What do you do when the electricity goes out at night? Most likely, you light candles and spend the evening waiting for the power to come on. And you can make good use of this time. For example, to light up a room with an ordinary magnet and wire, which will allow the lamp to work without electricity. Or make a motor that can work autonomously.
DIY electromagnetic motor
This homemade electric motor is easy to make from improvised materials at home. It should be noted that such a device can be used not only as good example, but also for its intended purpose, for example, by attaching a fan to the rotor.
For manufacturing you will need:
- Spoke;
- Thin metal plates;
- Bolts with nuts;
- Copper wire;
- Piece of plywood.
From sheet metal 0.2 mm thick, cut out 5 rectangular plates 40 by 15 mm. We make holes in the center of all plates and put them on the prepared knitting needle. Next, you need to fix the plates together with electrical tape.
For better rotation of the rotor, the ends of the spokes are sharpened, thereby ensuring the least contact with the surface.
Then, on the axis, it is necessary to fix a home-made current breaker, which is made of the metal from which the plates are made. The dimensions of the interrupter are 3 by 1 cm. This plate is folded in half and put on the axis.
Next, we make the base of plywood. To do this, on a piece of plywood measuring 50 by 50 mm, we drill three holes (two for bolts along the edges and one in the center for installing the rotor). We make a U-shaped holder for the upper part of the rotor from a metal plate. And we drill a hole in the center.
After that, for the manufacture of the stator, we cut out three plates from metal that will connect the bolts in the lower part of the structure and make two holes for the bolts in them. We put these plates on the bolts, and insert the bots into the holes on the wooden platform.
Further, the bolts are wrapped with electrical tape, and 500 turns of copper wire are wound around it. At one of the corners of the wooden structure, a holder for a contact breaker is attached. Electricity is connected to the coils with a voltage of 12 volts.
How to make a motor out of a battery
This electric motor is more of a demonstration character. In order to make the simplest motor, it will take a certain amount of time and improvised materials.
Essential elements:
- Battery 1.5 V;
- Small magnet;
- pins;
- Scotch;
- Plasticine.
First of all, it is necessary to make a coil, which will act as a rotor. To do this, we wind enameled copper wire around the battery (6 turns). We thread the ends of the wire into the resulting coil and fix it with knots.
To stiffen the structure, it is better to use a wire with a cross section of at least 0.5 mm.
We bite off the ends of the coil with pliers (they should turn out to be about 4 cm each). We clean one end of the varnish completely, and the second only on one side (it will act as an interrupter).
Next, using adhesive tape, attach the pins to the contacts of the battery. To do this, you just need to attach pins and wrap the battery with tape. Then, a magnet is installed on the battery using plasticine.
We insert the coil into the ears of the pins. In this coil, a magnetic field is formed, due to which the rotation of the movable structural element occurs. If rotation does not occur, swap the coil contacts.
Magnet from the speaker, copper wire and a lamp for making a lamp
by the most in a simple way to bring a fluorescent lamp into working condition is to place it in the electromagnetic field of a conventional magnet, which is used to work in old Soviet speakers.
The device consists of:
- Round magnet;
- Copper wire.
For the manufacture of this device, you first need to remove the magnet from the speaker. Further, using a hammer without applying great strength light blows to beat off the metal plates from the magnet.
Note! If the plates do not move away from the magnet, you can soak it for a while in a solvent.
After the plates are removed from the magnet, it must be cleaned of contaminants. To do this, use a regular rag or rag.
Next, the winding is manufactured. To do this, take a piece copper wire in isolation. The length of the wire should be long enough to fold it in half and wind the magnet with five turns. The double end of the wire is threaded into the resulting wire eye.
After the magnet is wrapped, a regular wire is inserted into the central part of the magnet. Fluorescent Lamp. This design can be equipped decorative materials and use as a standalone lamp.
The best homemade magnets
The use of magnets in everyday life is so wide that it would take a long time to list them all. But since many are rather entertaining, let's take a closer look at listing the widely used ones.
Magnets are used:
- During installation work;
- Washing windows;
- as holders.
First of all, it is worth noting that the search for magnets is not a very difficult task. magnets small size, you can find in old headphones. More powerful neodymium magnets can be removed from old computer hard drives.
Let's assume you are working with wooden structure. In one hand you hold a hammer, and in the other an element of this design. In this case, holding an armful of nails is not very convenient. To do this, you just need to place a magnet in your breast pocket and glue nails to it.
There are situations when you have to tighten the screws in hard-to-reach places in which it is not possible to hold the screw. To do this, simply attach the magnet to the metal part of the screwdriver. A magnetized screwdriver allows you to hold a bolt or self-tapping screw on its own.
If you stick small magnets to computer desk(in any convenient location), then you can use them as holders for various USB or other types of wires. To do this, small springs are put on the wires (springs from handles can be used), which are a metal magnetized structure.
The force of attraction of a magnet depends not only on its size, but also on the time of its operation.
As an integral element of decor, magnets can be used as fasteners for a puzzle located on the refrigerator door. For this, any photograph is taken, which is drawn on certain elements. A small magnet is glued to each element using ordinary glue. The photo is divided into constituent elements. After that, it is assembled on the refrigerator door in the form of a puzzle.
What can be done from a battery (video)
In order to assemble an almost eternal electric motor at home, it is enough to have ingenuity and ordinary knowledge in the field of electrical engineering. Which in some cases will undoubtedly come in handy.
conditions.
This will require the following materials and tools:
- a medical syringe (in this homemade syringe with a volume of 20 ml is used);
- insulated copper wire with a diameter of 0.45 mm and a length of about 5 m;
- copper wire with a diameter of 2.5 mm;
- neodymium flat magnets 2 pieces;
- a board for the manufacture of a wooden base;
- hot glue gun;
- a tube of super glue;
- 9 volt krone battery.
Let's start by making the basis of our engine - an electromagnetic cylinder. Let's make its case from a medical syringe with a volume of 20 ml. Such a syringe can be purchased not only at a pharmacy, but also at service centers or stores that sell and service office equipment. Employees of such centers use syringes to refill inkjet cartridges and, as a rule, they use syringes of the required volume, namely 20 ml. We take a syringe and first of all we remove the piston, it will not be needed. Using a hacksaw, cut off part of the syringe (the mark is the division of 15 ml).
We remove the excess to the side, and we will continue to work with this blank.
Next, you need a thin copper insulated wire. In this homemade wire, a wire 5 meters long with a cross section of 0.45 mm was used.
It must be tightly wound in one direction in several layers on the cylinder resulting from the syringe.
We twist the ends of the wire with each other in this way. We fix the winding with superglue.
Then you need a thick copper wire from which we will make a crankshaft and a connecting rod.
Let's remove the insulation first.
Next, with the help of pliers, we give the wire the shape of a crankshaft.
From the rest of the wire, using pliers, we will make the next part - a connecting rod. To make it, it is necessary to bend the wire at both ends as shown below.
Then we connect both parts (connecting rod and crankshaft) together. To fix the connecting rod on the crankshaft, two pieces of insulation from the copper wire from which these parts were made are used. First you need to put on one piece of insulation, then the connecting rod and after that another piece of insulation.
Next, you need two neodymium magnets of such a diameter that they can easily move inside the cylinder.
And you will also need a part of a similar shape (it can be made, for example, from wood), which we attach with hot glue to magnets.
Then we fix the resulting part as follows:
Then you need wooden base and two wooden support posts. These structural details can be made from any material, the main condition: it should not conduct electricity. But I believe that this design the easiest way to make it is from a piece of wood (in this case, boards), since the tree is very available material and quite easy to handle.
On the basis, we outline the future location of the cylinder and support legs. Then, with hot glue, we fix the cylinder on a wooden blank of the base.
Next, insert the crankshaft into the support racks. Then, with hot glue, we fix the racks on the base according to the markings.
After that, using small pieces of insulation, we limit the movement of the shaft in the support legs.
We install a flywheel on one side of the crankshaft. It will make the engine run smoother.
Then you need two copper wire contacts, which must be fixed to the base with a self-tapping screw with a wide washer.
Then we connect the cylinder winding to the contacts. Before connecting, the ends of the winding must be cleaned of insulation (lacquer).
Well, the electric motor is ready. Let's start testing.
Using crocodile clips, we connect the engine contacts to the battery.
At one time, when King Hammurami was still living, he argued that the time spent on fishing was not included in the total time of life. This is also confirmed by many citizens who like to spend part of their free time fishing.
Usually, most of anglers own the boat. Many boats, especially modern ones, are equipped with gasoline engines. Yes, and a boat without a motor, especially if you have to fish in the waters of a large lake, becomes a burden that requires huge costs, effort and energy to move. And here you definitely need a motor: gasoline or electric - it doesn’t matter.
But still, Special attention should be given to the electric motor, because:
- electric ones do not require either oil or gasoline for their work, which means that there are no exhaust gases, which does not harm nature;
- electric motors are smaller, lighter and do not take up much space. This is especially true if you have to fish far, and every kilogram excess weight always felt;
- they are much more profitable than gasoline counterparts in economic terms;
- modern designs are assembled on modern parts designed according to modern technologies, therefore, with a minimum weight, they have maximum power.
But these statements take place if the owner of the boat already has an electric motor and has felt similar benefits fully. But what to do if it is not there? So, you need to do it yourself.
Many enterprising boat owners use a drill or screwdriver that runs on batteries, since the industrial design of an electric motor is based on the same principle. The basic layout of such a unit is almost the same for all models and looks like this:
- the battery is the power source;
- the electric motor acts as a boat engine;
- a propeller with a gearbox is a working tool that ensures the movement of the boat through the water;
- control unit - consists of a handle for turning the direction of movement and changing the speed of rotation of the electric motor.
Almost all elements can be found in an electric drill or screwdriver. In doing so, one should take into account the fact that industrial devices have a sealed design, which allows the main units to be in the water.
If you use an electric drill, it is desirable that it is located away from the water. This is the only problem, quite serious, that requires a technical solution. The slightest ingress of water on the control unit can disable it, which will lead to a stop of the boat.
The advantages of such a model
If you take an electric drill, you should always remember that its main value is the engine and the speed control unit (button). Choosing a drill or screwdriver comes with some advantages over buying an industrial outboard motor:
- for the price, this acquisition will cost much less than buying a factory sample;
- according to the legislation, it is necessary to adhere to the requirements related to the power of engines used in various water bodies;
- the electric drill is powered by a battery or other power sources with suitable parameters;
- the electric drill is easy to repair, due to the availability of a sufficient number of spare parts on the market.
When choosing a drill, one should take into account the fact that it is mainly designed to work in a cyclic mode. If the drill is installed on a boat, then you need to rely more on a continuous cycle of work. This means that a power reserve is needed, otherwise the drill will overheat.
In such cases, you should opt for a power of 150 W or more. The power reserve will allow you to work with a propeller with a diameter of 130-150 mm. In addition, it must be borne in mind that the total weight of the boat will correspond to 300 kg, no more. We can assume that this is the maximum weight.
You should immediately pay attention to the fact that drills and screwdrivers are produced for different operating voltages, such as 12 V, 14.5 V, 16 V, 18 V and 24 volts. Batteries are also produced for the same voltage. And yet, the capacity of standard batteries that serve the operation of an electric drill or screwdriver in classical conditions work is not enough to provide the necessary movement of the boat on the water. In this regard, it is better to pay attention to a car battery, which has a much larger capacity. And since the car battery produces 12 V under load, then the drill should be selected with an operating voltage of 12 V.
Naturally, you can make a battery of batteries from a set of manufactured batteries for power tools for any voltage, but this can be much more expensive.
Necessary tools and materials
For such a device, you will need the following parts:
- electric drill for the motor;
- clamps for fastening the motor (drill). Both ready-made factory and handicraft are suitable;
- the gearbox from the grinder is suitable if the motor is installed on the transom of the boat;
- round tubes with a diameter of 20 mm and profiled tubes 20x20 mm. A rod and a mount for the motor (drill) will be made of them;
- a round metal rod from which the motor shaft will be made, as well as sheet metal for the propeller.
To work, you may need the following tools:
- metal scissors;
- welding machine, although you can do without it;
- electric drill and a set of drills;
- grinder with cutting and grinding wheels;
- if the design provides for a tree, then nails or self-tapping screws (as well as a tree).
The presence of a lifting mechanism drastically simplifies the operation and maintenance of the entire system, especially since there are cases when it is urgent to raise the propeller. As a rule, such a mechanism controls the position of the electric motor in all planes (vertical and horizontal).
As an option, the following design of such a mechanism can be proposed: a motor is attached to the transom of the boat with the help of clamps, which are rigidly fixed to the plate. The clamps are equipped with rings through which the tube is threaded, and the motor shaft is threaded through the axis welded in the center of the tube. It turns out a very simple swivel, which can provide normal motor control.
As far as we know, the drill is designed for drilling holes and has a high final speed, which is not acceptable for running a propeller that operates at slower speeds. Therefore, in order to reduce the speed transmitted to the screw, the installation of a gearbox is required. Sometimes they need 2 pieces, depending on the design solutions. The upper gearbox should reduce the speed of the drill from 1500 to 200-300 rpm, which will ensure the normal running of the boat.
The lower gearbox is used for horizontal installation propeller. When using a gearbox from a grinder, it is simply clamped in the drill chuck.
The manufacture of the propeller propeller begins with marking it on a piece of steel sheet. As mentioned above, its diameter should be no more than 130-150 mm. You can take a square of metal, 200x200 mm in size and 2.5-3.0 mm thick. It is better if it is stainless steel, although it is much more difficult to process. IN last resort, you can use the impeller from the air exhaust fan or vehicle cooling system. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the impeller profile is designed to work with air mass. In this regard, you will have to deal with its manufacture yourself.
A hole for the landing screw is drilled in the center of the square. Slots are made along the diagonals so that the sheet remains intact up to 25-30 mm in the center. After that, proceed to the formation of the shape of the blades. They usually have a rounded appearance. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the blades have the same size, otherwise there will be vibrations. After that, the blades are slightly turned to a certain angle. In this case, the direction of rotation of the blade must be taken into account.
Since the manufacture takes place at home and, as they say, not to break off in the water, tests should be carried out. For this, any container of water that will fit the propeller will do. Naturally, the larger the capacity, the better. As a last resort, if possible, it is recommended to go out into nature, to a river or pond and try it out in action without installing it on a boat.
When the engine is running, a directional jet of water should be observed and felt. In addition, serious vibrations should not be felt. In the event that the propeller does not operate in full power, you can modify it by increasing the angle of inclination of the blades.
The motor control system is being finalized depending on the wishes of the boat owner. The main thing is that it is convenient to manage. It is better to take out the engine speed control button in a convenient place.
The following components should be included in the calculations:
- weight of the boat in full gear;
- power consumption of the electric motor;
- current and operating voltage.
During the assembly process, you should take an electrical measuring device and make sure that the engine power and load power match. The motor power must cover the load power. It is desirable that the engine power overlap the load power by at least 20%.
If the engine power matches the power consumed by the electric drill: if the power consumption calculated by the formula P \u003d 12V x Ipot corresponds to the declared engine power (electric drill), then we can say that everything is done correctly and the electric drill can be used as a motor for a boat. At the same time, one should not forget about 20% of the power reserve. It will be required in case of emergencies.
In the process of setting up, it is better to experiment with the impeller in order to find the correct configuration of the blades. As a rule, their shape significantly affects the economics of the engine.
Using the washer motor
Some owners who decide to make an electric motor for a boat on their own use various 12V motors that are used on board the car.
These motors are great for this kind of function, if only because they are designed to run on car batteries. Despite this, they require some refinement.
Boat owners are constantly experimenting and finding amazing solutions. Forcing them to do this is too high the cost of industrial designs. As a result, the idea of installing a lawn mower engine on a boat was born. These are engines with a power of about 6 hp, which are designed for long work under load in various conditions. Such an engine can be adapted to a boat if you use various spare parts designed to repair Soviet outboard motors.
Motor from the chainsaw "Ural -2"
Some craftsmen easily adapted motors from Soviet chainsaws, as motors for boats. At one time, a huge number of chainsaws were produced, the quality of which must be discussed separately. Despite this, installed on boats, some motors serve to this day. The main thing is to calculate everything correctly.
Application of electric motor
This is very interest Ask. About the use of conventional electric motors alternating current conversations have been going on for a long time. Such motors do not have a brush mechanism, so they are very easy to operate and operate.
But there are some factors that have to be taken into account. The first factor is the presence of an alternating voltage of 220 V. Alternatively, it is possible to install an inverter that can convert a direct voltage of 12 V to AC voltage 220 V.
The second component is safety, because the voltage of 220 V is very dangerous for a person, especially on the water. This requires special measures. But if there is water all around, it is difficult even to imagine what exactly these measures should consist of.
There is practically ready-made version- this is the use of a motor from a trimmer or from a lawn mower. Almost everything is ready here, it remains only to decide on the length of the device and install the propeller. There is no need for an upper gearbox and no need to modify the control system and the engine power system.
The main task is to properly fix such a device on the boat. This is especially true in the presence of an inflatable boat.
Conclusion
The manufacture of such structures is available only to those boat owners who are in constant creative search. On the other hand, most of the boats are owned by anglers who are constantly experimenting. Therefore, it will not be difficult for them to carry out their ideas.
It is natural that self-manufacturing various designs creative people or people who are not allowed by the family budget to purchase both a boat and a motor for it are engaged. Therefore, some anglers still use oars and do not regret it. They are only satisfied with the fact that they have a boat, as there is another category of anglers who do not have such a boat. They are happy to fish from the shore and envy those fishermen who have a boat, although without a motor.
And today we will talk about how to make an engine out of a battery, copper wire and a magnet. Such a mini electric motor can be used as a fake on the table of a home electrician. It is quite simple to assemble it, so if you are interested in this type of activity, then we will provide detailed instructions with photo and video examples, so that the assembly of the simplest motor is understandable and accessible to everyone!
Step 1 - Prepare materials
To make the simplest magnetic motor with your own hands, you will need the following materials at hand:
Having prepared everything the right materials you can proceed to the assembly of a perpetual electric motor. Making a small electric motor at home is not difficult, as you will see now!
Step 2 - Putting together a homemade
So, in order for the instruction to be understandable for you, it is better to consider it step by step with pictures that will help you visually understand the principle of operation of a mini electric motor.
We immediately draw your attention to the fact that you can invent the design of a home-made small engine in your own way. For example, below we will provide you with a few video tutorials that may help you make your own version of the engine from a battery, copper wire and a magnet.
What to do if homemade does not work?
If suddenly you have assembled a perpetual electric motor with your own hands, but it does not rotate, do not rush to get upset. The most common reason for the lack of rotation of the motor is too much distance between the magnet and the coil. In this case, you only need to trim the legs a little, on which the rotating part rests. 
That's the whole technology of assembling a home-made magnetic electric motor at home. If you watched the video tutorials, then you probably made sure that you can make an engine out of a battery, copper wire and a magnet with your own hands. different ways. We hope that the instruction was interesting and useful for you!
It will be useful to know:
To understand how to make an electric motor with your own hands, you need to remember how it works and how it works.
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If you follow the instructions step by step, it is not so difficult to make an electric motor yourself. The motor will serve for your projects.
The cost of manufacturing an electric motor will be minimal, since you can make an electric motor with your own hands from improvised means.
First of all, you need to stock up on the necessary materials:
- bolts;
- a bicycle spoke;
- nuts;
- electrical tape;
- copper wire;
- a metal plate;
- super and hot glue;
- plywood;
- washers.
You can not do without such tools:
- electric drills;
- stationery knife;
- pliers;
- grinding machine;
- hammer;
- scissors;
- soldering iron;
- tweezers;
- sewed.
Manufacturing process
You need to start work on making an electric motor with your own hands by making five plates, in which you later need to drill a hole in the center with an electric drill and put it on the axle - a bicycle spoke.
Pressing the plates tightly against each other, fix their ends with electrical tape, cutting off the excess with a clerical knife. If the axles are uneven, they need to be sharpened.
When an electric current passes through the coil, the latter creates a magnetic field around itself, which does not differ from the field of an ordinary magnet, but disappears when the current is turned off. This property can be used to attract and release metal objects by turning the current on and off.
As an experiment, you can make a circuit consisting of a button and an electromagnet, which this button will help turn on and off.
The circuit is powered by a 12V computer power supply. If the axis with the plates is installed next to the electromagnet and the current is turned on, then they will be attracted and one of the sides will turn towards the electromagnet.
If the current is first turned on, and turned off at the moment when the plates came as close as possible to the electromagnet, then they will fly through it by inertia, having made a revolution.
If the moment is guessed constantly, and the current is turned on, they will rotate. In order to do this at the right time, a current breaker is needed.
Making a current interrupter
Again, you need a small plate, which you need to fix on the axis, pressing it with pliers so that the fastening is secure. How it should look, the video will help you understand:
Video: How to make an electric motor
One of the contacts is connected to a metal plate, and an axis is installed on top of it. Since the axis, plate and breaker are metal, current will flow through them. By touching the breaker contact, the circuit can be closed and opened, which will allow the electromagnet to be connected and disconnected at the right time.
The resulting do-it-yourself rotating structure is called in electric motors direct current armature, and the fixed electromagnet interacting with the armature is an inductor.
The armature in AC motors is called the rotor, and the inductor is called the stator. The names are sometimes confused, but this is wrong.
Frame making
It must be done so that the design of the electric motor is not held by hand. The base material is plywood.
DIY inductor
In plywood we will make two holes for an M6 bolt 25 mm long, on which we will place the motor coils later. We screw the nuts onto the bolts and cut out three parts for connecting the bolts (supports).
The supports have two functions: they will rely on the axis of the armature of the electric motor, made by hand, the second - they will serve as a magnetic circuit that will connect the bolts. Under them you need to make holes (by eye, since this does not require special accuracy). The plates are connected together and placed from below, pressing with bolts. Putting the coil on the bolts, we get a kind of horseshoe-shaped magnet.
To fix the motor armature in a vertical position, you need to make a frame from sheet metal(bracket). We drill three holes in it: one along the diameter of the axis and two on the sides for screws (for fastening).
Coil manufacturing
To make them, you will need a strip of cardboard and thin paper (see dimensions on the drawing). Having removed the bolt from the base, we wind a thick strip on it in 4-5 layers, fixing it with 2 layers of electrical tape. The strip stays tight enough. Carefully remove it to wind the wire.
After the wire is wound, we take out the paper from the inside with tweezers, cut off the extra layers so that the coil can be easily put on the bolt. We cut off the excess from the coil, taking into account the fact that there will still be cheeks on top and bottom, which are necessary so that the wire does not slip during operation of the electric motor. In the same way, we make the second coil with our own hands and proceed to the manufacture of cheeks.
How to make cheeks with your own hands?
We put thick paper on the nut, and punch a hole from above with a bolt. Make it easy. Then putting the paper on the bolt, put the washer on top and cut it out, after circling it with a pencil. It turns out it is in the form of a similar washer.
In total, you need to make 4 such parts to install on the bolt from above and below. We wind the nut on the upper cheek, placing a metal washer and fix both cheeks with hot glue. The frame, which is made by hand, is ready.
Now it remains to wind a wire (500 turns) varnished with a diameter of 0.2 mm on it. We twist the beginning and end of the wire so that it does not unwind. Having unscrewed the nut, I removed the bolt - a beautiful little coil remains.
We free the ends of the wire from varnish using a clerical knife, we tin, we install it on a bolt. Do the same with the second coil.
So that the plates and the current interrupter do not scroll on the axis, it is recommended to glue them with superglue.
Now we connect the coils in series to check the operation of the electric motor. Plus, we connect to the beginning of the winding (from the side of the bolt head). With the help of a sliding contact, we find the position in which the electric motor works as efficiently as possible.
Such contacts are called brushes in electric motors. In order not to hold the latter with your hands, you need brush holders that are glued to superglue, lubricating the points of friction of the axis with oil.
By connecting the coils in parallel, we increase the current (since the coils have resistance), therefore, the power of the electric motor will increase. That is, coils can be represented as resistances.
And when they are connected in parallel, the total resistance decreases, which means that the current increases. When connected in series, everything happens exactly the opposite.
And, since the current through the coil increases, then the magnetic field is greater, and the armature of the electric motor is more strongly attracted to the electromagnet.
Video: Electric motor in a few minutes
