When carrying out construction, repair and other works, in mechanical engineering ..., in almost any production it is impossible, or extremely difficult, to do without the use of various kinds of fasteners. Metal fasteners are a guarantee of reliable connection of individual parts to each other. The most common and popular fasteners are considered to be hardware - metal products.
Fastener classification
1. Anchor fasteners are technically complex steel products that carry high loads (up to 5 tons).
2. Screws and self-tapping screws are the most commonly used and easy-to-use type of fastener. It has a very wide distribution and application.
3. Metric fasteners are the most reliable and common type (nuts, bolts, washers, etc.)
4. Dowels - mainly products made of propylene or nylon. Used in conjunction with screws or self-tapping screws.
5. Nails - made of metal for attaching parts to wooden bases.
6. Tapes perforated with holes - made from sheet steel (corners, perforated tape ...). Often used in the construction of wooden houses.
7. Rigging fasteners - are used for fastening and moving various loads (cables, chains, carabiners ...).
Anchor fasteners
There are several types of anchors:
- driving anchor - a metal sleeve. Threaded on one side, cut on the other side. There is a wedge inside, which, when hammered (mainly into concrete), securely holds the mounted structure;
- wedge - also used in concrete and natural stones. Clogged and additionally twisted with a wrench;
- expanding - a special expanding mechanism opens inside the base;
- chemical anchor - a pre-prepared hole is filled chemical composition and insert the anchor rod.
Electrical fasteners
Some types:
- dowel-bracket for round and flat wires;
- cable tie;
- universal wire clamp;
- fixing flat and round wire;
- clamps;
- mounts for corrugated pipes, PVC and cables.
Self-tapping screws and screws
Divided by type of head:
- hexagonal;
- semi-cylindrical;
- secret;
- hemispherical;
- with a cross slot.
The types of tips differ:
- with a sharp end;
- in the form of a drill.
Depending on the application, they are divided into:
- for connecting wooden parts;
- for connecting metal parts;
- roofing.
Protection of fasteners by electroplating
Serves to increase service life. Anti-corrosion coating can be:
- copper;
- tin;
- zinc;
- nickel;
- cadmium.
A very popular material for interior decoration premises in last years became drywall. This is a very inexpensive and versatile material that allows you to easily align walls or ceilings, create niches or shelves.
In addition to the competent choice of the material itself, it is also necessary to choose the right fasteners for it.
Fasteners for the frame
The choice of fasteners for a drywall profile also has a lot of nuances.
For attaching metal profile small self-tapping screws, popularly called "bugs", are widely used.
If the thickness of the profile used is not more than 1.2 mm, then self-tapping screws with pointed ends are used for fasteners. With a profile thickness of 1.2 to 2 mm, self-tapping screws with drills at the end are used.
Also, dowel-nails are used for this purpose.
A separate line are fasteners for houses from wooden beam or calibrated tree. Due to the shrinkage of the entire structure, when creating a frame for drywall, it is necessary to use floating fasteners. This will help keep the height of the frame without deformation.
Fasteners on the frame
To understand what type of drywall fasteners you need, you need to know which frame the GPL will be attached to.
The strength of the finished structure greatly depends on this choice. You also need to know some of the nuances of the use and manufacture of fasteners.
self-tapping screws
Self-tapping screws are a very popular material for the installation of gypsum boards. For this purpose, products are used that comply with GOST 10619-80, 11652-80. Self-tapping screws consist of a head with a recess (slot), a threaded rod and a tip. Self-tapping screws with a fine thread pitch are used for fastening the GPK.
These products are suitable for installation drywall sheets how to wooden frame, and to the metal profile. The advantages of choosing these products are their low price, reliable fastening, no need to drill the profile before installation.
The choice of self-tapping screws depends on the thickness of the selected metal profile. For a profile with a thickness of less than 0.9 mm, universal self-tapping screws with a two-start thread are well suited. For a profile up to 2 mm thick, it is necessary to purchase self-tapping screws with a drill-shaped tip.
Self-tapping screws with a press washer
Self-tapping screws with a press washer have a flat, wide head, which provides good clamping force and does not "tear" drywall during installation.
For mounting drywall sheets to a thin profile, products with a sharp tip are used, and for a thick profile - with a drill tip.
To use these self-tapping screws, special nozzles for a drill or screwdriver are used.
Fasteners for drywall
Dowels are used to attach shelves and other elements to drywall different designs and anchors. The choice of these products depends on the weight of the items fixed on the drywall.
In order to determine which drywall fasteners are needed in this case, determine the approximate weight of the product that will be attached to the drywall.
If the weight is less than 5 kg, then dowels and butterflies can be used. Anchor bolts will help support the weight of the shelves up to 150 kg per mount.
dowels
If drywall must withstand a load of up to 5 kg, then an ordinary self-tapping screw is suitable for fastening. On such a mount, you can hang photo frames, hooks for keys, towels or wall clocks.
Objects weighing from 6 to 10 kg must already be fastened to the screw dowels. With their help, you can hang mirrors and small shelves. If the drywall sheet is two-layer, then one fixing unit can already withstand 15 kg. In this case, a dowel "snail" or a dowel-nail will do.
When installing large pieces of furniture and appliances up to 10 kg, butterfly fasteners for drywall will help. When the screw is screwed in, the dowel expands significantly behind the plasterboard, which ensures reliable fastening.
If a two-layer drywall was used during the repair, then this product will withstand a load of 25 kg.
The “moth” dowel has a similar design, while it works according to a similar principle, but is made of metal, which allows it to withstand significant loads of more than 25 kg per fastening unit. The downside of this product is the high price.
Anchor bolts
To hang particularly heavy objects like a gas column or a water heater, you need to purchase anchor bolts that will be attached to the main walls behind the drywall.
Spring dowels are widely used for fastening lamps, racks and other heavy products.
Before going to the hardware store to buy fasteners, be sure to write down the characteristics of the selected drywall and frame material.
Study carefully specifications fasteners, this will help you know the size of the product, the maximum drilling depth, material and coating, as well as the weight that the fastener can support.
For non-professionals, it is best to write down the characteristics of the selected products after purchase and mark the manufacturer, you can also take a photo of drywall fasteners on your phone so as not to lose data on desired product when repurchasing.
Photo fasteners for drywall
Serve for connection (fastening) of elements of machines and designs. Fasteners include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, wedges, rivets, etc. products, as well as auxiliary parts (for example, washers and cotter pins). * * * MOUNTING… … encyclopedic Dictionary
FASTENING DETAILS- standard, mass-produced parts for rigid fastening of machine elements and structures. K. d. include metal (see): bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, rivets, etc., as well as auxiliary parts, washers and cotter pins ... Great Polytechnic Encyclopedia
Parts for fixed connection of parts of machines and structures. These usually include details of threaded connections (See. Threaded connection): bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, capercaillie, washers, cotter pins, and pins. The main parameter… Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Details for rigid fastening of elements of machines and structures. K. d. include bolts, screws, studs, nuts, screws, rivets, dowels, etc. products, as well as auxiliary. washers and cotter pins. K. d. are standardized and are produced mainly. ... ...
This term has other meanings, see Slot. Phillips cross slot Fastener slot recess in the head of the threaded ... Wikipedia
These are products for fastening: bolts, nuts, screws, screws, self-tapping screws, rivets, washers, pins, studs, etc. Fasteners also include the concept of hardware ( hardware) standardized metal products of various nomenclature ... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Capercaillie (meanings). Capercaillie Capercaillie fastener in the form of a rod with a hexagon ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Anker. Anchor bolts Anker (German Anker as ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Goujon. Goujon (fr. goujon) is a type of screw with a semi-counter or semicircular head and a square above the head. After screwing in the goujon, the square is cut down, that is, the connection ... ... Wikipedia
Products included in the design of machines and devices that have unified. fixing and attaching, dimensions and manufactured, as a rule, by related enterprises by suppliers ... Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary
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In various industries, two main types of fixed connections are used:
- Detachable - using threaded fasteners: bolts, nuts, studs and screws;
- One-piece - performed by welding, gluing, riveting, soldering.
These types of fasteners are used in all branches of mechanical engineering, and about 35% of the total labor costs are accounted for the performance of these works. The range of used fasteners is very large and is constantly expanding, since new, more advanced and expensive equipment is constantly being put into operation, the production of which requires the use of more reliable and durable connections, which, among other things, must also correspond to the aesthetic level of the equipment.
In the state classification, fasteners used in mechanical engineering belong to the GZ group, in which the following subgroups are distinguished: G31 (bolts); G32 (screws, studs); GZZ (nuts); G34 (rivets); G36 (washers, cotter pins); G37 (pins); G38 (other industrial hardware). At the moment, many modern and progressive types of fasteners that are actively used in mechanical engineering are not included in the State Standards Classifier. A wide variety of fasteners, different in design and manufacturability, greatly complicates their description and determination of belonging to a particular class. Despite the difficulties that have arisen, fasteners can be divided into five main groups according to one of the most characteristic features, which underlies the name of each group:
- fasteners of wide use;
- fasteners for joining polymer composite materials;
- threaded fasteners of high strength;
- fasteners for high-life and hermetic connections;
- fasteners for one-sided setting and impactless riveting.
This classification is rather arbitrary, since many types of fasteners can be assigned to different groups due to their versatility. At the same time, each group includes fasteners belonging to different classes, according to the State Standards Classifier. For example, screws, bolts and nuts are included in the group of threaded fasteners of increased strength, and classes of bolts and rivets are included in the group of high-life fasteners.
The described classification helps employees of technical and construction departments to freely navigate in a wide variety of fastening tools and apply necessary elements in each case, developing optimal mechanical engineering designs with reliable fasteners. Also, this classification is convenient for designers. various kinds fasteners.
It's hard enough to give correct name fastener because of this diversity. In order to understand the types of fasteners, it is better to refer to the terminology according to GOST. Below we consider the most commonly used definitions of fasteners, corresponding to GOST 27017-86.
| General concepts | ||
| Fastener type | Detail for the formation of the connection. | |
| Bolt | A fastener in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end, with a head at the other, forming a connection with a nut or a threaded hole in one of the connected products. | |
| Screw | A fastener for forming a connection or fixation, made in the form of a rod with an external thread at one end and constructive element to transfer torque to another. Note: The structural element of the torque-transmitting screw may be a slotted head, a knurled head, or, in the absence of a head, a slot in the end of the rod. |
|
| Screw | A fastener in the form of a rod with an external special thread, a threaded conical end and a head at the other end, forming a thread in the hole of a wooden or plastic product to be joined. Note: The special thread has a triangular pointed profile and a large root width compared to the width of the tooth. |
|
| Hairpin | Fastener in the form of a cylindrical rod with external threads at both ends or along the entire length of the rod. | |
| Pin | Fastener in the form of a cylindrical or conical rod for fixing products during assembly. | |
| screw | A fastener with a threaded hole and a structural element for transmitting torque. Note: A structural element of a nut for transmitting torque can be a polyhedron, knurling on the side surface, end and radial holes, slots, etc. |
|
| Washer | A fastener with a hole placed under the nut or head of a bolt or screw to increase the bearing surface and/or prevent them from self-loosening. | |
| cotter pin | Fastener in the form of a wire rod of semicircular cross section, folded in half to form a head. | |
| Rivet | Fastener in the form of a smooth cylindrical rod with a head at one end, which serves to obtain a permanent connection due to the formation of a head at the other end of the rod by plastic deformation. | |
| Types of fasteners | |
| Step Bolt | A bolt whose smooth shank diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter. |
| swing bolt | Bolt, the head of which is made in the form of a movable part of the swivel joint. |
|
Fitting Bolt Not allowed: Bolt for reamer hole |
A bolt, the diameter of the smooth part of the rod of which is determined from the condition of ensuring the shear operation of the connection. |
| foundation bolt | Bolt with a special shape of the head, which is used to fasten the equipment to the foundation. Note: The special shape of the head may represent the extended legs of the slotted part of the rod, the bent part of the rod, etc. |
| Captive screw | A screw whose smooth shank diameter is smaller than the inside diameter of the thread. |
| Self-tapping screw | A screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products to be joined. |
| Self Drilling Self Tapping Screw | Self-tapping screw with drill shape end. |
| set screw | A screw with a specially shaped end used to fix products relative to each other. Note: Special end shape can be cylindrical, conical, flat, etc. |
| spring pin | Cylindrical pin with longitudinal groove length, made of spring steel. |
| slotted nut | Hexagonal nut with radial slots for the cotter pin on the side of one of the end surfaces. |
| castle nut | Hexagonal nut, part of which is made in the form of a cylinder with radial slots for the cotter pin. |
| cap nut | Nut with spherical and flat end surfaces and blind threaded hole. |
| wing nut | Nut with flat protrusions for torque transmission. |
| flat washer | Washer with a flat bearing surface. |
| spring washer | A split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load. |
| lock washer | A washer used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. Note: The structural elements of the washer are paws, socks, teeth, etc. |
| hollow rivet | Rivet with a rod of tubular section. |
| Semi-hollow rivet | Rivet, the end part of the rod of which has a tubular section. |
| fastener elements | |
| Fastener rod Kernel |
Part of a fastener that enters directly into the holes of the products to be joined or is screwed into the material of one of them. |
| Fastener head Head |
Part of a fastener having a shaft that serves to transmit torque and (or) form a bearing surface. |
| Bolt head Header |
The smooth part of the shaft of a bolt, cylindrical, oval or square, directly adjacent to the head and used to center the bolt or prevent it from turning. |
| Fastener collar Burt Unacceptable Flange |
A protrusion on the bearing surface of a multifaceted nut, bolt head or screw, made in the form of a cylinder or a truncated cone with a diameter large diameter their circumscribed circle. |
| Support lug of the fastener support ledge Unacceptable support washer, "Dead Puck" |
An annular protrusion on the bearing surface of a polyhedral nut or bolt head whose diameter is less than the spanner size. Note: Wrench size refers to the distance between opposite faces of a polyhedral nut or bolt head, screw, measured in a plane normal to their axis. |
| fastener slot Slot |
A recess of a special shape in the end of the head of a bolt, screw or screw, in the end of a headless set screw, along the generatrix or in the end of a nut. Note: The shape of the slot can be hexagonal, cruciform, in the form of a through or non-through slot, etc. |
| bolt spike Thorn |
A protrusion on the bearing surface of the bolt head that serves to prevent it from turning. |
| bolt mustache Us |
A protrusion on the bearing surface of the head and shaft of the bolt, which serves to prevent it from turning. |
| Gimlet | The threaded, tapered end of a screw used to cut a thread in a wood or plastic product to form a joint. |
GOST 27017-86 fully complies with the requirements of ISO 1891-79 and provides terminological definitions for fasteners used in mechanical engineering. The standards specify only the main terms. But the process of emergence of new types of fasteners on Russian market does not stop, so terminology replenishment is constant. At the same time, all market participants want the adoption of standardized terminology to prevent discrepancies.
This article uses materials from the site http://www.kvadromet.ru/article/a013.html
Any product assembled from separate parts does not fall apart due to reliable fasteners, which are often hidden from view. These elements are usually inexpensive, but the strength and durability of the structure as a whole depends on them.
Take a look at the photo of metal fasteners, it is presented in a large assortment, it has modern design. Its role has been enhanced by the development advanced technologies in construction and the emergence of new roofing materials: fasteners allow you to speed up the finishing work.
What fastener to choose? Primary requirements
Fasteners for metal structures should be selected especially carefully, the safety of people often depends on this. It is necessary that fasteners meet the basic requirements and have the following characteristics:
Strength. This parameter directly depends on the quality of the materials used in the production, it is also important that the technology is strictly observed in the manufacture. An example of a product that meets the required quality standards is fasteners made of metal, TM Zubr.
Anti-corrosion resistance. Special protection is applied to products, galvanized coating is considered one of the most common, it is easy to distinguish it from others by its characteristic light silver color.
Zinc can be applied to the surface with two different ways: to obtain a hot-dip galvanized coating, metal parts are immersed in zinc at a temperature of 450-480 degrees, the layer of hot metal can be from 50 to 150 microns.
The second method is called galvanization; its essence lies in the fact that an electrozinc coating is applied to the part by electrolysis, the layer thickness can vary within: 5 - 35 microns.
Another common anti-corrosion protection is passivation in a special solution with chromic acid. Any fastener for a metal profile is lowered into the solution, due to which the surface of the part is completely covered with a thin oxide film with increased strength.
Scratches do not affect the chromate film in any way yellow color with a silver tint, yellow-passivated fasteners are not subject to corrosion.
You should choose the right types of metal fasteners, planning later building structure paint or putty, buy fasteners with a coating that is resistant to corrosion, which adheres reliably to paintwork materials and putty.
There are 2 ways to obtain such a coating: phosphating and oxidation, the first method involves chemical treatment using depolarizers and phosphates, and the second - using alkaline solutions.
In both cases, black products are obtained, which are sold in construction stores along with fasteners that have only an anti-corrosion coating.
How do I know if a fastener is suitable for mounting?
Suitability is influenced by 2 parameters: well-thought-out design and the production of a working profile with the utmost precision.
The working profile is the shape of the surface of the tool, due to which the force is transmitted from the tool to the fastener when unscrewing or twisting, and it is not at all necessary to have remarkable strength to work with it.
Manufacturers produce various working profiles, if the tip is inserted into the head of a screw or screw, this working profile is called internal, if we consider the external working profile, the tool covers the fixing head.
It is better to choose fasteners with a large total area, which means that the fastener and the working part of the tool have a lot of "contact spots".
The dynamics of the growth of "contact spots" depending on the increase in load also plays a role important role which should not be forgotten. It is recommended to use working profiles if their total area increases with the application of effort.
Why does the fastener break?
Metal or metal can be torn off by applying too much force when loosening or tightening bolts and other fasteners, there are cases when fasteners are deformed.
Do not use tools with unsuitable profiles, another common reason is incorrect placement of the working part of the tool in the fastener profile, and finally, do not work with poor quality tools.
The working profile must be carefully selected for each case, taking into account the operating conditions of the structure, how convenient access to fasteners is, from the state environment depends on whether the fastener will be constantly exposed to moisture. Choose the right working tools, observing all of the above conditions, and you will not be mistaken.
Photo of metal fasteners
