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The main feature in which a closed heating system differs from an open one is its isolation from environmental influences. Such a scheme includes a circulation pump that stimulates the movement of the coolant. The scheme is devoid of many of the disadvantages inherent in an open heating circuit.

You will learn all about the pros and cons of closed heating circuits by reading the article we have proposed. It thoroughly analyzes the device options, the specifics of the assembly and operation of systems closed type. For independent craftsmen, an example of a hydraulic calculation is given.

The information provided for review is based on building codes. To optimize the perception of a difficult topic, the text is supplemented useful diagrams, collections of photos and video guides.

Thermal expansions in a closed system are compensated by using a membrane expansion tank filled with water during heating. When cooled, the water from the tank again goes into the system, thereby maintaining a constant pressure in the circuit.

The pressure generated in the closed heating circuit even during installation, it is transmitted to the entire system. The circulation of the coolant is carried out forcibly, so this system is volatile. Without there will be no movement of heated water through the pipes to the appliances and back to the heat generator.

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closed system heating involves the mandatory installation of a membrane-type expansion tank. In addition, with this scheme, the contact of atmospheric air with the coolant is excluded.

Such options for organizing the heating of a private house are very popular these days. They are relatively easy to install with your own hands and have many operational advantages, which will be discussed below. A closed heating system consists of several main elements:

circulation pump;
heating unit (gas,);
pipes;
membrane expansion tank;
batteries.

Such systems work according to a clear principle. Heating of the heat carrier to the set temperature is carried out in the heating boiler. At the same time, the volume hot water rises, which initiates its entry into the heating batteries through pipes.

Excess heated liquid passes through the return line into the expansion tank. This part of the system is made in the form of a closed-type capsule, which is divided into two separate compartments by a special membrane.

The principle of operation of the expansion tank

Nitrogen is pumped into one section of the expansion tank, the second is necessary for the passage of hot water. In the compartment where the gas is located, when the boiler is started, the pressure is identical to the pressure of the system. The coolant, when it enters the expansion device, equalizes the pressure values. Water is pumped out and sent back to the heating unit by a special circulation pump.

The systems under consideration are necessarily equipped with additional control equipment. These include:

drain valve;
security group (it protects the system from excessive pressure);
make-up valve;
valves;
valve to remove excess pressure;
manometer.

These elements provide reliable control of the functioning of the heating complex and make its operation easier.

Such equipment has many advantages, which determines its popularity today. The main advantages of closed-type heating systems are as follows:

Ability to perform all installation work with your own hands.
High heat dissipation.
No need for additional thermal protection of the line and for setting clearly calibrated angles of its inclination.
It is not necessary to regularly add water to the system, as it does not evaporate during long-term operation of the equipment.
Uniform distribution of the coolant over all, regardless of which wiring diagram was chosen to build the system.
Minimal corrosion provided by increased tightness of the equipment used.
Rapid heating of the coolant.
Increasing the time of trouble-free operation of a closed-type system due to a significant reduction in the temperature difference between hot water in the return and direct lines.
Possibility of using small heating pipes.
If desired, instead of water, antifreeze can be used as a coolant. Its use allows you to stop the boiler in winter for long time. In this case, the antifreeze will definitely not freeze.

Closed heating system

The disadvantages of closed systems include the need to purchase a sufficiently large expansion tank (its cost is high) and the need for a constant supply of electricity. The circulation pump will not work without electricity.

The expansion tank may be installed next to the circulation pump. At the same time, both of these elements of the system can be placed with a heating boiler in the same room. This means that you will achieve a reduction in the footage of the main and save on the purchase of additional pipes. And the need to install fewer tubular products will please anyone home master who is accustomed to doing home repairs with his own hands.

A closed heating system is equally effective for a private house with small area, and for spacious cottages. It can be installed even in very spacious industrial and special facilities. This distinguishes closed systems from open ones, which function effectively only in buildings with a small area.

Closed heating system in the cottage

Note! In most cases, the circulation unit and the expansion tank are placed on the return line, thereby increasing the time of its use (the cooled coolant brings less operational harm to the pump).

But there are also devices that can be placed on the supply pipe. Such pumps are treated with a special lubricant that perfectly protects them from the negative effects of hot water.

For a private house, both two-pipe and one-pipe heating systems are suitable. The scheme with two pipes (with supply and return lines) is considered by experts to be more modern and efficient in operation. It guarantees the same temperature of the heat carrier supplied to all heating radiators (no matter how far they are from the boiler).

The one-pipe scheme also has its supporters. The arrangement of such a system requires less financial investments. But its calculation must be carried out very carefully. The main thing is to correctly determine the number of heating batteries and the number of their sections. Professionals recommend using single-pipe systems exclusively in small houses, for heating all rooms of which 4-5 radiators are enough.

Heating batteries in a single-pipe scheme

It is optimal to create closed-type heating systems using metal-plastic pipes. They do not rust and have a long service life. It is recommended to purchase pipes with a cross section of 2–2.5 cm. In this case, products with a diameter of 2.5 cm should be connected to the heating unit. And then smoothly switch to pipes with a cross section of 2 cm.

Batteries for the systems we are interested in take aluminum, steel or cast iron. You choose. If you plan to install the system yourself, it is better to buy lighter and at the same time quite reliable aluminum radiators. They are easier to transport and install. It is advisable to place the batteries under window openings. In this case, they will form an excellent barrier to air seeping through windows from a cold street.

Last pro tip. Spend a little more money buying pipes and fittings and create a two-pipe system in your home. It is much more efficient and more convenient to operate the outdated single-pipe scheme. The best option for wiring two highways is serial bottom diagram with a horizontal arrangement of elements of the heating system.

The scheme for installing heating elements is simple. First put the heating unit, then the rest of the parts in the following order:

pipes (all planned wiring);
heating batteries;
stop valves;
expansion tank.

Strictly follow the installation order and you will not have any problems.

Remember that you need to equip a closed system in such a way that at any time you can turn off the failed element without stopping the operation of the entire heating complex. To drain water from individual radiators, ball or other shut-off valves are installed at their outlet and inlet. Be sure to install a bypass (spare) line. It makes it possible to direct the coolant directly to the battery.

Shut-off valves for draining water from the radiator

Also, do not forget about the need to install a security group. It is placed at the outlet of the heating installation. This group, when pressure increases, automatically resets it to acceptable limits, thereby protecting the system from breakdown.

Seal all joints between pipes and individual parts of the heating complex with sealant or sanitary flax. Choose fittings carefully to create a complete system. Connecting products made of brass and bronze have maximum resistance to pressure surges.

If Vacation home designed not only for the periodic arrival of their owners during holiday season, but for a long time or even permanent residence them in it, then you can’t do without a heating system. This issue is always carefully thought out even at the design stage of construction or reconstruction, and is taken into account when buying ready-made housing.

This question is extremely serious, requiring scrupulous consideration of all existing conditions: the periods of future operation of the building, the climatic zone of the area, the availability of power supply lines, engineering communications, design features of the building, the total estimated cost of the implementation of a project. And yet, most often, homeowners come to the conclusion that the best solution would be water system closed-type heating in a private house.

This publication will review basic principles closed system, its differences from the open one, existing advantages and disadvantages. Attention will be drawn to the main elements of such a system with recommendations for their selection. typical schemes distribution of the heating intra-house network.

Closed heating system in a private house - main features

A private house can be heated in different ways.

For a long time, the main source of heat was one or more stoves (fireplaces), each of which heated one or another part of the building. The disadvantages of this approach are obvious - uneven heating, the need to carry out regular fireboxes, monitor the combustion process, etc.

Stove heating- it's already yesterday

Currently, this type of heating is used less and less, and as a rule - with the absolute impossibility or complete inexpediency of using another, more efficient system.

System electric heating using convectors or oil coolers- extremely expensive to operate due to the high price of electricity and its high consumption.

Indeed, they appear alternative ways, in the form of film infrared elements, but they have not yet gained wide popularity.

Most of the owners of private houses still stop at water heating. This is a proven, efficient system that, by the way, can run on almost all energy sources - natural gas, liquid or solid fuel, electricity, which determines its complete versatility - the difference is only in the type of heating boiler. A well-calculated and properly installed water heating system ensures uniform distribution of heat throughout all rooms, and is easily adjustable.

Not so long ago, the main scheme for organizing water heating in a private house was open with the gravitational principle of moving the coolant through pipes and radiators. Compensation for the thermal expansion of water was due to the presence of a leaky one, which was installed at the highest point of the entire circuit of the heating system. The openness of the tank, of course, causes constant evaporation of water, so there is a need for constant monitoring of its required level.

The movement of the coolant through the pipes is ensured in this case by the difference in the density of cold and heated water - the denser cold one, as it were, pushes the hot one forward. To facilitate this process, an artificial slope of the pipes is created along their entire length, otherwise the effect of hydrostatic pressure may occur.

It is quite possible to embed a circulation pump into an open system - this will dramatically increase its efficiency. In this case, a system of valves is provided so that it is possible to switch from forced circulation to natural and vice versa if necessary, for example, during power outages.

The closed-type system is arranged somewhat differently. Instead of an expansion tank, a sealed compensation tank of a membrane or balloon type is installed on the pipe. It absorbs all thermal fluctuations in the volume of the coolant, maintaining one pressure level in a closed system.

The main difference between a closed system is the presence of a sealed expansion tank

IN currently this the system is the most popular, as it has many significant advantages.

Advantages and disadvantages of a closed heating system

First of all, there is no evaporation of the coolant. This gives one important advantage- you can use in this capacity not only water, but also antifreeze. Therefore, the possibility of freezing of the system during forced interruptions in its operation is eliminated, for example, if it is necessary to leave the house for long term in winter time.
The compensation tank can be located almost anywhere in the system. Usually, a place is provided for it directly in the boiler room, in the immediate vicinity of the heater. This ensures the compactness of the system. An open-type expansion tank is often located at the highest point - in an unheated attic, which will require its mandatory thermal insulation. In a closed system, this problem does not exist.
Forced circulation in a closed system provides heating of the premises much faster from the moment the boiler is started. No unnecessary losses of thermal energy in the area of the expansion tank.
The system is flexible - you can adjust the heating temperature in each specific room, selectively turn off some sections of the general circuit.
There is no such significant difference in the temperature of the coolant at the inlet and outlet - and this significantly increases the period of trouble-free operation of the equipment.
For heating distribution, pipes of a much smaller diameter can be used than in an open system with natural circulation without any loss in heating efficiency. And this is both a significant simplification of installation work, and significant savings in material resources.
The system is sealed, and with proper filling and normal operation of the valve system, there should simply be no air in it. This will eliminate the appearance of air pockets in pipelines and radiators. In addition, the lack of access to oxygen contained in the air does not allow corrosion processes to actively develop.

Underfloor heating can also be included in a closed heating system

The system is highly versatile: in addition to conventional heating radiators, water “warm floors” or convectors hidden in the floor surface can be connected to it. A domestic water heating circuit is easily connected to such a heating system - through an indirect heating boiler.

The disadvantages of a closed heating system are few:

The expansion tank must have a larger volume than with an open system - this is due to the peculiarity of its internal design.
Required mandatory installation the so-called "security group"– safety valve systems.
Correct operation of a closed heating system with forced circulation depends on the continuity of the power supply. It is, of course, possible to envisage, as with open type, switching to natural circulation, but this will require a completely different arrangement of pipes, which can reduce a number of the main advantages of the system to zero (for example, the use of "warm floors" is completely excluded). In addition, the heating efficiency will also decrease sharply. Therefore, natural circulation, if it can be considered, is only as an “emergency”, but most often a closed system is planned and installed specifically for the use of a circulation pump.

The main elements of a closed heating system

So, in the composition common system closed-type heating for a private house includes:

- heating device - boiler;

- circulation pump;

— system of distributing pipes for heat carrier transfer;

- Expansion compensation tank of sealed type;

- heating radiators installed in the premises of the house, or other heat transfer devices (“warm floors” or convectors);

— safety group — valve system and air vents;

- necessary shut-off valves;

- in some cases - additional automatic control and management devices that optimize the operation of the system.

Heating boiler

by the most widespread are . If a gas main is connected to the house or there is a real opportunity to lay it, then most owners without an alternative prefer this particular method of heating the coolant.

gas boilers- the best solution if there is a possibility of their installation

Gas boilers are distinguished by high efficiency, ease of operation, reliability and cost-effectiveness in terms of paying for energy. Their disadvantage is the need to coordinate the installation project with the relevant organizations, since such a heating system has very special safety requirements.

The variety of gas boilers is very large - you can choose a floor or wall model, with one or two circuits, simple in device or saturated with electronics, requiring connection to a stationary chimney or equipped with a coaxial system for removing combustion products.

They are usually installed in those conditionswhen gas supply to the house is impossible for some reason. Such an installation will not require coordination - the main thing is that the requirements for electrical safety and compliance with the boiler's power are met. electrical network. Such heaters are distinguished by compactness, simplicity and ease of adjustment.

For heating systems with electric boilers the reputation of "uneconomical" was firmly established due to the rather high cost of electricity. This is only partly true - modern electric heaters, thanks to new technologies for heating water, have a very high efficiency, and with reliable insulation at home should not burden the budget too much.

In addition to the well-known boilers with heating elements (which are really not very economical), modern developments are actively used.

"Battery" of three electrode boilers

For example, they are widely used in which heating is carried out due to the flow alternating current directly through the coolant (however, it will require a specially selected chemical composition water in the system). By themselves, such boilers are inexpensive, but there are certain problems with adjustment.

Induction boiler - unpretentious and very economical

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The heating system is a whole complex of devices that are combined into a single circuit using a pipeline. The work of heating in this case consists in the constant movement of the coolant (usually liquid). When heated, the coolant expands, and in a closed heating system, to neutralize this phenomenon, expansion tank. These devices are divided into two types, and it depends on them whether the system will be closed or open. closed system heating implies the presence of a tank that does not come into contact with environment, and in an open heating system, the tank interacts with air.

For the circulation of the coolant in closed heating systems, pumps are used that ensure the constant movement of the liquid at a sufficient level. The use of pumps allows a closed system to work much more efficiently by varying the speed of the coolant (read: "").

Forced circulation is also good because additional circuits with connected heaters can be connected to such a system. Of course, such systems become volatile, since the operation of the pumps requires electricity, but this disadvantage is compensated by the high efficiency of the entire structure.

Pumps in a closed heating system are mounted on the return pipe directly in front of the boiler. In the same place it is possible to place expansion tank. A closed heating system has a number of advantages that become apparent when compared with other types of heating systems: the installation of the system is carried out without much difficulty, since there is no need to maintain a constant slope. The pipeline does not require insulation, and the pipeline itself can be made thinner, which will affect not only its aesthetic qualities, but also the cost of the structure.

In a closed heating system, the coolant cannot evaporate, so you will have to monitor its level much less often. In addition, the use of circulation pumps provides accelerated heating of the premises, and if thermostats are installed in the circuit, then it becomes possible to fine-tune temperature regime throughout the house.

Elements of a closed-type heating system

The scheme of a closed heating system contains a large number of elements:

boiler;
membrane expansion tank;
circulation pump;
heating devices;
pipes for laying the circuit, installing risers and piping;
fitting;
cranes;
filters;
fasteners.

The principle of operation of a closed heating system

In the boiler, the coolant is heated, after which it is distributed to the heating devices through the pipeline. When the coolant fills the entire space of the circuit, an expansion tank joins the work, containing excess liquid. The membrane expansion tank consists of two cavities: one of them receives excess coolant, and the second part is filled with gas or air. See also: "".

During installation in a closed heating system, pressure is created, which subsequently sets the pressure for the entire circuit. The heating of the coolant provokes an increase in pressure in the system, and its excess, together with the pressure that has arisen, enters the tank, bending the membrane located in it. The further path of the coolant runs through the circulation pump, and the system continues to operate normally.

Features of the scheme of a closed heating system

There are several features in a closed heating system with forced circulation:

The possibility of installing an expansion tank and a circulation pump next to the heating boiler, which reduces the cost of pipes and simplifies the installation of the entire system.
The complete tightness of the tank leads to the fact that the coolant cannot evaporate from the system, and the pipeline itself is reliably protected from air ingress.
The expansion tank and pump must be installed on the return pipe. The operation of the pump is possible only when a liquid with a low temperature passes through it.
Compared to an open heating system, a closed one can be located in rooms of any size.

Pros and cons of a closed heating system

The scheme of a closed heating system, in which the movement of the coolant is forced, has its advantages and disadvantages. There are fewer negative points, but in some cases they are decisive. There is a dependent and independent heating system, from which you need to choose a system that is best suited in your case.

Advantages of a closed heating system:

high efficiency;
impossibility of liquid evaporation;
use of pipes of reduced diameter;
increasing the service life of the boiler due to the temperature difference in the supply and return circuits;
reduction of corrosive effect on the pipeline;
the possibility of using antifreeze.

Disadvantages of a closed heating system:

dependence on electricity, especially in regions where power outages are not uncommon;
the need to install a more complex, capacious and expensive expansion tank.

Converting an open system to a closed one

A closed heating system with natural circulation of the coolant is used quite rarely, but solely because of its features. What features are we talking about, and how is the transition from one type of system to another carried out? When installing an open heating system, the thought of switching to a closed system comes up infrequently, but it is quite simple to do this - just install a membrane expansion tank, and the structure will immediately become closed.

Of course, it is always possible to design such a circuit, but it will have some disadvantages of the two types of systems. To ensure the natural movement of the coolant, the pipeline must be laid with a constant slope, which often leads to the appearance of air pockets and significantly complicates installation.

What are the benefits of such a design? Independence from electricity in this case is the only plus, but its necessity can be questioned: as a rule, electricity is always available in most houses. The cost of the pump and the operating costs associated with its use are quite low, so the classic closed circuit Still much better than open.

Heating system installation

Before installing the heating system, a project is drawn up, according to which all elements will be installed. In order for the chosen scheme to justify itself, it is necessary to correctly select the devices that will work in the circuit, and it’s worth starting with the choice of a heating boiler. When choosing a boiler, you need to start from the type of boiler, depending on the fuel used, and its power.

IN last years spread solid fuel boilers, which practically do not require operating costs, but you can choose another option from among those on the market.

How is system power calculated? When carrying out averaged calculations, the ratio of 1 kW of power to 10 square meters premises. Having chosen a suitable boiler, you can begin the calculation of heating devices. The best option are radiators, the characteristics of which are individual, but there are usually few differences in them, so you can choose the right devices based on personal preferences. In addition to the boiler and heating appliances, other elements will also be required, and the installation of the system must also be included in the calculations.

The approximate cost of the structure can range from 4,000 to 4,500 thousand dollars, but if you wish, you can find cheaper or more expensive options. It is important to remember that a construction that is too cheap may not provide a home. necessary quantity heat, and overly expensive options often do not justify their hopes.

Conclusion

What conclusions can be drawn from the above? A closed heating system with forced circulation is quite reliable and durable, and this design will serve the house for many years. If necessary, natural circulation can also be used in a closed circuit, but this option will create some inconvenience, without which it would be quite possible to do without.