Main types of construction boards. Types of lumber and their classification

Wood is a universal material used in capital construction, manufacturing decorative coatings and furniture production. There are various forms of wood, differing in structure and method of production. The most durable and aesthetic material, which was used long before the advent of glued and pressed wood pulps, is the product of sawing a solid tree trunk.

By longitudinally unraveling a log into long component parts that have at least one flat side (face). Most lumber has two flat edges parallel to each other.

Two methods of sawing logs are used - radial and tangential. With a radial approach, the cutting directions are oriented towards the center of the growth rings. The resulting boards or beams have different sizes, and their width is limited by the diameter of the blossoming tree.

Tangential sawing is designed to produce long boards and is directed tangentially to the growth rings. Thus it turns out a large number of fragments having the same dimensions and cross-sectional shape.

Further processing and appearance depend on. The more work is carried out to refine the surface and protect it from external influences, the higher the cost of the final product will be.

It is very important to choose high-quality lumber; which ones you should not buy can be seen in the video:

What are there

There are several approaches to classifying lumber. Directions are distinguished according to the method of receipt (preparation), degree of processing and purpose.

By method of preparation

With this approach, the final moisture content of the material is taken into account. The most common concept is absolute humidity, which is the ratio of the mass of moisture to the mass of dry wood (per unit volume).

Based on the absolute water content, the following are distinguished:

• dry lumber(air-dry or natural humidity) – contain no more than 20% water and are widely used in construction and construction. The obtaining of an air-dry state of a tree is preceded by its prolonged exposure to air;
• kiln-dried wood– obtained by drying in a closed box at elevated temperatures. The moisture content of the material can be 10-14% or less, depending on the consumer's requirements. Absolutely dry wood must be treated protective compounds to prevent moisture absorption.

At long-term storage in a humid environment, wood becomes wet (contains 100% or more moisture). Boards made from freshly cut wood have a moisture content of about 50-100%.

By purpose

The following types of lumber are distinguished according to size and shape, as well as mechanical properties:

• timber– characterized by a thickness and width of more than 100 mm, is the main load-bearing element many building structures and is used when assembling the base;
• boards– have a thickness of less than 100 mm, and their width is more than two thickness sizes. Along with beams, boards are the most common lumber and are widely used for industrial, household and other purposes. Boards are produced by longitudinal cutting of logs and beams;
• bar- made from boards, which is why it is small sizes. The thickness of the bar should be no more than 100 mm, and the width should be less than twice the thickness;
• sleepers– short beams used for railway purposes as supports for rails. Sleepers are usually treated with a persistent mixture of petroleum or coke-based antiseptic, which is highly toxic. It is highly not recommended to use impregnated sleepers at home;
• lagging– is an “unfinished” version of the board, in which only one face is flat. The width of the obapola can vary along its length, due to which the longitudinal section along the sawn face has a pronounced irregular shape;
• croaker– refers to an intermediate option between the board and the floor, which has one flat face. The untreated surface on the opposite side has the correct cylindrical shape(truncated), therefore, in a longitudinal section, the croaker is a rectangle.

Photos of different types of lumber

Beam Boards Beam Sleepers Obapol Gorbyl

By degree of processing

The simplest version of lumber has two parallel faces and two untreated wanes (side edges) of a semicircular shape (the outer roundness of the tree). Two layers are often not enough to implement a number of construction and design tasks. Wane processing improves the aesthetics of wood and makes it more expensive.

According to the degree of processing, the following types of lumber are distinguished:

• unedged– have unprocessed wane, freed from bark and rough knots;
• edged– the wanes are cut parallel to each other, giving the transverse profile a rectangular shape;
• planed– the surface of at least one of the faces (face or wane) is planed to reduce roughness. Such boards or beams are used to create floor and wall surfaces, seats and other outdoor structures.

What trees are lumber made from?

For the production of lumber, coniferous and hardwood, including their valuable varieties.

The most common species whose trunks are used to produce boards and beams are:

• larch– resistant to water and virtually undamaged by insects and fungi. Even without the additional processing required for most other species, hardwood is resistant to rot and is widely used in damp areas;
• beech– used in the manufacture of furniture, stairs and wooden floors. Due to its high wear resistance, beech lumber is often used to make seats for benches in public places;
• pine– is highly environmentally friendly, supported by the resins included in its composition. Pine wood less durable than deciduous, and more prone to fire with the release of acrid resin smoke. They try not to make benches from pine lumber, so as not to spoil clothes with protruding resins;
• oak– is one of the most popular trees for the construction of houses and structures, it has high strength and beautiful texture. Oak products swell slightly with increasing humidity, but are less common due to their high cost;
• ash– has mechanical properties close to oak. The shades of its wood are not always attractive, which is caused by a violation of the integrity of cellulose fibers as a result of diseases. High bending tendency and impact strength are among the main advantages of ash;
• cedar– is used much less frequently than other pine species due to its high cost, but is distinguished by its aesthetics, resistance to decay and the ability to disinfect the air of the room in which it is located. In terms of mechanical properties, cedar is close to pine and has a more pronounced and rich texture;
• dead wood– used to obtain the least quality material from naturally dried wood. Lumber from dead wood is usually cut into small pieces and used as auxiliary material;
• Linden– has become widespread in the manufacture of quiet and heated floors, as well as warehouse and industrial walls utility rooms(not damaged by rodents). The relative softness of linden lumber simplifies its processing when assembling composite structures;
• aspen– most often, aspen lumber is used for the construction of baths and saunas. Low performance qualities reduce the value of solid aspen, a significant part of which is used for the production of plywood or chipboard;
• birch– used to produce light and durable lumber. There are practically no resins in birch wood, and its lumber is most widely used in furniture production due to its beautiful texture and ease of processing.

The video will tell you about the types of larch lumber:

Let's evaluate lumber, comparing them with stronger and more durable stone materials for construction:

• price – 5. A wide range of wood allows you to choose lumber to suit any financial capabilities. In addition to expensive wood species, there are cheaper analogues. They are inferior in terms of texture, but not performance;
• practicality – 4. Wood is easier to damage than stone building material, so wood coverings require care and additional processing;
• appearance – 5. Wood surface is considered the most aesthetic. Even artificial surfaces are often disguised as wood to give the room more flavor;
• ease of manufacture – 3. Although the wood is not very difficult to process, its finishing is quite difficult;
• labor intensity when using – 4. It is better to work with wood in pairs to hold structural elements when marking, cutting or fixing;
• environmental friendliness – 5. Wood is one of the most environmentally friendly materials. To increase the safety and durability of wood, treatment with special antiseptic compounds is used.

Lumber is produced by sawing wood into individual parts - plates, quarters, beams and beams, boards, slabs. There is a wide variety of types of lumber.

The thickness of boards made in production conditions can be no more than 100 mm; the width has a value greater than the thickness value multiplied by two. The beams have a thickness of no more than 100 mm; the width should be less than twice the thickness.

How lumber is divided depending on processing

According to the method chosen for processing raw materials, lumber is divided into unedged and edged. The latter are characterized by processing on four sides; on the faces and edges, wane values ​​should only be allowed as determined in accordance with the type of product. Wane is the part of the log surface that remains on the part after mechanical trimming. The result is a piece of board, untreated at the edges, which can be used in architectural structures or for carpentry finishing of buildings.

Uncut lumber has edges that are partially sawn or not sawn at all. Single-sided products have one edge and sawn edges, while the sawn lump is not allowed to have wane that is larger than the parameters allowed for a particular product. This type is used somewhat less frequently in construction. It can be used for cladding various parts of the structure, making flooring, and other options are possible.

Depending on the processing method, materials can be called unmilled or milled, that is, planed. The latter are a material in which at least one of the cavities is planed. In order to produce planed timber, timber is taken only with a certain diameter, so that the blanks for the timber are formed in compliance the right size. The workpieces must be dried - this is done using steam chambers or under natural conditions. Products are obtained by processing raw materials on machines.

Classification of lumber by size, shape

When processing wood using modern technologies perform different types products. The assortment includes bars and sleepers, boards and slats, quarters, slabs, plates and other products. Types of lumber may vary depending on the methods of working with raw materials. You can familiarize yourself with them in more detail.

Types of lumber

Depending on the number of sides processed, the beam will be called two-edged, three-edged, or four-edged. The thickness and width of products is, as a rule, more than 100 mm. The main area of ​​their use is the construction of load-bearing structures, cottages or summer houses, since these products can easily withstand significant loads.

The bar is similar to the timber, but has different dimensions. It is made with a thickness of up to 100 mm, the width is less than double the thickness. It is used in the furniture and carpentry industry, for finishing buildings, for example, door frames and crossbars are made from them.

Table of shrinkage coefficients and mechanical strength of lumber.

The boards are made from logs or beams of sufficient thickness. Boards can be uncut or trimmed. The thickness can be no more than 100 mm, the width more than double the thickness. Application: wall decoration, flooring, furniture production.

The sleeper is a product with a short length, but wide and thick. This is in some way a type of timber, the cross-sectional size of which differs in size. Most frequent use- for the construction of railway tracks.

A croaker is a piece of log, a side cut. In the process of sawing logs into various boards, waste is produced, which is called slab. It is convenient to make temporary buildings like sheds from it; they are also suitable for constructing roof sheathing.

Quarters (obapol) are also obtained from the side parts of logs. One of the surfaces of the product is propylene, the other is not. Convenient to use for making small carpentry products.

The plate is half of a log, which is obtained by cutting it down the center. The plates have only one straight side. The length depends on the log used as raw material. They are used mainly for the production of the above products - sleepers, beams, and sometimes for the production of solid boards.

How lumber is classified by wood species

For lumber, the grade will also depend on the tree species - they can be deciduous or coniferous.

Coniferous forests include larch, spruce, pine, cedar, and fir. Deciduous trees - oak, birch, beech, aspen, poplar, maple. Coniferous trees are often chosen for the construction of buildings because they are less susceptible to moisture, are easier to process, have good hardness and are quite durable. They can be used to create load-bearing structures. But it should be borne in mind that coniferous species contain a lot of resinous substances, which means that any type of lumber made from them is faster and easier to ignite.

Spruce wood is especially popular. It also contains the smallest amount of resins, so the susceptibility to fire is reduced. Among deciduous trees, oak has become widespread - it is very strong and durable. Lumber can be divided into four grades. Thus, the selected grade is used in the manufacture of parts in shipbuilding, for sheathing car sides, and in other important areas.

Lumber types and purposes, as well as raw materials for production, types of lumber, varieties and derivatives of wood.

Lumber is a material obtained by longitudinal sawing of logs, followed by longitudinal and transverse (if necessary) division of the resulting parts. The end result is a product of a certain shape and size, with at least two (front and back) parallel sides. This type of material is produced at special enterprises equipped with band saws, circular saws and other equipment.

Raw materials for production

The primary raw material for the production of lumber is the trunks of almost any tree, previously cleared of branches and bark. Coniferous wood is usually used for the construction of load-bearing structures. Deciduous trees are most often used for all kinds of finishing works. It is worth noting that the waste obtained during the production of lumber is used both in industry and in everyday life.

The most affordable wood for lumber production is poplar and birch. Quite often, pine, spruce, linden, larch, ash and maple wood is used for these purposes. Hornbeam, oak, and cedar wood are important for industry.

The lightness of birch does not make the wood less durable, but the beautiful structure and affordable price gave her even more popularity. Larch is considered very moisture resistant, resistant to fungus and mold. Ash wood boasts good elasticity and impact resistance.

Beech is indispensable for making floors, stairs and furniture. Incredibly durable and incredibly beautiful oak wood, despite its fairly high price, is very much in demand. Pine contains a large amount of resin, so it is most prone to rapid combustion. Although spruce wood is less durable, it is quite flexible and soft, so it can be easily processed.

Types of lumber

The characteristics of finished lumber depend on the type of wood, the equipment used, adherence to production and drying technology, as well as the cutting method. It is the last factor that affects the texture of the board.

Wood sawing is carried out in several ways, differing in the direction of sawing:

• transverse (across the fibers);
• rustic (under acute angle to fibers);
• radial (along the radius to the center of the log);
• tangential (tangent).

Cross sawing is used to produce artistic parquet, the rustic method is used to make flooring. Lumber obtained by radial sawing has a very attractive appearance, is durable, resistant to deformation and external influences. Tangential cutting creates a beautiful pattern on the surface of the board in the form of interesting arches and rings.

However, some boards may develop flaking on the surface over time. The most popular and expensive are radial lumber, since their surface has a uniform texture, constant dimensions, good mechanical characteristics, and a degree of shrinkage.

Drying of lumber is carried out as per outdoors, and with the help special cameras, which are tightly closed rooms. The first type of product contains up to 20% moisture, the second can be additionally treated with protective agents, and the moisture content is up to 14%. Lumber cuts can be trimmed (cut along the entire length) or uncut.

Depending on the degree of processing, lumber is:

• unedged (although there are no knots, there are untreated sections of logs);
• edged (the profile of the materials has a rectangular shape due to sawing off the defective side parts of the log);
• planed (no roughness on one or more edges).

Classification

The shape, size and mechanical characteristics determine the division of lumber into several types.

timber- this is a log, hewn on all sides, used in the construction of houses, as well as for the manufacture of individual large elements of windows, stairs and others. The thickness of the timber is 100 mm.

Bruschi- this is a “timber in miniature”, less than 100 mm thick, they can be untreated, planed (at least one side is processed) and calibrated (adjusted to a certain size). Scope of application: furniture production, lathing, flooring, frames, gazebos and other objects.

Boards made from logs or beams. They come in unedged, edged (having a smooth edge) and edged only on one side. In addition, the boards can be calibrated, that is, they have specified dimensions.

Sleepers– a material with increased strength and minimal sensitivity to temperature fluctuations.

Gorbyl– these are boards obtained by sawing logs, having a flat and semicircular surface.

Lagging- lumber produced from the side of a log, having only one flat side.

Advantages and disadvantages

Man has always been surrounded by objects and wood products. This material was used for the construction of houses and churches, baths and all kinds of outbuildings. The man was surrounded wooden windows, doors, tables, chairs and other furniture. Wood has not lost its popularity even today. On the contrary, thanks positive qualities wood, construction and finishing materials made from wood are becoming even more in demand.

Advantages of lumber:

• have a high load-bearing capacity with a relatively low weight;
• Despite its sufficient strength, the material is characterized by simplicity and ease of processing (it is flexible to drilling, easy to saw, allows you to produce shapes various shapes and complexity);
• ease and speed of installation;
• Due to its natural origin and environmental friendliness, the material is considered completely safe for human health and environment, does not cause allergies;
• processing does not require expensive and long work;
• external attractiveness;
• the pleasant smell of wood creates a favorable indoor microclimate;
• variety of shapes and sizes of products;
• affordable price.

Minuses:

• ability to quickly ignite, maintain combustion;
• are destroyed under the influence of fungus, mold, and various insects;
• Long-term exposure to water and a humid environment often causes wood to rot.

To protect lumber, make it more wear-resistant and durable, they are treated with special protective substances that can significantly reduce the above-mentioned disadvantages.

Types of lumber

Division into grades is carried out by assessing the condition of the worst side of the face, edge, and section.

Selected lumber should not have rot, mold, cancerous and fungal stains, growths and other foreign inclusions on the surface, as well as cracks from shrinkage. The permissibility of fused healthy knots is two per one meter in length, shallow edge and face cracks are 16%, deep ones are no more than 10%. The scope of application of the products is mainly shipbuilding and automotive construction.

The area of ​​application of first grade lumber is the wood manufacturing industry. This type of material should not have dry, loose knots, healthy knots larger than 1 cm, through cracks larger than 1 cm, wounds overgrown with bark on the wood, young active layers of wood, mold, mechanical damage, various foreign inclusions, rottenness.

The scope of application of materials of the fourth grade is the construction of cabins, utility buildings, gazebos, the production of boxes, loess, pallets and construction formwork.

Wood derivatives

An excellent material for building a house is rounded log. Thanks to a well-thought-out system of locks and a completely even, rounded shape of the material, fairly strong and reliable structures are obtained. This material is considered the most expensive today, and buildings made of rounded logs do not require additional finishing.

No less popular material is profiled timber. There are two ways to produce it: milling and planing. During the construction of houses, the elements are connected very firmly, ensuring a high degree of reliability of the building. In addition, such buildings do not require powerful foundations. Structures made from this lumber do not require additional finishing work.

Glued laminated timber made from whole boards or individual pieces. The material consists of lamellas firmly fastened together. It is distinguished by strength, durability and resistance to external influences.

Plywood- This is a material consisting of several thin layers of wood, tightly glued together. Due to its strength and good flexibility, this material in demand in the production of furniture, decorative elements and many other products.

Fiberboard obtained by pressing waste wood at very high temperatures ah with the addition of a special binder. Fairly hard wood fiber boards are called hardboard. The sides of such sheets can be either smooth, or one of them is corrugated, the other smooth.

Chipboard is a combination of small wood particles and synthetic resins. MDF is produced from waste from the woodworking industry, free of all impurities. In the manufacture of this type of slabs, no adhesives are used. In this case, the binding element is lignin, which is released from wood under the influence of high temperatures. The area of ​​application of such lumber is construction and furniture industry.

Block house is a material obtained from rounded logs by sawing according to the “square in a circle” principle. Thanks to good noise and heat insulation, strength and attractiveness, this lumber is highly valued in the exterior decoration of houses.

Lining- lumber used for all kinds of finishing work. Although the material is small in thickness, it is very durable, resistant to deformation, cracks and crevices. The external attractiveness of the lining, simplicity and ease of installation made it even more popular.

Lumber is a unique wood processing product that is indispensable in construction, furniture and other types of industry.

Lumber made from natural wood is often used for construction. They can be classified according to the type of wood, the shape of the workpiece and other parameters. The characteristics of lumber depend on a number of properties of a particular type of tree.

Classification of lumber

Each type of wood has its own properties. That is why it is customary to follow a convenient and understandable classification. All natural wood materials can be divided into several groups:

1. The bars are mostly rectangular in shape. The characteristics of such materials imply that the division in the group is carried out according to shape, manufacturing method, and cross-sectional size. The section is usually made from 100 mm or more.
2. Boards can be divided into edged/unedged, sawn. The last group is divided into clean-edged ones with a blunt wane (blunt and sharp).
3. Staves are used for barrels. The group is limited and includes rivets with a cylindrical or blunt cross-section.
4. Planks and slats, sleepers are materials that are small in size and have a rectangular cross-section. Their thickness and shape may vary slightly.
5. Slats are unedged boards whose edges are processed. Three sides of the board are unsawn, and one is sawn.

Classification of lumber and characteristics:

1. By type of surface treatment. Lumber can have wide surfaces (faces), narrow surfaces (edges), and end surfaces (ends). In turn, wide ones can be divided into external and internal.
2. According to the type of wood sawing. With respect to annual rings, lumber is classified into radial, tangential, and mixed.
3. By type of wood. All lumber can be made from a variety of wood species, each best suited to serve a specific purpose. Pine is leading in this area; it can be used to make different kinds products, including for wall and roof cladding. Spruce, larch, cedar, and fir are used in construction. All of them are great for boards. But ash, oak, mahogany are suitable for making finishing materials, as joinery products, where they fully reveal their qualities. Aspen is great for finishing interior walls saunas or steam rooms, it perfectly resists negative influence moisture, sudden temperature changes. For parquet board and natural parquet, experts recommend using birch. Here she fully reveals her potential.

Before purchasing one or another type of lumber, it is necessary to study their characteristics and areas of use. In this case, the selection will be correct, and the wood itself will last a long time.

Wood options

Lumber used for construction can be made from various types of wood. The most popular material is pine needles; most beams and boards are made from pine and spruce, but there are other options. Pine, unlike other types of wood, is lightweight; during construction, minimal loads are placed on the foundation. For example, aspen or birch are very heavy, but their strength characteristics are not so good. The boards are usually made of pine; this material is very durable, easy to process, and has numerous advantages.

Pine contains natural resin, which acts as an excellent antiseptic. This ensures the absence of traces of rot and mold for a long time. Pine has a soft and delicate structure, which makes processing simple, pleasant and quick. The smell and color of pine add attractiveness to the material not only as a standard building material, but also as an option for decorative wall cladding and the construction of log houses.

The characteristics of lumber are not complete without such parameters as the number and presence of branches. Here you need to pay attention to the spruce. This conifer has numerous positive characteristics, but its processing is complex. The problem is that the trunk contains many branches, and this is an obstacle to processing. Spruce is not as resistant to rot as pine, but its price is much lower.

Wood such as cedar can also be used for boards. This option is not common, but is still used.

Cedar wood is strong and reliable, like spruce, but easier and more convenient to process. Fir can also be used to make lumber. It is rot-resistant, easily processed, and has numerous advantages.

Types of lumber

Lumber is available in a variety of sizes, it is possible to choose suitable option. Products differ in shape, size, characteristics, and areas of use. Common materials include edged and unedged boards, which are suitable for almost any job, but there are other options that act as auxiliary materials.

Most often for construction work Edged and unedged boards are used; they differ in a number of parameters. These lumber are very popular; they are used for the construction of house frames, for the construction of strips, walls, partitions, for installation rafter systems, formwork and other works.

An edged board is a material obtained by cutting a log. In this case, all its edges are smooth, but a small amount of bark, that is, wane, may remain. Indicators of moisture resistance, strength, and mechanical stability vary greatly, as does the cost.

This makes it possible to choose exactly the material that is more suitable for the job than others, without overpaying. For the manufacture of edged boards Pine or spruce are most often used. The cost of such boards is not so high, but strength and durability meet all parameters. From such boards you can safely build not only outbuildings, but also perform interior decoration. Lumber has standard size 6 m, but the thickness and width are different. The width of the boards can be 100 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, for thickness - 25 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm.

The scope of application of edged boards is quite wide:

• for the manufacture of frames, walls, partitions;
• for laying rough and finishing floors;
• for the manufacture of various load-bearing structures;
• for the manufacture of formwork;
• in the production of furniture;
• in the manufacture of carved furniture;
• during the construction of gazebos, garages, canopies, fences.

Unedged boards have bark edges and are used quite often in construction. The appearance of these lumber is attractive, as close as possible to natural, which makes them excellent option for wall covering. Unedged boards do not have such a high density, so they can be easily processed. Finishing with such boards does not take much time. But if there are many cracks on the surface, this will significantly reduce the service life of the lumber.

Four-edge and straight-edged timber

Lumber can vary in price and quality. The cheapest include four-edged timber, which is produced in large quantities without requiring large, costly capacities. The production of timber is carried out by sawing or hewing solid wood, but the quality of the surface will differ significantly. For example, when hewing, the sides end up torn, which is not always acceptable. When sawing, the edges and ends are more accurate; such timber is suitable for work where the appearance of the materials is important.

Clean-cut timber is a square-section material, planed on all sides. Its length is usually 4 m, thickness - from 100 mm, depending on the purpose. Such timber is usually made from pine. It is processed from all sides, including the end parts. It is most often used for the construction of house walls, beams, ceilings, and subfloors. It has high strength properties.

Semi-edged board and slab

The semi-edged board has uneven planes; traces of bark may remain on the ends. This board is used for technical work. Walkways are made from it; it can be used for technical and subfloors, as a basis for other products.

Croaker is a fairly cheap lumber, which, when properly processed, perfectly replaces other wood products.

By appearance The slab is very similar to the side of a log; part of it is sawn on one side and not on the other. Such lumber is considered lump-type waste; it remains after cutting the base material. But the dimensions of the slab are standardized; it has the same width at the ends and along the entire length. Today, two types of croaker are used - wood and business material. It is used for various purposes, as blanks for other products and building elements.

Lumber is blanks made from natural wood. They all differ in shape, individual characteristics, size, appearance, and degree of processing. Lumber is used for construction and repair work various types, are often used in assembling furniture, fencing, and in the construction of subfloors. When choosing, you should focus on those properties that are necessary for specific conditions.

Types of lumber

Lumber can be divided according to geometric parameters, quality and application. They are made from several main softwood and hardwood species. Also House master can select material according to the following criteria.

According to the nature of edge processing, sawn timber can be:

• edged- with edges sawn perpendicular to the faces and wane;
• single-sided edged
• with one sawn edge and wane;
• unedged- with partially sawn or unsawed edges and wane;
• planed- having planing processing on one face or both edges;
• calibrated- dried and processed in accordance with specified sizes.

Explanation: wane is a part of the tree bark that remains on the lumber after it has been cut.

Lumber range

Most often, buyers subdivide lumber by assortment or type of homogeneous products.

Plates obtained by sawing a log lengthwise into two parts. The plates have only one side sawn. They are used for the manufacture of sleepers, joinery, boards, and bars.

Quarter- a log sawn lengthwise into parts A. Used for the manufacture of carpentry, moldings and other small products. Dimensions depend on the size of the logs or plates.

Gorbyl- the side part of the log, this is waste when sawing the log into boards. Only one side of the slab is sawn, while the oval surface of the log is preserved on the other. It is used for the installation of lathing under the roof, for the construction of temporary and auxiliary buildings, for the manufacture of picket fences.

Boards- a type of lumber whose width is two or more times greater than its thickness. The thickness of the boards is from 13 to 100 mm, the width is from 50 to 260 mm. Boards with a thickness of 13 to 35 mm are called thin, the rest are called thick. The wide sides of the boards are called faces, the narrow sides are called edges.

Based on the processing of the side edges, boards are divided into edged, in which the edges are sawn, and unedged, the edges of which are partially sawn or not sawn at all.

Batten- lumber cut from the top and bottom, on the sides of which there is a groove and a tenon. It is because of this that the installation of floorboards does not require special construction skills and tools.

Bar- lumber, the width of which is no more than double the thickness, and the thickness itself does not exceed 100 mm. Available in the same thickness, length and types as the boards. They are used for lathing walls, making carpentry, furniture, and installing clean floors.

Bars- lumber whose width and thickness exceed 100 mm. Most often, coniferous and hard deciduous wood species are used for their production: pine, spruce, cedar, fir, larch, oak, hornbeam. The thickness of the beams is from 110 to 2D0 mm, the width is from 110 to 280 mm, the length is from 1 to 9.5 m. The frames of wooden buildings are erected from the beams.

Lining, or cladding board, is a widely used material for interior and exterior finishing. The thickness of the lining according to GOST is set from 12 to 25 mm, width - up to 150 mm, length - up to 6 m. For external cladding lining is used from coniferous and aspen, for internal - from coniferous and deciduous species. Eurolining has standard thickness 13, 16 and 19 mm with a width of 80,100,110 and 120 mm, length up to 6 m. The eurolining profile may differ, but its characteristic element is a deeper tongue-and-groove connection and selection with inside boards.

Block house- a type of eurolining with imitation of the surface of a rounded log. When covering with this board flat walls The result is a surface similar to that of a chopped wooden wall.

WOOD SPECIES

Tree species are divided into coniferous and deciduous. It is better to use coniferous wood for construction, and hardwood for finishing.

Main tree species used in construction

Pine(Photo 1) - the most popular wood for construction, easy to process, quite strong and flexible at the same time. It is used in the construction of load-bearing structures and for the manufacture of joinery.

Larch(Photo 2) - this wood resembles pine in appearance, but has greater density and strength. Due to its high resin content, it has increased resistance to rotting under conditions of variable humidity. Good for building a bathhouse or an open-air gazebo.

This is interesting: almost 400 thousand piles from the Urals larches from the early Middle Ages and still provide reliable support for the buildings of Venice. When the larch piles were examined, the conclusion about their strength was that they seemed to have petrified.

Spruce(Photo 3) is a common coniferous species, the wood of which is characterized by low resin content. However, when used in damp places, spruce quickly rots. Spruce is used to make building structures used in dry conditions.

Main wood species used for finishing

Oak (Photo 4)- the most common wood for interior decoration and furniture production. Its wood is distinguished by high strength and hardness, resistance to decay, and flexibility. It has a noble, beautiful texture and color, and is quite easy to process. Over time, the oak darkens a little, which gives the products a touch of noble antiquity. The strength and durability of oak makes it an excellent material for making furniture, parquet, stairs, and doors.

Beech (Photo 5) has dense and durable wood, not inferior to oak, slightly pinkish in color with a reddish tint and characteristic strokes. It is relatively easy to machine, but quickly responds to changes in humidity, for which experts classify it as a capricious breed. Beech has become popular in last years as an alternative to more expensive oak.

Ash has heavy, hard and durable wood, similar in appearance and structure to oak wood. Ash even surpasses oak in hardness, has high flexibility, and can be sanded well. Ideal for making stairs.

Walnut (Photo 6) is somewhat inferior to oak in strength, but has a beautiful color, due to which it is widely used for interior decoration, for example for making door frames, arches or wall panels.

Cherry (Photo 7) It is not used so often, but because of its beautiful pinkish-brown color, it is used to make classic kitchen fronts.

Exotic wood species

Wenge- durable hardwood unusually rich color, from light brown to dark coffee with a purple tint. Used for the manufacture of interior and decorative items.

Mahogany(Photo 11) (mahogany) has even more durable wood, from which ships were made in the 18th-19th centuries. Now it is a material for expensive furniture. Produced in the form of boards and quarter cuts. Works great under varnish.

Rosewood(Photo 9) is the most expressive type of wood. Designers all over the world love it for its original design and high strength. It varnishes well, but problems with mirror polishing may occur due to the oils it contains. It holds screws and nails well, but requires pre-drilling the mounting holes.

Bubingo (Photo 10)- African breed of reddish-pink color with dark veins. Well polished and painted. Doesn't like materials on water based. When in contact with metal, raw wood turns blue. Used for the production of furniture, panels, parquet and musical instruments.

Lacewood has wood of pinkish or reddish-brown color. A clear sign rocks - large medullary rays that form a clearly visible silky pattern reminiscent of snake skin. Wood does not release moisture easily, so it takes a long time to dry. Lacewood is good for furniture, decorative items, knife handles and musical instruments.

Lumber table