Polyurethane adhesive for wood. What adhesives are used in the manufacture of glued beams Glue for the manufacture of glued beams

The material was prepared with the help of specialists from the Association of Wooden Housing.

The history of log houses dates back several centuries, they have passed all kinds of tests both by time and by people, and have proven their worth, although they also have some specific properties. Constructions made of glued beams in our country cannot boast of such an impressive experience and, despite their great popularity, are shrouded in a whole set of myths. IN this material we will talk about the most common "horror stories" associated with glue and the technology itself:

The technology is “young” - will the lamellas disperse.
How harmful is glue to health.
How effective is the glue - will the timber not “stick out” in a few years.

Will the lamellas in the timber not disperse

Glued laminated timber is produced by longitudinal gluing of several wooden planks(lamellas), wood is used as a raw material conifers. The characteristics of this material largely depend not only on the adhesive system, but also on the parameters of the lamellae. To prevent the beam from separating into composite parts over time, the lamellas must meet the following criteria.

Permissible humidity– the board after sawing (usually the thickness of the lamella is 50 mm) is dried to acceptable levels - 8-15%, but the humidity of adjacent lamellas should not differ by more than 4%. Exceeding these limits is fraught with cracking of the beam after the assembly of the structure, the house will not fall apart, but the decorative effect and tightness will definitely suffer.

Quality of lamella preparation- after initial calibration (minus 1-2 mm), before gluing, a final calibration must be performed on planer, the output geometry should be almost perfect. Allowed error is not more than 0.1 mm per running meter, “waves” or torn fibers are not allowed.

If the equipment is worn out, with blunt knives or sharpened, but at the wrong angle, it will not be possible to process the lamella correctly.

Although when sawing, the tension between the fibers of the wood is removed, which allows the finished timber to avoid deformation, if the processing technology is violated, the quality of the seam may decrease.

This will lead to disastrous consequences for the already built house.

Oberon FORUMHOUSE user

Fine calibration before gluing is done to align the geometric size along the entire length of the board so that the timber is of exact dimensions. This is important both for proper gluing and for the subsequent cutting of glued laminated timber into parts of the house kit. Another 1-3 mm is removed. If non-prongs remain on the board, it should be set aside for re-processing; gluing with non-prostrings is not allowed.

However, our certification of glued beams is voluntary, therefore, tests carried out to prove the conformity of products with the declared characteristics are not practiced in all industries.

In order not to worry about the durability of your house, it makes sense to choose a company that produces timber not according to TU or STO, but according to GOST 20850 - 2014.

It is the most "fresh" and reflects all modern requirements for the material.

In addition, products must be regularly tested in accordance with GOST 33120-2014 and GOST 33121-2014 either in their own laboratories (large enterprises) or in outsourcing laboratories (specialized centers). The frequency of tests is up to five times a week, the results are recorded and available for review. That is, high-quality glued laminated timber is produced in compliance with the technology, according to GOST, it is regularly tested, and when buying, you can see all the protocols.

As for the “youth” of the technology, on the contrary, it is already of the “Balzac age”.

Oberon

It is unrealistic to vouch for every house, but the technology itself has existed since the fifties, there are buildings (mainly for industrial and public purposes) of the Soviet era that still exist. In Europe, test houses are located on the territory of one of the institutes, they have been monitored for more than fifty years. While the "flight" is normal. Tellingly, these houses are specially made without antiseptics, since the main idea of the study is to determine the behavior of the glue joints, and not the wood itself.

It is interesting that in Switzerland, to this day, railway stations built from glued beams back in 1910 are in operation, and in the building of the main station in Stockholm (1925) there are load-bearing units made of glued beams, and the lamellas are glued together with casein composition.

Is the glue in the timber harmful?

The production technology itself implies several glue joints in each beam, so potential consumers are most concerned about the environmental friendliness of the material. The beam is produced using various adhesive systems, but most often it is:

EPI - polymer emulsion with isocyanate hardener;
MMF - melamine-formaldehyde;
PUR - polyurethane adhesive;
PVA - polyvinyl acetate emulsion, is prohibited for gluing house-building structures, as it loses strength under static load.

Glue systems used in the production of glued laminated timber undergo mandatory certification and are environmentally friendly, even if it is MMF. Any glue contains chemistry, but if the glue is of high quality, then all of it polymerizes (converts into a solid) when gluing the beam. The content of free formaldehyde in the timber will comply with domestic and European standards - EN 14080 and GOST 33122-14.

Unfortunately, it is neither tactile nor visually possible to check whether the manufacturer uses the high-quality adhesive declared in the documentation, or saves and dispenses with an uncertified system. Therefore, in addition to domestic SES certificates, the plant must also have a nominal certificate of the adhesive manufacturer. The document will indicate that the particular facility uses their adhesive and that the staff is trained to operate the system. As in everything, when choosing a glued beam, the rule “trust, but verify” works.

Oberon

In order not to worry about the environment in the future, ask the manufacturer for Russian and foreign certificates for the glue used. It is quite easy to check a foreign certificate, it contains the e-mail addresses of the institutions that issued it. Even without knowing the language, during the day it is really possible to find information, online translators to help, and find out if such a certificate was issued.

The remaining doubts can be resolved by asking to arrange a tour of the enterprise, if it is possible geographically - write off the name from the label and check what this glue is.

Will the timber stick out over time?

There are situations when, not even years later, but some time after assembly, the beam delamination is clearly visible on the cuts, as happened with one of the portal users.

Кac77 Member FORUMHOUSE

Friends built big house from glued beams, now, due to the numerous sticking and poor-quality assembly, it is not clear what to do next. The manufacturer of the timber and the developer are one person, whoever produced the timber assembled it. The assembly was done in the fall of 2013, in the winter they assembled it under a roof, glazed it, and did not heat it in winter. During assembly, the box fell under heavy rains, before the roof was assembled. At present (summer 2014) there are numerous stickings, practically on all walls and cuts, along the entire perimeter from the inside and outside.

Glued laminated timber is a popular and demanded material. From it today they build country cottages, cottages. To fasten the lamellas, special adhesives are used.

They are divided into three types:

melamine (after hardening they become transparent, have high adhesion, are used to create highly loaded large-span structures),
polyurethane (harden quickly, give a light seam, suitable for automatic production lines),
isoacetate (EPI adhesives).

The first and second types of glue are used in Europe, the third more often in Russia. But in total, melamine compositions are the most in demand.

In Japan and the USA, resorcinol compounds are used, which give a dark seam.

The choice of glue for glued beams

- one of the most popular among Russian builders. The Dutch manufacturer managed to develop a composition that is convenient to apply, dries quickly, and gives a strong seam. Taking care of safety, the creators of the glue of this brand ensured the absence of toxins, for many years the glue does not decompose, does not interfere with air microcirculation.

In addition to the well-known manufacturer Akzo Nobel, there are other proven compositions on the market.

Homakol is a two-component EPI system designed to work with glued timber for load-bearing structures, gluing furniture panels, windows, doors. Has no smell and volatile solvents. The resulting adhesive seam is resistant to the negative effects of the external environment. Suitable for working with exotic woods, hardwoods.
Another well-known glue manufacturer is the Dynea concern. Epi-glue of this brand is deservedly considered one of the best. Does not contain toluene and formaldehyde, approved for use at temperatures from +5C. Has all the necessary certificates and approval of TsNIISK them. Kucherenko. Retains its properties for an hour, copes well with different types wood, and also fastens load-bearing structural beams well.

Of the polyurethane compounds, it is worth noting the products of the German trademark Kleiberit, which give a strong and elastic bond and are suitable for working with any type of wood.

Quite often, “suspicious” developers are interested in what kind of glue is used for glued laminated timber, whether it releases harmful substances into the air, how firmly it sticks together, whether it is afraid of moisture, etc.

We will focus only on those adhesives that have industrial applications.

Melamine adhesives. Quite widely used in woodworking enterprises in Europe, in last years become widespread in domestic enterprises. After hardening, they become transparent, have high adhesion, are used during the manufacture of large-span highly loaded structures, can work under relative humidity up to 80%.
resorcinol adhesives. After cooling, they form a dark seam; they are used in America and Japan; they are rarely used in Europe. They have improved bonding qualities, such can be used outdoors.
EPI adhesives. Type of seam - transparent, universal application, used for the manufacture of glued structures for housing construction. In terms of environmental friendliness, it belongs to the safest group of adhesives.
polyurethane adhesives. They have a light beige seam, have excellent workability, quickly harden, and can be used on high-performance automatic production lines. The seam is white, the specific moisture content of wood during gluing should not exceed 18%, it is widely used in production.

According to water resistance, they are divided into several classes: D3 - carpentry, for interior spaces; D4 - can be used outdoors, has increased water resistance and D4 + - increased water resistance, does not lose its original adhesion characteristics at any moisture content of the wood. By environmental safety the international standard establishes three groups: E3, E2 and E1.

As for the notorious "environmental friendliness". You need to know that all modern adhesives have high manufacturability and adhesion, and this is achieved due to the inclusion of synthetic resins in their composition. The latter emit formalin, isocyanate, etc., not very useful compounds into the air. True, their number is scanty, for most people it has no effect. But apart from the majority, there is also a minority. At present, we will not get away from chemical compounds, they are everywhere, this is a kind of payment for progress. About the experience of living in houses from glued laminated timber read .

Comparative table of properties and prices of adhesives for glued beams

To compare some characteristics, it will be interesting to compare three types of adhesives.

There are no special differences in adhesive abilities, the adhesion properties of all three are excellent. In terms of environmental friendliness, emulsion polymer-isocyanate (EPI) glue occupies the first place, and in terms of use it ranks last. Paradoxical? No, everything is very easy to explain. Firstly, such glue reduces the productivity of the equipment - it is very difficult to work in a continuous mode. Secondly, its price is 20% higher than the rest.

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Surely, everyone has heard about the glued laminated timber, from which they build wooden houses, but only a few asked the question - what glue is used by companies in the construction of buildings? But in housing construction, given that the future owner wants to live in an environmentally friendly place, the issue of security is almost the most important. The fact is that not all firms use quality material, since in the pursuit of profit it is easier to use dangerous adhesives. The following material will reveal the composition of glue for glued laminated timber, its price and types.

The main features of the manufacture of glued beams. Compound

Very often, such a building material as glued beams is made from coniferous species like pine. From a structural point of view, such wood consists of 3 or more boards, sawn radially. Sawing lamellas is carried out according to a special technology, which takes into account the angle of inclination of the annual rings to stress and reduce the moisture content of the wood. After drying, the pre-finished lamellas are glued and pressed under a huge load and temperature regime at 200 o C.

During the production of glued beams, the adhesive under pressure enters deep into the pores wood material which makes it possible to provide a strong grip. After the polymerization of the glue, the timber goes through the procedure of planing and cutting to the required dimensions. The characteristics of adhesive compositions are regulated by GOSTs and international standards.

When everything is completely hardened, almost all types of glue do not emit harmful and hazardous substances. But for the question of whether the polymerization of the adhesive composition has completely occurred, the manufacturer of the timber is directly responsible. For this reason, when choosing a contractor for housing construction, it is necessary to contact Special attention what composition of the glue will be used for the production of glued beams.

It may seem that a lot of time should be devoted to the problem of selecting the right adhesive, but, in fact, this is not the case. First, not everyone pays attention to the importance of this issue. And secondly, organizations often ignore nuances and details. Third, most value economy over quality, as the best adhesives tend to be the most expensive.

Everyone who has planned to order a house should understand that not all adhesives are suitable for glued laminated timber. If we consider the problem more carefully, then some mixtures are simply contraindicated due to the huge amount of toxins and harmful substances. After all, glued laminated timber is only considered the most environmentally friendly material when the correct production technology is observed, including the choice of glue. Otherwise, the tree loses its security, and the houses built from them lose their “status”.

Also, when ordering the construction of a bathhouse or a house from glued laminated timber, you should pay attention to how the material is made. There are enterprises in which the board is glued together from small pieces, with a total length of 20-40 cm. As a result, a beam with the effect of a “chessboard” is formed, which greatly worsens the aesthetic appearance. An excellent indicator is one splicing of lamellas per 10-15 m.

The use of melamine glue and other analogues significantly worsens the performance of the timber, since environmentally friendly systems should not have formaldehyde.

What composition of glue is used in glued beams?

To date, there are four types of adhesive mixture for the manufacture of building material:

Melamine glue. Widely used in European countries, and in Lately and in Russia. It has good adhesive characteristics. After polymerization it becomes completely transparent. Can be applied to timber even at 80% humidity.

Polyurethane adhesive. Has good indicators of manufacturability and quickly hardens.

EPI glue (polymer isocyanate emulsion). Suitable according to domestic and foreign standards for the production of wall beams. The glue does not contain formaldehyde and belongs to the safest group of compounds. It is transparent and versatile.

resorcinol adhesive. It has one significant difference from the others - after polymerization it acquires a dark shade. It is very popular in Japan and the USA for gluing floor beams. For use outdoors only.

PVA glue is considered the cheapest today. Such a composition of glue is not acceptable for the construction of private houses, but this does not mean that you cannot contact an unscrupulous manufacturer who uses just such materials in manufacturing technology.

The composition of glue for glued beams is divided into three classes:

Adhesion parameters are increased by adding synthetic resins that release toxins such as isocyanite, formalin and others. But it is safe to say that the release of these substances is small.

What is the danger of glue, which contains formaldehyde?

Surely, everyone has heard of such a potent poison as formaldehyde. According to hygienic standards, this substance is carcinogenic. However, during the existence of this standard (it was adopted in 1998), many researchers and scientists have spoken out on this score more than once. According to them, in addition to the fact that formaldehyde acts as a dangerous allergen and irritant, it has mutagenic properties.

Since the production of formaldehyde-based resins is relatively cheap, it is actively used in the production of plastics, chipboard and other areas. But its connection with the risk of developing cancerous tumors of the respiratory tract has already been proven.

If there is a chipboard cabinet in the building, then this may not affect the deterioration of health due to the low concentration of the toxin. But if the source is the whole house, its floor, walls and ceiling, the building immediately turns into a serious threat. The problem is especially acute when internal walls not finished, but standing on the street summer heat. The proportion of harmful emissions is increasing.

For this reason, competently following the manufacturing company is its main priority. And the buyer of glued laminated timber must be convinced of the composition of the glue.

Many experienced builders it is advised to regularly ventilate the room, which will help reduce the content of toxins. In addition, some plants like ficus, ivy, or chrysanthemum bushes can absorb formaldehyde.

So, with the right choice of glue by the manufacturer, the wood will be able to "breathe", and the house itself will indeed become durable, environmentally friendly and safe. It should be noted that a solid profiled timber is an excellent alternative to glued laminated timber.

The most popular eco-friendly manufacturers of timber adhesives with a safe composition

Adhesive for timber Akzo Nobel. This is a two-component adhesive that is made in the Netherlands. It does not contain toluene and formaldehyde and has a European certificate for use in products that come into contact with food.

EPI structural adhesive Dynea-Prefere. It is used in the manufacture of load-bearing structural beams from glued beams. It is considered the strongest of its kind. Possesses the only certificate for structural adhesive in Europe. Refers to environmentally friendly adhesive mixtures.
Also applies to environmentally friendly formulations.
Himtekh NN. Domestic manufacturer of EPI-glue.

The procedure for choosing a company that produces glued laminated timber should be approached carefully, since, in addition to low-quality material, you can slip wood that is hazardous to health. To get started, ask the manufacturer what adhesive composition it glues the wood.