densely branched shrub up to 2.5 m tall with smooth, gray-brown bark. The leaves of Wright's viburnum are obovate, jagged along the edge, pubescent, green above, paler below. The flowers are white, the fruits are bright red, round. In nature, Wright's viburnum grows on Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Japan and Korea.

Viburnum folded (V. plicatum, tomentosum). Shrub up to 3 m high. The leaves of folded viburnum are broadly oval, herbaceous green, with numerous veins, and look velvety. The inflorescences on each branch arise from two lateral opposite buds (each with one inflorescence and two leaves), so the creamy white inflorescences are arranged in layers, alternating with velvety, lush green leaves, which creates a stunning effect. The homeland of folded viburnum is Japan and China.

Viburnum triloba (V. trilobum). Shrub up to 4-5 m tall with an openwork crown. The leaves of the three-lobed viburnum are lighter than those of the common viburnum; turn purple in autumn. The fruits of the plants are bright scarlet, edible, and taste like red currants. Three-lobed viburnum is very resistant to diseases and pests. In nature, the plant is found in North America.

Viburnum edible (V. edule). Shrub up to 1.5 m tall. In nature, edible viburnum grows in the mountain forests of North America.

Non-winter-resistant types of viburnum

Viburnum evergreen , or viburnum laurel (V. tinus). Evergreen, densely branched shrub up to 3 m tall. The leaves of evergreen viburnum are very decorative - leathery, elliptical, entire, shiny on top, bright green, pubescent below, lighter. The flowers of laurel viburnum are pinkish, fragrant, and bloom early. The fruits of evergreen viburnum are spherical or ovoid, blue-black. Plants are drought-resistant, undemanding to soil conditions, and trim well. In nature, evergreen viburnum is common in the Mediterranean.

Kalina David (V. davidii). Slow growing dwarf evergreen shrub up to 1 m tall with a compact crown and horizontally growing shoots. The leaves of Viburnum David are evergreen, elliptical, leathery, dark green, with deep veins. The flowers of the plants are pinkish. The unusual blue fruits of David's viburnum ripen in October. Plants often suffer from sunburn. The birthplace of David's viburnum is Western China.

They do not winter in Middle lane Russia also Viburnum Carls (V. carlesii), viburnum rugosafolia (V. rhytidophyllum), fragrant viburnum (V. odoratissimum), fragrant viburnum (V. farreri), Japanese viburnum (V. japonicum) and many hybrid viburnums (V. x burkwoodii, V. x bodnantense, V. x caricephalum).

Growing conditions

Most types of viburnum are shade-tolerant, but develop better in illuminated areas. Due to their dense root system, viburnums are suitable for planting to prevent soil erosion. Viburnums are moisture-loving and can withstand excess moisture, so they are planted in areas with close proximity or in places where water accumulates. Viburnums grow on different soils, as a rule, they prefer or, but there are exceptions, for example, red viburnum, or common viburnum, which grows even on soils. Viburnum is highly frost-resistant (with the exception of some species listed above).

Plants prefer deep, fertile substrates, from to. Common viburnum grows throughout Europe, except in the Far North, in Western Siberia, Central Asia, North Africa and Asia Minor.

Application

Viburnum is a highly decorative plant that will look great on summer cottage. Viburnum is planted in group and mixed plantings, or used as a plant, excellent for. Low growing varieties can be planted in. Viburnum is a shrub that looks impressive with other deciduous and coniferous trees:, . Viburnum will decorate the garden in winter with bright red clusters of berries.

Care

Viburnum is a moisture-loving plant that needs abundant watering. Fertilizers are applied twice a year - before the beginning of the growing season and before leaf fall. After loosening the viburnum. Caring for viburnum also involves rejuvenation, in which old plant branches are removed (at a distance of 15-20 cm from the surface of the earth). Pruning is carried out in early winter or early spring before the buds open.

You will learn how to grow viburnum from the corresponding one.

Reproduction

Viburnum can be propagated by seeds () and vegetatively (green,). Low-lying branches of viburnum often produce layering. Viburnum is planted in spring in April or autumn in October. The distance between plants is 1.5-2 m.

Viburnum seeds and viburnum seedlings can be bought at.

Diseases and pests

Viburnum is often affected by the viburnum bark beetle (leaf beetle), the larvae of which eat away the leaf blades, leaving only the veins. The black viburnum aphid is also dangerous - it sucks out the cell sap from young shoots, after which they become deformed and slow down in growth. Possible diseases viburnum - spotting and powdery mildew.

Popular varieties

Varieties of red viburnum or common viburnum

Varieties of black viburnum, or pride

'Aureum'. Fast-growing shrub up to 3 m tall. The leaves are oval, golden above, pubescent below, silvery.

‘Aureo-variegatum’. This variety of viburnum is distinguished by unusual decorative leaves - with yellow strokes and spots.

Sargent viburnum varieties

'Sterile'- has only sterile flowers.

'Flavum'- variety with yellow fruits.

Variety of folded viburnum 'Pink Beauty'. Viburnum 'Pink Beauty' blooms long and profusely. The flowers are initially white, later becoming light pink.

We suggest you familiarize yourself with what varieties of viburnum there are.

Common or red (Viburnum opulus)

Most often, this species is found on the edges, banks of rivers, lakes, and inhabits deciduous and mixed forests. It has large green leaves that form frills, similar to a ballerina's tutu.

It has many large inflorescences, their diameter is 10-12 cm. The edge is represented big flowers with snow-white corollas, and small and inconspicuous ones are placed in the center - thanks to them, they are tied on the bush. The first (large) ones attract pollinators.

Blooms in late May - early summer. The berries ripen in August-September. They are quite juicy, have a round or elliptical shape, yellow flesh and a flat large seed; suitable for human consumption.

It is better to pick berries after the first frosts have passed - by this time they will have lost their bitterness and astringency. Red viburnum, a photo of which you will find in this article, is the most common species.

Ordinary includes a large number of varieties, among which the most popular are:

If you are looking frost-resistant varieties, pay attention to

Buryat or black (Viburnum burejaeticum)

The species is represented by a highly branching, spreading species that can grow up to 3 meters in height. It has bare, yellowish-gray branches and bark of the same color. Over the years, it cracks and becomes cork.

Toothed (Viburnum dentatum)

It is represented by a deciduous bush, the height of which reaches 4.5 meters. It has erect branches painted ash-gray. The shoots are bare and have a smooth structure. The leaves are 4-10 cm long, have an oval shape and a round or slightly heart-shaped base.

It has flowers of the same type, the diameter of which is 0.4 cm. They are painted white and collected in thick shields. The diameter of the fruit is 0.6 cm, the shape is round-ovoid, the color is blue-black. Blooms in May and June. has good frost resistance.

Canadian (Viburnum lentago)

This species is most often found in Canada, which explains its name. The best areas where this viburnum grows are hillsides, forest edges, river banks and swamps.

Did you know? In the old days they believed that viburnum protected the house from the evil eye and evil spirits. Therefore, they decorated the hut with clusters and laid out the berries on the table.

It is represented by a tall deciduous or small tree, height - no more than 6 meters. The crown has an ovoid shape, the leaves are wide, oval, pointed.

Their length is 10 cm. In summer they have a bright green color, and in autumn they become colored in red tones. The flowers are small, creamy white, concentrated in corymbose inflorescences with a diameter of 12 cm. Flowering lasts 2 weeks.
The berries are blue-black in color and are suitable for consumption. Growth is quite rapid, it can grow in the shade and is frost-resistant. Quickly adapts to urban conditions.

Laurel leaf or evergreen (Viburnum tinus)

Viburnum laurel begins to bloom in early spring. It is represented by an evergreen bush with a height of up to 3 meters. It has leathery leaves, drooping down and having a pointed oval shape. The color of the flowers is white, there may be a pinkish tint. The inflorescences have a diameter of 5-10 cm.

Viburnum berries are oval, have a pearlescent blue color, and there are a lot of them on the bush. In summer the shrub is very beautiful due to the abundance of unusual fruits.

Wrinkle-leaved (Viburnum rhytidophyllum)

This species is native to China. Presented high, up to 5 meters. The width of the tree can be up to 4 meters, the crown is loose and sparse. The leaves are large in size, their length is about 20 cm. They have an unusual wrinkled textured structure.

The flowers are characterized small in size, painted creamy white. The diameter of the inflorescence is up to 20 cm. The buds begin to bloom in April. The berries are blackish-purple in color.

Wright's (Viburnum wrightii Miq)

It is represented by a straight-trunked, dense and branched shrub, the height of which is up to 2.5 meters. Crown diameter - up to 1 meter. The plant has smooth bark, long leaves up to 18 cm. Their shape is obovate.

The color of the upper part is green, the lower part is light green. It has fertile white flowers with a diameter of up to 0.7 cm. The berries are bright red, round and juicy. Ripening occurs in September

Viburnum is popularly associated with girlish beauty. There is a custom: the bride gives the groom a towel with a pattern of viburnum leaves and fruits, which she embroidered with her own hands. It is believed that such a gift, a symbol of tenderness, love and health, can only be given by a handicraft girl. Previously, people tried to decorate the wedding table and treats with flowers or bunches of ripe viburnum berries.

Juicy red viburnum berries are compared to pomegranates

Viburnum common, or red, (Viburnum opulus) are often planted to decorate the area and collect medicinal fruits. Deciduous shrub of the Honeysuckle family has decorative forms.

Many people know buldenezh("Boule de neige"), or " Snowball", with large spherical inflorescences of snow-white sterile flowers. This decorative form Viburnum viburnum has another name - “Roseum”. This old variety Many people know it as terry viburnum. All features of agricultural technology are described in the article.

Dwarf forms with a rounded crown and leaves reminiscent of white marble look great; tall variegated forms and garden forms with amber colored fruits.

New varieties of sweet-fruited viburnum have been developed: “Uralskaya sweet”, “Sverdlovskaya semi-sweet”, “Altaiskaya” and others with large, tasty berries. An adult varietal plant can produce 10 - 25 kg of juicy red berries. The tart bitterness disappears after freezing (on the bush or in the freezer) and during processing of the berries (into jelly, jam, puree). Only some “valerian” aftertaste remains.

Hedges and screens are created from viburnum bushes planted in one row. Outbuildings can be hidden even behind a separate overgrown plant.

Viburnum inflorescences

Description of red viburnum

I like the most common viburnum, which grows on the edges of forests, along rivers, in ravines and near swamps. We have several mature viburnum bushes on our site. Two seedlings were brought from the forest about ten years ago, the rest were the result of self-sowing. They are all completely different! Near the house of our friends, a luxurious viburnum bush grew, strewn in the fall with clusters of incredibly large juicy berries, which have no bitterness at all. For a long time I was sure that this was a varietal viburnum purchased at a nursery. It turned out that it grew from the basal shoot of a forest bush, which amazed with its berries in the fall.

Common viburnum (red) is a deciduous shrub, the height of which is often up to two meters. Some shrubs grow up to three to four meters. This plant with a lush crown looks beautiful from spring to late autumn. Flowering begins at . Viburnum is a good honey plant with white flat corymbose inflorescences. It is easy to distinguish between two types of flowers. In the center there are small, bud-like tubular flowers, without which there will be no berries. Along the edge there is an elegant barren flower, large sterile flowers that attract pollinating insects.

In the article we discuss the common viburnum, talk about the beneficial properties of the plant and the use of its fruits in folk medicine. You will learn how to cook medicines with viburnum berries for colds, coughs, hypertension and diabetes.

Appearance (photo) of viburnum Viburnum common or red viburnum (lat. Viburnum opulus) is a deciduous tree or shrub of the Viburnum genus of the Adoxaceae family, previously the Viburnum genus was classified as a member of the Honeysuckle family.

The fruits of viburnum are edible. The berries and bark of the plant are used in official and folk medicine.

What does it look like

Viburnum viburnum is a shrub, less often a tree, with grayish-brown bark, which is covered longitudinal cracks. The plant reaches a height of 1.5−4 meters. Lives 50 years or more.

Viburnum has round, bare shoots, sometimes ribbed, yellowish-brown in color, and in places grayish-white. The core of the shoots is whitish with a reddish tint, hexagonal. The kidneys have two fused outer scales. The buds themselves are ovoid, slightly pointed, reddish-green in color. The buds are hairless and may be sticky. Barren shoots end with one terminal bud, and fruit shoots end with two false terminal buds.

The leaves are petiolate, opposite, round or broadly ovate in shape, 5-10 cm long, 5-8 cm wide. The leaves are divided into 3-5 lobes, pointed, with a rounded wedge-shaped base. The upper side is dark green, the lower side is grayish green.

The flowers of the common viburnum are heteromorphic, with a double perianth, collected in flat umbrella-shaped panicles. Baskets are 2.5−5 cm long, 5−8 cm in diameter. The inflorescences are bare or with scattered small glands, located on the tops of young branches. The flowers are white or whitish-pink, short-bell-shaped, reaching a diameter of 5 mm. Viburnum blooms in late May - early June. The duration of the flowering period is 10−14 days.

The fruits are oval or spherical berries, bright red drupes with a diameter of 8-10 mm. The berries are juicy, slightly bitter and astringent in taste. The bitterness disappears after the first frost. Viburnum bears fruit in August - September.

Where does it grow

Common viburnum is undemanding to conditions. The plant tolerates drought and frost. Most common in temperate climates of Europe and Asia. The plant can often be found in the European part of Russia, the Caucasus, Crimea, Western and Eastern Siberia.

Also grows in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Western Europe, North Africa.

Viburnum berries

Viburnum berries are used for medicinal purposes. Below we will talk about medicinal properties and use of plant fruits.
Viburnum berries are most often used in folk medicine.

Chemical composition

Chemical composition of berries:

sucrose;
fructose;
glucose;
mannose;
galactose;
xylose;
arabinose;
rhamnose;
polysaccharides;
pectin substances;
isovaleric acid;
acetic acid;
steroids;
vitamin C;
carotene;
tannins;
catechins;
flavonoids;
fatty acid;
potassium salts.

Medicinal properties

Useful properties of viburnum:

antiseptic;
anti-inflammatory;
sedative;
antispasmodic;
painkiller;
vasoconstrictor;
hypotensive;
hemostatic;
choleretic;
diuretic;
laxative;
diaphoretic;
wound healing;
restorative.

Viburnum is used in the treatment of colds of the ENT organs, ARVI and influenza. Viburnum destroys bacteria and germs, eliminates inflammation and sore throat. Based on the berries of the plant, medicines for the common cold are made - they have a vasoconstrictor effect, relieve swelling of the nasal cavity and remove mucus.

Viburnum berries are used to treat diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Having an anti-inflammatory effect, medications based on them help with gastritis, stomach ulcers and duodenum. Viburnum fruits relieve spasms of the walls of the stomach and intestines, stop painful sensations, promote the production of hydrochloric acid and improve digestion. They are also used to treat liver diseases.

The fruits of the plant are good for the heart and blood vessels. They strengthen the myocardium and vascular walls. Viburnum berries reduce blood pressure and are used to stop bleeding. In addition, the fruits reduce cholesterol and glucose levels in the blood; they are used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus.

Viburnum has a positive effect on the nervous system. Eliminates headaches and shortens the duration of migraine attacks; medicines based on viburnum berries are used for neuroses, convulsions, hysteria, and epilepsy.

Externally, products with viburnum are used in the treatment of skin diseases and in dentistry. They have antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects.

How to collect

Viburnum berries are harvested when they are fully ripe. They are cut off together with the stalks. The berries are dried under sheds and in attics, hanging in bunches. You can also dry it in electric dryers at a temperature of 60−80 degrees. After drying, the stalks are separated.

How to use

Tea, decoctions, and infusions are made with viburnum. Below are the recipes: effective means with viburnum for the treatment of coughs, colds, hypertension and diabetes.

Decoction for diabetes

To treat diabetes, you can use freshly squeezed juice of viburnum berries or prepare an infusion based on them.

Ingredients:

Viburnum berries - 1 cup.
Boiling water - 1 liter.

How to cook: Pour over the berries hot water in a saucepan. Bring to a boil, then simmer for 10 minutes over low heat. Cool the drink and strain.

How to use: Take ⅔ glass of decoction 3-4 times a day before meals.

Result: Reduces blood sugar levels.

Infusion for colds and fever

At the first symptoms of a cold, take an infusion of viburnum berries.

Ingredients:

Viburnum fruits - 30 grams.
Boiling water - 1 glass.

How to cook: Pour boiling water over the fruits in a thermos. Leave for 3 hours.

How to use: Take ½ glass 2 times a day.

Result: Eliminates cough, runny nose, headache, lowers the temperature. Strengthens the immune system.

Mixture with honey for hypertension

To lower blood pressure, you can use viburnum in the form of tea, infusions and decoctions. Also, for hypertension, a mixture of plant fruits and honey is used.

Ingredients:

Viburnum berries - 4 tablespoons.
Honey - 4 tablespoons.

How to cook: Grind the berries and mix them with honey. Store the mixture in the refrigerator.

How to use: Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day.

Result: Reduces blood pressure, improves well-being.

Cough tea

Cough tea with viburnum berries is easy to prepare. It can be used not only to treat coughs due to colds, but also to eliminate this symptom in bronchial asthma.

Ingredients:

Viburnum berries - 1 handful.
Boiling water - 2 cups.

How to cook: Pour boiling water over the viburnum berries. The drink does not need to be infused.

How to use: Drink ½ glass warm 3 times a day.

Result: Relieves spasms, eliminates cough, improves sputum discharge.

For more information about viburnum, watch the video:

Use of viburnum during pregnancy

Viburnum is prohibited during pregnancy. Although the berries of the plant can have a positive effect on the body of the expectant mother, they increase the tone of the uterus and cause contractions, which can lead to miscarriage. early stages or premature birth or late birth.

Contraindications

Contraindications to the use of viburnum:

individual intolerance;
pregnancy;
hypotension;
increased acidity of gastric juice;
chronic kidney disease;
thrombophlebitis and some other blood diseases.

Before using viburnum for medicinal purposes, be sure to consult your doctor.

Classification

Taxonomic position:

department: Flowers;
class: Dicotyledons;
order: Teasaceae;
family: Adoxaceae;
genus: Viburnum;
species: Viburnum common.

Varieties

The genus Viburnum includes 166 species, the most famous:

Viburnum common;
Buryat viburnum;
Birch-leaved viburnum;
Viburnum fragrant;
Viburnum Mongolian;
Viburnum is soft;
Viburnum is useful;
Kalina Wright.

Viburnum infographics

Photo of common viburnum, its beneficial features and application
Infographics on Viburnum common

What to remember

Viburnum viburnum is a shrub or tree whose fruits have a rich chemical composition, they are used in folk medicine.
Viburnum berries are used to make medicines that are used to treat colds, diabetes, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, heart and blood vessels, nervous system, diseases of other organs.
Viburnum is prohibited during pregnancy.
Viburnum has other contraindications; before using the berries, make sure they are absent.
Before using viburnum berries for medicinal purposes, consult your doctor.

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Hello dear reader!

The common viburnum does not need any special introduction. Decorative viburnum, healing properties its fruits, flowers, and bark have made this forest shrub an ordinary inhabitant of our gardens and front gardens.

I'm sure many people consider viburnum to be real garden plant, and when they meet her in the forest, they will be surprised at some “misunderstanding.” Of course, there are garden varieties, bred on the basis of the common viburnum. However, most often it ends up in our garden in almost the same way. forest bush, not at all in need of human care.

Viburnum common as a forest shrub

Common viburnum is very unpretentious. She easily tolerates frosty winters. In the northern taiga, however, shrubs are not found. And it doesn’t reach Arkhangelsk. But to the south it grows freely in spruce-small-leaved forests as undergrowth. Moreover, viburnum can often be found in mixed and broad-leaved forests, in oak forests. And even further south, in the forest-steppe - in ravines, depressions, and river valleys.

Able to tolerate summer droughts. Prefers fairly fertile soil, of course. And it will not grow on dry hillocks that are occupied. But some waterlogging is not a hindrance for common viburnum. In forests, she still prefers to settle near streams and rivers. And also on the edges and clearings.

Viburnum is light-loving, although it will tolerate some shading. Only in dense shade it is unlikely to bloom. But he can wait for the formation of a “window” in the forest canopy, after one of the “giants” falls out, and then he will not miss his chance to leave offspring.

And this bush rises into the mountains. As a result, on the mainland of Eurasia, the common viburnum is spread very widely without the slightest human intervention. It grows throughout Europe, except the north and steppe southeast, in the Caucasus, and Crimea. It penetrates far beyond the Urals - to the Baikal region. Although in Western and Central Siberia the shrub is found only in the south of the forest zone. Grows in Kazakhstan and in the mountains of Central Asia.

Viburnum viburnum is unusually beautiful from spring to late autumn, until the beginning of winter. In spring it pleases with the young greenery of beautiful carved leaves. It blooms in early summer, forming unusual inflorescences in the form of corymbs with two types of flowers. Along the edge of the inflorescence, large white flowers open, having neither stamens nor pistils - sterile. Their job is to attract pollinating insects.

In the center of the inflorescence, the flowers are much smaller, in the form of cups with a white or pinkish corolla. They are less noticeable, but contain long stamens and shorter pistil styles. Based on the peculiarities of the structure of flowers and inflorescences, botanists have now “identified” viburnum as a rather exotic family of Adoxaceae, having “removed” it from the honeysuckle family.